
fllass 1° L \( B Z% 
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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT; 






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"A WORK OF ACKNOWLEDGED MERIT 



This Dictionary is not published by the original publishers of Webster 1 s Dictionary, 

or by their successors 



WEBSTER'S 
RELIABLE DICTIONARY 

FOR 

Home, School and Office 

BASED ON 

WEBSTER'S IMPERIAL AND WEBSTER'S 
UNIVERSAL DICTIONARIES 

AND EDITED BY 

THOMAS H. RUSSELL, LL. B., LL. D., A. M. 

EDITOR IN CHIEF OF WEBSTER'S IMPERIAL DICTIONARY, WEBSTER'S UNIVERSAL DICTIONARY 
WEBSTER'S INTER-COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY AND WEBSTER'S STERLING DICTIONARY 

ALSO AUTHOR OF 

FAULTY DICTION OR ERRORS IN THE USE OF THB ENGLISH LANGUAGE 
AND HOW TO CORRECT THEM, ETC., ETC. 



THE SAALFIELD PUBLISHING COMPANY 
AKRON, OHIO 



x'^ 



yQ 



4? 



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Copyright, 1907, by Walter Rogers Deuel 
Copyright, 1909, by Walter Rogers Deuel 
Copyright, 1911, by Walter Rogers Deuel 









©-CLA292109 



Q 



PREFACE 

HIS dictionary presents in compact form an unusually large vocabulary 
of the English language, with definitions of extraordinary completeness. 
The most cursory examination of this work will demonstrate the sin- 
gular and unapproached excellence of its definitions — that department of a 
dictionary in which information is sought by probably ninety -nine out of every 
hundred of those who use a dictionary. The booh is designed to be a thoroughly 
reliable, and strictly up*to-date reference worh that will be found equally useful 
in the school, the office, and the home. 

Hundreds of illustrations aid in the elucidation of the vocabulary words, and 
many unexpected and unusual features of value will present themselves to the 
reader. 

In orthography and pronunciation this worh coincides with the rules laid 
down by Noah Webster, which for all practical purposes are now regarded as 
the best by educators generally over so large a portion of the world as to make 
their acceptance practically universal and their authority standard. 

Having such a sound authoritative basis and in view of the comprehensive 
character of its vocabulary, definitions, and special features, this dictionary is 
issued with the confident assurance that it will not be found wanting in any 
essential particular^ 

THOS. H. RUSSELL. 



HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, 

ITS COMPOSITION AND DERIVATION. 

mHE English language, which is now the leading language of the world, being spoken al 
over the face of the globe as well as by the American and English peoples, was originally 
formed from one imported into Britain by various small tribes from the north of Germany, 
who settled in it in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Christian era, the principal of which were 
the Jutes, the Saxons, and the Angles. These, on invading the country, gradually drove the 
greater number of the aboriginal inhabitants, who were of Celtic race, westward, and into the 
mountainous parts of Wales, where their descendants are now located, and where their language is 
still spoken. Soon after these settlers arrived, the southern part of Britain was, after the chief 
tribe, called Angleland — i. e. y land of the Angles — or England; and the language which they 
spoke, formed from the amalgamation of their several dialects, was called Anglo-Saxon. This is a 
branch of the Teutonic group, and claims kinship therefore with the Indo-European family of 
languages, of which the Teutonic is a member. 

At the present time there are four groups of languages spoken in Europe, viz., the Celtic, the 
Latin, the Slavonic, and the Teutonic. The Celtic languages are Welsh, spoken in Wales, 
Gaelic in the Highlands of Scotland, Erse in Ireland, Manx in the Isle of Man, and Breton in 
Brittany. The Latin language is, with various modifications, spoken by the Italians, the Spaniards, 
the French, and the Portuguese. The Slavonic is spoken by the inhabitants of Russia, Poland, 
Croatia, and some parts of the Austrian Empire. The other inhabitants of Europe speak the 
Gothic languages, which are now generally called Teutonic. To the Teutonic belong the German, 
the Dutch, the Flemish, the Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian, and with these accordingly the 
English stands in close affinity. 

The majority of words in the English language, as now spoken, and all the properly English 
ones, are from the Anglo-Saxon, and include the more common, homely, and familiar words; as, 
come, go, Can, will, good, See, hear, above, home, bad. The others are, directly or indirectly, 
mostly from the Latin or the language of the ancient Romans, while the rest are from the Celtic, 
French, German, and Scandinavian languages, along with the Greek, which supplies the language 
with nearly all its scientific terms. Latin words were introduced partly by the Romans themselves, 
but mainly by the clergy of the Romish Church after Christianity was established, and by learned 
men after the revival of the study of the ancient languages in the 15th and 16th centuries- French 
words were added by the Normans after the Conquest, and relate to feudalism, law, the church, 
the chase, and cuisine. The introduction of Greek words connects itself with the rise and 
extension of scientific discovery. About the beginning of the 17th century, in the reign of James I. , 
the English language had already begun to assume the form in which we now find it, and is from 
that date entitled to be called the English language. 

From the time when the Bible was translated into English, and, by being printed, spread 
among the people; when the Book of Common Prayer was compiled, and, along with the Bible, 
read to the people in churches; and when great writers, such as Spenser, Shakspere, Ben Jonson, 
Bacon, and Milton, began to publish their immortal works in the every-day speech of the country, 
the language may be said to have become fixed; for, although numerous Greek and Latin words 
have been introduced since then to supply new terms required by the rapid extension of the arts 
and sciences, the language itself has, in its genius and form, undergone no material change. It is 
in all essential particulars the same as when it first took shape in the days of Queen Elizabeth 
and her successor, James. 

There are four periods in the history of the English language: (1) The Anglo-Saxon, or old 
English, from 450 to 1100, when the vocabulary was Saxon and the words were largely inflected; 
(2) the Early English, from 1100 to 1250, when French words began to appear and inflections to 
disappear or become confused; (3) the Middle English, from 1250 to 1485, when inflections in 
many cases disappear altogether, and French, which had been introduced, began to yield to it^ 
(4) the Modern English, from 1485 to the present time. 



ABBREVIATIONS 

USED IN THIS DICTIONARY 



aor aorist. 

abbrev abbreviation. 

abl ablative. 

ace according. 

accus. accusative. 

a., adj adjective. 

adv adverb. 

agri agriculture. 

alg algebra. 

anat anatomy. 

ant antonyms. 

app apparently. 

arch archaic. 

archit architecture. 

arith arithmetic. 

astrol astrology. 

astron astronomy. 

attrib attributive. 

augm augmentative. 

B..... Bible. 

biol biology. 

book-k book-keeping. 

bot botany. 

c. (circa) about. 

c, cent century. 

cap capital. 

carp.. .. carpentry. 

cf. . compare. 

chem chemistry. 

cog cognate. 

coll., colloq. . colloquially. 

comp comparative. 

conch conchology. 

conj conjunction. 

conn connected. 

contr contracted. 

cook cookery. 

corr corruption. 

crystal crystallography. 

dat dative. 

demons demonstrative. 

der derivation. 

dial dialect, dialectal. 

Diet Dictionary. 

dim diminutive. 

dub doubtful. 

errlp* \ ecclesiastical 

eCCleS I history. 

e. g for example. 

elect... electricity. 

entom entomology. 

esp ..especially. 

ety etymology. 

fern feminine. 

fig figuratively. 

fol followed, following 

fort fortification. 

freq frequentative. 

fut future. 

gen genitive. 

gener generally. 

geog geography. 

Am., Amer.. American. 

Ar Arabic. 

A. S Anglo-Saxon. 

Austr Australian. 

- w Bavarian. 

Beng Bengali. 

Bohem Bohemian. 



geol geology. 

geom geometry. 

ger gerundive. 

gram grammar. 

gun gunnery. 

her heraldry. 

hist history. 

hort horticulture. 

hum humorous. 

i. e that is. 

imit imitative. 

imper imperative. 

impers impersonal. 

indie indicative. 

infin infinitive. 

inten intensive. 

inter j interjection. 

interrog interrogative. 

jew jewelry. 

/. c lower case. 

lit literally. 

mach machinery. 

masc masculine. 

math mathematics. 

mech mechanics. 

med medicine. 

metaph metaphysics. 

mil military. 

Milt Milton. 

min mineralogy. 

mod modern. 

Mt Mount. 

mus music. 

myth mythology. 

n., ns noun, nouns. 

nat. hist natural history. 

naut nautical. 

neg negative. 

neut neuter. 

n. pi noun plural. 

n. sing noun singular. 

N.T New Testament. 

obs obsolete. 

opp opposed. 

opt optics. 

orig originally. 

ornith ornithology. 

O. S old style. 

O.T Old Testament. 

p., part participle. 

p.a.,p.adj.\**£f™ l ^ c ' 

paint painting. 

paleog paleography. 

paleon paleontology. 

palm palmistry. 

pa. p past participle. 

pass passive. 

pa. t past tense. 

path pathology. 

perf perfect. 

Bras Brazilian. 

Bret Breton. 

Carib Caribbean. 

Celt Celtic. 

Chal Chaldean. 

Chin Chinese. 

Corn. ,, Cornish, 



perh perhaps. 

per s person. 

pfx prefix. 

phil., philos.. philosophy, 

philol philology. 

phon phonetics. 

phot photography. 

phrenol phrenology. 

phys physics. 

physiol physiology. 

pi plural. 

Poet poetical. 

pol. econ political economy. 

poss possessive. 

p.. n h i Book of Common 

Pr ' Bk \ Prayer. 

pr. p present participle. 

prep preposition. 

pres present. 

print printing. 

priv privative. 

prob probably. 

Prof ..Professor. 

( pronoun; 
pron •] pronounced; 

( pronunciation. 

prop properly. 

pros prosody. 

prov provincial. 

R. C Roman Catholic. 

recip reciprocal. 

redup reduplication. 

reft reflexive. 

rel related, relative. 

rhet rhetoric. 

sculp sculpture. 

Shak Shakspere. 

sig signifying. 

sing singular. 

spec specifically. 

Spens Spenser. 

subj subjunctive. 

suff suffix. 

super I superlative. 

surg surgery. 

syn synonyms. 

term termination. 

teleg telegraphy. 

Tenn Tennyson. 

Test Testament. 

,V . j theater, theatri- 

theat 1 cals. 

theol theology. 

trig trigonometry. 

ult ultimately. 

v. i verb intransitive. 

voc vocative. 

v. t verb transitive. 

vul vulgar. 

sool zoology. 

Dan Danish. 

Dut Dutch. 

Egypt Egyptian. 

Eng English. 

Finn Finnish. 

Flem Flemish. 

Fr French. 



I 



ABBREVIATIONS— Continued 



Fris Frisian. 

Gael . ..Gaelic. 

Ger German. 

Goth Gothic. 

Gr Greek. 

Heb Hebrew. 

Hind Hindustani. 

Hung Hungarian. 

Ice Icelandic. 

Ind Indian. 

Ion Ionic. 

Ir Irish. 

It Italian. 

Jap Japanese. 

Jav Javanese. 



L.L. 



Z, Latin. 

Lith Lithuanian. 

5 Low or Late 
' ( Latin. 

M.B Middle English. 

M ex Mexican. 

Norm Norman. 

Norw Norwegian. 

O.Fr.... Old French. 

Pers Persian. 

Peruv Peruvian. 

°ol Polish. 

Port Portuguese. 

Prov Provengal. 



Rom Romance. 

Russ Russian. 

S. Afr South African. 

Sans Sanskrit. 

Scand Scandinavian. 

Scot Scottish. 

Singh Singhalese. 

Slav Slavonic. 

Sp Spanish. 

Sw..... Swedish. 

Teut Teutonic. 

Turk Turkish. 

U.S United States. 

W Welsh. 



PRONUNCIATION 



The pronunciation of each important word is clearly indicated by the word 
being respelled immediately after the vocabulary entry, no consonant being used 
in the respelling that has more than one sound. Unmarked vowels have their 
ordinary or short quality, as in pat, pet, pit, pot, but. Other principal vowel 
sounds are indicated by diacritical marks, as shown in the following examples: 

fate, far; me, her; mine; 

mote, move; mute; then. 

German u, as in Scotch gude, French du, etc. 

Where more than one pronunciation is given, the first is that preferred. 



THE VOCABULARY AND 
DEFINITIONS 



f^N. B. — The arrangement of the words in the vocabulary is strictly 
alphabetical, except in cases where, for convenience, derivatives are grouped in a 
paragraph with the words from which they are derived. Thus, the word cashier, 
signifying a keeper of cash, is found in the paragraph under cash, while cashier, 
to dismiss (which has no connection with cash), is separately entered and defined 
in its strict alphabetical place. 

When the word stands alone, without definition, its meaning or meanings can 
be seen without difficulty from the woids immediately preceding it. Thus violently 
signifies "in a violent manner ;" trusteeship, the office of a trustee; wanderer, one 
who wanders, and bulkiness, the state of being bulky. 

Participles formed regularly by adding -ing, -d, or -ed to the verb are some- 
times omitted to save space, but can be readily formed from the verb without 
danger of misspelling. Irregular participles are duly recorded with the verbs. 
Economies of space of this character have enabled a vast amount of material 
to be included that is not ordinarily found in works of this size. 

8 



A DICTIONARY 

OF THE 

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 



fate, far; me, her; mine; mote, move; mute; then. 



a, a, the first letter in our 
alphabet and many other alpha- 
bets derived from the Phenician. 

i, the. indefinite article, a form of an. 

a, a or a, a prep, derived from the .old 
prep, on, and still used, as a prefix, in 
afoot, afield, nowadays ; also with verbal 
nouns, as a-building. 

a, a, a dialectic corruption of he or 
she, as in quotha. — a, usually written a', 
Scotch for all. 

Aaronic, -al, a-ron'ik, -al, a. pertain- 
ing to Aaron. 

Ab, ab, n. the fifth month of the 
Jewish ecclesiastical year. 

abaca, ab'a-ka, n. native name of 
Manila hemp. 

aback, a-bak', adv. (naut.) said of 
sails pressed backward by the wind: 

abactinal, ab-ak'ti-nal, a. (zool.) with- 
out rays. — adv. abac'tinally. 

abaction, ab-ak'shun, n. {law) the 
stealing of cattle by the herd. — n. 
abac'tor, one who does this. 

abacus, ab'a-kus, n. a counting-frame, 
a tablet:—/'/. 



ab'aci. — ns. 
abacis'cus, ab- 
ac'ulus, dims. 
of abacus; ab'- 
acist, one who 



irnrriTiTrn 



wmt- ; 

m$mmmmmm 



Abacus. 

counts with the abacus. 

Abaddon, a-bad'don, n. the destroyer : 
the bottomless pit. 

abaft, a-baft', adv. and prep, on the 
stern part of a ship: behind. 

abalienate, ab-al'yen-at, v. t. Same as 
alienate. 

abandon, a-ban'dun, v. t. to give up: 
to desert: to yield (oneself) without 
restraint (with to)> 

abase, a-bas', v. t. to cast down: to 
humble. — ». abase'ment, state of humil- 
iation. 



abash, a-bash', v. t. to confuse with 
shame or guilt. — n. abash'ment, con- 
fusion. 

abate, a-bat', v. t. to lessen : to mitigate : 
(law) to put an end to. — v. i. to grow 
less. — a. abatable, capable of being 
abated.* 

abatis, abattis, ab'at-is, n. sing, and 
pi. (fort.) a rampart of trees. 

abattoir, a-bat-war', n. a slaughter- 
house. 

abature, ab'a-tur, n. the trail of an 
animal. 

abb, ab, n. yarn for a weaver's warp. 

abba, ab'a, n. father, applied to God: 
also a bishop in the Syriac and Coptic 
churches. 

abbacy, ab'a-si, n. the office of an 
abbot: an abbey. — a. abba'tial. 

abbe, ab'a, n. originally the French 
name for an abbot, but often used in the 
general sense of a priest or clergyman. 

abbess, ab'es, n. the female superior 
of a religious community of women. 

abbey, ab'e, n. a monastery presided 
over by an abbot or abbess : the church 
attached to it: — pi. abb'eys. 

abbot, ab'ut, n. the head of an abbey : 
— fern, abb'ess. — n. ab'botship. 

abbreviate, ab-bre'vi-at, v. t. to make 
brief or short: to abridge. — ns. abbrevia- 
tion, a shortening, a part of a word put 
for the whole; abbre'viator, one who 
abbreviates. — a. abbre'viatory. 

a, b, c, a-be-se', n. the alphabet, hence 
fig. the first rudiments of anything. 

abdicate, ab'di-kat, v. t. and v. i. to 
renounce or give up office or dignity. — a. 
ab'dicant. — n. abdication. 

abdomen, ab-do'men, n. the lower 
part of the belly. — a. abdonVinal. — adv. 
abdom'inally. [L.] 

abduce, ab-dus', v. t. an earlier form 
of abduct.— a. abduc'ent, drawing back: 
separating. 



9 



10 abduct 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



abort 



abduct, ab-dukt', v. t. to take away by 
fraud or 7 violence.- 

abeam, a-bem', adv. (naut.) on the 
beam, or in a line at right angles to a 
vessel's length. 

abear, a-bar', v. t. (prov.) to endure or 
tolerate. 

abecedarian, a-be-se-da'ri-an, a. per- 
taining to the a, b, c: rudimentary. 

abed, a-bed', adv. in bed. 

aberdevine, ab-er-de-vin', n. the siskin. 

aberrate, ab'er-rat, v. i. to wander or 
deviate from the right way. — a. aber- 
rant (zool. and hot.), wandering, deviat- 
ing in some particulars from its group.- 

abet, a-bet', v. t. to incite or aid (chiefly 
in a bad sense) : — pr. p. abet'ting ; pa. p. 
abet'ted.« 

abeyance, a-ba'ans, w. a state of sus- 
pension or expectation — also abey'ancy. 

abhor, ab-hor', v. t. to shrink from 
with horror: to detest: to loathe: — pr. 
p. abhor'ring; pa. p. abhorred'. — ns. 
abhor'rence, extreme hatred; (obs.) 
abhor'rency. — a. abhor'rent, detesting: 
repugnant (with of).- 

Abib, a'bib, n. the first month of 
the Jewish ecclesiastical year. 

abide, a-bid', v. t. to wait for: to 
endure: to tolerate. — v. i. to remain, 
dwell or stay : — pa. t. and pa. p. abode. — n. 
abid'ance. — a. abid'ing, continual. — n. 
an enduring. 

abide, a-bid', v. t. (Shak. and Milton) 
to redeem, pay the penalty for, suffer. 

Abies, ab'i-ez, n. the silver-fir. — a. 
abiet'ic, pertaining to trees of the genus 
Abies. [L.] 

abigail, ab'i-gal, n. a lady's-maid. 

ability, a-bil'i-ti, n. quality of being 
able : power : strength : skill.- 

abintestate, ab-in-tes'tat, a. inheriting 
the estate of one who died without 
having made a will. 

abiogenesis, ab-i-o-jen'es-is, n. spon- 
taneous generation. — a. abiogenet'ic. 

abject, ab-jekt', v. t. (obs.) to throw 
down or away. 

abject, ab'jekt, a. cast away: mean: 
worthless. — ns. abjec'tion, ab'jectness, 
baseness : degradation. — adv. ab'jectly. 

ab judge, ab-juj', v. t. (rare) to take 
away by law. 

abjudicate, ab-jo'di-kat, v. t. to give 
by judgment. 

abjure, ab-jor', v. t. to renounce on 
oath: to repudiate. — n. abjura'tion, 



official renunciation. — a. abjur'atory. — 
n. abjur'er. 

abkari, ab-ka'ri, n. the manufacture or 
sale of spirituous liquors: excise duty. 

ablactation, ab-lak-ta'shun, n. a wean- 
ing. 

ablation, ab-la'shun, n. act of carrying 
away: (geol.) the wearing away of rock 
by the action of water. — a. ablati'tious. 

ablative, ab'lat-iv, a. used as a noun. 
One of the cases of nouns and pronouns, 
Latin, etc. — a. ablati'val. 

ablaut, ab'lowt, n. (philol.) vowel 
permutation, as in smg, sang, song, swng. 

ablaze, a-blaz', a. in a blaze, on fire: 
gleaming brightly. 

able, a'bl, a. (comp. a'bler; superl. 
a'blest) having sufficient strength, power, 
or means to do a thing : skilful. — a. a'ble- 
bod'ied, free from disability: robust. 

abloom, a-blom', adv. in a blooming 
state. [Prep, a, on, and bloom.] 

abluent, ab'16-ent, a. washing or clean- 
ing by a liquid. — n. a medicine which 
carries off impurities from the system. 

ablution, ab-16'shun, n. act of washing, 
esp. the body: any ceremonial washing. 
— a. ablu'tionary. 

abnegate, ab'ne-gat, v. t. to deny. — ns. 
abnega'tion, renunciation ; ab'negator. 

abnormal, ab-nor'mal, a. not accord- 
ing to rule : irregular. — ns. abnormal'ity, 
abnor'mity. — adv. abnor'mally. 

aboard, a-bord', adv. or prep, on 
board : in a ship, or railway-car. 

abode, a-bod', n. a dwelling-place: 
stay. [See abide.) 

abode, a-bod', pa. t. and pa. p. of 
abide. 

abolish, ab-ol'ish, v. t. to put an end 
to : to annul. — a. abol'ishable, capable 
of being abolished. 

abomasus, ab-6-ma'sus, n. the fourth 
stomach of ruminants. 

abominate, ab-om'in-at, v. t. to abhor : 
to detest extremely. — a. abom'inable, 
hateful : detestable. 

abord, a-bord', v. t. (arch.) to accost. 

aboriginal, ab-o-rij'in-al, o. first, prim- 
itive, indigenous. — adv. aboriginally. 

aborigines, ab-o-rij'in-ez, n. pi. the 
original inhabitants of a country. 

abort, ab-ort', v. i. to miscarry in birth. 
— n. abor'tion, premature delivery, or 
the procuring of such: a misshapen 
being. — a. abort'ive, born untimely: un- 



abound 



mote, move; mute; then. 



abstruse 



11 



successful. — adv. abortively. — n. abort'- 
iveness. 

abound, ab-ownd', v. i. to be in great 
plenty: to possess in plenty (with in): 
to be filled with (used with with). 

about, a-bowt', prep, around : here and 
there in : near to : concerning : engaged 
in. — adv. around : nearly : here and there. 

above, a-buv', prep, on the upside: 
higher than : more than. — adv. overhead : 
in a higher position, order, or power. — 
a. above'-board, open, honorable. 

abracadabra, ab-ra-ka-dab'ra, n. a 
cabalistic word; a spell or conjuring 
word : mere gibberish. 

abrade, ab-rad', v. t. to scrape or rub 
off: to wear down by friction. 

abranchiate, a-brang'ki-at, a. having 
no gills. — Also abran'chial. 

abrasion, ab-ra'zhun, n. the act of 
rubbing off. — a. and n. abra'sive. 

abraxas, a-braks'as, n. a mystic word, 
or an amulet, consisting of a gem en- 
graved therewith on some part of it, 
often bearing a mystical 
figure o f combined 
human and animal 
form, used as a charm. 
[Said to have been 
coined by the Egyptian 
Gnostic Basilides in 2d 
century to express 365 
in Greek letters.] 

abreast, a-brest', adv. 
with fronts in a line : 
side by side: (naut.) opposite to. 

abridge, a-brij', v. t. to make brief or 
short: to epitomize: to curtail. — n. 
abridg'ment, contraction: shortening of 
time, labor, or privileges : a compendium, 
epitome, or synopsis. 

abroach, a-broch', adv. broached: 
afloat: astir. 

abroad, a-brawd', adv. out of doors: 
in another country. 

abrogate, ab'ro-gat, v. t. to repeal. — n. 
abrogation, act of repealing. — a. ab- 
rogative. 

abrupt, ab-rupt', a. the opposite of 
gradual : sudden : unexpected : precip- 
itous. — n. abrup'tion, a sudden breaking 
off: violent separation. — adv. abruptly. 
— n. abrupt'ness. 

abscess, ab'ses, n. a collection of puru- 
lent matter within the tissue. 

abscind, ab-sind', v. t. to cut off. — n. 




Abraxas. 



abscis'sion, act of cutting off, or state 
of being cut off. 

absciss, ab'sis, abscissa, ab-sis'sa, n. 
the straight line cut off or intercepted 
between the vertex of a curve and an 
ordinate, measured along the principal 
axis. 

abscond, abs-kond', v. i. to hide, or 
quit a place, to escape a legal process. 

absent, abs'ent, a. being away: not 
present: inattentive. — v. t. (ab-sent') to 
keep (oneself) away. 

absinth, absinthe, ab'sinth, n. spirit 
combined with extract of wormwood. 

absolute, ab'sol-iit, a. free from limits 
or conditions : complete : unlimited : un- 
alterable : unrestricted by constitutional 
checks (said of a government) : (gram.) 
not immediately dependent. — adv. ab- 
solutely, separately : unconditionally : 
positively : completely.- 

absolve, ab-solv', v. t. to loose or set 
free : to pardon : to acquit. — n. absolv'er, 
one who gives absolution or acquits. 

absonant, ab'so-nant, a. discordant: 
absurd: unnatural (with to or from) — 
opp. to consonant. 

absorb, ab-sorb', v. t. to suck in: to 
swallow up: to engage wholly. — n. ab- 
sorbability. — a. absorbable, that may 
be absorbed. — advs. absorb'edly, ab- 
sorbingly. — a. absorb'ent, imbibing : 
swallowing. — n. that which absorbs. 

abstain, abs-tan', v. i. to hold or re- 
frain from. — ns. abstain'er, specially 
one who does not take alcoholic drinks; 
absten'tion, a refraining. 

abstemious, abs-teml-us, a. temperate : 
sparing in food, etc. — adv. abstem'- 
iously. — n. abstemiousness, 

abstersion, abs-ter'shun, n. act of 
cleansing. — v. t. absterge', to cleanse, 
purge. — adjs. abster'gent, serving to 
cleanse; abster'sive, cleansing: purga- 
tive. 

abstinent, abs'tin-ent, a. abstaining 
from: temperate. — n. abs'tinence. 

abstract, abs-trakt', v. t. to draw 
away: to separate: to purloin. — a. ab- 
stracted, drawn off: removed: absent 
in mind. — adv. abstractedly. 

abstract, abs'trakt, a. general, as 
opposed to particular or individual: 
separate : distinct. — n. summary : abridg- 
ment : essence. — adv. abstractly. — n. 
abs'tractness. 

abstruse, abs-tros', a. hidden: difficult 



12 absurd 



fate, far; mg, her; mine; 



accident 



to be understood. — adv. abstrusely. — 
ns. abstruse'ness; abstrusity. 

absurd, ab-surd', a. obviously un- 
reasonable or false. — ns. absurd'ity, 
absurd'ness, the quality of being absurd : 
anything absurd. — adv. absurdly. 

abundance, ab-und'ans, n. great plenty. 
— a. abund'ant, plentiful. — adv. abund'- 
antly. [See abound.] 

abuse, ab-uz', v. t. to use wrongly : to 
revile: to violate. — n. abuse (ab-us'), 
ill use: misapplication: reproach. — a. 
abusive, containing or practising abuse. 
— adv. abusively. — n. abuslveness. 

abut, a-but', v. i. to end: to border 
(on). — ns. abut'ment, that which abuts : 
(archit.) what a limb of an arch ends 
or rests on; abut'tal, an abutment. — p. 
abut'ting, facing each other: front to 
front. 

abysm, a-bizm', n. a form of abyss. — 
a. abys'mal, bottomless : unending. — 
adv. abys'mally. 

abyss, a-bis', w. a bottomless gulf. — a. 
abyss'al. 

Acacia, a-ka'shi-a, n. a. genus of thorny 
leguminous plants. 

academic, ak-ad-em'ik, n. a student in 
a college. — a. belonging to an academy, 
or to a college or university. 

academy, ak-ad'em-i, n. a higher 
school : a society or school for the 
promotion of science or art. — adjs. 
academic, -al, of an academy. — adv. 
academically. — n. pi. academicals, 
a college costume 

acajou, ak'a-jo, n. the gum or resin 
of a kind of red mahogany. 

Acalepha, ak-a-le'fa, n. a class of 
radiate marine animals. [Gr. akalephe, 
a nettle.] 

acanthopterygian, 
ak - an - thop - ter-ij 1- 
an, a. having spiny fins. [Gr. 
akantha, thorn, pteryx, 
pterygos, a wing, a fin.] 

acanthus, a-kan'thus, Acanthus 
n. a prickly plant, called (archit.). 
bear's breech or brank-ursine : (archit.) 
an ornament resembling its leaves — also 
acan'tha. — adjs. acan'thine, acantha'- 
ceous. 

acarpous, a-kar'pus, a. (hot.) without 
fruit. 

Acarus, ak'ar-us, n. a genus of minute 
insects, embracing the mites and ticks. 

acatalectic, a-kat-a-lek'tik, a. having 




the complete number of syllables as a 
verse: without defect. — n. an acatalectic 
verse. 

acatalepsy, a-kat-a-lep'si, n. incompre- 
hensibility. — a. acatalep'tic. 

acater, a-kat'er, n. (obs.) a caterer. — 
n. pi. acates', provisions : food. 

acaulescent, a-kaw-les'ent, a. without 
a stalk. — Also acaulous. 

accable, ak-ka/bl, v. t. (obs.) to crush, 
to encumber. 

Accadian, a-ka'di-an, a. of or belong- 
ing to Accad, an ancient city. — n. an 
ancient cuneiform language. 

accede, ak-sed', v. i. to come to, or 
arrive at, a place or condition : to agree 
or assent (with to). — n. acced'er. 

accelerate, ak-sel'er-at, v. t. to increase 
the speed or progress of. — n. accelera- 
tion, the act of hastening: increase of 
speed. — a. accel'erative, quickening. — 
n. accelerator, one who or that which 
accelerates. — a. accel'eratory. 

accent, ak'sent, n. modulation of the 
voice: stress on a syllable or word: a 
mark used to direct this stress : peculiar 
mode of utterance. — v. t. accent', to 
express or note the accent. — a. accent'ual, 
relating to accent. — n. accentuallty. — 
adv. accentually. — v. t. accent'uate, 
to mark or pronounce with accent. — n. 
accentua'tion, the act of marking or 
pronouncing accents. 

accept, ak-sept', v. t. to receive: to 
agree to: to promise to pay: (B.) to 
receive with favor. — a. acceptable 
(ak-sept'a-bl) pleasing: agreeable. — ns. 
accept'ableness, acceptability, quality 
of being acceptable. — adv. acceptably. 

access, ak'ses, or ak-ses', n. liberty to 
come to, approach : increase. — n. access- 
ibility. — a. accessible, that may be 
approached. — adv. accessibly. 

accession, ak-sesh'un, n. a coming to : 
increase. 

accessory, ak'ses-sor-i, a. additional : 
contributing to: aiding: (law) _ partici- 
pating in a crime. — n. anything ad- 
ditional: one who aids or gives counte- 
nance to a crime. — a. accessorial, relating 
to an accessory. — adv. ac'cessorily. 

accidence, ak'sid-ens, n. the part of 
grammar treating of word inflections. 

accident, ak'sid-ent, n. an unforeseen 
or unexpected event : chance : an un- 
essential quality or property. — a. acci- 



accite 



mote, move; mute; then. 



accuse 



13 



dent'al, happening by chance : not essen- 
tial. 

accite, ak-sit', v. t. to cite or call, to 
summon. 

acclamation, ak-klam-a'shun, f n. a 
shout of applause — also acclaim'. — v. t. 
acclaim', to declare by acclamation.— a. 
acclam'atory, expressing acclamation. 

acclimatize, ak-kllm'at-Iz, v. t. to inure 
to a foreign climate — also acclim'ate. — 
n. acclimatization, the act of acclim- 
atizing: the state of being acclimatized 
— also acclima'tion. 

acclivity, ak-kliv'i^ti, n. a slope up- 
wards. — a. accli'vous, rising as an 
acclivity — also accliv'itous. 

accommodate, ak-kom'mod-at, v. t. 
to adapt: to make suitable: to adjust: to 
harmonize: to furnish or supply (with) : 
to provide entertainment for. — p. a. 
accom'modating, affording accommod- 
ation : obliging. — n. accommodation, 
convenience: fitness: adjustment: oblig- 
ingness : an arrangement or compromise . 

accompany, ak-kum'pan-i, v. t. to 
keep company with: to attend: to sup- 
port (a singer) by playing on any 
instrument an additional part. — ns. ac- 
com'panier; accom'paniment, that 
which accompanies; accom'panist, one 
who accompanies a singer on an instru- 
ment. 

accomplice, ak-kom'plis, n. an asso- 
ciate, esp. in crime. 

accomplish, ak-kom'plish, v. t. to 
complete: to bring about: to effect: to 
fulfil: to equip. — adjs. accom'plishable ; 
accomplished, complete in acquire- 
ments: polished.— n. accomplishment, 
completion : ornamental acquirement. 

accord, ak-kord', v. i. to agree: to be 
in correspondence (with). — v. t. to cause 
to agree: to reconcile: to grant. — n. 
agreement: harmony. — n. accord'ance, 
agreement : conformity. — a. accord'ant, 
agreeing: corresponding. — adv. accord'- 
antly. — p. a. according, in accordance : 
agreeing : harmonious. — adv. accord'- 
ingly, agreeably: suitably: in agreement 
(with what precedes). 

accordion, ak-kor'di-on, n. a portable 
musical instru- 
ment consisting 
of a hand- 
bellows, with 
keyboard and 
free metal reeds. Accordion. 




accost, ak-kost', v. t. to speak first to : 
to address. — a. accost'able, easy of 
access. 

accouchement, ak-kosh'mong, n. de- 
livery in childbed, 

accoucheur, ak-ko-sher', n. a man 
who assists women in childbirth. — fern. 
accoucheuse (ak-ko-shez'). [Fr.] 

account, ak-kownt', v. t. to reckon: 
to judge, value. — v. i. (with for) to give 
a reason: to give an account of money 
held in trust. — n. a counting : statement : 
value : sake : a reckoning as to money.— 
a. accountable, liable to account, 
responsible.' 

accouter, ak-ko'ter, v. t. to dress or 
equip : — pr. p. accou'tering ; pa. p. accou'- 
tered. — n. pi. accou'terments, dress: 
military equipments. 

accoy, ak-koi', v. t. (obs.) to still: to 
soothe. 

accredit, ak-kred'it, v. t. to give credit, 
countenance, authority, or honor to: to 
furnish with credentials. — n. accredita- 
tion, fact of being accredited. — p. a. 
accredited, recognized. 

accrescent, ak-kres'ent, a. growing: 
ever-increasing. — ns. accres'cence, 
gradual growth or increase; accre'tion, 
the process of growing: the growing 
together of parts externally : any ex- 
traneous addition. — a. accre'tive. 

accrue, ak-kro', v. i. to spring or 
grow as a natural result : to fall to any 
one by way of advantage. 

accumbent, ak-kumb'ent, a. reclining. 

accumulate, ak-kum'ul-at, v. t. to heap 
or pile up : to amass. — v. i. to " increase 
greatly: to go on increasing. — n. ac- 
cumulation, a heaping up : a heap, mass, 
or pile. — a. accumulative, heaping up. 

accurate, ak'kur-at, a. done with care : 
exact. — n. ac'curacy, correctness : exact- 
ness. — adv. accurately. — w. ac'curate- 
ness. 

accurse, ak-kurs', v. t. to curse: to 
devote to misery or destruction. — a. 
accurs'ed, subjected to a curse: worthy 
of a curse. 

accusative, ak-kuz'a-tiv, a. accusing. 
— n. (gram.) the case which expresses 
the direct object of transitive 'verbs (in 
English, the objective). — a. accus'atival. 

accuse, ak-kiiz', v. t. to bring a charge 
against: to blame. — a. accus'able, that 
may be accused. — ns. accus'al, accusa- 
tion; accusa'tion, the act of accusing: 



14 



accustom 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



acquaint 



a charge. — adjs. accusatS'rial, of an 
accuser; accus'atory, containing accu- 
sation. — p. a. accused', charged with a 
crime: usually as a n., the person 
accused. — n. accus'er, one who accuses 
another. 

accustom, ak-kus'tum, v. t. to make 
familiar by custom: to habituate. — p. a. 
accus'tomed, usual: frequent: habit- 
uated. — n. accus'tomedness. 

ace, as, n. the one at dice, cards, 
dominoes, etc. 

acephalan, a-sef'a-lan, n. (zo ol.) one 
bi the Acephala, a class of mollusks, 
which present no traces of a head. — a. 
aceph'alous, without a head. 

acerbity, as-er'bi-ti, n. bitterness: 
sourness : harshness : severity. — a. acerb'. 

aceric, a-ser'ik, a. obtained from the 
maple. 

acetabulum, as-e-tab'u-lum, n. (anat.) 
the cavity which receives the head of 
the thigh-bone: also a glandular sub- 
stance found in the placenta of some 
animals : — pi. acetab'ula. 

acetanilid, as-et-an'i-lid, n. a white 
crystalline sublimable solid, produced by 
combining glacial acetic acid with anilin. 
It is used in neuralgia and rheumatism. 

acetic, as-et'ik, a. of the nature of 
vinegar: sour — also ace'tous, acetose'. 
— n. aces'cence, a tendency to sourness. 
— a. aces'cent. — n. ac'etate, salt of acetic 
acid. 

acetify, as-et'i-fl, v. t. or v. i. to turn 
into vinegar. — n. acetifica'tion. 

acetopathy, as-et-op'a-thi, n. the 
treating of ailments by the external 
application of dilute acetic acid. 

acetylene, a-set'i-len, n. a powerful 
illuminant gas, procured from the de- 
composition of water with calcium 
carbide and other hydro-carbons. 

Achates, a-ka'tes, n. trusty comrade. 

ache, ak, n. a continued pain. — v. i. 
to be in continued pain. — n. ach'ing, 
continued pain or distress. 

achenium, a-ke'ni-um, n. (hot.) a 
small hard one-seeded fruit. 

Acheron, ak'ker-on, n. death, hell — 
from the name of that river in the 
infernal regions of classical mythology. 

achieve, a-cheV, v. t. to bring to a 
head or end : to perform : to accomplish : 
to gain, to win. — a. achiev'able. — n. 
achieve'ment, a performance: an ex- 
ploit . 



Achillean, ak-il-le'an, a. like Achilles, 
the great Greek hero in the Trojan 
wars: brave, swift of foot, unrelenting 
in wrath. 

achromatic, a-krom-at'ik, a. trans- 
mitting light without color, of a lens 
or telescope. — adv. achromat'ically. 

acicular, as-ik'u-lar, a. needle-shaped. 
— Also acic'ulate, acic'ulated. 

acid, as'id, a. sharp: sour. — n. a sour 
substance: (chem.) one of a class of 
substances which combine with alkalis, 
metallic oxids, etc., to form salts. 

acidify, as-id'i-fi, v. t. to make acid: 
to convert into an acid. 

acidulous, as-id'u-lus, a. slightly sour : 
subacid: (fig.) caustic, sharp. 

acierage, a'se-er-aj, n. the covering 
of an engraved copper-plate with a film 
of iron or steel 

aciform, as'i-form, a. needle-shaped. 

aciniform, a-sin'i-form, a. in clusters 
like grapes, or having the form of 
grapes. 

acknowledge, ak-nol'ej, v. t. to own 
a knowledge of : to own as true : to 
confess : to admit or intimate the receipt 
of. — a. acknow'ledgeable. — adv. ac- 
know'ledgeably. — n. acknowledgment, 
recognition : admission : confession : 
thanks : a receipt. 

aclinic, ak-lin'ik, a. without inclin- 
ation, applied to the magnetic equator. 

acme, ak'me, n. the top or highest 
point: culmination or perfection: crisis. 

acne, ak'ne, n. a common skin disease. 

acock, a-kok', adv. in a cocked man- 
ner : defiantly. 

acolyte, ak'o-lit, acolyth, ak'o-lith, n. 
an attendant or assistant : (R. C. Church) 
one ordained to the fourth of the minor 
orders. 

aconite, ak'o-nit, n. the plant wolfs- 
bane or monk's-hood: poison. 

acorn, a'korn, n. the seed or fruit of 
the oak. — a. a'corned. — n. a'corn-shell, 
a name for the Balanus (L., acorn), a 
genus of cirripeds in the class Crustacea. 

acosmism, a-koz'mizm, n. disbelief in 
the existence of an eternal world. 

acotyledon, a-kot-i-le'dun, n. a plant 
without distinct cotyledons or seed- 
lobes. — a. acotyle'donous. 

acoustic, a-kos'tik, a. pertaining to or 
used in hearing. — n. acoust'ics, the 
science of sound. 

acquaint, ak-kwant', v. t. to make or 



acquiesce 



mote, move; mute; then. 



adage 15 



let one to know: to inform. — ns. ac- 
quaintance, familiar knowledge: a 
person whom we know; acquaintance- 
ship, familiar knowledge. — p. a. ac- 
quainted {with), personally known: 
having personal knowledge of. 

acquiesce, ak-kwi-es', v. i. to rest 
satisfied: to assent. — n. acquiescence, 
quiet assent or submission. — a. acquies'- 
cent, resting satisfied: submissive. 

acquire, ak-kwir', v. t. to gain: to 
attain to. — n. acquirabil'ity. — a. acquir- 
able. — ns. acquire'ment, something 
learned or got by effort; acquisi'tion, 
act of acquiring : that which is acquired. 
— a. acquisitive, desirous to acquire. 
— n. acquisitiveness, propensity to 
acquire. 

acquit, ak-kwit', v. t. to free: to 
release: to settle, as a debt: to behave 
or conduct (oneself) : to declare inno- 
cent. 

acre, a'ker, n. a measure of land con- 
taining 4840 sq. yards. 

acrid, ak'rid, a. biting to the taste: 
pungent: bitter. — ns. acrid'ity, ac'rid- 
ness, quality of being acrid: a sharp, 
bitter taste. 

acrimony, ak'ri-mun-i, n. bitterness of 
feeling or language. — a. acrimo'nious, 
sharp, bitter.* 

acritochromacy, a-krit-o-kro'ma-si, n. 
color-blindness. 

acritude, ak'ri-tud, n. the quality of 
being acrid. 

acrobat, ak'ro-bat, n. a tumbler: a 
gymnast. — a. acrobatic. — n. acrobatlsm, 
the art of the acrobat. 

acrogen, ak'ro-jen, n. a plant that 
grows at the top chiefly, as a tree-fern. 

acrolith, ak'ro-lith, n. a statue made 
of wood and stone. 

acronycal, a-kron'ik-al, a. midnight, 
applied to stars that rise at sunset and 
set at sunrise.* 

acropolis, a-krop'ol-is, n. a citadel, 
esp. that of Athens. 

acrospire, ak'ro-spir, n. {hot.) the 
first , sprout from a seed. 

across, a-kros', prep, or adv. cross- 
wise of : from side to side. 

acrostic, a-kros'tik, n. a poem, etc., of 
which the first or last letter of each line 
taken in succession will spell a name or 
a sentence.- 

act, akt, v. i. to exert force or influ- 
ence: to produce an effect: to behave 



oneself: to feign. — v. t. to perform: to 
imitate or play the part of. — n. some- 
thing done or doing: an exploit: a law: 
a section of a play.- 

acta, ak'ta, n. pi. proceedings in a 
court of record, or the minutes of such. 

Actinia, ak-tin'i-a, n. a genus of 
marine animals including the animal 
flowers or sea-anemones. 

actiniform, ak-tin'i-form, a. having a 
radiated form. 

actinism, ak'tin-izm, n. the chemical 
force of the sun's rays. — a. actinic. 

actinolite, ak-tin'6-lit, n. a green 
variety of hornblende. 

actinometer, ak-tin-om'e-ter, n. an 
instrument for measuring the intensity 
of the sun's actinic rays. 

actinomycosis, ak-ti-no-ml-co'sis, # an 
inflammatory disease in cattle, swine, 
and sometimes man, caused by a bac- 
terium; lumpy jaw. 

action, ak'shun, n. a state of acting: 
activity: a deed: operation: gesture: a 
battle: a lawsuit: the movement of 
events in a drama, novel, etc. — a. ac'- 
tionable, liable to a lawsuit. 

active, akt'iv, a. that acts: busy'; 
nimble: effective: {gram.) transitive. 

acton, ak'tun, n. a stuffed leather 
jacket formerly worn under armor. 

actual, akt'u-al, a. real: existing in 
fact and now. — v. t. act'ualize, to make 
actual: to realize in action. — n. actual'- 
ity. — adv. act'ually. 

actuary, akt'ii-ar-i, n. a registrar: one 
who makes calculations connected with 
insurance. 

actuate, akt'ii-at, v. t. to put into or 
incite to action: to influence. — n. actua- 
tion. 

aculeated, ak-ul-e-at'ed, p. a. pointed: 
(fig.) pungent, incisive. 

acumen, ak-u'men, n. sharpness: 
penetration. 

acuminate, a-ku'min-at, a. (hot.) hav- 
ing a long tapering point. — v. t. acii'min- 
ate, to sharpen. — n. acumina'tion. 

acupressure, ak-u-presh'ur, n. a mode 
of arresting hemorrhage with a needle. 

acupuncture, ak-u-pungkt'ur, n. an 
operation for relieving pain with needles. 

acute, ak-iit', a. sharp-pointed: keen: 
shrewd: shrill. — adv. acutely. — n. 
acute'ness. — acute angle, an angle less 
than a right angle. 

adage, ad'aj, n. a proverb. 



16 adamant fate, far; me, her; mine; adminicle 

adamant, ad'a-mant, n. a very hard attachment. — a. adher'ent, sticking to. — 
stone: the diamond. — a. adaman'tine, n. a follower: a partizan (with of), 
made of or like adamant. adhesion, ad-he'zhun, n. the act of 

Adam's-apple, ad'amz-ap'pl, n. the adhering or sticking to: steady attach- 
pro jection in front of the throat. ment- 

adapt, ad-apt', v. t. to make apt or fit : adhibit, ad-hib'it, v. t. to apply to : to 
to accommodate (with to or for). — ns. use. — n. adhibi'tion, application: use. 
adaptability, adapt'ableness. — adj. Adiantum, ad-i-an'tum, n. maidenhair, 
adaptable, that may be adapted. — n. a large genus of ferns. 
adaptation, the act of making suitable: adiathermic, a-di-a-ther'mik, a. un- 
fitness, pervious to radiant heat. 

Adar, a'dar, n. the twelfth month of adieu, a-du', adv. (I commend you) 
the Jewish ecclesiastical year. to God : farewell. — n. a farewell ;- 

add, ad, v. t. to put (one thing) to adipocere, ad'i-po-ser, n. a fatty, waxy 
(another) : to sum up: to increase (with substance resulting from the decom- 
to). — adjs. add'able, add'ible. — ns. add- position of animal bodies in moist places 
ibil'ity; addit'ament, an addition; or under water. 

addi'tion, the act of adding: the thing adipose, ad'i-poz, a. fatty. — adipose 
added: the rule for adding numbers tissue, the vesicular structure in the 
together : title, honor. — a. additional, animal body which contains the fat. 
that is added. adit, ad'it, n. an opening or passage, 

addendum, ad-den'dum, n. a thing to esp. into a mine, 
be added: an appendix :—/>/. adden'da. adjacent, ad-jas'ent, a. lying near to: 

adder, ad'er, n. the popular name of contiguous.' 
the viper.* adjective, ad'jek-tiv, n. a word added 

addict, ad-dikt', v. t. to give (oneself) to a noun to qualify it or limit it.- 
up to (generally in a bad sense). adjoin, ad-join', v. t. to lie next to.— 

addle, ad'dl, addled, ad'dld, a. dis- a . adjoin'ing, near: adjacent, 
eased: putrid: barren, empty.- adjourn, ad-jurn', v. t. to put off to 

address, ad-dres', v. t. to direct (with another day : to postpone.— v. i. to sus- 
to) : to speak or write to: to court: to pe nd proceedings for any time specified, 
direct in writing : to arrange properly.— or sine die.—n. adjournment, act of 
n. a formal communication in writing: adjourning: the interval it causes, 
a speech: manners: dexterity: direction adjudicate, ad-jo'di-kat, v. t. to deter- 
of a letter.. mine judicially: to pronounce. — v. i. to 

adduce, ad-dus', v. t. to bring forward : pronounce judgment* 
to cite or quote.— a. adduc'ent, drawing adjunct, ad'junkt, a. joined or added 
forward or together? to.— n. the thing joined or added, as a 

adductor, ad-dukt'ur, n. a muscle qualifying addition to a name : a person 
which draws one part towards another, joined to another in some office or 

addulce, ad-duls', v. t. (obs.) to make service.- 
sweet. ^ adjuration, ad-jor-a'shun, n. act of 

adenitis, ad-en-i'tis, n. inflammation adjuring: the charge or oath used in 
of the lymphatic glands. adjuring.- 

adenotomy, ad-en-ot'o-mi, n. a cutting adjure, ad-jor', v. t. to charge on oath 
or incision of a gland. or solemnly. 

adept, ad-ept', a. completely skilled adjust, ad- just', v. t. to arrange prop- 
(in). — n. a proficient. erly (with to) : to regulate: to settle. 

adequate, ad'e-kwat, a. equal to all adjutant, ad'joot-ant, n. a staff officer 
demands or requirements : suitable to appointed to assist a commanding officer : 
the case or occasion: comprehensive: — ns. ad'jutancy, office of an adjutant: 
proportionate : s u i f i c i e n t. — adv. ad'- assistance ; ad'jutant-gen'eral, the head 
equately.- of his department on the general staff 

adhere, ad-her', v. i. to stick to: to of the army: the executive officer of a 
remain fixed or attached (with to). — n. commander-in-chief. 
adher'ence, state of adhering: steady adminicle, ad-min'i-kl, n. anything 



administer mote, move; mute; then. adventure It 

that aids or supports : an auxiliary. — a. to embellish. — n. adorn'ment, ornament : 

adminicular. decoration. 

administer, ad-min'is-ter, v. t. to adorsed, a-dorst'. a. in heraldry, placed 

manage : to supply : to conduct : to apply : back to back. 

to impose. — v. i. to bring aid (with to), adown, a-down', adv. and prep. down. 

n. administration, act of administering : adrift, a-drift', a. or adv. floating as 

management : dispensation of sacra- driven (by the wind) : moving at ran- 

ments: the power or party that admin- dom. 

isters a government. — a.. administrative, adroit, a-droit', a. dexterous: skilful, 

that administers. — n. admknstra'tor, one adscititious, ad-sit-ish'us, a. added 

who manages or directs .me who ad- or assumed : additional, 

ministers or distributes ^r_ estate-. adulate, ad'u-lat, v. t. to fawn upon, 

admiral, ad'mir-al, n. the chief com- to flatter. — n. ad'ulator, a servile flat- 

mander of a navy: the commander terer. — a. ad'ulatory. 

of a fleet: a naval officer of the adulation, ad-u-la'shun, n. fawning: 

highest rank.. flattery. 

admire, ad-mir', v. t. to have a high adult, ad-ult', a. grown: mature. — n. 

opinion of: to love. — v. i. {arch.) to be a grown-up person. — n. adult'ness. 

affected with wonder (at). — a. ad'mir- adulterate, ad-ult'er-at, v. t. to cor- 

able, worthy of being admired. — n. ad'- rupt: to make impure (by mixing). — a. 

mirableness. — adv. ad'mirably. — n. ad- spurious : corrupted by base elements.- 

mira'tion, act of admiring: wonder, adultery, ad-ult'er-i, n. violation of 

with esteem, love, or veneration : aston- the marriage-bed. — n. adult'erer, a man 

ishment/ guilty of adultery: — fern: adult'eress.— 

admit, ad-mit', v. t. to allow to enter : a. adult'erine, resulting from adultery : 

to let in : to concede : to acknowledge : spurious. — n. the offspring of adultery. 

to be capable of. — n. admissibility. — a. — a. adult'erous, guilty of adultery. 

admis'sible, that may be admitted or adumbrate, ad-um'brat, v. t. to give 

allowed.- a faint shadow of: to exhibit imper- 

admix, ad-miks', v. t. to mix with fectly. — adjs. adum'brant; adum'bra- 

something else. — n. admix'ture, that tive, adumbrating or giving a faint 

which is mixed. shadow. — n. adumbra'tion. 

admonish, ad-mon'ish, v. t. to warn: advance, ad-vans', v. t. to put for- 

to reprove mildly.- ward : to promote : to encourage the 

admonition, ad-mon-ish'un, n. kind progress of: to propose: to supply or 

reproof: counsel: advice: ecclesiastical pay beforehand. — v. i. to move or go 

censure.* forward : to rise in rank or in value. — n. 

adnate, ad-nat', a. (hot.) growing progress: improvement: rise in price or 

close to the stem. value: a giving beforehand, also the 

ado, a-do', n. bustle : stir or fuss, sum so given : a loan. 

adobe, a-d6'ba, n. and a. a sun-dried advantage, ad-vant'aj, n. superiority 

brick, or made of such. over another : gain or benefit. — v. t. to 

adolescent, ad-o-les'ent, a. growing benefit or profit. — a. advantageous, of 

to manhood. — n. adoles'cence, the period advantage: useful (with to and for). — 

of youth. adv. advanta'geously. 

Adonis, a-do'nis, n. a beautiful youth, advent, ad'vent, n. a coming or 

beloved by Venus : a beau or dandy. arrival : the coming of Christ : the 

adopt, ad-opt', v. t. to choose : to period before the festival of the Nativ- 

take up or embrace : to take as one's ity. — n. Ad'ventist, one who believes in 

own what is another's, as a child, etc. the second coming of Christ to set up 

adore, ad-or', v. t. to worship : to love a kingdom on the earth, 

intensely. — a. ador'able, worthy of being adventitious, ad-vent-ish'us, a. acci- 

adored. — n. ador'ableness. — adv. ador'- dental: additional: foreign: appearing 

ably. — ns. adora'tion, divine worship, casually. 

homage; ador'er, one who adores: a adventure, ad-vent'ur, n. a remark- 
lover. — adv. ador'ingly. able incident: an enterprise: risk: the 

adorn, ad-orn', v. t. to deck or dress: spirit of enterprise. — v. i. to attempt or 

a 



18 adverb fate, far; me, her; mine; aetiology 

dare,— v. t. to risk or hazard. — v. i. to iEneid, e'ne-id, n. an epic poem by 

f isk oneself : to dare.- Virgil, the hero of which is ^Eneas. 

adverb, ad'verb, n. a word used to aeolian, e-6'li-an, a. pertaining to or 
modify a verb, adjective, or other ad- acted on by the wind: aerial: of iEolis 
verb.— a. adverb'ial, pertaining to an or ^Eolia, a district of Asia Minor col- 
adverb, onized by the Greeks.— Also aeol'ic. 

adversaria, ad-vers-ar'i-a, n. pi. col- aeolipile, e-ol'i-pil, n. the first instru- 

lections of miscellaneous notes. men t made to show the power of steam. 

adversary, ad'vers-ar-i, n. an op- aerate, a'er-at, v. t. to put air into: 

ponent: an enemy. ^ to supply with carbonic acid or other 



adverse, ad'vers, a. acting in a con- 



gas. 



trary direction: opposed to: unfortunate: aerial, a^er'i-al, a. belonging to the 

mjunous.^atfo. ad versely.— n. advers- a i r: elevated, lofty, visionary. 

lty, affliction: misfortune. § aeriform, a'er^i'form, a, having the 

advert, ad-vert , v. t. to turn the mind form or nature of air or gas : unsub- 
to: to refer to. — ;w. advert'ence; advert'- stantial, unreal. 

ency, attention : heedfulness : regard.— aerify, a'er-i'-f 1, v. t. to change from a 
a. advert'ent, attentive.— adv. advert'- solid or liquid state into air or gas: to 
ently. _ fill or combine with air. 

advertise, adver-tlz, v. t. to inform: aerodrome, a'er-6-drom, n. a flying- 
to give public information or announce- machine having aeroplanes for support 
ment of. — v. i. to announce one's goods in mid-air. 
or wants publicly: to exploit. aerodynamics, a-er-o-di-nam'iks, n. 

advice, ad-vis', n. counsel: intelli- the science of the motion of the air and 
gence ^ (usually in pi.). other gases. 

advise, ad-viz', v. t. to give advice or aerolite, a'er-o-lit, n. a meteoric stone, 
counsel to: to recommend: to inform. — aerology, a-er-ol'o-ji, n. the branch of 
v. i. to consult. — ns. advisability; advis'- science which treats of the atmosphere. 
ableness. — a. advis'able, that may be aerometer, a-er-om'e-ter, n. an instru- 
advised or recommended : prudent : ex- ment for measuring the weight or density 
pedient. — adv. advis'ably. — a. advised', of air and gases. 

cautious: deliberate, as in well-advised aerometry, a-er-om'e-tri, n. the 
and ill-advised.— adv. advis'edly.- measuring of the air, pneumatics. 

advocacy, ad'vo-ka-si, n. a pleading aeronaut, a'er-o-nawt, n. one who 
for: defense. [See advocate.] makes ascents in a balloon.— adjs. aero- 

advocate, ad'vo-kat, n. an intercessor naut'ic; aeronautical.— n. m aeronaut'- 
or defender: one who pleads the cause 1CS » the science o£ aerial navigation, 
of another.—*/, t. to plead in favor of: ae ^ c P h / t ®' a er-o-fit, n. a plant 
to recommend. nourished by the air. 

advowson, ad-vow'zun, n. the right of aeroplane, a er-o-plane, n. a flying- 
patronage or presentation to a church machine supported by plane surfaces, 
benefice. aerostat, a er-o-stat, n. a machine 

adynamic, a-di-nam'ik, a. without formed to sustain weights in the air: 
strength or force. a flying-machine.- 

adz, adze, adz, n. a carpenter's tool. aerostatics, a-er-o-stat iks, n the 
[A. S. adesa; ultimate origin science of raising and guiding balloons, 

unknown.] ft aeruginous, e-ro'ji-nus, a. pertam- 

aedile, edile, e'dil, w. a IB in & t0 or like copper-rust or verdigris. 

Roman magistrate who had M aery, a'er-i, a. aerial, spiritual, vision- 

charge of public buildings, ff ary 



games, markets, police, etc. Jf aery, a'ri, or e'ri, n. the nest of any 

— n. as'dileship. [L. cedilis, jm bird of prey, esp. an eagle.- 

cedes, -is, a building.] &JBr aesthetics, es-thet'iks, n. the prin- 

aegis, e'jis, n. (orig.) a^^fc^A ciples of taste and of art: the philos- 

shield given by Jupiter to ^flai^ ophy of the fine arts. — Also esthetics. 

Minerva: anything that Adz. aetiology, e-ti-ol'o-ji, vi. the science 

protects* of causation,* 



afar 



mote, move; mute; then. 



afterclap 19 



afar, a-far', adv. from a far distance: 
to a distance. 

affable, af'fa-bl, a. condescending: 
easy to be spoken to.- 

affair, af-far', n. that which is to be 
done: business: any small matter: (pi.) 
transactions in general: public concerns. 

affect, af-fekt', v. t. to act upon: to 
produce a change upon: to move the 
feelings of. — a. affect'ed, touched with 
feeling: full of affection: feigned.— adv. 
affect'edly. — n. affect'edness. — a. af- 
fect'ing, having power to move the 
passions : pathetic. — adv. affect'ingly. 

affect, af-fekt', v. t. to make a show 
or pretense of, to assume, to counterfeit 
or pretend to, to take upon oneself to: 
to practise, wear, or frequent. — n. affect- 
action, pretense. 

affection, af-fek'shun, n. kindness or 
love : attachment : a disease or abnormal 
state of body or mind.« 

affeer, af-fer', v. t. to fix , the market 
value of. 

afferent, af'fer-ent, a. (anat.) bring- 
ing to, applied to the nerves that convey 
sensations to the nerve centers. 

affiance, af-fi'ans, n. faith pledged: 
marriage contract : trust. — v. t. to pledge 
faith: to betroth.- 

affidavit, af-fi-da'vit, n. a written 
declaration on oath. 

affiliate, af-fil'i-at, v. t. to receive into 
a family as a son, or into a society as 
a member: to attach to, or connect 
with: to father on or upon.- 

affinity, af-fin'i-ti, n. nearness of kin, 
agreement, or resemblance : structural 
resemblance : relationship by marriage : 
a mysterious attraction supposed to exist 
between two persons . 

affirm, af-ferm', v. t. to assert confi- 
dently or positively : to ratify : to con- 
firm : (law) to make a formal declaration 
without an oath. — a. affirm'able, that 
may be affirmed. — n. affirm'ance, affir- 
mation. — a. affirm'ant — also n., one who 
affirms. 

affix, af-fiks', v. t. to fix to : to add : 
to attach. — n. affix, an addition to a 
root, stem, or word, whether prefix or 
suffix: any appendage or addition. 

affiation, af-fla'shun, n. a breathing 
upon. 

afflict, af-flikt', v. t. to give continued 
pain, distress, or grief: to harass, or 



vex. — pa. p. affiict'ed, harassed by dis- 
ease of body or mind: suffering/ 

affluent, af'flo-ent, a. abounding: 
wealthy. — n. a stream flowing into a 
river or lake. — n. affluence, abundance: 
wealth. 

afflux, affluks, affluxion, af-flux'shun, 
n. a flowing to : an accession. 

afforce, af-fors', v. t. (law) to rein- 
force (a jury or other deliberative body) 
by specially skilled persons. 

afford, af-ford', v. t. to yield or pro- 
duce : to be able to sell, to expend, or to 
bear the expense of. 

afforest, af-for'est, v. t. to turn (land) 
into forest. 

affranchise, af-fran'chiz, v. t. to free 
from slavery, or from some obligation. 

affray, af-fra', n. a fight causing 
alarm : a brawl, or fray. 

affright, af-frit', v. t. to frighten. 

affront, af-frunt', v. t. to meet face 
to face : to insult openly. — n. con- 
temptuous treatment: an open insult: 
disgrace. — p. a. affront'ed, insulted, 
offended. 

affusion, af-fu'zhun, n. the act of 
pouring upon or sprinkling: baptism by 
pouring the water on one. 

afire, a-fir', adv. on fire. 

aflame, a-flam', a. and adv. flaming : 
glowing. 

afloat, a-flot', adv. or a. floating: at 
sea : unfixed : in circulation. 

afoot, a-foot', adv. on foot: astir. 

aforesaid, a-for'sed, a. said or named 
before. 

aforethought, a-for'thawt, a. thought 
of or meditated before : premeditated. 

aforetime, a-for'tim, adv. in former 
or past times. 

afoul, a-fowl', a. or adv. entangled : in 
collision. 

afraid, a-f rad', a. struck with fear : 
timid. 

African, af'rik-an, a. pertaining to 
Africa. 

aft, aft, a. or adv. behind: near or 
towards the stern of a vessel. 

after, aft'er, prep, and adv. behind in 
place : later in time : following in search 
of: in imitation of: concerning: subse- 
quent to, or subsequently : afterward . 
— a. behind in place : later in time : more 
toward the stern of a vessel. 

afterclap, aft'er-klap, n. an unexpected 
subsequent event. 



20 after-damp 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



agname 



after-damp, aft'er-damp, n. choke- 
damp, arising in coal-mines after an ex- 
plosion of fire-damp. 

afterglow, aft'er-glo, n. a glow in the 
sky after sunset. 

afterguard, aft'er-gard, n. the sailors 
who work the after sails. 

aftermath, aft'er-math, n. a second 
mowing of grass in the same season: 
any subsequent result. 

aftermost, aft'er-most, a. hindmost. 

afternoon, aft'er-non, n. the time 
between noon and evening. 

afterpiece, aft'er-pes, n. a minor piece 
performed after a play. 

afterthought, aft'er-thawt, n. thought 
or reflection after an action : a later 
thought. 

afterward, aft'er-ward, afterwards, 
aft'er-wardz, adv. later: subsequently. 
. again, a-gen', adv. once more : in 
return: back. 

against, a-genst', also a-ganst', prep. 
opposite to : in opposition to : in contact 
or collision with : in provision for : in 
exchange for, instead of: (B. and 
Shak.) by the time that 

agastric, a-gas'trik, a. having no 
stomach. 

agate, ag'at, n. a precious stone: a 
small type. 

Agave, a-ga've, n. a genus of herba- 
ceous plants, the cen- 
tury plant or American 
aloe. 

age, aj, n. the ordi- 
nary length of human 
life: the time during 
which a person or thing 
has lived or existed : 
mature years : legal ma- 
turity: a period of 
time: any great period 
of human history, as 
the Middle Ages, or of 
individual history, as 
the age of infancy: a 
generation of men: a century. — v. i. to 
grow old. — a. aged (aj'ed), advanced in 
age: having a certain age. — n. pi old 
people. 

agenda, aj-end'a, n. pi. things to be 
done : a memorandum-book. 

agent, aj ent, n. a person or thing 
that acts or exerts power: any natural 
force acting on matter : one authorized 
or delegated to transact business for 




Agave. 



another. — n. ag'ency, the office or action 
of an agent; instrumentality. 

agglomerate, ag-glom'er-at, v. t. to 
collect into a mass. — v. i. to grow into 
a mass. — n. agglomera'tion, a growing 
or heaping together: a mass: a cluster. 

agglutinate, ag-glot'in-at, v. t. to 
cause to adhere by glue or cement. — adjs. 
agglut'inant, uniting or causing to stick 
together. 

aggrandize, ag'grand-iz, v. t. to make 
great or larger: to make greater in 
power, rank, or honor. 

aggravate, ag'grav-at, v. t. to make 
worse: to provoke. — a. aggravating. 
— adv. ag'gravatingly. — n. aggravation, 
a making worse: any quality or circum- 
stance which makes a thing worse: an 
exaggeration. 

aggregate, ag'greg-at, v. t. to collect 
into a mass: to accumulate. — a. formed 
of parts taken together. — n. the sum 
total. — adv. ag'gregately. — n. aggrega- 
tion. — a. ag'gregative. 

aggress, ag-gres', v. i. to make a first 
attack: to begin a quarrel: to intrude. — 
a. aggress'ive, offensive as opposed to 
defensive. 

aggression, ag-gresh'un, n. first act of 
hostility or injury: a breach of the 
peace: an attack on public privileges. 

aggrieve, ag-grev', v. t. to press heavily 
upon: to pain or injure. 

aghast, a-gast', a. stupefied with 
horror. 

agile, aj'il, a. active: nimble. — n. agil'- 
ity, quickness of motion: nimbleness — 
also ag'ileness. 

agitate, aj'i-tat, v. t. to keep moving: 
to stir violently : to disturb : to discuss. 
— ns. agita'tion, commotion: perturba- 
tion of mind : discussion : public excite- 
ment; ag'itator, one who excites or 
keeps up a public agitation. 

aglet, aiglet, a'glet, n. the tag or point 
of the lace or string by which different 
parts of dress were fastened together. 

aglimmer, a-glim'er, adv. in a glim- 
mering state. 

aglow, a-glo', a. and adv. very warm : 
red-hot. 

agnail, ag'nal, n. an inflammation 
round the toe- or finger-nail : a whitlow : 
a hangnail. 

agname, ag'nam, n. a name over and 
above the name and surname. 



agnate 



mote, move; mute; then. 



air 



21 




Agnus Dei. 



agnate, ag'nat, a. related on the 
father's side: allied. 

agnise, ag-nlz', v. t. (arch.) to ac- 
knowledge, to confess. 

agnomen, ag-no'men, n. a surname 
added to the family name : a nickname. 

agnostic, ag-nos'tik, n. one who holds 
that we know nothing of things beyond 
material phenomena — that a First Cause 
and an unseen world are things unknown 
and apparently unknowable.- 

Agnus Dei, ag'nus-de'i, a part of the 
Mass beginning with 
the words Agnus 
Dei, also the music 
set to it: a figure 
of a lamb emblem- 
atic of Christ, bear- 
ing with its right 
foot the banner of 
the cross, and hav- 
ing the nimbus in- 
scribed with the 
cross around its 
head: a round cake of wax stamped 
with such a figure, and blessed by the 
Pope. [L. lit. 'lamb of God.'] 

ago, a-go', agone, a-gon', adv. gone: 
past: since. 

agog, a-gog', a. or adv. eager: astir. 

agoing, a-go'ing, adv. going on: 
current. 

agonic, a-gon'ik, a. having or making 
no angle. 

agony, ag'o-ni, n. a violent struggle: 
extreme suffering: Christ's anguish in 
Gethsemane. — v. t. ag'onize, to struggle, 
suffer agony: to subject to agony. — a. 
ag'onizing, causing agony. — adv. ag'- 
onizingly. 

agora, ag'o-ra, n. an assembly, hence 
a place of assembly, the market-place. 

agrarian, ag-ra/ri-an, a. relating to 
land, or its management: rural. — n. 
agra'rianism, an equal division of 
lands : a political movement to that end. 

agree, a-gre', v. i. to be of one mind: 
to concur: to assent to: to be con- 
sistent, to harmonize : to determine, to 
settle: to resemble, to suit: (gram.) to 
be in concord with. — a. agree'able, suit- 
able: pleasant: favorable to, consent- 
ing to. 

agrestic, a-gres'tik, a. pertaining to 
the fields: rural: unpolished. 

agriculture, ag'ri-kult-ur, n. the art 



or practice of cultivating the land. — a. 
agricultural, relating to agriculture.- 

agronomial, ag-ro-no'mi-al, a. relat- 
ing to , the management of farms — also 
agronom'ic. 

aground, a-grownd', adv. stranded. 

aguardiente, a-gwar-di-en'te, n. a 
kind of grape-brandy made in Spain and 
Portugal: any spirituous liquor. 

ague, a/gii, n. a fever coming in 
periodical fits, accompanied with shiver- 
ing : chilliness : quaking. 

ah, a, interj. an exclamation of sur- 
prise, joy, pity, complaint, etc. 

aha, a-ha', interj. an exclamation of 
exultation, pleasure, surprise, or con- 
tempt:. 

ahead, a-hed', adv. farther on: in 
advance. 

ahoy, a-hoi', interj. a nautical term 
used in hailing. 

ahull, a-hul', adv. (naut.) with sails 
furled, and helm lashed to the lee-side, 
driving before the wind, stern foremost. 

aid, ad, v. t. to help, assist. — n. help : 
an auxiliary: subsidy. — ns. aid'ance, aid, 
help, support; aid'er, one who brings 
aid: a helper. 

aide-de-camp, ad'-de-kong, n. an of- 
ficer who carries the orders of a general 
on the field, and brings him intelligence . 

aigret, aigrette, a'gret, n. (zool.) a 
small white heron: (bot.) the down 
attached to vegetable seeds : a plume 
composed of feathers, or of precious 
stones. 

aiguille, a-gweT, n. a sharp peak of 
rock: a slender drill. 

ail, al, v. i. to feel pain : to be in 
trouble. — v. t. to trouble, afHict — in 
phrase 'What ails you ?' — n. trouble : in- 
disposition. — n. ail'ment, pain: indis- 
position : disease. 

aim, am, v. i. to point with a weapon : 
to direct the intention or endeavor (at). 
— v. t. to point, as a weapon or firearm. 
— n. the pointing of a weapon : the thing 
pointed at: design: intention. 

ain't, ant, a colloquial contraction for 
am not, are not, is not — also an't= 
aren't, isn't, etc. — an't (Shak.) occurs as 
a variant of on't=on it, of it. 

air, ar, n. the gaseous fluid which we 
breathe : the atmosphere : a light breeze : 
publicity : the bearing of a person : out- 
ward appearance, manner, look : an as- 
sumed or affected manner: (mus.) a 



22 aisle 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



alembic 



rhythmical melody: a song: the soprano 
part in a harmonized composition, being 
that which gives it its character : (pi.) 
affectation. — v. t. to expose to the air: 
to dry: to expose to warm air. 

aisle, II, n. any lateral division of any 
part of a church, whether of nave, choir, 
or transept: the passage in a church, 
theater, etc., between the pews or seats. 

ajar, a-jar', adv. partly open. 

ajutage, adjutage, ad'joo-taj, n. a 
spout or nozle. 

akimbo, a-kim'bo, a. with hand on 
hip and elbow bent outward. 

akin, a-kin', a. of kin: related by 
blood: having the same properties. 

alabaster, al'a-bas-ter, n. a semi- 
transparent kind of gypsum or sulphate 
of lime: the fine limestone deposited 
as stalagmites and stalactites. 

alack, a-lak', inter j. an exclamation 
denoting sorrow. 

alacrity, a-lak'ri-ti, n. briskness: 
cheerful readiness : promptitude. 

alamode, a-la-mod', adv. and a. 
according to the mode or fashion. 

alamort, a-la-mort', a. half-dead : in a 
depressed condition: dejected. 

alar, a'lar, a. of, or having, wings. — 
Also a'lary. 

alarm, a-larm', n. notice of danger: 
sudden surprise with fear: a mechanical 
contrivance to arouse from sleep: a call 
to arms. — v. t. to give notice of danger : 
to fill with dread. 

alas, a-las', inter j. expressive of grief. 

albata, al-ba'ta, n. a white silvery 
alloy of nickel, zinc, and copper — also 
German silver. 

albatross, al'ba-tros, n. a large sea- 
bird found in the 
Southern Ocean. <g^P| 
[Corr. from alca- 
tras, perh. with 
reference to al- 
bus, white, from 
its color.] 

albeit, awl-be'- 
it, adv. although 
it be : notwith- 
standing : even if, 
although. 

albescent, al-bes'ent, a. becoming 
white : whitish. — n. albes'cence. 

albino, al-bl'no, n. a human being or 
animal whose skin and hair are ab- 




Albatross. 



normally white, and the pupil of the 
eye of pink color. 

albite, al'blt, n. a white mineral of the 
feldspar family. 

albugineous, al-bu-jin'e-us, a. like 
the white of an Ggg, or of the eye. 

album, al'bum, n. a blank book for 
the insertion of portraits, autographs, 
postage-stamps, or the like. 

albumen, al-bu'men, n. the white of 
eggs : a like substance found in animal 
and vegetable bodies. 

albuminoid, al-bu'min-oid, a. like al- 
bumen. 

alburnum, al-burn'um, n. in trees, the 
white and soft parts of wood between 
the inner bark and the heartwood/ 

Alcaic, al-ka'ik, n. a form of verse. — 
a. of or pertaining to the Greek lyrical 
poet, Alcaeus (c. 600 b. c). 

alcaid, alcayde, al-kad', n. a gov- 
ernor: a chief magistrate: a jailor. 

alcalde, al-kal'da, n. a judge. 

alcatras, al'ka-tras, n. a name applied 
loosely to several large ocean birds. 

alchemy, al'ki-mi, n. the infant stage 
of chemistry, as astrology was of as- 
tronomy. — a. alchem'ic. — n. al'chemist, 
one skilled in alchemy. 

alcohol, al'ko-hol, n. pure spirit, a 
liquid forming the intoxicating element 
of fermented liquors. — a. alcoholic, of 
or like alcohol.* 

alcove, al'kov, or al-kov', n. a recess 
in a room : any recess : a shady retreat. 

aldehyde, al'de-hld, n. a volatile fluid 
with a suffocating smell, obtained by the 
oxidation of alcohol: a large class of 
compounds intermediate between alco- 
hols and acids. 

alder, awl'der, n. a tree related to the 
birch. 

alderman, awl'der-man, n. in the 
United States, a representative of a 
ward in a city council. 

ale, al, n. a beverage made from an 
infusion of malt by fermentation^ 

aleatory, a'le-a-to-ri, a. depending on 
the throw of the dice : de- 
pendent on certain con 
tingencies. 

alembic, al-em'bik, n. a 
vessel used by the old 
chemists in distillation. [Ar. 
al, the, anbiq — Gr. ambiks, 
a CUp.] Alembic. 




alength 



mote, move; mute; then. 



alley 



23 



alength, a-length', adv. at full length. 

alerce, a-lers', n. the wood of the 
sandarac-tree : the Chilean arbor vitas — 
both of the pine family. 

alert, al-ert', a. watchful: brisk. — n: 
a sudden attack or surprise. 

Alexandrian, al-egz-an'dri-an, a. re- 
lating to Alexandria in Egypt, or its 
school of philosophy: relating to Alex- 
ander. 

alexandrine, al-egz-an'drin, n. a 
rhyming verse of twelve syllables, six 
iambic feet, so-called from its use in 
old French poems on Alexander* the 
Great. 

alfalfa, al-fal'fa, n. a variety of lucerne, 
a rich clover-like pasture-grass. 

Algae, al'je, n. {hot.) a division of 
plants, embracing seaweeds. 

algebra, al'je-bra, n. a method of cal- 
culating by symbols. — a. algebra'ic, -al, 
pertaining to algebra. 

algorism, al'go-rizm, n. the Arabic 
system of numeration : arithmetic. — Also 
al'gorithm. 

algous, al'gus, a. relating to or like 
the algse or seaweeds. 

alias, a/li-as, adv. otherwise. — n. an 
assumed name : — pi. aliases. 

alibi, al'i-bi, n. the plea that a person 
charged with a crime was elsewhere 
when the crime was committed. 

alien, aU'yen, a. foreign: different in 
nature. — n. one belonging to another 
country: one not entitled to the rights 
of citizenship.* 

alienate, al'yen-at, v. t. to transfer (a 
right or title) to another: to withdraw: 
to misapply.- 

alienist, al'yen-ist, n. one who treats 
mental diseases. [Fr.] 

alight, a-lit', v. i. to come down, as 
from a horse: to descend: to land any- 
where: to fall upon. 

alight, a-lit', a. on fire: lighted up. 

alike, a-lik", a. like one another: 
having resemblance. — adv. in the same 
manner or form: equally: similarly. 

aliment, al'i-ment, n. nourishment : 
food: support. — adjs. aliment'al, supply- 
ing food; aliment'ary, pertaining to 
aliment : nutritive. — ns. alimenta'tion, 
act or state of nourishing or of being 
nourished; aliment'iveness (phrenol.), 
desire for food or drink. 

alimony, al'i-mo-ny, n. an allowance 
for support made to a wife when legally 



separated from her husband, or tem- 
porarily while the process is pending. 

aline, align, a-lin', v. t. to regulate 
by a line : to arrange in line, as troops. 

alineation, allineation, a-lin-e-a'shun, 
n. the position of two or more bodies 
in a straight line with a given point. 

aliquant, al'i-kwant, a. noting that 
part of a number that will not divide 
it without a remainder; thus 5 is an 
aliquant part of 12. 

aliquot, al'i-kwot, a. noting such a 
part of a number as will divide it with- 
out a remainder. 

alive, a-hV, a. in life: susceptible. 

alizarin, a-liz'a-ren, n. a coloring 
matter used in dyeing red. 

alkali, al'ka-li, or -li, n. (chem.) a 
substance which combines with an acid 
and neutralizes it, forming a salt: — pi. 
al'kalis. 

alkalify, al'ka-li-fi, v. t. to convert 
into an alkali. — v. i. to become alkaline. 

alkaloid, al'ka-loid, n. a vegetable 
principle possessing in some degree 
alkaline properties. 

alkanet, al'ka-net, n. a plant which 
yields a red coloring matter : the dye 
itself. 

all, awl, a. the whole of: every one 
of : any whatever. — adv. wholly : com- 
pletely . 

Allah, al'la, n. the Arabic name of the 
one God. 

allantois, a-lan'to-is, n. a sac-like ap- 
pendage for effecting oxygenation in the 
embryos of mammals, birds, and reptiles. 

allay, al-la', v. t. to lighten, relieve: 
to make quiet or calm. 

allege, al-lej', v. t. to produce as an 
argument or plea: to assert: (B.) to 
give proofs. 

allegiance, al-lej 'i-ans, n. the duty of 
a subject to his liege or sovereign. 

allegory, al'le-gor-i, n. a description of 
one thing under the image of another. 
— adjs. allegor'ic, -al, in the form of an 
allegory: figurative. 

allegro, al-le'gro, adv. and a. (mus.) 
a word denoting a brisk movement. — 
adv. and a. allegret'to, somewhat brisk. 

alleviate, al-lev'i-at, v. t. to make 
light: to mitigate. — ns. allevia'tion ; al- 
lev'iator. 

alley, al'li, n. a passage in a city 
narrower than a. street: a long nan^ 
inclosure or floor for bowling. 



24 all-fired 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



alp 



all-fired, awl-fird', a. (slang) infernal. 
— adv. excessively. 

all-fours, awl-forz', n. pi. (preceded 
by on) on four legs, or on two hands 
and two feet . 

Allhallows, awl-hal'loz, Allhallow, 
awl-hal'lo, n. the day of all the holy 
ones. 

Allhallowtide, awl-hal'lo-tid, n. the 
time near Allhallows-day. 

alliance, al-li'ans, n. state of being 
allied: union by marriage or treaty. 

alligation, al-li-ga'shun, n. (arith.) a 
rule for finding the price of a com- 
pound of ingredients of different values. 

alligator, al'li-ga-tur, n. an animal of 
the crocodile genus. 

allision, al-lizh'un, n. a striking 
against. 

alliteration, al-lit-er-a'shun, n. the 
recurrence of the same letter at the 
beginning of two or more words follow- 
ing close to each other: initial rhyme. 

allocate, al'lo-kat, v. t. to place: to 
assign a share. — n. allocation, act of 
allocating: allotment. 

allograph, al'lo-graf, n. a writing 
made by one person for another. 

allopathy, al-lop'a-thi, n. the mode of 
medical practice as distinguished from 
homeopathy.- 

allophylian, al-lo-fil'i-an, a. of another 
race, alien. 

allot, al-lot', v. t. to divide as by lot: 
to parcel out. — n. allot'ment, the act of 
allotting: part or share allotted. 

allotropy, al-lot'ro-pi, n. (chem.) the 
property of existing in more than one 
form. — a. allot'ropic. 

allow, al-low', v. t. to grant: to 
permit : to acknowledge : to abate : make 
allowance for: assert, say (coll.). — a. 
allow'able, that may be allowed: not 
forbidden : lawful. — adv. allow'ably. — 
n. allow'ance, that which is allowed. 

alloy, al-loi', v. t. to mix: to reduce 
the purity of (a metal) by mixing a 
baser one with it: (fig.) to debase: to 
temper or qualify. — n. a mixture of two 
or more metals : a baser metal mixed 
with a finer: anything that deteriorates. 

allspice, awl'spls, n. a kind of spice 
supposed to combine flavors of cinna- 
mon, nutmeg, and cloves. [All and spice.] 

allude, al-lud', v. i. to mention slightly : 
to refer to. — n. allu'sion, an indirect 



reference. — a. allus'ive, referring to in- 
directly. — adv. allusively. 

allure, al-lur', v. t. to draw on: to 
entice. — n. allure'ment. — a. allur'ing, 
enticing : seductive : charming. 

alluvium, al-lu'vi-um, n. water-borne 
matter deposited by rivers on lower 
lands :— pi. allu'via. — a. allii'vial. 

ally, al-li', v. t. to form a relation 
between by marriage, friendship, treaty, 
or resemblance. — pa. p. and a. allied'. — 
n. ally (al-li', or al'li), a confederate: 
a friend: a state united by treaty. 

almacantar, al-mak-an'tar, n. a circle 
of altitude parallel to the horizon: an 
astronomical instrument. 

almanac, awl'ma-nak, n. a register of 
the days, weeks, and months of the year. 

almandine, al'man-din, n. a red trans- 
parent variety of the garnet. — Also al'- 
mandin. 

almighty, awl-mlt'i, a. possessing all 
might or power: omnipotent: (slang) 
mighty, great. 

almond, a'mund, n. the fruit of the 
almond-tree. 

almoner, al'mun-er, n. a distributer of 
alms. 

almost, awl'most, adv. nearly, all but, 
very nearly. 

alms, amz, n. relief given out of pity 
to the poor. 

Aloe, al'6, n. a genus of plants of con- 
siderable medicinal importance, mostly 
indigenous to South Africa. — a. al'oed, 
planted or shaded with aloes. 

aloes, al'oz, a purgative bitter drug, 
the inspissated juice of aloe leaves. Used 
both as a sing, n., and as a pi. of aloe. 

aloft, a-loft', adv. on high: overhead: 
at a great height: (naut.) above the 
deck, at the masthead. 

alone, al-6n', a. single : solitary : alone 
of its kind : of itself, or by themselves. — 
adv. singly, by oneself only.. 

along, a-long', adv. by or through the 
length of : lengthwise : throughout : on- 
ward: (fol. by with) in company of. — 
prep, by the side of : near.' 

aloof, a-16f, adv. at a distance : apart. 
— n. aloofness, withdrawal from com- 
mon action or sympathy. * 

aloud, a-lowd', adv. with a loud voice : 
loudly. 

alp, alp, n. a high mountain : — pi. Aljps, 
specially, the lofty mountain-ranges of 
Switzerland. 



alpaca 



mote, move; mute; then. 



amative 



25 




alpaca, al-pak'a, n. the Peruvian sheep 
having long silken wool: 
cloth made of its wool. 
[Sp. alpaca or al-paco, 
from at, Arab, article, 
and paco, most prob. a 
Peruvian word.] 

alpenhorn, al'pen- 
horn, n. a long powerful 
horn, used chiefly by Al- f A1 » aca - 
pine cowherds. — Also alp'horn. 

alpenstock, alp'n-stok, n. a long stick 
or staff used by travelers in climbing the 
Alps. 

alpha, al'fa, n. first letter of the Greek 
alphabet: the first or beginning. 

alphabet, al fa-bet, n. the letters of a 
language arranged in the usual order. 

already, awl-red'i, adv. previously, or 
before the time specified. 

also, awl'so, adv. in like manner: 
further. 

alt, alt, n. high tone, in voice or in- 
strument. 

altar, awlt'ar, n. an elevated place or 
structure on which sacrifices were 
anciently offered: in Christian churches, 
the table on which the eucharist is con- 
secrated : the communion table . 

alter, awl'ter, v. t. to make different: 
to change : to castrate. — v. i. to become 
different: to vary. — ns. alterabil'ity; 
al'terableness. — a. al'terable, that may 
be altered. — adv. al'terably.— a. al'ter- 
ant, altering: having the power of pro- 
ducing changes. — n. alteration, change. 
— a. al'terative, having power to alter. — 
n. a medicine that makes a change in 
the vital functions. 

altercate, al'ter-kat, v. i. to dispute or 
wrangle. — n. alterca'tion, contention : 
controversy. , 

alternate, al'ter-nat, or al-ter'nat, v. 
t. to cause to follow by turns. — v. i. to 
happen by turns. — a. alter'nate, one 
after the other: by turns.* 

Althaea, al-the'a, n. a genus of plants 
including the hollyhock. 

altho. Variant spelling of although. 

although, awl-if/i6', conj. admitting 
all that: notwithstanding that. 

altiscope, alt'i-skop, n. an instrument 
consisting of mirrors and lenses in a 
telescopic tube, designed to permit sight 
of objects hidden by obstacles. 

altitude, alt'i-tude, n. height: a point 



or position at a height above the sea: 
high rank or eminence. 

alto, alt'o, n. (mus.) the lowest 
female voice, properly contralto: the 
second part in a quartet. 

altogether, awl-too-ge^'er, adv. all 
together: wholly: completely: without 
exception. 

alto-relievo, alto-rilievo, alt'o-re-le'- 
vo, n. in art, high relief. 

altruism, al'tro-ism, n. the principle 
of living and acting for the interest of 
others. — a. altruist'ic. 

alum, al'um, n. a mineral salt, the 
double sulphate of alumina and potash. 

alumina, al-u'min-a, n. one of the 
earths, the oxid of the metal aluminium. 

aluminium, al-u-min'i-um, n. the 
metallic base of alumina : a metal some- 
what resembling silver, and remarkable 
for its lightness. 

alumnus, al-um'nus, n. one educated 
at a particular college;. 

alveary, al've-ar-i, n. a beehive: 
— a. al'veolate, pitted like a honeycomb. 

alveolar, al've-o-lar, a. (anat.) of or 
belonging to the sockets of the teeth. 

alvine, al'vin, a. of or from the belly. 

always, awl'waz, alway, awl'wa, adv. 
through all ways: continually: for ever. 

am, am, ist pers. sing, of the verb 
To be. 

amain, a-man', adv. with main force 
or strength: exceedingly. 

amalgam, a-mal'gam, n. a compound 
of mercury with another metal : any soft 
mixture: a combination of various ele- 
ments : one of the ingredients in an 
alloy. 

amandine, am'an-din, n. a kind of cold 
cream prepared from sweet almonds. 

amanuensis, a-man-u-en'sis, n. a 
copyist: a secretary :—pl. amanuen'ses. 

Amaryllis, am-a-ril'is, n. a genus of 
bulbous-rooted plants, 

amass, a-mas', v. t. to accumulate. 

amasthenic, am-as-then'ik, a. (opt.) 
uniting all the chemical rays of light 
into one focus. 

amateur, am-at-ur', n. one who cul- 
tivates a particular study, art, game, or 
sport for the love of it, and not pro- 
fessionally. — adjs. amateur"; amateur'- 
ish, imperfect and defective. 

amative, am'at-iv, a. relating to love: 
amorous. — n. am'ativeness, propensity 
to love or to sexuality. 



26 amatory 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



ammonol 



amatory, am'at-or-i, a. relating to or 
causing love : affectionate.- 

amaze, a-maz', v. t. to confound with 
surprise or wonder. — adv. amaz'edly, 
with amazement or wonder. — n. amaze'- 
ment, surprise mingled with wonder : 
astonishment. — p. a. amazing, causing 
•mazement or astonishment : astonishing. 

Amazon, am'az-on, n. one of a fabled 
nation of female warriors : a masculine 
woman : a virago. — a. amazo'nian, of 
or like an Amazon: of masculine man- 
ners : warlike. 

ambage, am'baj, n. gener. in pi. am'- 
bages, roundabout phrases : circuitous 
paths, windings. — a. amba'gious, cir- 
cumlocutory : circuitous. 

ambassador, am-bas'a-dur, n. a dip- 
lomatic minister of the highest order 
sent by one sovereign power to another . 

amber, am'ber, n. a yellowish fossil 
resin. 

ambergris, am'ber-gres, n. a fragrant 
substance found floating on the sea and 
in the spermaceti whale. 

amberite, am'be-rlt, n. a smokeless 
powder. 

ambidexter, am-bi-deks'ter, a. and n. 
able to use both hands with equal 
facility. 

ambient, am'bi-ent, a. going round: 
surrounding: investing. — n. an encom- 
passing sphere : the air or sky. 

ambiguous, am-big'u-us, a. of doubt- 
ful signification : indistinct : uncertain. — 
n. ambiguity, uncertainty of meaning. 

ambit, am'bit, n. a circuit: extent of 
meaning of words, etc. 

ambition, am-bish'un, n. the desire of 
power, honor, fame, excellence. — a. 
ambi'tious, full of ambition: strongly 
desirous of anything — esp. power: as- 
piring: showy or pretentious, 

amble, am'bl, v. i. to move as a horse 
with a peculiar, easy gait : to move at an 
easy pace affectedly. — n. a pace of a 
horse between a trot and a walk. 

amblyopia, am-bli-6'pi-a, n. dullness 
of sight without apparent cause.- 

ambrosia, am-bro'zhi-a, n. the fabled 
food of the gods: any delicious bever- 
age. — a. ambro'sial, fragrant: delicious: 
immortal: heavenly.— adv. ambro'sially. 

ambulacrum, am-bu-la/krum, w. a 
row of pores in the shell of an echino- 
derm, as a sea-urchin, through which 
the tube-feet protrude.— a. ambula'cral. 



ambulance, am'bul-ans, n. a carriage 
which serves as a movable hospital: a 
vehicle for transporting the sick or 
injured- 
ambuscade, am'busk-ad, n. a hiding 
to attack by surprise: the hidden place 
of ambush — used also as a verb. 

ambush, am'boosh, n. and v. same 
meanings as ambuscade. 

ameer, a-mer', n. a title of honor, 
also of an independent ruler in Moham- 
medan countries. 

ameliorate, a-meTyor-at, v . t. to make 
better : to improve. — v. i. to grow better. 

amen, a'men', or a/men', interj. so let 
it be. 

amenable, a-men'a-bl, a. easy to be 
led or governed: liable or subject to.- 

amend, a-mend', v. t. to correct: to 
improve: to alter in detail. — v. i. to 
grow or become better. — n. amend'ment, 
correction : improvement : an alteration 
proposed: a counter-motion. — n. pi. 
amends', supply of a loss : compensation : 
reparation. 

amenity, am-en'i-ti, n. pleasantness, 
as regards situation, climate, manners, 
or disposition. 

amerce, a-mers', v. t. to punish by a 
fine: to deprive of anything, or inflict 
loss upon. 

American, a-mer'ik-an, a. pertaining 
to America, esp. to the United States. 
— n. a native of America. — v. t. Arner'- 
icanize, to render American. — n. Amer'- 
icanism, a custom, characteristic, word, 
phrase, or idiom peculiar to Americans : 

amethyst, am'eth-ist, n. a bluish-violet 
variety of quartz. 

amiable, am'i-a-bl, a. lovable: worthy 
of love: of sweet disposition. — ns. am- 
iability; am'iableness, quality of being 
amiable. — adv. amiably. 

amianthus, a-mi-anth'us, n. the finest 
fibrous variety of asbestos.- 

amicable, am'ik-a-bl, a. friendly. 

amid, a-mid', amidst, a-midst', prep. 
in the middle or midst of: among. 

amiss, a-mis', a. in error : wrong. — 
adv. in a faulty manner. 

amity, aml-ti, n. friendship : good-will. 

ammonia, am-monl-a, n. a pungent 
gas : a solution of ammonia in water. — 
adjs. ammoniac; ammoni'acal, pertain- 
ing to, or having the properties of am- 
monia. 

ammonol, am'mo-nol, n. a coal-tar 



ammunition 



mote, move; mute; then. 



amyl 



27 



derivative used in medicine as an anti- 
septic and analgesic. 

ammunition, am-mun-ish'un, n. any- 
thing used in munition or defense: 
military stores, formerly of all kinds, 
now esp. powder, balls, shells, bombs, 
etc. 

amnesia, am-ne'si-a, n. loss of 
memory. 

amnesty, am'nest-i, n. a general 
pardon of political offenders: an act of 
oblivion. — v. t. to give amnesty to. 

amnion, am'ni-on, n. the innermost 
membrane enveloping the embryo of 
reptiles, birds, and mammals. 

amoeba, a-meb'a, n. a name given to 
a number of the simplest animals or 
Protozoa . 

Amomum, a-mo'mum, n. a genus of 
herbaceous tropical plants. 

among, a-mung', amongst, a-mungst', 
prep, of the number of: amidst. 

amorous, am'or-us, a. easily inspired 
with love: fondly in love (with of) : 
relating to love." 

amorphism, a-mor'fizm, n. a state of 
being amorphous. — a. amor'phous, 
without regular shape, shapeless, un- 
crystallized. 

amount, a-mownt', v. i. to mount or 
rise: to result (in) : to come in meaning 
or substance (with to). — n. the whole 
sum: the effect or result. 

amour, am-6r', n. a love intrigue, or 
illicit affection. — amour propre, self- 
esteem ready to take offense at slights. 

ampere, am-pehr', n. in electricity, 
unit of current. 

amphibia, am-fib'i-a, amphibials, 
amphibians, n. pi. animals capable of 
living both under water and on land. 

amphibole, am-fib'ol-e, n. the name of 
a group of minerals which are essen- 
tially silicates of lime and magnesia. 

amphibology, am-fib-ol'o-ji, n. the use 
of ambiguous phrases or such as can 
be construed in two senses. 

amphibrach, am'fi-brak, n. in prosody, 
a foot of three syllables — a short, a 
long, and a short, as amare. 

amphioxus, am-fi-oks'us, n. the lance- 
let, a low vertebrate. 

amphitheater, am-fi-the'a-ter, n. an 
oval or circular edifice inclosing an arena 
used for public spectacles 

Amphitryon, am-fit'ri-on, n. a host or 
entertainer. 




amphora, am'fo-ra, n. an ancient two- 
handled vessel or jar. — a. 
am'phoric (med.) like the 
sound produced by speaking 
into an amphora. [Gr. am- 
phoreus, amphiphoreus — 
amphi, on both sides, and 
pher-ein, to bear.] 

ample, am'pl, a. spacious : 
large enough : abundant. — n. 
am'pleness. — adv. am'ply. 
[Fr. — L. amplus, large.] Amphora. 

amplexicaul, am-pleks'i-kawl, a. (bot.) 
nearly surrounding the stem. 

amplify, am'pli-fi, v. t. to make more 
copious in expression: to add to. — n. 
amplification, enlargement.' 

amplitude, am'pli-tud, n. largeness: 
abundance : width : splendor : wide range 
of mind: (astron.) the distance from the 
east point of a horizon at which a 
heavenly body rises, or from the west 
point at which it sets. 

ampulla, am-pul'la, n. a small flask 
or bottle for holding liquids or unguents : 
a kind of cruet used at the altar: 
(biol.) the dilated end of 
any canal or duct in an 
animal body. — adjs. am- 
pulla'ceous; am'pullar. — n. 
ampullos'ity, turgidity of 
language, bombast. [L. ; 
made up of amb, on both Ampulla> 
sides, and olla, a jar; or 
an irregular dim. of amphora, a flagon.] 

amputate, am'put-at, v. t. to cut off, 
as a limb of an animal. — n. amputa'tion. 

amuck, a-muk', adv. madly: in mur- 
derous frenzy — seldom used save in the 
phrase 'to run amuck/ 

amulet, am'u-let, n. a gem, scroll^ or 
other object carried as a charm against 
sickness, harm, or witchcraft. 

amuse, a-muz', v. t. to occupy pleas- 
antly: to divert. — n. amuse 'ment, that 
which amuses : pastime. 

amusette, am-u-zet', n. a light field- 
gun invented by Marshal Saxe. 

amygdalate, a-mig'da-lat, a. pertain- 
ing to, like, or made of almonds, 

amygdaloid, a-mig'da-loid, n. a 
variety of basaltic rock containing 
almond-shaped nodules of other minerals, 
as quartz or feldspar. 

amyl, am'il, n. the fifth in the series 
of the alcohol radicals, a natural product 
of the distillation of coal. — n. am'ylerie. 




28 amylaceous 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



anastatic 



amylaceous, am-i-la'shus, a. pertain- 
ing to or resembling starch. 

amyloid, am'i-loid, n. a substance like 
starch, found in some seeds. 

an, an, a. one: the indefinite article, 
used before words beginning with the 
sound of a vowel. 

ana, a'na, a suffix to names of persons 
or places, denoting a collection of mem- 
orable sayings or miscellaneous facts, as 
Rooseveltiana, Johnsoniana, etc. 

anabasis, an-ab'a-sis, n. a military ad- 
vance into the interior of a country. 

Anableps, an'a-bleps, n. a genus of 
bony fishes with projecting eyes. 

anabolism, an-ab'ol-izm, n. the con- 
structive processes within the proto- 
plasm : assimilation of food. 

anacanthous, an-a-kan'thus, a. with- 
out spine. 

anacard, an'a-kard, n. the cashew-nut, 
the fruit of the Anacardium occidentale. 

anacatharsis, an-a-kath-ar'sis, n. 
vomiting or expectoration. 

anachorism, a-nak'6-rizm, n. (rare) 
something incongruous with the spirit 
of the country. 

anachronism, an-ak'ron-izm, n. an 
error in regard to time : anything out of 
keeping with the time. 

anaclastic, an-a-klas'tik, a. pertaining 
to refraction: bending back. 

anacoluthon, an-a-ko-lu'thon, n. want 
of sequence in the construction of a 
sentence. 

anacreontic, an-a-kre-ont'ik, a. after 
the manner of the Greek poet Anacreon : 
free, convivial, erotic. — n. a poem in this 
vein. 

anacrusis, an-a-kro'sis, n. (pros.) an 
unaccented beginning of a verse. 

anadem, an'a-dem, n. a band or fillet 
for the head: a wreath or chaplet of 
flowers. 

anadromous, an-ad'ro-mus, a. ascend- 
ing rivers to spawn. 

anaesthetic, anesthetic, an-es-thet'ik, 
a. producing insensibility to external 
impressions. — n. a substance, as chloro- 
form Qr cocaine, that produces insensi- 
bility.* 

anaglyph, an'a-glif, n. an ornament 
carved in low relief. — a. anaglypt'ic. 

anaglyptography, an-a-glip-tog'ra-fi, 
n. the art of engraving on a plane 
surface or imitation of relief-work. 



anagogy, an'a-goj-i, n. the mystical 
interpretation or hidden sense of words. 

anagram, an'a-gram, n. a word or 
sentence formed by rewriting (in a dif- 
ferent order) the letters of another word 
or sentence . 

anagraph, an'a-graf, n. a catalogue or 
inventory: a description. 

anal, an'al, a. pertaining to or near 
the anus. 

analects, an'a-lekts, n. pi. collections 
of literary fragments — also analec'ta. 

analeptic, an-a-lep'tik, a. restorative: 
comforting. 

analgesia, an-al-je'si-a, n. painlessness, 
insensibility to pain. 

analogy, an-al'o-ji, n. an agreement 
or correspondence in certain respects 
between things otherwise different: 
relation in general : likeness. 

analphabete, an-al'fa-bet, n. and a. 
one who does not know his alphabet, 
an illiterate. 

analysis, an-al'is-is, n. a resolving 
into elements or component parts — the 
tracing of things to their source: — pi. 
anal'yses. — v. t. an'alyze, to resolve a 
whole into its elements : to separate into 
component parts. 

anamnesis, an-am-nes'is, n. the recall- 
ing of things past to memory. 

anamorphosis, an-a-mor'fo-sis, n. a 
figure, appearing from one view-point 
irregular or deformed, but from another 
regular and in proportion. 

anandrous, an-an'drus, a. without 
stamens, or male organs, applied to 
female flowers. 

anapest, anapaest, an'a-pest, n. (in 
verse) a foot consisting of three 
syllables, two short and the third long. 

anaphora, an'af-or-a, n. (rhet.) the 
repetition of the same word or phrase 
in several successive clauses. 

anaplasty, an'a-plas-ti, n. plastic 
surgery. 

anaplerosis, an'a-ple-ro'sis, n. the fill- 
ing up of a deficiency, esp. in medicine. 

anarchy, an'ark-i, n. the want of gov- 
ernment in a state : political confusion : 
conflict of opinion. — adjs. anarch'ic; an- 
archical. — v. t. anarch'ize. — ns. an'- 
archism, anarchy: the negation of 
government. 

anarthrous, an-ar'thrus, a. (entom.) 
having neither wings nor legs. 

anastatic, an-a-stat'ik, a. furnished 



anastrophe 



mote, move; mute; then. 



anent 



29 




with characters standing up, or raised in 
relief. 

anastrophe, an-as'tro-fi, h.- an inver- 
sion of the natural order of words. 

anathema, an-ath'em-a, n. a solemn 
ecclesiastical curse: any person or thing 
anathematized. 

anatomy, an-at'om-i, n. the art of 
dissecting any organized body: science 
of the structure of the body learned by 
dissection: a skeleton, a shriveled and 
shrunken body, a mummy: the detailed 
analysis of anything, 

anbury, an'ber-i, n. a disease in 
turnips, produced by one of the slime- 
fungi. 

ancestor, an'ses-tur, n. one from 
whom a person has descended: a fore- 
father . 

anchor, ang'kor, n. an implement for 
retaining a ship in a par- 
ticular spot by temporarily 
chaining it to the bed of a 
sea or river: (fig.) any- 
thing that gives stability 
or security. — v. t. to fix by 
an anchor : to fasten. — v. i. 
to cast anchor : to stop, or flukes; dd, arms, 
rest on. 

anchoret, ang'kor-et, anchorite, ang'- 
kor-it, n. one who has withdrawn from 
the world: a hermit* 

anchovy, an-cho'vi, n. a small fish of 
the herring family. 

ancient, an'shent, a. old : belonging to 
former times : of great age or duration : 
of past times in a general sense : vener- 
able: antique, old-fashioned. — n. an aged 
man, a patriarch: a superior in age or 
dignity. 

ancillary, an'sil-ar-i, a. subservient, 
subordinate (with to). 

ancipital, an-sip'i-tal, a. two-headed: 
double: doubtful: (hot.) two-edged and 
flattened. — Also ancip'itous. 

and, and, conj. signifies addition, or 
repetition, and is used to connect words 
and sentences, to introduce a conse- 
quence, etc. 

andante, an-dan'te, a. and n. (mus.) 
moving with moderate and even ex- 
pression : a movement or piece composed 
in andante time. 

Andean, an-de'an, a. of or like the 
Andes Mountains. 




Andiron. 



andiron, and'i-urn, n. one of the iron 
bars which sup- 
port the ends of 
the logs in a 
wood fire, or in 
which a spit 
turns. [O. Fr. 
andier (Mod. 
Fr. I an die r= 
I'andier) ; Low 
L. an d eriu s, <^g 
anderia; further 
e t y . dubious, 
perhaps ulti- 
mately cog. with 
end. The termination was early con- 
fused with iron, hence the spellings and- 
iron, hand-iron.] 

androcephalous, an-dro-sefa-lus, a. 
having a human head, as a sphinx. 

Andromeda, an-drom'e-da, n. a genus 
of shrubs of the heath family: the name 
of a northern constellation. 

aneal, anele, an-eT, v. t. to anoint 
with oil: to administer extreme unction. 

anear, a-ner', adv. nearly : near. — prep. 
Hear. 

anecdote, an'ek-dot, n. an incident of 
private life: a short story. — n. an'- 
ecdotage, anecdotes collectively . 

anelectrotonus, an'el-ek-trot'on-us, n. 
(phys.) the diminished excitability of a 
nerve near the anode of an electric 
current passing through it. — a. an'elec'- 
tric, parting readily with its electricity. 
— n. a body which readily gives up its 
electricity. — n. anelec'trode, the positive 
pole of a galvanic battery. — a. an'elec- 
trot'onic. 

anemia, anaemia, a-ne'mi-a, n. a 
deficiency of blood in the system or of 
red corpuscles in the blood. — a. ane'mic, 
affected with anemia. 

anemograph, a-nem'6-graf, n. an in- 
strument for measuring and recording 
the direction and velocity of the wind. 

anemometer, a-ne-mom'et-er, n. an 
instrument for 
measuring the 
velocity or pres- 
sure of the wind. 
[Gr. an e m o s, 
wind, and meter.] 

anemone, a- Anemometer, 

nem'o-ne, n. a plant of the crowfoot 
family. 

anent, a-nent', prep, and adv. in a line 




30 aneroid fate, far; me, her; mine; anise 

with: against: towards: in regard to, criminate admiration of English insti- 

concerning, about. tutions. — n. ang'loman'iac. 

aneroid, an'e-roid, a. denoting a anglophobia, ang-glo-fo'bi-a, n. fear 

barometer by which the pressure of the and dislike of England, 

air is measured without the use of quick- angora, ang-go'ra, n. cloth made 

silver, or other fluid. from the long white silky hair of the 

anesthetic, a. See anaesthetic. Angora goat. 

aneurism, an'ur-izm, n. a soft tumor. angry. See anger. 

anew, a-nu', adv. afresh: again. anguine, ang'gwin, a. of or like a 

anfractuous, an-fract-u'us, a. winding, snake, 

involved, circuitous. anguish, ang'gwish, n. excessive pain 

angel, an'jel, n. a divine messenger: of body or mind: agony, 

a ministering or guardian spirit: a anharmonic, an-har-mon'ik, a. not 

person possessing gentleness, purity, etc. harmonic, applied to ratios. 

angelica, an-jel'i-ka, n. a genus of anhelation, an-he-la'shun, n. difficult 

umbelliferous plants: a confection: a respiration: shortness of breath. 

sweet wine.- anhydrous, an-hi'drus, a. (chem.) 

angelus, an'je-lus, n. the 'Hail, Mary/ free from water.-™, anhy'drid, a term 

or prayer to the Virgin, containing the no . w commonly given to the anhydrous 

angelic salutation: a prayer-bell rung in aci ds. 

Roman Catholic countries at morning, , aml » aI J "» »• a P lant . froin whose 

noon and sunset leaves and stalks indigo is made. 

anger, ang'ger, n. a strong emotion anile, an'ila.. old womanish: imbecile, 

excited by injury, and involving a desire + aniline, an il-in, n. a product of coal- 

for retaliation.-*/, t. to make angry: to ^ extensively used in dyeing and other 

irritate.— adv. ang'rily.— n. ang'riness. industrial arts. . 

-a. ang'ry, excited with anfer. animadvert, an-im-ad-vert v. ;, to 

angina", an-ji'na, n. any inflammatory SgS^^TuT^Ve^ ^ 

affection of the throat, as quinsy, croup, m ^^S£T .'an 'organized 

" , , . ,. . L being, having life, sensation, and volun- 

angle ang gl, n. a corner: the point t mot ion-it is distinguished from a 

where two lines meet: (geom.) the in- lant which is organized and has life, \ 

clmation of two straight lines which but not sensation or voluntary motion: ! 

meet, but are not in the same straight the name sometimes implies the absence 

line: any outlying corner or nook.- of the hi hef faculties uliar t0 man . 

a. angular, having an angle or corner. _ a> of or be i onging to animals: sensual. 

angle, ang gl, n. a hook or bend: a animalcule, an-im-al'kul, n. a small 

fishing-rod with line and hook.- -v i. to animal> esp> one that cannot be seen by 

fish with an angle. — v. t. to fish in. tbe na ked eye. 

Anglican, ang'glik-an, a. English : animate, an'im-at, v. t. to give life to : 

belonging to, or characteristic of, the t o enliven or inspirit: to actuate.— a. j 

Church of England.— n. Anglicanism, Hying: possessing animal life.— a. an'- I 

attachment to English institutions, esp. i ma ted, lively: full of spirit: endowed 

the English Church: the principles of w Jth life. 

the English Church.— ^. t. ang'licize, to anime, an'im, n. the resin of the West 

express in English idiom.— n. ang'hcism, Indian locust-tree. 

an English idiom or peculiarity of animism, an'im-izm, n. a theory which 

language.—*/, t. ang'hfy, to make Eng- regards the belief in separate spiritual 

lish. existences as the germ of religious ideas. 

Anglo-, ang'glo, pfx. English— used in animosity, an-im-os'i-ti, n. bitter 

composition, as Anglo-Saxon, etc. — a. hatred: enmity. 

and n. Ang'lo-Sax'on, applied to the animus, an'im-us, n. intention: act- 
earliest form of the English language — uating spirit: prejudice against, 
the term Old English is now preferred. anise, an'is, n. an umbelliferous plant 

anglomania, ang'glo-man'i-a, n. a whose aromatic seeds are used in 

thania for what is English: an indis- cordials, etc. 



anker 



mote, move ; .mute ; then. 



antagonism 31 



anker, angk'er, n. a liquid measure. 

ankle, ancle, angk'l, n. the joint con- 
necting the foot and leg. — a. ank'led, 
having, or pertaining to, ankles. 

ankylosis, ang-ki-16'sis, n. union of 
the bones; stiffness of a joint. 

anlace, anelace, an'las, n. a short two- 
edged knife or dagger, formerly worn. 

anna, an'a, n, an Indian coin, the six- 
teenth part of a rupee. 

annals, an'alz, n. pi. records of events 
under the years in which they happened : 
historical records generally: year-books. 

anneal, an-eT, v. t. to temper (glass 
or metals) by subjecting to great heat 
and gradual cooling. 

annex, an-neks', v. t. to add to the 
end: to join or attach: to take per- 
manent possession of : to affix : to append 
(with to). — n. something added: a sup- 
plementary building.* 

annihilate, an-ni'hil-at, v. t. to reduce 
to nothing: to put out of existence: to 
render null and void, to abrogate.' 

anniversary, an-ni-vers'ar-i, a. return- 
ing or happening every year : annual. — n. 
the day of the year on which an event 
happened or is celebrated. 

annotate, an'not-at, v. t. to make 
notes upon. — ns. an'notation, a note of 
explanation: comment; an'notator, a 
writer of notes, a commentator. 

announce, an-nowns', v. t. to declare: 
to give public notice of : to make known. 

annoy, an-noi', v. t. to trouble: to 
vex: to tease: — pr. p. annoy'ing; pa. p. 
annoyed'. — n. annoy'ance, that which 
annoys. 

annual, an'nu-al, a. yearly: coming 
every year : performed in a year. — n. a 
plant that lives but one year : a book 
published yearly. — adv. an'nually. 

annuity, an-nu'i-ti, n. a payment fall- 
ing due in each year during a given 
term, such as a period of years or the 
life of an individual, the capital sum not 
being returnable. — n. annuitant, one 
who receives an annuity. 

annul, an-nul', v. t. to make null, to 
reduce to nothing: to abolish: — pr. p. 
annulling; pa. p. annulled'. 

annular, an'nul-ar, a. ring-shaped. — 
adjs. an'nulate; an'nulated, formed or 
divided into rings. — ns. annula'tion, a 
ring or belt: a circular formation; an'- 
nulet, a little ring. 

annunciation, an-nun-si-a'shun, n. the 



act of announcing. — v. t. annun'ciate, to 
proclaim. 

anode, an'od, n. in electrolysis, the 
positive pole, or that point by which the 
galvanic current enters — as opp. to 
cathode, the negative pole. 

anodyne, an'o-din, n. a medicine that 
allays pain. 

anoint, an-oint', v. t. to smear with 
ointment or oil : to consecrate with oil. 

anomaly, an-om'al-i, n. irregularity: 
deviation from rule. — adjs. anomalist'ic, 
-al, anomalous : departing from estab- 
lished rules : irregular. — n. anom'alite, 
an irregular mineral. — a. anom'alous, 
irregular : deviating from rule. 

anon, an-on', adv. in one (instant) : 
immediately. 

anonymous, an-on'im-us, a. wanting 
a name: not having the name of the 
author.* 

another, an-u^'er, a. not the same : a 
different or distinct (thing or person) : 
one more : a second : one more of the 
same kind: any other.- 

anserine, an'ser-in, or -in, a. relating 
to the goose: stupid, silly, 

answer, an'ser, v. t. to reply to : to 
satisfy or solve : to repay : to suit : to 
suffer the consequences of : to act in con- 
formity with, as 'to answer the helm.' — 
v. i. to reply: to be accountable (with 
for) : to correspond : to turn out well. 
— n. a reply : a solution. — a. an'swerable, 
able to be answered: accountable: suit- 
able : equivalent. 

ant, ant, n. & small insect : the emmet 
or pismire. — ns. ant'-bear, one of the 
largest species of the ant-eaters; ant'- 
eat'er, a South 
American quad- 
ruped, feeding 
on insects, and 
chiefly on ants ; 
ant'-hill, the 
hillock raised by^-1 
ants to form^ 
their nest. [A. 
contr. of emmet Ant-eater. 

— A. S. cemete.] 

an't, a contr. of aren't, are not; col- 
loquial for am not, is not, has not. 

antacid, ant-as'id, n. a medicine which 
counteracts acidity.* 

antagonism, ant-ag'on-izm, n. a con- 
tending or struggling against : opposition. 
— v. t. antag'onize, to struggle violently 




32 antalkali 



fate, far.; me, her.; mine; 



anthropocentric 



against: to counteract. — p. a. antag'- 
onized, made antagonistic, opposed be- 
yond hope of reconciliation.- 

antalkali, ant-al'ka-li, n. anything that 
counteracts the action of an alkali. 

antarctic, ant-ark'tik, a. opposite the 
arctic: relating to the south pole or to 
south polar regions. 

antecedent, an-te-sed'ent, a. going 
before in time: prior. — n. that which 
precedes in time: (gram.) the noun or 
pronoun to which a relative pronoun 
refers: (logic) a statement or propo- 
sition from which another is logically 
deduced: (math.) the first of two terms 
which compose the ratio — the first and 
third in a series of four proportionals : 
(pi.) previous principles, conduct, his- 
tory, etc.- 

antechamber, an'te-cham-ber, n. a 
waiting-room. 

antedate, an'te-dat, n. a date assigned 
which is earlier than the actual date. — 
v. t. to date before the true time. 

antediluvian, -al, an-te-di-lu'vi-an, -al, 
a. existing or happening before the 
Flood : very old-fashioned, primitive. 

antelope, an'te-lop, n. a quadruped 
belonging to the hollow- 
horned section of the 
order of Ruminants. [O. 
Fr. antelop — L. anta- 
lopus — Gr. antholops, of 
which the origin is un- 
certain, perhaps from Gr. Antel 
anthem, to blossom, 
shine, and ops, eye, and thus equivalent 
to 'bright-eyes.'] 

antelucan, an-te-16'kan, a. before 
dawn or daylight. 

antennae, an-ten'e, n. pi. the feelers 
or horns of insects, crustaceans, and 
myriapods . 

antenuptial, an-te-nupsh'al, a. before 
nuptials or marriage. 

antependium, an-te-pend'i-um, n. a 
rich frontlet or covering for an altar. 

antepenult, an-te-pen'ult, n. the 
syllable before the penult: the last 
syllable of a word but two. 

anteprandial, an-te-prand'i-al, a. before 
dinner. 

anterior, an-te'ri-or, a. before, in 
time or place : in front. 

anteroom, an'te-rom, n. a room before 
another: a reception room. 




Anther. 

a, ovary; 

b, style; 

c, stigma: 

dd, filaments; 

ee, anthers. 




antevenient, an-te-ve'ni-ent, a. coming 
before, preceding. 

anthelion, ant-heTyun, M . a luminous 
colored ring seen on a cloud or fog- 
bank over against the sun. 

anthelmintic, an-thel-mint'ik, a. de- 
stroying or expelling worms. 

anthem, an'them, n. a piece of sacred 
music sung in alternate 
parts : Scripture set to sacred 
music: any song of praise 
or gladness. [A. S. antefn — 
Gr. antiphona — anti, in» re- 
turn, phone, the voice.] 

anther, an'ther, n. the top 
of the stamen which con- 
tains the pollen or fertiliz- 
ing dust. — adjs. an'theral; 
antherif'erous, bearing 
anthers ; anth'eroid, re- 
sembling an anther. [L. 
anthera, a medicine ex- 
tracted from flowers, and 
consisting esp. of the internal organs 
of flowers — Gr. antheros, flowery — 
anthos, a flower.] 

antherozoid, an-ther-o-zo'id, n. a 
minute moving body in the antheridia 
of cryptogams. 

anthocarpous, an-tho-kar'pus, a. 
(hot.) bearing fruit resulting from 
many flowers, as the pine-apple. 

anthology, an-thol'oj-i, n. a collection 
of poems or choice literary extracts. 

anthomania, an-tho-man'ya, n. a 
madness for flowers. 

Anthozoa, an'tho-zo-a, n. pi. another 
name for Actinozoa, one of the three 
classes of coelenterates, including sea- 
anemones, corals, etc. 

anthracene, an-thra-sen', n. a sub- 
stance obtained in the distillation of 
coal-tar, of value as the source of arti- 
ficial alizarin. 

anthracite, an'thras-it, n. a hard 
variety of coal : hard coal. — adjs. an- 
thracif'erous, yielding anthracite; an- 
thracit'ic. 

anthrax, an'thraks, n. a destructive 
disease, most common among sheep and 
cattle, due to the presence of bacilli: a 
carbuncle or malignant boil. 

anthropinism, an-throp'in-ism, n. the 
looking at things in their relation to 
man. 

anthropocentric, an-thro-po-sent'rik, 
a. centering all the universe in man. 



anthropography 



mote, move; mute; then. 



antipodes 33 



anthropography, an-thro-pog'ra-fi, n. 
that branch of anthropology which 
treats of the human race according to 
its geographical distribution. 

anthropoid, an'throp-oid, a. resembling 
man. 

anthropolatry, an-thro-pora-tri, n. 
the giving of divine honors to a human 
being, used in reproach. 

anthropolite, an-throp'o-lit, n. a petri- 
faction of human remains 

anthropology, an-throp-oroj-i, n. the 
natural history of man. 

anthropometry, an-thro-pom'et-ri, n. 
the scientific measurement of the human 
body. 

anthropomorphism, an-throp-o- 
morf'izm, n. the- representation of the 
Deity in the form of man, or with 
human affections and passions. 

anthropomorphosis, an-thro-po- 
morf'os-is, n. transformation into human 
shape.- 

anthropopathism, an-thro-pop'a- 
thizm, n. the ascription to the Deity of 
human passions and affections. 

anthropophagy, an-thro-pofaj-i, n. 
cannibalism. 

anthropophuism, an-thro-pof'u-izm, 
n. the ascription of a human nature to 
the gods. 

anthroposophy, an-thro-pos'o-fi, n. 
the knowledge of the nature of men: 
human wisdom. 

anthropotomy, an-thro-pot'om-i, n. 
anatomy of the human body 

anti-, ant'i, pfx. against, in opposition 
to, rivaling, simulating. 

antic, ant'ik, a. grotesque : odd. — n. 
a fantastic figure: (Shak.) a grotesque 
pageant : a buffoon, clown, mountebank : 
a trick, mostly in pi. 

antichlor, an'ti-kldr, n. a substance 
used in paper-making to free the pulp 
from the injurious after-effects of 
chlorin. 

anticipate, an-tis'ip-at, v. t. to be 
beforehand with: to forestall or pre- 
occupy: to foresee: to realize before- 
! hand, or count upon as certain : to 
1 expect. — v. t. and v. i. to accelerate: to 
occur earlier than. 

anticivic, an-ti-siv'ik, a. opposed to 
citizenship. — n. anticiv'ism. 

anticlimax, an-ti-klim'aks, n. the 

opposite of climax: a sentence in which 

I Che ideas become less important towards 



the close : also of any descent as against 
a previous rise. 

anticlinal, an-ti-klin'al, a. sloping in 
opposite directions. — n. (geol.) applied 
to strata when in a roof-like form. 

antidote, an'ti-dot, n. a counter- 
poison: (%.) anything that prevents 
evil (with against, for, to): 

antifebrile, an-ti-feb'ril, a. efficacious 
against fever. — n. a substance with such 
properties. 

antifebrine, an-ti-feb'rin, a. allaying 
fever. — n. a medicine for this purpose. 

anti-federal, an-ti-fed'e-ral, a. opposed 
to federalism. 

antifriction, an-ti-frik'shun, n. any- 
thing which prevents friction. 

antihelix, an'ti-he-liks, n. the inner 
curved ridge of the pinna of the ear. 

antilogy, an-til'o-ji, n. a contradic- 
tion. 

antimacassar, an-ti-mak-as'ar, n. an 
ornamental and protective covering for 
furniture: a tidy. 

antimony, an'ti-mun-i, n. a brittle, 
bluish-white metallic element. 

antinephritic, an-ti-ne-frit'ik, a. acting 
against diseases of the kidney. 

antinomy, an-tin'o-mi, n. a contra- 
diction in a law : a conflict of authority. 

Antinous, an-tin'6-us, n. an ideal of 
youthful manly beauty. 

antipathy, an-tip'ath-i, n. dislike: re- 
pugnance: opposition: the object of 
antipathy (with against, to, between of 
persons). 

antiperiodic, an-ti-pe-ri-od'ik, a. de- 
stroying the periodicity of diseases. — n. 
a drug with such an effect. 

antiperistaltic, an-ti-per-i-stal'tik, a. 
acting upwards. 

antiperistasis, an-ti-per-ist'a-sis, n. 
opposition of circumstances. 

antiphlogistic, an-ti-floj-ist'ik^ a. of 
remedies, acting against heat, or inflam- 
mation. — n. a medicine to allay inflam- 
mation. 

antiphon, an'tif-on, n. alternate chant- 
ing or singing : a species of sacred song. 

antiphrasis, an-tif'ra-sis, n. (rhet.) 
the use of words in a sense opposite to 
the true one. — adjs. antiphras'tic, -al, 
involving antiphrasis : ironical. 

antipodes, an-tip'od-ez, n. pi. those 
living on the other side of the globe: 
places on the earth's surface exactly 
opposite each other: the exact opposite 



34 antipole 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



ape 



of a person or thing: — sing, an'tipode. 

antipole, an'ti-pol, n. the opposite 
pole: direct opposite. 

antipyrin, an-ti-pfrin, n. a febrifuge 
obtained from coal-tar products. 

antiquary, an'ti-kwar-i, n. one who 
studies or collects old things. 

antique, an-tek', a. ancient : of a good 
old age : old-fashioned, after the manner 
of the ancients. — n. anything very old: a 
kind of type. 

antiquity, a n-t i k'w i-t i, n. ancient 
times, esp. the times of the ancient 
Greeks and Romans : great age . 

Antirrhinum, an-tir-rl'num, n. the 
genus of plants to which snapdragon 
belongs. 

antiscian, an-tish'i-an, a. of or per- 
taining to people living on different sides 
of the equator, whose shadows at noon 
fall in opposite directions. 

antiscorbutic, an-ti-skor-but'ik, a. act- 
ing against scurvy. — n. a remedy for 
scurvy. 

anti-Semites, an'ti-sem'Its, n. pi. the 
modern opponents of the Jews in Rus- 
sia, Roumania, Hungary, and Eastern 
Germany. — a. antisemit'ic. 

antiseptic, an-ti-sept'ik, a. and n. 
counteracting putrefaction and analogous 
fermentive changes. 

antispasmodic, an-ti-spaz-mod'ik, a. 
opposing spasms or convulsions. — n. a 
remedy for spasms or convulsions. 

antispast, an'ti-spast, n. in meter, a 
foot composed of an iambus and a tro- 
chee. — a. antispast'ic. 

antistrophe, an-tis'trof-e, n. (poet.) 
the stanza of a song alternating with the 
strophe: an inverse relation. 

antitheism, an-ti-the'izm, n. the doc- 
trine which denies the existence of a 
God. m 

antithesis, an-tith'e-sis, n. a figure in 
which thoughts or words are set in 
contrast : opposition : the contrast. 

antitoxin, an-ti-tok'sin, n. the name 
applied to substances present in the 
blood of an animal which neutralize 
the action of toxins or bacterial poisons. 

antitrade, an'ti-trad, n. a wind that 
blows in the opposite direction to the 
trade^wind. 

antitrinitarian, an-ti-trin-it-ar'i-an, n. 
one opposed to the doctrine of the 
Trinity. — n. antitrinitar'ianism. 



antitype, an'ti-tip, n. that which cor- 
responds to the type. 

antler, ant'ler, n. a bony outgrowth 
from the frontal bones of most male 
members of the deer family: the branch 
of a stag's horn. 

antonomasia, ant-on-om-az'i-a, n. 
figure of speech which uses an epithet 
for a person's proper name, and con- 
versely. 

antonym, an'to-nim, n. a word which 
has an opposite signification to that of 
another word. 

Anura, a-nu'ra, n. pi. tailless amphibia 
such as the frog and toad. 

anus, an'us, n. the lower orifice of the 
bowels. 

anvil, an'vil, n. an iron block on 
which smiths hammer metal into shape. 

anxious, angk'shus, a. uneasy regard- 
ing something doubtful : solicitous. — n. 
anxi'ety, state of being anxious* 

any, en'ni, a. one indefinitely : some : 
whoever. — n. an'ybody, any single indi- 
vidual. — adv. anyhow, in any way what- 
ever : in any case, at least. — n. an'ything, 
a thing indefinitely, as opposed to 
nothing: any whit, to any extent. — advs. 
an'yway, an'yways, in any manner: 
anyhow: in any case; an'ywhere; 
an'ywhen, in any place whatever, at any 
time; an'ywise, in any manner, to any 
degree. 

aorist, a'or-ist, n. the name of certain 
tenses in the Greek verb expressing in- 
definite time. — a. aorist'ic. 

aorta, a-or'ta, n. the great arterial 
trunk rising from the left ventricle of 
the heart. — adjs. aor'tal; aor'tic. 

apace, a-pas', adv. at a quick pace: 
swiftly: fast. 

apagogic, -al, ap-a-goj'ik, -al, a. prov- 
ing indirectly by an apagoge or reduction 
to an absurdity. 

apart, a-part', adv. separately: aside: 
asunder, parted : separate : away from 
all employment: out of consideration 
(with from). 

apartment, a-part'ment, n. a separate 
room in a house occupied by a particular 
person or party: a suite or set of such 
rooms, a flat . 

apathy, ap'ath-i, n. want of feeling: 
absence of passion : indifference. 

apatite, ap'a-tit, n. a phosphate of 
lime of great variety of color. 

ape, ap, n. a monkey: a monkey with- 



apepsia 



mote, move; mute; then. 



apogee 35 



out a tail or with a very short one: a 
simian proper: a silly imitator: (Shak.) 
an imitator in a good or neutral sense. 
— v. t. to imitate as an ape. 

apepsia, a-pep'si-a, apepsy, a-pep'si, 
n. weakness of digestion. 

aperient, a-pe'ri-ent, a. opening: 
mildly purgative. — n. any laxative med- 
icine. 

aperture, ap'ert-iir, n. an opening: 
a hole. 

apex, a'peks, n. the summit or point : 
the vertex of a triangle: the culmi- 
nating point, climax of anything . 

Aphaniptera, af-an-ip'ter-a, n. pi. a 
small order of wingless insects. 

aphasia, a-fa'zi-a, n. inability to ex- 
press thought in words by reason of 
some brain disease. 

aphelion, a-fe'li-on, n. the point of a 
planet's orbit farthest away from the 
sun :• — pi. aphe'lia. 

apheliotropic, a-fe-li-o-trop'ik, a. turn- 
ing away from the sun. 

aphemia, a-fem'i-a, n. loss of speech 
caused by difficulty in articulation due 
to paralysis. 

apheresis, aphaeresis, a-fer'i-sis, n. 
(gram.) the taking away of a letter or 
syllable at the beginning of a word. 

aphesis, af es-is, n. the gradual loss of 
an unaccented vowel at the beginning of 
a word, as in squire=esquire. 

Aphis, a'fis, n. a family of small plant- 
lice . 

aphonia, a-fo'ni-a, aphony, af'on-i, 
n. loss of voice : dumbness. 

aphorism, af'or-izm, n. a concise 
statement of a principle in any science : 
a brief, pithy saying: an adage. — v. t. 
and v. i. aph'orize, to coin or use aph- 
orisms. — n. aph'orist, a writer of aph- 
orisms. — a. aphoris'tic, in the form of 
an aphorism. 

aphthae, af'the, n. pi. small whitish 
ulcers on the surface of a mucous mem- 
brane : — sin g. aph'tha. 

aphyllous, a-fil'us, a. (hot.) destitute 
of leaves. 

apiary, ap'i-ar-i, n. a place where bees 
are kept. — adjs. apiar'ian; ap'ian, dilat- 
ing to bees or bee-keeping. — n. ap'iarist, 
one who keeps an apiary or studies the 
habits of bees. 

Apician, a-pish'yan, a. relating to 
Apicius, a Roman epicurean: luxurious 
■ 1 and expensive in diet. 




Aplustre. 



apiculture, a'pi-cult-ur, n. bee-keeping. 

apiece, a-pes', adv. for each piece, 
thing, or person : to each individually. 

aplomb, a-plom', n. self-possession, 
coolness. 

aplustre, ap-lus'ter, n. the ornament 
rising above the stern 
of ancient ships. [L. 
— Gr. aphlaston.] 

apncea, ap-nea, n. 
a cessation of breath- 
ing. [Gr. apnoia.] 

Apocalypse, a-pok' 
a-lips, n. the name of 
the last book of the 
New Testament con- 
taining the revelation 
granted to St. John: 
any revelation or dis- 
closure. — adjs. apoc-; 
alypt'ic, -al. [Gr. , a' 
revelation, a n un- 
covering— apo, from, 
kalypt-ein, to cover.] 

apocarpous, ap-o-kar'pus, a. (hot.) 
having the carpels distinct. 

apocatastasis, a-po-ka-tast'a-sis, n. 
(theol.) the final restitution of all 
things. 

apocopate, a-pok'o-pat, v. t. to cut 
off, as the last letter or syllable of a 
word. 

apocrypha, a-pok'-ri-fa, n. as applied 
to religious writings^ ( i ) those suitable 
for the initiated only; (2) those of 
unknown date and origin; (3) those 
which are spurious — the term generally 
means the fourteen books or parts of 
books known as the Apocrypha of the 
Old Testament : hidden or secret things. 
— a. apoc'ryphal, of doubtful authority. 

apodal, ap'od-al, a. without feet : with- 
out ventral fins. 

apodeictic, a-po-dlk'tik, a. (logic) 
noting a proposition which is necessarily 
true : beyond contradiction. 

apodoc'-p a-pod'o-sis, n. (gram.) the 
consequent clause in a conditional 
sentence. 

apodyterium, a-po-di-ter'i-um, n. the 
apartment in r.n r.ncient bath where the 
clothes were deposited. 

apogee, ap'o-je, n. properly the 
greatest distance of the earth from the 
sun and moon, the sun's apogee cor- 
responding to the earth's aphelion, and 
the moon's being the point of its orbit 



36 apograph fate, far; me, her; mine; appear 

farthest from the earth: the highest course of a speech to address some 

point, climax — opp. to perigee. person or object present or absent: 

apograph, ap'o-graf, n. an exact copy, a mark ( ' ) showing the omission of a 

apolaustic, a-po-law'stik, a. devoted letter or letters in a word, also a sign 

to the search of enjoyment. — n. the of the possessive case. — a. apostroph'ic. 

philosophy of the pleasurable. — v. t. apos'trophize, to address by 

Apollonian, a-po-lon'i-an, a. having apostrophe, 
the characteristics of Apollo, patron of apothecary, a-poth'ek-ar-i, n. a drug- 
poetry and music. gist or pharmacist: in England, a med- 

Apollyon, a-pol'yun, n. the destroyer: ical practitioner who also dispenses 

Satan. drugs. 

apologetic, -al, a-pol-oj-et'ik, -al, a. apothecium, ap-6-the'si-um, n. the 

excusing: regretfully acknowledging: spore-case in lichens, 

said or written in defense. apothegm, apophthegm, ap'6-them, 

apologue, ap'ol-og, n. a fable, parable, n. a pithy saying. 

or short allegorical story conveying a apotheosis, a-po-the'o-sis, n. deifica- 

moral lesson. tion: the glorification of a principle or 

apology, a-pol'oj-i, n. something person: ascension to glory, release from 

spoken to ward off an attack: a defense earthly life: resurrection. 

or justification: frank acknowledgment appal, ap-pawl', v. i. (Spens.) to wax 

of an offense: a poor substitute (with faint, fail, decay. — v. t. and v. i. to 

for). — v. i. apol'ogize, to make excuse: terrify, dismay: — pr. p. appal'ling; pa. p. 

to express regret for a fault (with for), appalled'. — p. a. appalling, shocking. 

— n. apol'ogist, one who makes an appanage, apanage, ap'pan-aj, n. a 

apology: a defender by argument. provision for younger sons, a depend- 

apomorphia, a-po-morf'i-a, n. an ency: any perquisite: an adjunct or 

alkaloid prepared from morphia — a attribute, 

powerful emetic. apparatus, ap-par-a'tus, n. things pre- 

apoop, a-pop', adv. on the poop, pared or provided, material:' set of in- 

astern. struments, tools, natural organs, etc. 

apophlegmatic, a-po-fleg-mat'ik, a. apparel, ap-par'el, n. covering for the 

and n. promoting the removal of phlegm, body, dress : aspect, guise. — v. t. to 

apoplexy, ap'o-pleks-i, n. loss of sen- dress, adorn : — pr. p. appar'eling or ap- 

sation and of motion by a sudden stroke, par'elling; pa. p. appar'eled or appar'- 

— adjs. apoplec'tic, -al, pertaining to or elled. 

causing apoplexy : suffering from, or apparent, ap-par'ent, a. that may be 

likely to suffer from, apoplexy. seen: evident: palpable: seeming, as 

aposiopesis, a-po-si-o-pe'sis, n. (rhet.) opposed to what really is. 

a figure by which the speaker suddenly apparition, ap-par-ish'un, n. an ap- 

stops as though unable or unwilling to pearance — of a visitor, a comet, etc. : an 

proceed. immaterial appearance, of a ghost, etc. 

apostasy, a-post'a-si, n. abandonment apparitor, ap-par'it-or, n. an officer of 

of one's religion, principles, or party. an ecclesiastical court. 

a posteriori, a. pos-te-ri-6'ri, a. applied appeal, ap-pel', v. i. to call upon, have 

to reasoning from experience, from recourse to (with to) : to refer (to a 

effect to cause : empirical : gained from witness or superior authority) : to make 

experience. supplication. — v. t. to remove (a cause) 

apostil, -ille, a-pos'til, n. a marginal to another court. — n. act of appealing: 

note. [Fr.] a supplication: removal of a cause to a 

apostle, a-pos'l, n. one sent to preach higher tribunal, 
the gospel: specially, one of the twelve appear, ap-per', v. i. to become visible : 
disciples of Christ : the leader of a to present oneself formally, hence to act 
propaganda: one of the twelve officials as representative for another: to be 
forming a presiding high council in the manifest : to seem : to come into view, 
Mormon Church. to come before the public, to be pub- 
apostrophe, a-pos'trof-e, n. (rhet.) a lished (of a book) : to seem though not 
sudden turning away from the ordinary real. — n. appear'ance, the act of ap- 



appease 



mote, move; mute; then. 



appreciate 



37 



pearing: the condition of that which 
appears, form, aspect : outward look or 
show: a natural phenomenon: an ap- 
parition. 

appease, ap-pez', v. t. to pacify : to 
propitiate one who is angry: to quiet: 
to allay. — a. appeas'able. 

appellant, ap-pel'ant, n. one who 
makes an appeal from the decision of 
a lower court to a higher: one who 
makes earnest entreaty of any kind. 

appellation, ap-pel-a'shun, n. that by 
which anything is called : a name. — n. 
appell'ative, a name common to all of 
the same kind, as distinguished from a 
proper name : a designation. 

append, ap-pend ', v. t. to hang one 
thing to another : to add. — n. append'- 
age, something appended. — a. append'- 
ant, attached, annexed, consequent. — n. 
an adjunct, quality. — n. appendici'tis, 
inflammation of the vermiform appendix 
of the caecum. — a. appendicular, of the 
nature of or belonging to an appendix. — 
a. appendic'ulate, furnished with ap- 
pendages. — n. append'ix, something ap- 
pended or added: a supplement: an 
addition to a book or document, con- 
taining matter not essential to its com- 
pleteness : (anat.) a process, prolonga- 
tion, or projection. 

apperception, ap-er-sep'shun, n. the 
mind's perception of itself as a conscious 
agent. 

appertain, ap-per-tan', v. i. to belong, 
as a possession, a right, or attribute. — 
p. a. appertaining, proper, appropriate 
(with to). — a. apper'tinent, pertaining 
or belonging. — n. (Shak.) that which 
pertains to a^'thing else. 

appetence, ap'pet-ens, n. craving or 
appetite : desire, especially sensual 
desire — also ap'petency. — a. ap'petent. 

appetite, ap'pet-it, n. physical craving, 
accompanied with uneasy sensation 
(hunger, thirst, sex) : natural desire: 
inclination : desire for food : hunger 
(with for). — v. t. ap'petize, to create or 
whet appetite. — n. appetiz'er, something 
which whets the appetite. — p. a. appe- 
tiz'ing. 

applaud, ap-plawd', v. t. to praise by 
clapping the hands : to praise loudly . — 
v. i. to express loudly approval of any- 
thing. — p. a. applaud'ing. — n. applause', 
praise loudly expressed : acclamation. — 
a. applaus'ive. 



apple, ap'l, n. the fruit of the apple- 
tree, Pyrus mains. — ns. ap'ple-blight, the 
rotting substances found on apple-trees, 
caused by the apple-aphis; ap'ple-pie, 
a pie made with apples. 

applique, ap'lik-a, n. work applied to, 
or laid on, another material, as of lace. 

apply, ap-pli', v. t. to lay or put to : 
to administer (a remedy) : to bring to 
bear : to employ : to fix the mind on. — 
v. i. to suit or agree : to have recourse : 
to make request: {Milton) to assign or 
impute blame: — pr. p. apply 'ing; pa. p. 
applied'. — a. applfable, that may be ap- 
plied : compliant, well disposed. — n. 
appli'ance, anything applied: means 
used: (Shak.) compliance. — ns. ap- 
plicability; ap'plicableness. — a. ap'- 
plicable, that may be applied: suitable. 
— n. ap'plicant, one who applies : a 
petitioner. — n. application, the act of 
applying in any sense : a formal request 
in writing. — a. applicative, put into 
actual use in regard to anything: prac- 
tical. 

appoggiatura, ap-pod-ja-tu'ra, n. 
(mus.) a form of embellishment by in- 
sertion of notes of passage in a melody. 

appoint, ap-point', v. t. to fix : to 
settle : to assign : to grant : to name to 
an office: to destine, devote. — p. a. ap- 
pointed, established : furnished. — n. 
appoi-nt'ment, settlement: engagement: 
direction: situation: arrangement: (pi.) 
equipments. 

apportion, ap-por'shun, v. t. to portion 
out: to divide in just shares: to adjust 
in due proportion. — n. appor'tionment. 

appose, a'poz, v. t. to apply one thing 
to another, e. g. a seal to a document: 
to place side by side. 

apposite, ap'poz-it, a. adapted: suit- 
able. 

apposition, ap-poz-ish'un, n. the act 
of adding: state of being placed together 
or against : juxtaposition : a public dis- 
putation by scholars. 

appraise, ap-praz', v. t. to set a price 
on: to value with a view to sale: to 
estimate the amount and quality of. 

appreciate, ap-pre'shi-at, v. t. to esti- 
mate justly or highly: to raise in value, 
to advance the quotation or price of, 
as opposed to depreciate. — v. i. to rise 
in value. — a. appreciable, perceptible. — 
adv. appreciably. — n. appreciation, the 
act of setting a value on, also specially 



38 apprehend fate, far; me, her; mine; aqua-fortis 

of a work of literature or art : just and near, to approach. — adv. approximately. 

favorable estimation: increase in value. — n. approximation, an approach: a 

apprehend, ap-pre-hend', v. t. to lay result in mathematics sufficiently correct 

hold of: to seize by authority: to be for a given purpose, 

conscious of by means of the senses: appui, ap-we', n. the reciprocal action 

to lay hold of by the intellect : to catch between the mouth of the horse and the 

the meaning of: to consider or hold a rider's hand. 

thing as such : to fear.— n. apprehen'- appulse, ap-puls', n. a striking against : 

sion, act of apprehending or seizing: the approach of a planet to a conjunction 

arrest: conception: ability to under- with the sun or. a star.— n. appul'sion. 

stand: fear.— a. apprehensive, intel- appurtenance, ap-pur'ten-ans, n. that 

ligent, clever: having an apprehension which appertains: an appendage or acces- 

or notion of: fearful. sory: {law) a right belonging to a 

apprentice, ap-prent'is, n. one who property, 

serves to learn a trade or art: a novice. apricate, ap'ri-'kat, v. i. (obs.) to bask 

apprise, ap-priz', v. t. to give notice: in the sun.— v. t. to expose to sunlight. 

to inform. _ apricot, a'pri-kot, n. a fruit of the 

approach, ap-proch', v. i. to draw plum kind, 

near: to draw nigh (of time or events) : April, a'pril/n. the fourth month of 

to come near in quality, condition, etc. the year.— n. A'pril-fool, one sportively 

—v. t. to come near to: to resemble: imposed upon on the ist of April, 

attain to: to bring near in any sense.— a priori, apri-6'ri, a term applied to 

n. a drawing near to : access : a reasoning from what is prior, e. g. from 

path or avenue: approximation. cause to effect. 

approbation, ap-prob-a'shun, n. apron, a'prun, n. a cloth or piece of 

formal sanction: approval: (Shak.) leather worn before one to protect the 

confirmation.— v. t. ap'probate, to ap- dress, or as part of a distinctive official 

prove authoritatively. — adjs. appro- dress, as by Freemasons, etc.: a short 

batory; ap'probative, of or belonging caS sock ordinarily worn by English 

to one who approves. [See approve.] bishops: anything resembling an apron 

appropinquate, ap-pro-pmk'wat, v. i. i n sna pe or use. 

to come near. ^ _ apropos, a-pro-po', adv. to the 

appropriate, ap-pro pn-at, v. t. to purp ose: appropriately: in reference to 

make ones private property: to take (with to and /)._ a> opportune, 

to oneself as one s own : to set apart for M an arched se micircular 

a purpose: (arch.) to select as suitable or polygonal recess at the east end of the 

(with to). -a. set apart for a particular choir of a church ._ a> a p'sidal.-n. 

purpose: peculiar: suitable -adv. ap- a psid'iole, a secondary apse. 

pro pnate ly. - ns appro pnateness ; . , . one f h extreme 

appropriation, the act of appropriating: £ n ^he orbit of a planet or of a 

a sum of money officially set apart for £ m L ides ^p^.^).^. 

a particular purpose: application to a aD ' s [^ a \ 

special use. .'.,,', , apt, apt, a. liable: ready for or prone 

approve, a-prov ,v t to show, demon- ^ t ^ n ' ick . clever ^ t y 

strate (also reflexively) : to sanction or { J ^ (with at). 

ratify: to think well of, to be pleased / >_ J ... , . 

withf to commend: (Shak.) to put to apterous, apter-us, a without wings. 

the trial, hence also, to convict upon aptitude, apt i-tud, n. fitness : tendency : 

proof.-z/. i. to judge favorably, to be readiness, teachableness, talent (with 

pleased (with of). — ns. approv'al, the f° r )- 

act of approving: approbation; ap- aptote, ap tot, n. a noun without any 

prov'er, one who approves: (law) an variation of cases. 

accomplice in crime admitted to give apyretic, a-pir-et'ik, a. without pyrexia 

evidence against a prisoner. or fever, especially of those days m 

approximate, ap-proks'im-at, a. which the intermission of fevers occurs 

nearest or next : approaching correct- in agues. 

ness. — v. t. to bring near. — v. i. to come aqua-fortis, a'kwa-for'tis, n. nitric 



aquamarine 



mote, move; mute; then. 



arcature 



39 



n. the water- 
of the zodiac, 
of the same 



acid, a powerful solvent, hence used 
figuratively. 

aquamarine, a'kwa-ma-ren', n. the 
beryl, so called from its green color. — a. 
bluish-green, sea-colored. 

aquarelle, ak-wa-rel', n. water-color 
painting, or a painting in thin water- 
colors. — n. aquarel'list, a water-color 
painter. 

aquarium, a-kwa'ri-um, n. a tank or 
series of tanks for keeping aquatic 
animals. 

Aquarius, a-kwa'ri-us, 
bearer, the eleventh sign 
from the constellation 
name. 

aquatic, a-kwat'ik, a. relating to water : 
living or growing in water. — n. pi. 
aquat'ics, amusements on the water, as 
boating, etc. 

aquatint, a'kwa-tint, n. a mode of 
etching on copper — also aquatint'a. 

aqueduct, ak'we-dukt, n. an artificial 
channel for conveying water. 

aqueous, a'kwe-us, a. watery: de- 
posited by water. — adv. a'queously. 

aquiferous, ak-wifer-us, a. bearing 
water. 

aquiform, a/kwi-form, a. having the 
form of water. 

aquiline, ak'wil-in, or -in, a. relating 
to or like the eagle: curved or hooked, 
like an eagle's beak. 

Arab, ar'ab, n. a native of Arabia : an 
Arab horse: (/. c.) a neglected or home- 
less boy or girl — 
usually street or 
city arab. — a. of or 
belonging to Arabia. 
— a. Arab'ian, relat- 
ing to Arabia. — n. a 
native of Arabia. — a. 
Ar'abic, relating to 
Arabia, or to its 
language. — n. the 
language of Arabia. 

arabesque, ar'ab- 
esk, a. after the 
manner of , Arabian 
designs. — n. a style 
of painted or sculp- 
tured ornament. [Fr. 
— It. arabesco; -esco 
corresponding to 
Eng. -ish.] 

■ arabin, ar'ab-in, n 
ciple of gum-arabic. 




Arabesque Ornament. 
From the Mosque 
at Cordova. 



the essential prin- 



arable, ar'a-bl, a. fit for ploughing or 
tillage. [L. arabilis — ara-re, cog. with 
Gr. aro-ein, to plough, A. S. erian, 
Eng. ear (v. t), Ir. araim.] 

Arachnida, a-rak'ni-da, n. pi. a sub- 
class of tracheate Arthropoda, embracing 
spiders, scorpions, mites, etc. — a. arach'- 
nidan. — n. and a. arach'noid, like a cob- 
web. 

araneiform, ar-a-ne'i-form, a. in the 
form of a spider. — a. aran'eous, like a 
spider's web. 

Araucaria, ar-aw-ka'ri-a, n. a genus 
of lofty evergreen trees. 

arbalist, ar'bal-ist, n. a crossbow of 
steel t or horn used in war and the 
chase'. 

arbiter, ar'bit-er, n. a judge having 
absolute power of decision: an arbi- 
trator : umpire : — fern, ar'bitress. — ns. 
ar'bitrage, exercise of the functions of 
the arbiter; arbitrament, the decision 
of an arbiter : determination : choice. — 
v. i. ar'bitrate, to act as an arbiter: to 
determine. — v. t. to settle by arbitration : 
to submit to arbitration. 

arbitrary, ar'bi-trar-i, a. not bound by 
rules: despotic, absolute, varying, un- 
certain. 

arbor, ar'bur, n. the Latin word for 
tree. — a. arbora'ceous, of tree-like 
character. 

arbor, ar'bur, n. the main support of 
a machine : an axis or spindle on which 
a wheel revolves. 

arbor, ar'bur, n. a. garden bower: a 
shaded walk. 

arbute, ar'but, n. an evergreen shrub 
known as the strawberry-tree from its 
scarlet fruit. 

Arbutus, ar-bu'tus, n. a genus of ever- 
green plants bearing red fruit. 

arc, ark, n. a segment of a circle or 
other curve. 

arcade, ark-ad', n. a. row of arches 
supported by columns : the row of piers 
by which cloisters are inclosed: a walk 
arched over: a long gallery lined with 
stores on both sides. 

Arcadian, ar-ka'-di-an, a. pertaining to 
Arcadia (poet. Ar'cady) : pastoral. 

arcanum, ark-an'um, n. a secret: a 
mystery: a secret remedy or elixir. 

arcature, ar'ka-tur, n. French for 
arcade, a small arcade: a blind arcade 
for decorating wall spaces. 



40 arch 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



arear 



"•'» i*» 




arch, arch, n. a concave construc- 
tion of stones or other 
materials, over an open 
space. — v. t. to cover with H 
an arch: to bend into the; 
form of an arch. — p. a. 
arched, made with an' 
arch, or like an arch. — n. 
arch'way, an arched or 
vaulted passage. [O. Fr., 
— L. area, chest.] Arch - 1 

arch, arch, a. cunning: waggish: 
roguish: shrewd, now mostly of women 
and children.' 

arch, arch (ark in archangel), a. used 
as a prefix, now chiefly as an intensive 
in an odious sense: the first or chief. 

archaeology, ark-e-ol'oj-i, n. a know- 
ledge of ancient art, customs, etc. : the 
science which deduces a knowledge of 
past times from the study of their exist- 
ing remains.- 

archaic, -al, ark-a'ik, -al, a. ancient: 
obsolete or obsolescent, esp. of language. 
— a. archaean (ark-e'an), of or belong- 
ing to the earliest zoological period. — 
a. archaeozo'ic, pertaining to the era of 
the earliest living beings on the earth. 

archangel, rk-an'jel, n. an angel of 
the highest order. — a. archangel'ic. 

archbishop, arch-bish'up, n. a chief 
bishop . 

archdeacon, arch-de'kn, n. a chief 
deacon: an Anglican dignitary having 
the supervision of a diocese or part of 
it, under the bishop. 

archdiocese, arch-di'o-ses, n. the dio- 
cese of an archbishop. 

archduke, arch-duk', n. a duke of 
specially exalted rank . 

archer, arch'er, n. one who shoots 
with a bow and arrows. 

archetype, ar'-ke-tip, n. the original 
pattern or model, a prototype. 

archiepiscopal, ark-i-ep-is'kop-al, a. 
belonging to an archbishop. 

archil, ar'kil, n. a coloring substance 
obtained from various species of lichens. 

Archilochian, ar-ki-lo'ki-an, a. per- 
taining to the Greek lyric poet Archi- 
lochus, noted for the bitterness of his 
satire. 

archimage, ar'ki-maj, n. a chief 
magician or enchanter. 

archimandrite, ar-ki-man'drit, n. in 
the Greek Church, the superior of a 




monastery, sometimes of several monas- 
teries. 

archimedean, ark-i-me-de'an, a. per- 
taining to Archi- 
medes, a celebrated 
Greek mathema- 
tician. — archi- 
medean screw, a 
machine for rais- 
ing water, invented 
by Archimedes. Archimedean Screw. 

archipelago, ark-i-pel'a-go, n. a sea 
abounding in small islands, also a group 
of such islands . 

architect, ark'i-tekt, n. a master- 
builder : one who designs buildings and 
superintends their erection. — a. archi- 
tectonic, pertaining to architecture: 
constructive: (metaph.) pertaining to 
the arrangement of knowledge. — n. the 
science of architecture: the systematic 
arrangement of knowledge. — a. archi- 
tectural. — n. architecture, the art or 
science of building : structure. 

architrave, ark'i-trav, n. (archit.) the 
lowest division of the entablature : col- 
lective name for the various parts which 
surround a door or window. 

archives, ark'ivz, n. the place in which 
government records are kept: (pi.) 
public records — also figuratively in both 
senses. 

archivolt, ar'ki-volt, n. the band or 
molding which runs round the lower 
part of the archstones of an arch. 

arctic, ark'tik, a. relating to the con- 
stellation the Great Bear, or to the 
north: used figuratively to express ex- 
treme cold. 

arcuate, ar'ku-at, arcuated, ar'ku- 
at-ed, a. bent in the form of a bow. — n. 
arcua'tion. 

ardent, ard'ent, a. burning: fiery: pas- 
sionate : zealous : fervid. — adv. ard'ently. 
— n. ard'or, warmth of passion or feel- 
ing: eagerness: enthusiasm — also ard'- 
ency. 

arduous, ard'u-us, a. steep, difficult 
to climb : difficult to accomplish : labor- 
ious. — adv. ard'uously. 

are, ar, the plural of the present 
indicative of the verb To be. 

area, a're-a, n. any plane surface or 
inclosed space: the sunken space around 
the basement of a building: (geom.) the 
superficial contents of any figure. 

arear, a-rer', adv. in the rear. 



arefaction 



mote, move; mute; then. 



ark 41 



arefaction, ar-e-fak'shun, n. (obs.) 
the action of drying. — v. t. and v. i. 
ar'efy, to dry up, wither. 

arena, a-re'na, n. any place of public 
contest: place of action of any kind. — 
a. arena'ceous, sandy: dry. 

areography, a-re-6'gra-fi, n. descrip- 
tion of the physical features of the 
planet Mars. 

areola, a-re'o-la, n. a small area : 
(bot.) any slightly sunk spot on the 
surface: (physiol.) the interstice in the 
tissue of an organized substance: any 
circular spot such as that around the 
human nipple. 

areometer, araeometer, a-re-om'e-ter, 
n. an instrument for determining specific 
gravity, called also hydrometer. 

argal, ar'gal, adv. (Shak.) corrup- 
tion of L. ergo, therefore : hence as a 
noun=a clumsy piece of reasoning. 

argali, ar'ga-li, n. the great wild sheep 
of Siberia and Central Asia. 

argent, arj'ent, a. and n. silver, or like 
silver, silvery-white. — adjs. argentif- 
erous, bearing or containing silver. 

argil, ar'jil, n. potter's clay. 

argol, ar'gol, n. a hard crust formed 
on the sides of wine-vessels : crude 
cream of tartar. 

argon, ar'gon, n. a constituent element 
of our atmosphere, discovered in 1894. 

Argonaut, ar'go-nawt, n. one of those 
who sailed in the ship Argo in search 
of the golden fleece : also a name of the 
nautilus, a mollusk. — a. Argonaut'ic. 

argosy, ar'go-si, n. a large merchant- 
vessel richly laden : also figuratively. 

argot, ar'go, or ar'got, n. slang, orig- 
inally that of thieves and vagabonds: 
cant. 

argue, arg'ii, v. t. prove or evince: to 
prove by argument: to discuss. — v. i. to 
offer reasons : to dispute (with against, 
for, with, about). 

argument, arg'u-ment, n. a statement, 
or reason based on such, offered as 
proof: a series of reasons or a step in 
such : discussion : summary of the 
subject-matter of a book. 

argumentum, arg-u-ment'um, n. an 
argument. 

Argus, arg'us, n. any very quick-eyed 
or watchful person : a genus of gallina- 
ceous birds, remarkable for magnificence 
of plumage — the only known species, the 
Argus pheasant, native to Sumatra. 



argute, ar-gut', a. (obs.) shrill in 
sound : keen : shrewd. 

argyria, ar-jir'i-a, n. silver poisoning. 

aria, a'ri-a, to. a vocal solo in a cantata, 
oratorio, or opera. 

arid,, ar'id, a. dry : parched. — ns. arid'- 
ity; ar'idness. 

Ariel, a'ri-el, n. in demonology, a 
water-spirit : an angel : a spirit of the air. 

ariel, a'ri-el, n. a species of gazel. 

Aries, a'ri-ez, n. the Ram, the first of 
the signs of the zodiac. 

arietta, ar-i-et'ta, n. a little aria or 
air. 

aright, a-rit', adv. in a right way: 
rightly. 

aril, ar'il, arillus, a-ril'lus, n. a peculiar 
covering of the seed of some plants. 

arise, a-riz', v. i. to rise up : to come 
up so as to be heard: to ascend: to 
come into view : to spring : — pa. t. 
arose'; pa. p. aris'en. 

aristarch, ar'is-tark, n. a severe critic. 

aristate, a-ris'tat, a. (bot.) having 
awns. 

aristocracy, ar-is-tok'ras-i, n. political 
power of a privileged order : the nobility 
or chief persons of a country : the upper 
classes generally, also the persons noted 
for superiority in any quality, taken col- 
lectively. — n. aristocrat (ar-is'to-krat, 
or ar'is-), one who belongs to an 
aristocracy: a haughty person. 

Aristolochia, ar-is-to-lo'ki-a, n. a 
genus of shrubs, many climbers, abun- 
dant in tropical South America. 

Aristotelian, ar-is-to-te'li-an, a. relat- 
ing to Aristotle or to his philosophy. 

arithmancy, ar'ith-man-si, n. divina- 
tion by numbers. 

arithmetic, ar-ith'met-ik, n. the 
science of numbers : the art of reckoning 
by figures : a treatise on reckoning. — a. 
arithmet'ical. — adv. arithmetically. — n. 
arithmetic'ian, one skilled in arithmetic. 
— arithmetical progression, a series of 
numbers that increase or diminish by a 
common difference, as 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 
22; or 12, io l / 2 , 9, 7/2, 6. To find the 
sum of such a series, multiply the sum 
of the first and last terms by half the 
number of terms. 

arithmometer, ar-ith-mom'et-er, n. an 
instrument for working out arithmetical 
calculations. 

ark, ark, n. a chest or coffer: in 
Jewish history, the wooden coffer in 



42 



arm 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



array 




Armadillo. 



the 
the 



which the Tables of the Law were kept : 
a large floating vessel, like that in which 
Noah escaped the Deluge. 

arm, arm, n. the limb extending from 
the shoulder to the hand: anything pro- 
jecting from the main body, as an inlet 
of the sea, a rail or support from a 
chair, sofa, or the like: (fig.) power. 

arm, arm, n. a weapon : a branch of 
the military service: — pi. arms, weapons 
of offense and defense : military science : 
armorial ensigns. — v. t. arm, to furnish 
with arms or weapons : to fortify. — v. i. 
to take arms. — a. armed (armd), 
furnished with arms: provided with 
means of defense. 

armada, arm-a'da, n. a fleet of armed 

Ships. [Sp. — L. ^-saaa^^x 

armata, armare, to „^BI Si^Ilfe 
arm.] 

armadillo, arm- 
a-dil'o, n. a small 
quadruped, armed 
with bands of bony plates. 

Armageddon, ar-mag-ed'on, n. 
great symbolical battlefield of 
Apocalypse. 

armament, arm'a-ment, n. forces 
equipped for war : munitions of war. 

armature, arm'a-tur, n. a piece of iron 
connecting the poles of a bent magnet: 
that part of a dynamo which rotates 
between the pole-pieces: an apparatus 
for defense. 

Armenian, ar-me'ni-an, a. belonging 
to Armenia, in Western Asia, or to the 
Armenian branch of the Christian 
Church. — n. a native of Armenia. _ 

armillary, ar'mil-lar-i, or ar-rmTlar-i, 
a. resembling an armlet or bracelet: 
consisting of rings or circles. — n. arnuT- 
la, in archaeology, a bracelet : one of the 
coronation ornaments: the regalia. — 
armillary sphere, an instrument con- 
structed to show the 
motions of the heavenly 
bodies. [L. armilla, an 
armlet.] 

Arminian, ar-min'-i- 
an, n. a follower of 
A rminius, a Dutch 
divine. — a. holding the 
doctrines of Arminius. 
— n. Armin'ianism. 

armipotent, arm-ip'- 
6-tent, a. powerful in 
arms. 




Armillary Sphere. 



armistice, arm'ist-is, n. a short sus- 
pension of hostilities : a truce. 

armoire, arm' war, n. an ambry or 
cupboard. 

armor, arm'ur, n. defensive arms or 
dress : heraldic insignia : plating of ships- 
of-war. — a. armo'rial, belonging to 
armor, or to the arms of a family. 
— n. arm'ory, the place in which arms 
are made or kept : a collection of ancient 
armor. 

• Armoric, ar-mor'ik, n. the language 
of the inhabitants of Armorica, ancient 
Brittany. 

armozeen, armozine, ar-mo-zen', n. a 
fabric used for clerical gowns. 

army, arm'i, n. a large body of men 
armed for war and under military com- 
mand: a body of men banded together 
in a special cause: a host: a great num- 
ber. 

Arnica, ar'ni-ka, n. a genus of com- 
posite plants, of which the species A. 
montana yields a tincture externally 
applied to wounds and bruises. 

aroma, a-ro'ma, n. sweet smell : the 
odorous principle of plants: (fig.) flavor 
or peculiar charm of any kind. — a. aro- 
mat'ic, fragrant: spicy. 

arose, a-roz', pa. t. of arise. 

around, a-rownd', prep, on all sides 
of: round about. — adv. on every side: in 
a circle : round, all about. 

arouse, a-rowz', v. t. and v. i. same 
as rouse. 

arpeggio, ar-pej'6, n. (mus.) a chord 
of which the notes are given in rapid 
succession. 

arrack, ar'ak, n. an ardent spirit used 
in the East. 

> arrah, ar'a, inter j. Anglo-Irish exple- 
tive of emotion, wonder, etc. 

arraign, ar-ran', v. t. to call to 
account: to put upon trial: to accuse 
publicly. 

arrange, ar-ranj', v. t. to set in a 
rank or row : to put in order : to settle : 
(mus.) to adapt. — v. i. to come to an 
agreement. 

arrant, ar'rant, a. downright, notorious 
(used in a bad sense) : unmitigated. 

arras, ar'ras, n. tapestry: a hanging 
tapestry screen. — n. ar'rasene, an em- 
broidery material. 

array, ar-ra', n. order: dress: equi- 
page. — v. t. to put in order: to arrange: 
to dress, adorn, or equip. 



arrear mote, move; mute; then. artillery 43 

arrear, ar-rer', n. that which is in fulness, or address: special faculty ac- 
the rear or behind : that which remains quired by practice, skill, dexterity, knack, 
unpaid or undone (used mostly in pi.). — a. art'ful, full of art: cunning: pro- 

arrect, a-rekt', a. upright: erected, as duced by art. 
the ears : on the alert. Artemisia, ar-te-miz'i-a, n. a genus of 

arrest, ar-rest', v. t. to stop : to seize : composite plants, including wormwood, 
to catch: to apprehend. — n. stoppage: etc. 
seizure. artery, ar'ter-i, n. a tube or vessel 

arris, ar'ris, n. a sharp ridge or edge which conveys blood from the heart : any 
on stone or metal. main channel of communication. — a. 

arrive, ar-riv', v. i. to reach any place : arter'ial. — ns. arteriot'omy, the cutting 
to attain to any object (with at). — ns. or opening of an artery; arteri'tis, in- 
arriv'al, the act of arriving : person or flammation of an artery, 
thing that arrives; arriv'ance (Shak.), artesian, ar-te'zhan, a. applied to wells 
company arriving. made by boring until water is reached. 

arroba, a-ro'ba, n. a Spanish and arthritis, ar-thrftis, n. inflammation 
Portuguese weight: an old Spanish of a joint: gout. — a. arthrit'ic, relating 
measure. to or affecting the joints : gouty. 

arrogate, ar'rog-at, v. t. to claim as Arthropoda, ar-throp'od-a, n. pi. a 
one's own : to claim proudly or unduly. — great division of the animal kingdom, 
its. ar'rogance; ar'rogancy, undue as- the body consisting of a definite number 
sumption of importance. — a. ar'rogant, of segments. — a. arthrop'odal. 
claiming too much : overbearing. arthrosis, ar-thro'sis, n. in anatomy, 

arrondissement, ar-ron'des-man, n. an articulation, a joint. 
a subdivision of a French department, artichoke, ar'ti-chok, n. a perennial 
comprising a number of communes. eatable plant with large scaly heads, 

arrow, ar'ro, n. a straight, pointed article, ar'-ti-kl, n. a separate element, 
weapon, made to be shot from a bow. — member, or part of anything : a particu- 
n. ar'row-head, the pointed part of an lar substance : a single clause or term : a 
arrow. distinct point in an agreement, or (pi.) 

arrowroot, ar'ro-rot, n. a nutritive an agreement looked at as complete: a 
starch obtained from the roots of certain section of any document : a literary com- 
plants growing chiefly in West Indies, position in a newspaper, magazine, etc., 

arsenal, ar'se-nal, n. a public maga- treating of a subject distinctly and inde- 
zine or manufactory of military or naval pendently: {gram.) the name given to 
stores. the adjectives the (definite" article) and 

arsenic, ar'sen-ik, n. one of the chem- a or an (indefinite article). — v. t. to 
ical elements : a mineral poison : a soft, draw up or bind by articles. — a. artic'- 
gray-colored metal. — ns. ar'senate, arse'- ular, belonging to the joints. 
niate, a salt of arsenic acid. — adjs. articulate, ar-tik'ul-at, a. distinct: 
arsen'ic, -al, composed of or containing clear. — v. t. to joint : to form into dis- 
arsenic; arse'nious, of or containing tinct sounds, syllables, or words. — v. i. 
arsenic. — n. ar'senite, a salt of arsenious to speak distinctly. — adv. artic'ulately. — 
acid. ns: artic'ulateness ; articula'tion, a join- 

arsis, ar'sis, n. the elevation of the ing as of the bones: part between two 
voice to a higher pitch: the strong joints: distinctness, or distinct utterance; 
syllable in English meter : — pi. ar'ses. articulator, one who articulates. 

arson, ars'on, n. the crime of wilfully artifice, art'i-fis, n. artificer's work : a 
burning houses or other buildings. contrivance: a trick or fraud. — n. artif- 

art, art, 2nd pers. sing, of the present icer, a workman: an inventor. — a. arti- 
tense of the verb To be. ficial (art-i-fish'ul), made by art: not 

art, art, n. practical skill guided by natural: cultivated: feigned: affected, 
rules: human skill as opposed to nature: artillery, ar-til'er-i, n. offensive 
skill as applied to subjects of taste: (pi.) weapons of war, esp. cannon, mortars, 
certain branches of learning to be ac- etc. : the men who manage them : a 
quired as necessary for pursuit of higher branch of the military service : gunnery, 
studies, etc. : contrivance : cunning, art- — ns. artill'erist, one skilled in artillery 



44 



artisan 



fate, iar; me, her; mine; 



Asian 



or gunnery; artill'eryman, a soldier of 
the artillery. 

artisan, artizan, art'i-zan, n. one 
skilled in any art or trade: a mechanic. 

artist, art'ist, n. one who practises an 
art, esp. one of the fine arts. — adjs. 
artist'ic, -al, according to art. — adv. 
artistically. — n. art'istry, artistic pur- 
suits : works of art. 

artiste, ar-test', n. one dexterous or 
tasteful in any art, as an opera dancer, a 
cook, a hairdresser, etc. 

Arum, a'rura, n. a genus of plants in- 
cluding the wake robin (A. maculatum) , 
whose root yields arrowroot. 

arundinaceous, a-run-di-na'shus, a. 
relating to or like a reed. — Also arundin'- 
eous. 

Arvicola, ar-vik'6-la, n. a genus of 
animals including the field-mouse. 

Aryan, ar'i-an, or a'ri-an, a. relating 
to the family of nations otherwise called 
Indo-European, or to their languages. 

as, az, adv., conj., and pron. in that 
degree, so far (as . . . as) : the conse- 
quent in a co-relation expressing 
quantity, degree, etc. (as ... as, such 
. . . as, same . . . as) : since, because : 
when, while : expressing merely contin- 
uation or expansion, for instance : simi- 
larly : for example : while : in like 
manner: that, who, which (after such, 
same). 

As, as, n. the Norse mythology, one of 
the gods: — pi. iEsir (a'ser). 

as, as, n. Latin unit of weight, 12 
ounces (L. uncice) : a copper coin, the 
unit of the early monetary system of 
Rome. 

asafetida, asafcetida, as-a-fet'i-da, n. a 
medicinal gum-resin, having an offensive 
smell. 

asarabacca, as-a-ra-bak'a, n. a Euro- 
pean plant from which catarrh snuff 
was formerly made. 

asbestos, az-best'os, n. an incom- 
bustible mineral, a variety of hornblende, 
of a fine fibrous texture, resembling 
flax. 

ascend, as-send', v. i. to climb or 
mount up: to rise, literally or figur- 
atively: to go backwards in the order 
of time. — v. t. to climb or go up on: 
to mount. 

ascension, as-sen'shun, n. a rising or 
going up, — adjs. ascend'ant, -ent, 



superior : above the horizon. — n. super- 
iority: great influence. — n. ascend'ancy, 
controlling influence — also ascend'ency. 
— a. ascensional, relating to ascension. 
— n. Ascen'sion-day, the festival held on 
Holy Thursday, to commemorate Christ's 
ascension to heaven. — a. ascen'sive, 
rising: causing to rise. — n. ascent', act 
of ascending: upward movement: slope 
or gradient : a flight of steps. 

ascertain, as-ser-tan', v. t. to de- 
termine : to obtain certain knowledge of. 

ascetic, as-set'ik, n. one who rigidly 
denies himself ordinary sensual gratifi- 
cations for conscience' sake : a strict 
hermit. 

ascian, ash'yan, n. name given to the 
inhabitants of the torrid zone, who are 
shadowless at certain seasons. 

ascidians, a-sid'i-anz, n. pi. a group 
belonging to the tunicate Mollusca. 

Asclepias, as-kle'pi-as, n. a genus of 
plants, native to North America, con- 
taining the milk-weed, etc. 

ascribe, a-skrlb', v. t. to attribute, 
impute, or assign. — a. ascrib'able. — n. 
ascrip'tion, act of ascribing or imputing : 
any expression or formula of ascribing. 

aseptic, a-sep'tik, a. not liable to decay 
or putrefaction. — n. asep'ticism. 

asexual, a-seks'u-al, a. without sex, 
formerly applied to cryptogams — agamic. 

ash, ash, n. a well-known timber tree, 
or its wood, which is white, tough, and 
hard. — a. ash'en. — n. ground'-ash, or 
ash'-plant, an ash sapling. — mountain 
ash, the rowan-tree; quaking ash, the 
aspen. 

ashamed, a-shamd', a. affected with 
shame. — v. t. ashame', to put to shame. 

ashes, ash'ez, n. pi. the dust or 
remains of anything burnt: the remains 
of the human body when burnt: (fig.) 
a dead body. — adjs. ash'en; ash' en- 
gray. 

Ashkenazim, ash-ke-naz'im, n. pi. the 
Polish and German Jews, as distin- 
guished from the Sephardim, the Spanish 
and Portuguese Jews. 

ashler, ash'ler, ashlar, ash'lar, n. 
hewn or squared stone used in facing a 
wall, as distinguished from rough. 

ashore, a-shor', adv. on shore. 

Asian, ash'i-an, Asiatic, ash-i-at'ik, 
a. belonging to Asia: florid in litera- 
ture or art. 



aside 



mote, move; mute; then. 



assault 45 



aside, a-sid', adv. on or to one side: 
privately: apart. — n. words spoken in an 
undertone, so as not to be heard by 
some person present. — a. private, apart. 

asinine, as'in-in, a. of or like an ass. 

ask, ask, v. t. to seek: to request, 
inquire, beg, question, invite. — v. i. to 
request: to make inquiry (with about 
and for). 

askance, a-skans', askant, a-skant', 
adv. sideways : with a side meaning. 

askew, a-skii', adv. obliquely: aside: 
awry. 

aslant, a-slant', a. or adv. obliquely. 

asleep, a-slep', a. or adv. in sleep : 
sleeping: in the sleep of death, dead. 

asp, asp, aspic, asp'ik, n. a popular 
name applied loosely to various genera 
of venomous serpents. 

asparagus, as-par'a-gus, n. a plant 
cultivated for its young shoots, esteemed 
as a table delicacy. 

aspect, as'pekt, n. look: view: appear- 
ance, also applied figuratively to the 
mind : position in relation to the points 
of the compass : the situation of one 
planet with respect to another, as seen 
from the earth. 

aspen, asp'en, n. the trembling poplar. 
— a. made of or like the aspen: tremu- 
lous : timorous. 

asperges, as-per'jes, n. a short service 
introductory to the mass, so called from 
the first words, Asperges me, Dominc. 

aspergill, -um, as'per-jil, -um, n. a 
kind of brush used in R. C. churches 
for sprinkling holy water. 

Aspergillum, as-per-jil'um, n. a re- 
markable genus of boring mollusks; — n. 
Aspergillus, a genus of minute fungi. 

asperity, as-per'i-ti, n. roughness : 
harshness : bitter coldness. 

asperrnous, a-sper'mus, aspermatous, 
a-sper'ma-tus, a. without seeds. 

asperse, as-pers', v. t. to slander or 
calumniate: to bespatter {with). — n. 
asper'sion, calumny : slander. — adjs. 
aspers'ive; aspers'ory, tending to 
asperse : defamatory. 

asphalt, as'falt, or as-falt', asphaltum, 
as-falt'um, n. a black or dark-brown, 
hard, bituminous substance used for 
paving, etc. — v. t. asphalt', to lay or 
cover with asphalt. 

asphodel, as'fo-del, n. a kind of lily — 
in Greek mythology, the peculiar plant 
of the dead. 



asphyxia, as-fik'si-a, n. (lit.) sus- 
pended animation : suffocation — also 
asphyx'y. — n. asphyx'iant, a chemical 
substance which produces asphyxia 

aspic, as'pik, n. a savory meat-jelly 
containing fish, game, hard-boiled eggs, 
etc. 

aspirant, as-pir'ant, n. one who 
aspires (with after, for) : a candidate. — 
a. ambitious. 

aspirate, as'pir-at, v. t. to pronounce 
with a full breathing, as the letter h in 
house. — n. a mark of aspiration: an 
aspirated letter. — p. a. as'pirated, made 
harsh. — ns. aspira'tion, pronunciation 
with a full breathing: an aspirated 
sound; aspira'tor, (med.) an instru- 
ment for removing fluids from the 
cavities of the body. — a. aspir'atory, 
relating to breathing. 

aspire, as-pir' (followed by to or 
after with the object, or by an infinitive), 
v. _ i. to desire eagerly : to aim at high 
things : to _ tower up. — n. aspira'tion, 
eager desire. — a. aspir'ing. 

Asplenium, as-ple'ni-um, n. spleen- 
wort, a genus of ferns, mostly tropical. 

asport, as-port', v. t. (rare) to carry 
away, esp. in a bad sense. — n. asporta- 
tion, a felonious carrying away. 

ass, as, n. a well-known quadruped 
of the horse family: (tig.) a dull, 
stupid fellow. 

assafetida. Same as asafetida. 

assagai, assegai, as'sa-gi, n. a slender 
spear used by the South African tribes. 




Various Forms of Assagais. 



=<» 



assail, as-sal', v. t. to assault : to 
attack. — a. assail'able. — ns. assailant, 
one who assails or attacks. 

assassin, as-as'in, n. one who kills by 
surprise or secretly. — v. t. assas'sinate. 
to murder by surprise or secret assault: 
(fig.) to destroy by treacherous means, as 
a reputation. — ns. assassina'tion, secret 
murder ; assas'sinator. 

assault, as-sawlt', n. a sudden attack: 
a storming, as of a town: (laze) unlaw- 



46 



assay 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



assuefaction 



ful attempt to apply force to the person 
of another : an attack of any sort. — v. t. to 
make an assault or attack upon. 

assay, as-sa', v. t. to determine the 
proportions of a metal in an ore or 
alloy: endeavor (now usually essay): 
(Shak.) to put to the proof. — n. the 
determination of the quantity of metal 
in an ore or alloy : the trial of anything : 
an attempt or endeavor : probation or 
trial. — ns. assay'er, one who assays, esp. 
metals. 

assemble, as-sem'bl, v. t. to call or 
bring together: to collect. — v. i. to meet 
together. — ns. assem'blage, a collection 
of persons or things ; assem'bly, the act 
of assembling: the company so assem- 
bled: the lower house of the legislature 
in some of the United States: (mil.) a 
summons by drum or bugle. 

assent, as-sent', v. i. to think or con- 
cur with, to admit as true (with to). — n. 
an agreeing or acquiescence : compliance. 
— n. assent'or, one who assents.- 

assentation, as-sen-ta'shun, n. obse- 
quious assent, adulation. 

assert, as-sert', v. t. to declare 
strongly : to lay claim to or insist upon : 
to affirm. — ns. assert'er; assert'or, one 
who makes a positive statement; asser- 
tion, affirmation : the act of claiming 
one's rights : averment. — a. assert'ive, 
asserting or confirming confidently : pos- 
itive : dogmatic. 

assess, as-ses', v. t. to fix the amount 
of, as a tax : to tax or fine : to fix the 
value or profits of, for taxation (with 
at) : to estimate. — a. assess'able. — ns. 
assess'ment, act of assessing: a valua- 
tion for the purpose of taxation : a tax ; 
assess'or, one who assesses taxes. 

assets, as'sets, n. pi. the property of a 
person, corporation, or estate, considered 
as chargeable for all debts, etc. 

asseverate, as-sev'er-at, v. t. to de- 
clare solemnly. — n. assevera'tion, any 
solemn affirmation or confirmation. 

assiduity, as-sid-u'i-ti, n. constant ap- 
plication or diligence: (pi.) constant at- 
tentions, as to a lady. — a. assid'uous, 
constant or unwearied in application: 
diligent. — adv. assid'uously. 

assign, as-sin', v. t. to allot: to ap- 
point : to allege : to transfer : to ascribe 
or refer to : to suggest : to fix, as a time : 



to point out exactly. — n. one to whom 
any property or right is made over. — a. 
assignable, that may be assigned. — ns. 
assignation, an appointment to meet, 
used chiefly of love-trysts, and mostly in 
a bad sense; assignee (as-sin-e'), one 
to whom any right or property is as- 
signed; assignment, act of assigning: 
anything assigned : the writing by which 
a transfer is made. 

assignat, as-sin-ya', n. one of the 
notes in the paper currency first issued 
in 1790 by the French revolutionary gov- 
ernment. 
_ assimilate, as-sim'il-at, v. t. to make 
similar or like to : to convert into a 
like substance. — v. i. to become like, or 
to be incorporated in. — a. assimilable. — 
n. assimila'tion. — a. assim'ilative, hav- 
ing power or tendency to assimilate. 

assist, as-sist', v. t. to help. — v. i. to 
be present. — n. assistance, help: relief. 
— a. assist'ant, helping or lending aid.— 
n. one who assists : a helper. 

assize, as-slz', v. t. to assess the quan- 
tity or price of. — n. (Scot.) a trial by 
jury: judgment: (pi.) the sessions of 
a court held periodically in English 
counties. 

associate, as-so'shi-at, v. t. to join 
with, as a friend or partner: to unite in 
the same body. — v. i. to keep company 
(with) : to combine or unite. — adjs. as- 
so'ciable, companionable ; asso'ciate, 
joined or connected with. — n. one joined 
or connected with another : a companion, 
friend, partner, or ally. 

assoil, as-soil', v. t. to loosen from : to 
absolve or acquit : to solve. 

assonance, as'son-ans, n. a. corre- 
spondence in sound. — a. as'sonant, re- 
sembling in sound. — v. i. as'sonate, to 
correspond in sound. 

assort, as-sort', v. t. to separate into 
classes : to arrange. — v. i. to agree or be 
in accordance with: to suit well with. — 
p. a. assort'ed, classified, arranged in 
sorts. — ns. assort'edness; assortment, 
act of assorting: a quantity or number 
of things assorted: variety. 

assuage, as-swaj', v. t. to soften, miti- 
gate, or allay. — v. i. to abate or subside : 
to diminish. 

assuefaction, as-we-fak'shun, n. the 
act of accustoming, habituation. 



assume 



mote, move; mute; then. 



astronomy 47 



assume, as-sum', v. t. to adopt, take 
in: to take up, to take upon oneself: 
to take for granted: to arrogate: to 
pretend to possess. — v. i. to claim un- 
duly,: to be arrogant. — adv. assum'ably, 
presumably. — a. assumed', appropriated, 
usurped: pretended: taken as the basis 
of argument. — a. assuming, haughty: 
arrogant. 

assumpsit, a-sump'sit, n. the most 
common form of action at law. 

assumption, as-sum'shun, n. act of as- 
suming: a supposition: the thing sup- 
posed, a proposition: (logic) the minor 
premise in a syllogism. 

assure, a-shor', v. t. to make sure or 
secure : to give confidence : to tell posi- 
tively: to insure. — a. assur'able. — n. as- 
sur'ance, confidence : feeling of cer- 
tainty: self-reliance: impudence: positive 
declaration : insurance, as applied to 
lives : a solemn declaration or promise, 
a certain proof: surety, warrant— a. 
assured', certain : without doubt : in- 
sured: overbold. — adv. assur'edly. 

assurgent, as-ur'jent, a. rising, as- 
cending. — n. assur'gency, the tendency 
to rise. 

Assyrian, as-sir'i-an, a. belonging to 
Assyria. — n. an inhabitant of Assyria : 
the language of Assyria. 

astatic, a-stat'ik, a. having a tendency 
not to stand still: losing polarity, as a 
magnetic needle. 

Aster, as'ter, n. a genus of plants of 
the natural order Compositse, with showy 
radiated flowers. 

Asterias, as-ter'i-as, n. a genus of 
echinoderms, containing the common 
five-rayed starfish. 

asterisk, as'ter-isk, n. a star, used in 
printing as a reference to a note or 
as a mark, of the. omission of words, 
thus* .-••__.. 

astern, a-sfcern', adv. in the stern ^to- 
wards the hinder part of a ship : behind. 

asteroid, as'ter-oid, n. one of the 
minor planetary bodies revolving between 
the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. 

asthenia, as-the-nl'a, n. debility, lack 
of strength. . 

asthma, ast'ma, n. a chronic disorder 
of the respiratory organs. — adjs. asth- 
mat'ic, -al, pertaining to or affected by 
asthma. ) 

astigmatism, a-stig'ma-tizm, w. a de- 
fective condition of the eye. 



adv. sitting 



astir, a-stir', prep. phr. or adv. on the 
move, out of bed, in motion or excite- 
ment. 

astonish, as-ton'ish, v. t. to impress 
with sudden surprise: to amaze. An 
older form is astony, whence astonied. 
— Astoned is obsolete. — p. a. aston'ished, 
amazed. — a. aston'ishing, very wonder- 
ful, amazing. — adv. astonishingly. — n. 
aston'ishment, amazement: wonder: a 
cause for astonishment. 

astound, as-townd', v. t. to amaze. — 
p. a. astound'ing. 

astraddle, a-strad'dl, 
astride. 

astragal, as'tra-gal, n. (archit.), a 
small semi-circular molding encircling a 
column: a round molding near the 
mouth of a cannon. 

astrakhan, as'tra-kan, n. lamb-skin 
with a curled wool: a rough fabric 
made in imitation of it. 

astral, as'tral, a. belonging to the 
stars: starry. 

astray, a-stra', adv. out of the right 
way. 

astriction, as-trik'shun, n. a binding 
or contraction. — v. t. astrict', to bind, 
restrict. 

astride, a-strid', adv. with the legs 
apart, or across. 

astringent, as-trin'jent, a. binding: 
contracting: strengthening. — n. a med- 
icine that causes costiveness. — v. t. 
astringe', to bind together: to draw 
tight: hence to render constipated. — n. 
astrin'gency. 

astrolabe, as'tro-lab, n. 
ment for measuring the 
altitudes of the sun or 
stars. [Gr. ; astron, a 
star, labb-, lambano, I 
take.] 

astrolatry, as-trol'a- 
tri, n. worship of the 
stars. [Gr. astron, a 
star, latreia, worship.] 

astrology, as-trol'o-ji, 
n. the infant stage of the 
science of the stars, out of which grew 
astronomy. — n. astrol'oger, one versed 
in astrology. — adjs. astrolog'ic, -al. 

astronomy, as-tron'om-i, n. the laws 
or science of the stars or heavenly 
bodies. — n. astron'omer, one versed in 
astronomy. — a. astronomic. 



an old instru- 




Astrolabe. 



astute 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



attach 



astute, ast-ut', a. crafty: cunning: 
shrewd : sagacious. — adv. astute'ly.- 

astylar, a-sti'lar, a. without columns. 

asunder, a-sun'der, adv. apart: into 
parts: separately. 

asylum, a-sil'um, n. an institution for 
the care of the unfortunate, such as 
the blind or insane : any place of refuge. 

asymmetry, a-sim'e-tri, n. want of 
symmetry or proportion between parts. 

asymptote, as'im-tot, n. (math.) a 
line that continually approaches a curve 
as a limit. 

asyndeton, a-sin'de-ton, n. (rhet.) a 
figure in which the conjunctions are 
omitted. 

asyntactic, as-in-tak'tik, a. loosely put 
together, irregular, ungrammatical. 

asystole, a-sis'to-le, n. (med.) im- 
perfect contraction of the ventricles of 
the heart. — Also asys'tolism. 

at, at, prep, denoting presence, near- 
ness, or relation. Often used elliptically, 
as in 'At him, good dog\ 

atavism, at'av-izm, n. recurrence of 
ancestral, not parental, characteristics: 
reversion to an original type. 

ataxia, at-ak'si-a, ataxy, a-tax'i, or 
at'ax-i, n. (med.) irregularity of 
function of an organ through disease. 

ate^et, or at, pa. t. of eat. 

atelier, at-el-ya', n. a workshop, esp. 
an artist's studio. 

athanasia, ath-a-na'si-a, n. deathless- 
ness. 

atheism, a'the-izm, n. disbelief in the 
existence of God. — n. a'theist. — adjs. 
atheist'ic, -al. 

Athenaeum, Atheneum, ath-e-ne'um, 
n. a temple of Athena or Minerva at 
Athens, > in which scholars and poets 
read their works : a public institution for 
lectures, reading, etc. 

Athenian, a-the'ni-an, a. relating to 
Athens, the capital of Greece. — n. a 
native of Athens. 

atheology, a-the-ol'oj-i, n. opposition 
to theology. 

athermancy, ath-er'man-si, n. the 
property of stopping radiant heat. 

atheroma, ath'er-6-ma, n. a common 
form of inflammation of arteries. 

athlete, ath'let, n. one who contends 
in games requiring strength and endur- 
ance : one vigorous in body or mind. — a. 
athlet'ic, relating to athletics: strong, 
vigorous. — n. athleticism (ath-let'i- 



sizm), devotion to athletics. — n. athlet'- 
ics, the art of wrestling, running, etc. : 
— n. pi. athletic sports. 

athwart, a-thwawrt', prep, across. — 
adv. sidewise. 

atimy, at'i-mi, n. public disgrace. 

atlantes, at-lan'tez, n. pi. figures of 
men used instead of columns. 

Atlantic, at-lan'tik, a. pertaining to 
Atlas, or to the Atlantic Ocean. 

atlas, at'las, n. the first vertebra of the 
neck, so called -because it supports the 
head: a collection of maps. 

atmology, at-mol'o-ji, n. the science 
of the phenomena of aqueous vapor. 

atmolysis, at-mol'i-sis, n. a method of 
separating a mixture of gases. 

atmometer, at-mom'e-ter, n. an instru- 
ment for measuring evaporation. 

atmosphere, at'mo-sfer, n. the gaseous 
envelope that surrounds the earth: any 
gaseous medium: a conventional unit of 
atmospheric pressure: (fig.) any sur- 
rounding influence. 

atoll, a-tol', or at'ol, n. a coral island 
inclosing a central lagoon. 

atom, at'om, n. the unit of matter; 
anything very small. — adjs. atom'ic, -al, 
pertaining to atoms. 

atomy, at'om-i, n. (Shak.) a skeleton, 
walking skeleton — from anatomy. 

atone, at-6n', v. i. to make reparation 
(with for) : (Shak.) to agree, be in 
accordance. — v. t. to appease, to expiate. 
— n. atone'ment, the act of atoning; 
esp. (theol.) the reconciliation of God 
and man. 

atony, at'on-i, n. want of tone or 
energy: debility. — a. at'onic (pros.) s un- 
accented. 

atop, a-top', adv. on or at the top. 

atrabiliar, at-ra-bil'i-ar, a. of a melan- 
choly temperament : hypochondriac : 
splenetic. 

atrium, a/tri-um, n. the entrance-hall 
or chief apartment of a Roman house. 

atrocious, a-tro'shus, a. extremely 
cruel or wicked : execrable. — n. atroc'ity, 
atrociousness: an atrocious act. 

atropal, at'ro-pal, a. (hot.) not in- 
verted. 

atrophy, at'rof-i, n. a gradual wasting 
away: emaciation. 

atropin, atropine, afro-pin, n. a 
poisonous alkaloid existing in the deadly 
nightshade — also atropia. 

attach, at-tach', v. t. to bind or fasten : 



attache mote, move; mute; then. audible 49 

to seize: to gain over: to connect, asso- attest, at-test', v. t. to testify or bear 

ciate. — v. i. to adhere, to be fastened. — witness to : to affirm by signature or 

p. a. attached', fastened, fixed, fond, oath: to manifest. — v. i. to bear witness, 

devoted. — n. attachment, a bond of Attic, at'ik, a. pertaining to Attica or 

fidelity or affection: the seizure of any to Athens: chaste, refined, elegant like 

one's goods or person by legal process, the Athenians. 

attache, a-ta-sha', n. a young diplomat attic, at'ik, n. a room in the roof of 

attached to an embassy. a house. 

attack, at-tak', v. t. to fall upon attire, at-tir', v. t to dress, array, or 

violently: to assault: to assail: to begin adorn: to prepare.— n. dress: any kind 

to affect (of diseases).— n. an assault of covering. 

or onset : the offensive part in any con- attitude, at ti-tud, n. posture, or posi- 

test: severe criticism or calumny. tlon: gesture: any expressive condition 

attain, at-tan', v. t to reach or gain or relation.— w. attitudina nan one who 

by effort: to obtain: to reach.- v. i. to studies attitudes.-*, i. attitudinize, to 

come or arrive: to reach.— a. attainable, assume affected attitudes 

that maybe reached.— n. attainment, act . attollent, at-tol lent, a. lifting up, rais- 

of attaining: the thing attained: acqui- ing.— n. a muscle with this function. 

sition: (pi.) acquirements in learning. attorney, at-turm, n one legally 

attainder, at-tan'der, n. act of attaint- authorized to act for another: a lawyer, 

ing: (law) loss of civil rights through attr ft» at-trakt , */. t to draw to or 

high treason.-*/. *. attaint', to convict: cause to approach: to allure : to entice: 

to deprive of rights for treason: to to tew forth.-* attraction, act of 

accuse of attracting : the force which draws bodies 

attar afar n a verv fragrant essen- °r their particles to each other: that 

esp the rose-also ottar, otto. attrahent, at'tra-hent, a. attracting or 

attempt at-temt, v t to try or en- d in h hi h attracts< 

deavor: to try to obtain : to tempt, attri g ute at . tri b'ut, v. t. to ascribe, 

entice: to make an effort or attack upon. assi r consider .as belonging.-^ 

-vi to make an attempt or trial.-*. at > t * ib ' ute that which is at trfbuted: a 

a trial: endeavor or effort: a personal quality or ' property . attri bu'tion, act of 

assault. _ attributing: that which is attributed: 

attend, at-tend , v. t to wait on or commendation.— a. attrib'utive, express- 
accompany: to be present at: to wait ing an attribute.- n. a word denoting at 
for: to give attention (with to). — v. i. attribute 

to yield attention : to act as an attendant : attrite ; aMrIl/) a> worn by rubbing 01 

to wait, be consequent (with to, on, f ric tion : (theol.) repentant through fear. 

upon).—n. attendance, act of attend- _ n# attr i' t i on , a wearing by friction? 

mg: presence: the persons attending.-^. {theol) imperfect sorrow for sin . 

attendant, giving attendance : accom- attune aMCm , v% f t0 t in tunef 

panying.— ». one who attends or accom- t0 make t0 accord . t0 arrange fitly; 

pames : a servant. auburn, aw'burn, a. reddish brown 

attention, at-ten shun, n. act of attend- auction, awk'shun, n. a public sale in 

ing, as in to pay, give, call, or attract which the articles go to him who over, 

attention : application of the mind : heed : bids the next lowest bidder.— v. t. to sell 

civility, courtesy: care. — inter j. (mil.) a by auction 

cautionary word used as a command to audac i us, aw-da'shus, a. daring: 

execute some maneuver. — a. attentive, bold- impudent 

full of attention: courteous, mindful. audible, awd''i-bl, a. able to be heard. 

attenuate, at-ten u-at v. t. to make _ WJ . aud'ibleness ; audibil'ity. — adv. 
thin or lean : to break down into finer aud'ibly.— n. aud'ience, the act of hear- 
parts : to reduce in density, strength, or \ ng . admittance to a hearing : a cere- 
value.— v. i. to become thin or fine: to m0 nial interview: an assembly of 
grow less.— n. atten'uant, anything pos- hearers.— adj. aud'ient, listening : paying 
sessing this property. attention.— n. a hearer. 



50 



audiphone 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



Australasian 



audiphone, awd'i-fon, n. an instru- 
ment to communicate sounds to the 
organs of hearing through the teeth. 

audit, awd'it, n. an examination of 
accounts by authorized persons : a state- 
ment of account. — v. t. to examine and 
verify by reference to vouchers, etc. 

Augean, aw-je'an, a. filthy: difficult. 

auger, aw'ger, n. a tool for boring 
holes. — n. au'ger-bit, an auger that fits 
into a brace. 

aught, awt, n. a whit: ought: any- 
thing: a part. 

augite, aw'jit, n. one of the pyroxene 
group of minerals, closely allied to horn- 
blende. 

augment, awg-ment', v. t. to increase : 
to make larger. — v. i. to grow larger. — n. 
aug'ment, increase: {gram.) the pre- 
fixed vowel to the past tenses of the 
verb in Sanskrit and Greek. 

augur, aw'gur, n. a diviner: a sooth- 
sayer. — v. t to foretell from signs. — v. i. 
to guess or conjecture: to forebode. — a. 
au'gural. 

august, aw-gust', a. veneralbe : impos- 
ing: sublime: majestic. 

August, aw'gust, n. the eighth month 
of the year. 

Augustan, aw-gust'an, a. pertaining to 
the Emperor Augustus, or to his bril- 
liant age, hence applied to any similar 
age : classic : refined. 

auk, awk, n. a web-footed sea-bird, 
with short wings. 
[Ice. alka.] 

aula, aw'la, n. a 
hall. — a. aula'rian, 
relating to a hall. 
(\ aula, a hall.] 

auld, awld, a. 
(Scot.) old.' — a. 
auld'-warld, old- 
world, ancient. — 
auld langsyne, old 
long since, long; 
ago. 

aulic, awfik, a. 
pertaining to a 
royal court. 

aunt, ant, n. a father's or a mother's 
sister — also the wife of one's uncle: 

aural, awr'al, a. pertaining to the ear. 

aurate, awr'at, n. a compound of auric 
oxid with a base. — a. aur'eate, gilded: 
golden. [L. aurum, gold.] 




Great Auk. 
(Alca impennis.) 




Aureola. 



aurelia, awr-eTya, n. the chrysalis of 
an insect, from its golden color. — a. 
aurel'ian. [L. aurum, 
gold.] 

aureola, awr-e'o-la, 
n. in Christian art, the 
gold color surrounding 
the whole figure in 
sacred pictures, distinct 
from the nimbus, which 
only covers the head. — 
n. aur'eole, the aureola : 
(fig.) a glorifying halo : 
a halo of radiating 
light, as in eclipses. 

auric, awr'ik, a. per- 
taining to gold : (chem.) 
applied to compounds 
in which gold combines 
as a triad. 

auricle, awr'i-kl, n. the external ear : (pi. ) 
the two upper cavities of the heart. — n. 
auric'ula, a species of primrose, also 
called bear's-ear, from the shape of its 
leaf. — a. auric'ular, pertaining to the 
ear: known by hearing, or by report. 

auriferous, awr-if'er-us, a. bearing or 
yielding gold. 

auriform, awr'i-form, a. ear-shaped. 

auriscope, aw'ri-skop, n. an instru- 
ment for examining the Eustachian tube 
of the ear. 

aurist, awr'ist, n. one skilled in dis- 
eases of the ear. 

aurochs, awr'oks, n. the European 
bison or wild ox. 

aurora, aw-ro'ra, n. the dawn. 

aurora borealis, aw-ro'ra bo-re-a'lis, 
the northern aurora or light. 

auscultation, aws-kult-a'shun, n. ex- 
amination of the lungs and heart by the 
ear or the stethoscope. 

auspice, aw'spis, n. an omen: augury 
— generally used in pi. au'spices, pro- 
tection: patronage. — v. t. au'spicate, to 
foreshow : to initiate or inaugurate with 
hopes of good luck. — a. auspi'cious, 
having good auspices or omens of suc- 
cess ^favorable : fortunate: propitious. 

austere, aws-ter', a. harsh: severe: 
stern: sober: strictly moral or abstinent: 
severely simple, without luxury. — adv. 
austere'ly. — ns. austere'ness; auster'ity, 
quality of being austere. 
Australasian. — n. a native or colonist of 



Austrian 



mote, move; mute; then. 



Ave 



Australasia. — a. Australian, of or per- 
taining to Australia. 

Austrian, aws'tri-an, a. of or pertain- 
ing to Austria. — n. a native of Austria. 

autarchy, awt'ar-ki, n. absolute power. 

authentic, -al, aw-thent'ik, -al, a. real : 
genuine : original : true : entitled to 
acceptance. 

authenticate, aw-thent'ik-at, v. t. to 
make authentic : to prove genuine : to 
give legal validity to. — ns. authentica- 
tion, act of authenticating : confirmation ; 
authenticity, quality of being authentic . 

author, awth'or, n. one who originates 
or brings anything into being : the writer 
of an original book : — fern, auth'oress. 
— ad is. autho'rial; auth'orish. — n. auth- 
orization. — v. t. auth'orize, to give 
authority to : to sanction : to permit : to 
justify: to establish by authority. 

authority, awth-or'it-i, n. legal power 
or right: power derived from office or 
character: weight of testimony: permis- 
sion: — pi. authorities, precedents: 
opinions or sayings carrying weight : 
persons in power. — a. authoritative, 
having the sanction or weight of 
authority: dictatorial. 

autobiography, aw-to-bi-og'raf-i, n. 
the life of a person written by himself. 

autoboat, aw'to-bot, n. an open or 
half-decked boat propelled by an electric, 
gasolene, or other motor. 

autocar, aw'to-kar, n. an automobile. 

autocarpous, aw-to-kar'pus, a. applied 
to such fruit as consists only of the 
pericarp. 

autocrat, aw'to-krat, n. an absolute 
ruler. — n. autoe'racy, an absolute gov- 
ernment by one man: despotism. 

autocycle, aw'to-si-kl, n. a bicycle 
propelled by a motor which forms a 
part of it. 

auto-da-fe, aw'to-da-fa', n. the judg- 
ment passed on heretics by the Inquisi- 
tion, esp. the public burning of the 
victims. 

autogenous, aw-toj'e-nus, a. self- 
generated. 

autograph, aw'to-graf, n. one's own 
handwriting: a signature: an original 
manuscript. 

autogravure, aw-to-grav'ur, n. a proc- 
ess of photo-engraving akin to auto- 
type. 



autoharp, aw'to-harp, n. a stringed 
musical instrument played with a pick. 

autolatry, aw-tol'a-tri, n. worship of 
oneself. — n. autol'ogy, study of self. 

automaton, aw-tom'a-ton, n. a self- 
moving machine, or one which moves 
by concealed machinery: a human being 
who acts by routine, without intelligence . 

automobile, aw-to-mo'bil, a. self- 
moving. — n. (aw-to-mo-beT) a vehicle 
for the road, propelled by a motor — 
electric, steam, etc. ; a horseless carriage. 

autonomy, aw-ton'om-i, n. the power 
or right of self-government. 

autonym, aw'ton-im, n. a writing pub- 
lished under the author's real name. 

autophoby, aw-tof'ob-i, n. a shrinking 
from referring to oneself. 

autophony, aw-tof'on-i, n. observation 
of one's own voice in ausculation. 

autoplasty, aw'to-plas-ti, n. plastic 
surgery with healthy tissue from another 
part of the same bod}' - . 

autopsy, aw'top-si, n. personal in- 
spection, esp. examination of a body 
after death. 

autotype, aw'to-tip, n. a true copy : a 
process of printing from a photographic 
negative. . 

autumn, aw'tum, n. the third season 
of the year, when fruits are gathered 
in, popularly comprising the months of 
September, October, and November.- 

auxiliary, awg-zil'yar-i, a. helping: 
subsidiary, as troops. 

avail, a-val', v. t. to be of value or 
service to : to benefit : to take the bene- 
fit of. — v. i. to be of use: to answer the 
purpose. — 11. benefit: profit: service. 

avalanche, av'al-ansh, n. a mass of 
snow and ice sliding down from a 
mountain: a snow-slip. 

avant, av'on, prefix used as adj. in 
combination, as in av'ant-cour'ier, one 
who runs before. 

avarice, av'ar-is, n. eager desire for 
wealth : covetousness. — a. avari'cious, 
extremely covetous: greedy. 

avatar, a-va-tar', n. incarnation: (fig.) 
supreme glorification of any principle. 

avaunt, a-vawnt', inter j. move on ! 
begone ! 

Ave, a've, interj. and n. be well or 
happy : hail, an address or prayer to the 
Virgin Mary: in full, Ave Maria. 



52 



avenaceous 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



awning 



a. of the 




avenaceous, av'en-a-shus, 
^ nature of oats. 

^k avenge, a-venj', v. t. to vindicate: to 
Bpke vengeance for. 

V avens, a'vens, n. popular name of two 
^Klants, species of Geum. 
^ aventail, aventaile, av'en-tal, n. the 
flap of a helmet. 
[0. Fr. esv entail, 
air-hole — L. ex, out, 
ventus, wind.] 

aventurin, a-ven'- 
tu-rin, n. a kind of j 
Venetian glass : a 
kind of quartz. [It. 
avventura, chance — 
because of the acci- Aventail. 

dental discovery of the glass.] 

avenue, av'en-u, n. a wide and hand- 
some street: any passage or entrance 
into a place: (fig.) means of access or 
attainment. 

aver, a-veV, v. t. to declare to be true : 
to affirm or declare positively. 

average, av'er-aj, n. die mean value 
or quantity of a number of values or 
quantities : in commerce, a proportion of 
loss or damage to a ship or cargo, etc. 
— a. containing a mean value: ordinary. 
— v. t. to fix an average. 

averruncate, a-ver-ungk'at, v. t. to 
prune. — n. averrunc'ator. 

averse, a-vers', a. having a disinclina- 
tion or hatred: turned away from any- 
thing. 

aversion, a-ver'shun, n. dislike: 
.. hatred: the object of dislike. 

avert, a-vert', v. t. to turn from or 
aside: to prevent: ward off. 

aves, a'Vez, n. pi. birds. 

aviary, a'vi-ar-i, n. a place for keep- 
ing birds. 

aviation, a-vi-a'shun, n. the science 
or art of locomotion by aeroplanes. — 
a'viator, n. one who experiments in 
aviation. 

aviculture, a'vi-kul-tur, n. rearing or 
care of birds. 

avidity, a-vid'i-ti, n. eagerness : greed- 
iness. — a. av'id, greedy: eager. 

avifauna, a/vi-fawn-a, n. the whole of 
the birds found in a region or country: 
the fauna as regards birds. 
< avocation, a-vo-ka'shun, n. a diver- 
sion from one's regular employment — 



also one's proper business, vocation. 

avoid, a-void', v. t. to try to escape 
from : to shun : (law) to invalidate. 

avoirdupois, av-or-du-poiz', a. or n. 
a system of weights in which the lb. 
equals 16 ozs. 

avoset, avocet, av'o-set, n. one of 
several aquatic 
birds. [Fr. avo- 
cette.] 

avouch, a- 
vowch', v. t. to 
avow: to assert 
or own posi- g 
tively: to main- 
tain. — v. i. to 
give assurance 
of. [O. Fr. 
avo chier — L. 
advocare, to call 
to one's aid.] 

avow, a-vow', v. t. to declare openly: 
to own or confess: to affirm or main- 
tain: — pa. p. as a. self-acknowledged. 

avulse, a-vuls', v. t. to pluck or tear 
away. — n. avul'sion, forcible separation. 

await, a-wat', v. t. to wait or look 
for: to be in store for: to attend. 

awake, a-wak r , v. t. to rouse from 
sleep or inaction. — v. i. to cease from 
sleep or indifference: — pa. p. awaked', 
or awoke. — a. not asleep: vigilant. 

award, a-wawrd', v. t. to adjudge: to 
determine. — n. judgment: final decision, 
esp. of arbitrators. 




Avoset. 



avvare, a-war ? 



wary : informed. 

awash, a-wosh*, adv. on a level with 
the surface of the water. 

away, a-wa', adv. onward, along: 
forthwith: absent: gone, dead, fainted. — 
inter j. begone! — away! 

awe, aw, n. reverential fear, or 
wonder: dread. — v. t. to strike with or 
influence by fear. 

aweigh, a-wa', adv. in the act of being 
weighed, as an anchor. 

awhile, a-hwil', adv. for some time: 
for a short time. 

awkward, awk'ward, a. clumsy: un- 
graceful: embarrassed. — adv. awk'ward- 
ly. — n. awk'wardness. 

awl, awl, n. a pointed instrument for 
boring small holes in leather, etc. 

awn, awn, n. a scale or husk: beard 
of corn or grass. 

awning, awn'ing, n. a covering to 
shelter from the sun's rays. 



awoke 



mote, move; mute; then. 



bacillus 53 



awoke, a-wok', did awake — pa. t. of 
awake. 

awry, a-ri', a. twisted to one side: 
distorted, crooked: wrong: perverse. — 
adv. unevenly : perversely : erroneously. 

ax, axe, aks, n. a tool or instrument 
for hewing or chopping, usually of iron 
with a steel edge: — pi. ax'es. 

axilla, aks'il-la, n. (anat.) the armpit. 
— ns. ax'illa, ax'il (bot.), the angle 
between the upper side of a branch and 
the trunk. — adjs. ax'illar; ax'illary. 

axiom, aks'yum, n. a self-evident 
truth: a universally received principle. — 
adjs. axiomat'ic; axiomatical. 

axis, aks'is, n. the axle, or the line, 
real or imaginary, on which a body 
revolves, or which passes through the 
center of all the corresponding parallel 
sections of it. 

axle, aks'l, axle-tree, aks'1-tre, n. the 
pin or rod in the nave of a wheel on 
which the wheel turns. 

ay, a, inter j. ah! oh! alas! esp. in ay 
me! 

aye, ay, I, adv. yea : yes : indeed. — n. 
aye (i), a vote in the affirmative: (pi.) 
those who vote in the affirmative. 

aye, ay, a, adv. ever: always : for ever, 
■—for aye, for ever and aye, for ever, to 
all eternity. 




Aye-aye. 



aye-aye, i'i, n. a quadruped allied 
to the lemurs. 
[Malagasy aiay.] 

ayry. See aery. 

Azalea, a-za'- 
le-a, ft. a genus of 
shrubby plants, 
closely allied toAi. 
the rhododendron.gi 
[Gr. azaleos, dry — ^J 
aza, dryness.] 

azimuth, az'im- 
uth, n. the^ arc 
of the horizon 
between the meridian of a place and 
a vertical circle passing through any 
celestial body. 

azoic, a-zo'ik, a. without life : before 
the existence of animal life. 

azonic, a-zon'ik, a. not limited to a 
zone, not local. 

azoth, az'oth, n. the alchemist's name 
for mercury. 

Aztec, az'tek, a. relating to the Az- 
tecs, once the dominant tribe in Mexico. 

azure, azh'ur, or a'zhur, a. of a faint 
blue: clear, cloudless. — n. a delicate 
blue color: the sky. 

azygous, az'i-gus, a. not joined with 
another: (anat.) not one of a pair, as 
a muscle. 

azymous, az'i-mus, a. unfermented: 
unleavened. 



b, be, the second letter of our 
alphabet, called by the Phenicians 
beth, 'the house'. 

baa, bit, n. the cry of a sheep. — v. i. 
to bleat as a sheep. — n. baa'ing. 

Baal, ba'al, rt. an ancient deity: a 
false god generally :—pl. Ba'alim. 

babble, bab'bl, v. i. 
to make a continuous 
murmuring sound : to 
tell secrets. — v. t. to 
prate: to utter. 

babe, bab, baby, 
ba'bi, n. an infant or 
child. 

babel, ba'bel, n. a 
confused combination 
of sounds : a scene of 
confusion. 

baboon, ba-bon', n. 
a species of large 
monkey. — n. baboon'- 




Baboon. 



ery. — a. baboon'ish. [Fr. babouin; 
origin unknown. ] 

babu, baboo, ba-bo', n. the Hindu 
title resembling our Mr. 

Babylonian, bab-i-lon'i-an, a. pertain- 
ing to Babylon: hence (fig.) huge, 
gigantic. — Also Babylon'ish. 

baccalaureate, bak-ka-law're-at, n. 
the university degree of bachelor. — a. 
baccalau'rean. 

baccara, baccarat, bak-ar-a', n. a 
French game of cards. 

bacchanal, bak'a-nal, n. a worshiper 
of Bacchus : a dance or song in honor of 
Bacchus. — a. relating to drunken revels — 
also bacchanalian.- 

bachelor, bach'el-or, ft. an unmarried 
man: one who has taken his first degree 
at a university. — n. bach'elorhood. 

bacillus, ba-sil'us, n. properly the name 
of a distinct genus of Schizomycetes, but 



54 



back 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



balance 



popularly used in the same sense as 
bacterium. 

back, bak, n. the hinder part of the 
body in man, and the upper part in 
beasts : the part opposite to the front : 
the convex part of a book: the thick 
edge of a knife or the like: the upright 
hind part of a chair: (football) one of 
the players stationed behind the 'for- 
wards'. — adv. to a former state or place : 
behind: behind in time: in return: 
again. — v. t. to help : to force back : to 
support by a wager or bet: to counter- 
sign or indorse : to write or print at the 
back of: to put or propel backward by 
reversing action. — v. i. to move or go 
back. — v. t. back'bite, to speak evil of 
in one's absence. — ns. back'biter; back'- 
biting; back'bone, the vertebral column: 
the main support of anything: firmness. 

backgammon, bak-gam'un, n. a game 
played by two persons on a board with 
dice and fifteen men or pieces each. 

backsheesh, bakshish, bak'shesh, n. 
in the East, a gratuity or tip. [Pers.] 

backward, bak'ward, adv. toward the 
back: on the back: toward the past: 
from a better to a worse state: in a 
direction opposite to the normal — also 
back'wards.- 

bacon, ba'kn, n. swine's flesh salted or 
pickled and dried, usually in smoke. 

bacterium, bak-te'ri-um, n., bacteria, 
bak-te'ri-a, n. pi. Schizomycetes, ex- 
tremely small, single-celled, fungoid 
plants, single or grouped, reproducing 
rapidly and regarded as the active 
cause of many diseases. 

baculite, bak'u-Ht, n. a fossil shell al- 
lied to the ammonites. 

bad, bad, a. ill or evil: wicked: hurt- 
ful : incorrect, faulty : unfavorable : pain- 
ful : — comp. worse; superl. worst. — a. 
bad'dish, somewhat bad : not very good. 
— adv. bad'ly. — n. bad'ness. 

bade, bad, pa. t. of bid. 

badge, baj, n. a mark or sign by which 
a person or object is known or dis- 
tinguished. 

badger, baj'er, n. a burrowing animal 
about the size of a fox. — v. t. to pursue 
with eagerness, as dogs hunt the bad- 
ger: to pester or worry. 

badinage, bad'in-azh, n. light playful 
talk: banter. [Fr.] 

baffle, baf'fl, v. t. to check or make 




Bagpipe. 



ineffectual. — n. baffler, a bewilderer, 
confounder. 

bag, bag, n. a sack, pouch : a measure 
of quantity for produce: the quantity of 
fish or game secured: an udder: (vulg. 
in pi.) trousers. — v. i. to bulge, swell 
out. — v. t. to put into a bag: to kill: to 
seize, steal. — ns. bag'ging, cloth or ma- 
terial for bags. 

bagatelle, bag-a-tel', n. a trifle: a 
game played on a board with balls and 
a cue. 

baggage, bag'aj, n. the tents, provi- 
sions, and other necessaries of an army : 
a traveler's trunks, valises, etc. 

bagpipe, bag'pip, n. a musical wind- 
instrument, consist- 
ing of a leathern 
bag fitted with pipes. 
— n. bag'piper. 

bah, ba, interf. 
an exclamation of 
disgust or con- 
tempt. [Fr.] 

bahadur, ba-had'- 
6r, n. a title of re- 
spect in India. 

bail, bal, n. one who gives bond for 
the appearance of an accused person in 
court: the security given. — v. t. to set 
free by giving security: to release on 
the security of another. 

bail, bal, n. a palisade, barrier : a pole 
separating horses in an open stable. 

bail, bal, n. one of the crosspieces on 
the top of the wicket in cricket. 

bail, bal, v. t. to clear (a boat) of 
water by dipping. — n. an instrument for 
bailing. — Also spelled bale. 

bailiff, bal'if, n. a sheriff's officer: a 
custodian of property : an agent or land- 
steward. 

bait, bat, n. food put on a hook to al- 
lure fish or make them bite : any allure- 
ment or temptation : a refreshment tak- 
en on a journey. — v. t. to set with food 
as a lure: to refresh on a journey: to 
set dogs on a bear, badger, etc. : to 
worry, persecute, harass. 

baize, baz, n. a coarse woolen cloth 
with a long nap. 

bake, bak, v. t. to dry, harden, or cook 
by the heat of the sun or of fire. — v. i. 
to work as a baker: to become firm 
through heat. 

balance, bal'ans, n. an instrument for 
weighing, usually formed of two scales 



balata 



mote, move; mute; then. 



bamboo 



of 



hanging from a beam supported in the 
middle: act of weighing two things: 
equality or just proportion of weight 
or power : the sum required to make the 
two sides of an account equal the sum 
due on an account: (watchmaking) a 
contrivance which regulates the speed of 
a clock or watch. — v. t. to counterpoise: 
to compare: to settle, as an account: to 
examine and test accounts in bookkeep- 
ing. — v. i. to have equal weight or power, 
etc.: to hesitate or fluctuate. — p. a. bal'- 
anced, poised in equilibrium : well ar- 
ranged, stable. 

balata, bal'a-ta, n. a gum used for 
gutta-percha in insulating wires. 

balcony, bal'ko-ni, n. a stage or plat- 
form projecting from the wall of a 
building within or without: in theaters, 
usually the gallery immediately above 
the dress circle. 

bald, bawld, a. without hair (feathers, 
etc.) on the head (or on other parts of 
the body) : bare, unadorned : paltry, triv- 
ial: undisguised. 

baldric, bawld'rik, n. a warrior's belt 
or shoulder-sash. 

bale, bal, n. a bundle, or package of 
goods. — v. t. to make 
into bales. 

bale, bal, v. t. See 
bail. 

bale, bal, n. evil, in- 
jury, mischief: mis- 
ery : woe. — a. bale'ful, 
full of misery, de- 
structive : full of sor- 
row, sad. [A. S. bealu; 
Old High Ger. halo; 
Ice. bol] 

baleen, ba-len', n the 
whalebone of com- 
merce. [Fr. — L. bal- 
cena, whale.] 

balistraria, bal-is-trar'i-a, n. a loop- 
hole in the wall of a fortification, for 
crossbows. 

balk, baulk, bawk, n. a ridge left un- 
ploughed: squared timber: a tie-beam 
of a house: a hindrance or disappoint- 
ment. — v. t. to refuse : to pass over : 
to check, disappoint, or elude: to 
meet with objections. — v. i. to swerve,, 
pull up. 

ball, bawl, w. anything round : a glob- 
ular body to play with in baseball, ten- 
nis, football, golf, billiards, etc. : a bullet, 




Balistraria. 



or any missile thrown from an engine of 
war: a rounded mass of anything: a 
throw or delivery of a ball in games. — 
v. i. to gather itself into a ball, become 
clogged. 

ball, bawl, n. an entertainment of 
dancing. — n. ball'room. 

ballad, bal'lad, n. a simple spirited 
narrative poem in short stanzas of two 
or four lines : a simple song, usually of 
a romantic or sentimental nature, in two 
or more verses, each sung to the same 
melody: any popular song. 

ballade, bal-ad', n. an early style of 
poem having seven- or eight-line stanzas : 
any poem in stanzas of equal length. 

balladine, bal'a-den, n. a female pub- 
lic dancer. [Fr.] 

ballast, bal'last, n. heavy matter em- 
ployed to give a ship stability when her 
cargo and equipment are too light: that 
which renders anything steady. — v. t. 
to load with ballast : to make or keep 
steady. 

ballerina, bal-ler-en'a, «. a female 
dancer. 

ballet, bal'la, n. a theatrical _ exhibi- 
tion composed of dancing, posturing, and 
pantomimic action. 

ballista, balista, bal-lis'ta, n. a Roman 
military engine which propelled large and 
heavy missiles. 

balloon, bal-lon', n. an inflated air- 
tight envelope of paper or silk, con- 
structed to float in the air and carry 
weight when filled with heated air or gas : 
anything inflated, empty. 

ballot, bal'ut, n. a little ball or ticket 
used in voting: a method of secret 
voting. — v. i. to vote by ballot : 
to select by secret voting (with for) : 
draw lots for:— pr. p. balloting; pa. p. 
balloted. 

balm, bam, n. an aromatic substance: 
a fragrant and healing ointment : any- 
thing that heals or soothes pain. — n. 
balm'iness— a. balm'y, fragrant: mild 
and soothing: bearing balm. 

balsam, bawl'sam, n. the common 
name of several species of succulent 
herbaceous plants: a resinous oily sub- 
stance: (fig.) any healing agent. 

baluster, bal'ust-er, n. a small pillar 
used as a support to the rail of a stair- 
case, etc. 

bamboo, bam-bo', n. a gigantic East 



56 bamboozle 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



banzai 



Indian reed or grass, with hollow-jointed 
stem, and of hard texture. 

bamboozle, bam-bo'zl, v. t. to de- 
ceive: to confound or mystify. 

ban, ban, n. a proclamation: sentence 
of banishment: outlawry: a denuncia- 
tion: a curse. 

banal, ban'al, a. commonplace, trivial, 

banana, ba-na'na, n. a perennial her- 
baceous plant, also its nutritious fruit. 

band, band, n. that by which loose 
things are held together: (fig.) a moral 
bond: a tie. 

band, band, n. a strip of cloth, or the 
like, to bind round anything, as a hat- 
band, waistband, etc. : a stripe : the neck- 
band or collar of a shirt: (pi.) the pair 
of linen strips hanging down in front 
from the collar, worn by some Prot- 
estant clergymen. — n. band'age, a strip 
of cloth used by surgeons for various 
purposes : a piece of cloth used to blind- 
fold the eyes. — v. t. to bind with such. 

band, band, n. a number of persons 
bound together for any common pur- 
pose: a body of musicians, the company 
of musicians attached to a particular 
regiment. — v. t. to bind together. — v. i. 
to associate, assemble, confederate. 

bandana, bandanna, ban-dan'a, n. a 
kind of silk or cotton colored handker- 
chief, originally from India. 

bandeau, ban'do, n. a fillet worn by 
women to bind their hair. 

banderole, ban'de-rol, n. a small ban- 
ner: (archit.) a flat band with an in- 
scription. [Fr.] 

bandit, ban'dit, n. an outlaw: a rob- 
ber: — pi. ban'dits, banditt'i. 

bandoleer, bandolier, ban-do-ler', n. 
a leather belt for ammunition, worn over 
the shoulders. 

bandoline, ban'do-lin, n. a gummy 
substance used on the hair. 

bandy, ban'di, n. a hockey-stick: the 
game of hockey. — v. t. to beat to and 
fro: to give and take, as words, blows, 
or reproaches : — pa. p. ban'died. 

bane, ban, n. destruction: death: 
mischief: poison. — a. bane'ful, destruc- 
tive. 

bang, bang, n. a heavy blow: a sud- 
den loud noise: an explosion. — v. t. to 
beat: to strike violently: to slam, as a 
door: to make a loud noise. 

bang, bang, n. a woman's hair cut 
square across the brow. — p. a. banged, 



mm 

Banian Tree. 



wearing the hair in such a way. — n. 
bang'-tail, a horse's tail with the end 
squared. — v. t. bang, to cut square 
across, as hair. _\k\s.«. -, 

bang. Same as 
bhang. 

bangle, bang'gl, 
n. a ring, bracelet, 
or anklet. [Hind. 
bangri] 

banian, banyan, 
ban'yan, n. an In- 
dian tree of the fig family, remarkable 
for its vast rooting branches. 

banish, ban'ish, v. t. to condemn to 
exile: to drive away: to expel (with 
from, out of). — n. ban'ishment, exile. 

banjo, ban'jo, n. a musical instrument 
of the guitar kind. 

bank, bangk, n. a mound or ridge of 
earth : the margin of a river, lake, etc. : 
the raised edge of a road, etc.: (min.) 
the surface at the pit-mouth : rising 
ground in the sea. — v. t. to inclose with 
a bank: to deposit or pile up: to make 
up (a fire) to remain a long time burn- 
ing slowly. 

bank, bangk, n. a place where money 
is deposited : an institution for the keep- 
ing, lending, and exchanging, etc. of 
money: in games of hazard, the money 
the proprietor has on hand. — v. t. to de- 
posit in a bank, as money. 

bankrupt, bangk' rupt, n. one who fails 
in business : an insolvent person. — a. in- 
solvent: destitute (with of). 

banner, ban'er, n. a military standard : 
a flag or ensign bearing some device, as 
in processions, etc. 

bannock, ban'nok, n. a flat homemade 
cake of oatmeal, barley, or pease-meal. 

banns, banz, n. pi. a proclamation of 
marriage. 

banquet, bangk'wet, n. a feast: any 
rich treat or entertainment. — v. t. to give 
a feast to. — v. i. to fare sumptuously. 

banshee, ban'she, n. a female fairy 
in Ireland and elsewhere, supposed to 
presage death by her wailing. 

bantam, ban' tarn, n. a small variety of 
the common domestic fowl. 

banter, bant'er, v. t to joke or jest 
at. — n. humorous raillery: jesting. 

banting, bant'ing, n. a system of diet 
for reducing superfluous fat. 

banzai, ban-zl', n. a Japanese shout 



baptize 



mote, move; mute; then. 



baroscope 57 



of honor or of joy: hurrah. [Jap., lit. 'a 
thousand years'.] 

baptize, bapt-iz", v. t. to administer 
baptism to: to christen, give a name 
to. — n. bapt'ism, immersion in or sprin- 
kling with water as a religious cere- 
mony. 

bar, bar, n. a rod of any solid sub- 
stance: a bolt: a hindrance or obstruc- 
tion: a barrier: a bank of sand, etc., 
at the mouth of a river: the counter 
across which drinks are served, a saloon 
or drinking-place : the rail dividing off 
the place devoted to counsel in a court 
of justice: lawyers generally: a division 
in music. — v. t. to fasten or secure: to 
hinder or exclude. 

barad, bar'ad, n. a unit of electrical 
pressure. 

barb, barb, n. a beard: the sharp jag 
of a fishhook, etc. — v. t. to arm with 
barbs. 

barbarous, bar'bar-us, a. uncivilized: 
rude : savage : brutal. — a. barbar'ian, 
uncivilized : without taste or refinement : 
foreign. — n. a savage: a cruel, brutal 
man. — a. barbar'ic, foreign: uncivilized. 
— v. t. bar'barize, to make barbarous: 
to corrupt as a language. — ns. bar'bar- 
ism, savage life : rudeness : an incorrect 
form of speech; barbar'ity, savageness: 
cruelty. 

barbecue, barb'e-ku, v. t. to roast 
whole, as an ox. — n. an animal roasted 
whole : an outdoor entertainment with 
hospitalities on a lavish scale. 

barber, barb'er, n. one who shaves 
beards and dresses hair. 

barberry, bar'ber-i, n. a thorny shrub. 

barbette, bar-bet', n. a platform from 
which guns are fired over a parapet, a 
bulwark, etc. 

barbican, bar'bi-kan, n. (fort.) a de- 
fensive outwork. 

bard, bard, n. a Celtic poet and 
singer : a poet. — a. bardic. 

bare, bar, a. uncovered: naked: open 
to view : poor, scanty : unadorned : mere or 
by itself : empty. — v. t. to strip or uncover. 

bare, bar, old pa. t. of bear. 

bargain, bar'gin, n. a contract or 
agreement : a favorable transaction : an 
advantageous purchase. — v. i. to make 
an agreement : to chaffer : to count on. 

barge, barj, n. a flat-bottomed freight 
boat, used on rivers and canals : a large 
pleasure or state boat. 




barge-board, barj'bord, n. a board 
extending along the edge of a gable. 

barilla, bar-il'a, n. an impure car- 
bonate of soda. 

barium, ba'ri-um, n. the metal pres- 
ent in heavy spar (sulphate of baryta) 
and baryta. — a. bar'ic. 

bark, bark, n. the abrupt cry uttered 
by a dog, wolf, etc. — v. i. to yelp like a 
dog. 

bark, barque, 
bark, n. a ship of 
small size: a three- 
masted vessel 
whose m i z z e n- 
mast is fore-and-aft 
rigged and the oth- 
ers square-rigged. 
— ns. bark'antine, ' Bark - 
bark'entine, a three-masted vessel, 
with the foremast square-rigged, 
and the others fore-and-aft rigged. 

bark, bark, n. the rind or covering of 
the trunk and branches of a tree: the 
envelope or outer covering of anything. 
— v. t. to strip or peel the bark from: 
to rub the skin from. 

barley, bar'li, n. a hardy grain used 
for food, but chiefly for making malt 
liquors and spirits. — n. bar'ley-corn, a 
single grain of barley: a measure of 
length=% of an inch. 

barm, barm, n. froth of beer or other 
fermenting liquor, used as leaven : yeast. 

barn, barn, n. a building in which 
grain, hay, etc., are stored, and horses 
and cattle are stabled: a stable. 

barnacle, bar'na-kl, n. a shellfish 
which adheres to rocks and the bot- 
toms of ships: one who sticks closely. 

barnacles, bar'na-klz, n. an instrument 
placed on the nose of horses to keep 
them quiet : a colloquial term for 'specta- 
cles'. — a. bar'nacled. 

barograph, bar'o-graf, n. a barom- 
eter which records variations of atmos- 
pheric pressure. 

barometer, bar-om'e-ter, n. an instru- 
ment by which the pressure of the at- 
mosphere is measured, and changes of 
weather, or heights above sea-level, indi- 
cated. 

baron, bar'on, n. a title of rank, the 
lowest in the British House of Peers. 

baroque, bar-6k', a. whimsical, odd. 

baroscope, bar'6-skop, n. an instru- 



58 barouche 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



bas-relief 



ment for indicating changes in the 

density of the air. 

barouche, ba-rosh', n. a double-seated 
four-wheeled carriage with a falling top. 

barrack, bar'ak, n. a building for 
soldiers, esp. in garrison (generally in pi.). 

barrage, bar'aj, n. the forming of an 
artificial bar in order to deepen a river. 

barrator, bar-at'or, n. one who vex- 
atiously stirs up lawsuits, quarrels, etc. 

barrel, bar'el, n. a cylindrical wooden 
vessel made of curved staves bound with 
hoops : the quantity which such a vessel 
contains : anything long and hollow, as 
the barrel of a gun, or cylindrical and 
barrel-shaped. — v. t. to put in a barrel. 

barren, bar'en, a. incapable of bearing 
offspring : unfruitful : dull, stupid : un- 
profitable. — n. bar'renness. 

barricade, bar'ik-ad, n. a temporary 
fortification. — v. t. to obstruct. 

barrier, bar'i-er, n. a defense against 
attack: a limit or boundary: a fence, 
railing, any obstacle that keeps apart. 

barrister, bar'is-ter, n. one who is 
qualified to plead at the bar in an Eng- 
lish or Irish law-court. — a. barristerial. 

barrow, bar'ro, n. a small hand or 
one-wheel carriage used to bear or con- 
vey a load. 

bar-sinister. See baton. 

barter, bar'ter, v. t. to give (one 
thing) in exchange for another. — v. i. 
to traffic by exchanging. — n. traffic by 
exchange of commodities. 

bartisan, bar'ti- 
zan, n. a small over- 
hanging turret on 
the top of a tower. 
[Apparently an adap- 
tation by Scott of 
Scot, bertisene, trace- 
able to O. Fr. bret- 
esche, a parapet of 
wood.] 

barycentric, bar- 
i-sen'trik, a. pertain- 
ing to the center of 
gravity. 

baryta, ba-ri'ta, barytes, ba-ri'tez, 
n. the earth present in the minerals 
witherite and heavy spar. 

barytone, bar'i-ton, n. a deep-toned 
male voice between bass and tenor. A 
singer with such a voice. 

basalt, bas-awlt', n. a hard, dark-col- 
ored rock of igneous origin. 




Bartisan. 



bascule, bas'kul, n. a balanced lever : a 
bridge built on the lever principle. 

base, bas, n. that on which a thing 
rests : foot : bottom : foundation : sup- 
port : the chief ingredient, as in dyeing 
and chemistry: one of the fixed stations 
at baseball : the point from which oper- 
ations are conducted. — v. t. to found 
or place on a base. — adjs. bas'al, bas'- 
ilar, pertaining to or situated at the 
base, esp. of the skull; base'less, with- 
out a base or foundation. 

base, bas, a. low in place, value, es- 
timation, or principle : mean : vile : 
worthless: debased: counterfeit: {law) 
servile, as opposed to free: humble. 

baseball, bas'bawl, n. the American 
national game, played with a bat and a 
ball, and run round bases marking the 
circuit of a diamond to be taken by 
each player after striking the ball. 
There are nine players on each side, 
the sides alternating at bat. 

bashful, bash'f 61, a. easily confused : 
modest : shy : wanting confidence. 

basil, baz'il, n. a sweet herb of the 
mint family. 

basil, baz'il, n. a sheepskin roughly 
tanned. 

basilica, baz-il'ik-a, n. among the 
Romans, a large oblong building for 
public use : a church built after a simi- 
lar plan. — a. basil'ican. 

basilicon, baz-il'ik-on, n. a kind of 
ointment. 

basin, bas'n, n. a wide open vessel or 
dish : any hollow place containing water, 
as a dock: the area drained by a river 
and its tributaries. 

basinet, bas'i-net, n. a light iron 
helmet. — Also bas'net. 

basis, bas'is, n. that on 
which a thing rests : a pedes- 
tal : groundwork or first 
principle : — pi. bas'es. 

bask, bask, v. i. to lie in 
the warmth or sunshine. 
[Scand. badask, to bathe,] 

basket, bas'ket, n. a vessel made of 
plaited twigs, rushes, or other flexible 
materials. 

Basque, bask, a. relating to the 
Basques or their language, noted for the 
extreme variability of its dialects. 

basque, bask, n. a kind of short-skirted 
jacket or bodice worn by women. 

bas-relief, ba-re-lef, bass-relief, bas'- 




Basinet. 



bass 



mote, move; mute; then. 



battology 59 



re-lef, n. {sculp.) figures which do not 
stand far out. 

bass, bas, n. the low or grave part 
in music. — a. low, deep, grave. 

bass, bas, n. a valuable food-fish of 
the perch family. 

basset, bas'et, n. a short-legged dog: 
an old game at cards: (geol.) the out- 
crop of mineral strata at the surface. — 
v. i. to incline upward so as to appear 
at the surface, to crop up. 

bassinet, bas'si-net, n. a kind of 
infant's cradle. 

basso, bas'so, n. same as bass. 

bassoon, bas-6n', n. a musical wind- 
instrument of low, deep tone. 

bast, bast, n. the inner bark of the 
lime-tree. 

bastard, bas'tard, n. a child born of 
parents not married. — a. born out of 
wedlock: not genuine: of abnormal 
shape or size: false. 

baste, bast, v. t, to beat with a stick. 

baste, bast, v. t. to drop fat or butter 
over (meat) while roasting. 

baste, bast, v. t. to sew slightly or 
with long stitches. 

Bastille, bast-el', n. an old fortress in 
Paris long used as a state prison: any 
prison. 

bastinado, bast-in-ad'o, v. t. to beat 
with a baton, esp. on the soles of the 
feet. 

bastion, bast'yun, n. a kind of tower 
at the angles of a fortification. 

bat, bat, n. a heavy stick: a club for 
striking the ball in various games, as 
baseball: a piece of brick: (slang) a 
spree. — v. i. to use the bat in baseball. 

bat, bat, n. an animal with a body 
like a mouse, but which flies on wings 
attached mainly to its fore-feet. [M. E. 
bakke, apparently from Scand.] 

batable, bat'a-bl, a. 
A contr. of debatable. 

batata, ba-ta'ta, n. a 
plant with tuberous roots, 
the sweet potato. [Sp. 
batata, potato.] Bat - 

batch, bach, n. the quantity of bread 
baked or of anything made or got ready 
at one time: a set. 

bateau, ba-to', n. a light river-boat. 
[Fr.— O. Fr. batel, boat.] 

bath, bath, n. water for plunging the 
body into : a bathing : a house for bathing : 
a place for undergoing medical treat- 




ment by means of bathing: (phot.) a 
solution in which plates are plunged. 

bath, bath, n. the largest Jewish 
liquid measure, containing about six gal- 
lons. [Heb.] 

bathe, bath, v. t. to wash as in a bath : 
to wash or moisten with any liquid: to 
moisten, suffuse, encompass. — v. i. to 
take a bath. — n. the act of taking a bath. 

bathometer, bath-om'et-er, n. an in- 
strument for ascertaining depth. 

bathorse, bat'hors, n. a packhorse. 

bathos, ba'thos, n. a ludicrous de- 
scent from the elevated to the mean. 

bating, bat'ing, prep, abating, except- 
ing. 

batiste, ba-test', n. a fine texture of 
linen and cotton. 

batlet, bat'let, n. a wooden mallet used 
by laundresses for beating clothes. 

baton, bat'on, n. a staff or trun- 
cheon : a conductor's staff : a marshal's 
staff. 

Batrachia, ba-tra'ki-a, n. pi. the order 
of reptiles which includes the frogs. 

battalia, bat-taTya, n. the order of 
battle: the main body of an army in 
array. 

battalion, bat-al'yun, n. a body of 
soldiers consisting of several companies : 
four companies of infantry. 

batten, bat'n, v. i. to grow fat: to live 
in luxury. 

batten, bat'n, n. a piece of board: a 
strip of wood to fasten down hatches. 

batter, bat'er, v. t. to beat with suc- 
cessive blows : to wear with beating or 
by use. — n. ingredients beaten into a 
paste. 

batter, bat'er, n. slope of a wall from 
the perpendicular. 

battery, bat'er-i, n. a number of can- 
non with their equipment : the place on 
which cannon are mounted: the unit in 
the artillery : an electric instrument : 
(law) an assault by beating or wounding. 

battle, bat'l, n. a contest between op- 
posing armies : a fight. — v. i. to contend 
in fight: to maintain. 

battlement, bat'1-ment, n. a wall or 
parapet on the top of 
a building with em- 
brasures. 

battology, bat-ol'o- 
ji, n. repetition in 
speech or writing. — a. 
battolog'ical. 




Battlement. 



60 battue 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



beauty 



battue, bat-to', n. a method of hunt- 
ing: any indiscriminate slaughter. 

bauble, baw'bl, n. a trifling piece of 
finery: the mock emblem of the court- 
jester. 

bavardage, bav-ar-daj', n. chattering. 

bawl, bawl, v. i. to shout or cry out 
loudly. — n. a loud cry or shout. 

bay, ba, a. reddish brown inclining 
to chestnut. — n. elliptical for bay horse. 

bay, ba, n. an inlet of the sea with a 
wider opening than a gulf: an inward 
bend of the shore. 

bay, ba, n. the space between two 
columns: any recess. 

bay, ba, n. the laurel-tree: (pi.) a 
crown of victory: literary renown. 

bay, ba, n. barking, baying (esp. of a 
dog when in pursuit) : used often of the 
last stand of a hunted animal. — v. i. to 
bark (esp. of large dogs). — v. t. to 
bark at : to bring to bay. 

bayonet, ba'on-et, n. a stabbing in- 
strument of steel fixed to the muzzle of 
a rifle. — v. t. to stab with a bayonet. 

bayou, ba'6, n. a marshy offshoot of 
a lake or river. 

bazaar, bazar, ba-zar', n. an Eastern 
marketplace: a fancy fair. 

bdellium, del'i-um, n. a kind of gum. 

be, be, v. i. to live: to exist: to have 
a certain state or quality: — pr. p. be'ing; 
pa. p. been. 

beach, bech, n. the shore of the sea 
or of a lake, esp. when sandy or pebbly : 
the strand. — v. t. to haul or steer upon 
the beach. 

beacon, be'kn, n. a fire on an emi- 
nence, used as a signal : anything that 
warns of danger. 

bead, bed, n. a little ball pierced for 
stringing, as on a rosary : a prayer : any 
small ball of glass, amber, etc. : a bead- 
like drop: the small knob forming the 
front-sight of a gun : a small molding. — 
a. bead'y* bead-like, small and bright 
(of eyes) : covered with beads or bub- 
bles. 

beadle, bed'l, n, a petty officer of a 
church, college, parish, etc. 

beagle, be'gl, n. a small hound track- 
ing by scent. 

beak, bek, n. the bill of a bird: any- 
thing pointed or projecting: the nose. 

beaker, bek'er, n. a large cup, or its 
contents: a glass vessel with a beak. 

beam, bem, n. a large and straight 



piece of timber or iron: a transverse 
piece of framing in a ship or building: 
the part of a balance from which the 
scales hang: a cylinder of wood in a 
loom : a ray of light. — v. i. to send forth 
light: to shine. 

bean, ben, n. the name of several 
kinds of leguminous plants and their 
seeds. 

bear, bar, v. t. to carry or support: 
to endure: to admit of: to be entitled 
to: to afford: to import: to manage: to 
behave or conduct oneself: to bring 
forth or produce. — v. i. to suffer: to be 
patient: to have reference to: to press 
(with on or upon) : to be situated : — pr. p. 
bear'ing ; pa. t. bore ; pa. p. borne (but the 
pa. p. when used to mean 'brought forth' is 
born). 

bear, bar, n. a heavy quadruped of the 
order Carnivora: any rough or ill-bred 
fellow: one who speculates for a fall in 
prices — opp. to bull: (astron.) the name 
of two constellations, the Great and the 
Little Bear. 

beard, berd, n. the hair that grows 
on the chin and adjacent parts of a 
grown man's face : the tuft on the lower 
jaw of a goat, seal, etc. — v. t. to op- 
pose to the face. 

beast, best, n. an irrational animal, 
as opposed to man : a four-footed animal : 
a brutal person. 

beat, bet, v. t. to strike repeatedly: to 
break or bruise: to strike, as bushes, in 
order to rouse game : to thrash : to over- 
come: to spread flat and thin: to obtain 
and publish news ahead of (a rival news- 
paper). — v. i. to give strokes repeatedly: 
to throb : to dash, as a flood or storm. — 
n. a recurrent stroke : a round or course : 
a newspaper 'scoop' or publication of 
news ahead of a rival : a place of resort. 
— a. weary: fatigued. 

beatify, be-at'i-fi, v. t. to make 
blessed or happy : to declare to be in the 
enjoyment of eternal happiness in 
heaven. 

beatitude, be-at'i-tud, n. heavenly 
happiness: (pi.) sayings of Christ in 
Matt. v. [L. beatitudo — beatus, blessed.] 

beau, bo, n. a man attentive to dress 
or fashion: a fop or dandy: a lover. 

beauty, bu'ti, n. a pleasing combi- 
nation of qualities in a person or object: 
particular grace or excellence : a beauti- 
ful person, esp. a woman. 



beaver 



mote, move; mute; then. 



begot 



beaver, bev'er, ». an amphibious 
rodent, and its valuable fur: a hat made 
of the fur : a hat. 

becalm, be-kam', v. t. to make calm, 
still, or quiet. 

became, be-kam', pa. t. of become. 

because, be-kawz', adv. and conj. for 
the reason that: on account of: for 
(followed by of). 

bechance, be-chans', v. i. to happen 
by chance: to befall. — adv. by chance: 
accidentally. 

beck, bek, n. a sign with the finger or 
head: a nod. 

beckon, bek'n, v. t. to nod or make 
a sign to. 

becloud, be-klowd , v. t. to obscure by 
clouds: to dim. 

become, be-kum', v. i. to pass from 
one state to another : to come to be : to 
be the fate or end of (followed by of). 
— v. t. to suit or befit, to grace or adorn 
fittingly (with dat. object) : — pa. t. 
became'; pa. p. become'. 

bed, bed, n. a couch or place to sleep 
on: a plot in a garden: a place in which 
anything rests: conjugal union: the 
channel of a river: (geol.) a layer or 
stratum. — v. t. to place in bed: to pro- 
vide or make a bed for : to sow or plant. 

bedaggle, be-dag'l, v. t. to soil by 
dragging along the wet ground. 

bedaub, be-dawb', v. t. to daub over 
or smear with any dirty matter. 

bedeck, be-dek', v. t. to deck or orna- 
ment. 

bedevil, be-dev'il, v. t. to throw_ into 
confusion: to torment. — pass, to be pos- 
sessed of a devil. 

bedew, be-du', v. t. to moisten gently, 
as with dew. 

bedim, be-dim', v. t. to make dim or 
dark. 

bedizen, be-diz'n, v. t. to dress 
gaudily. 

bedlam, bedlam, n. a madhouse: a 
place of uproar. 

Bedouin, bed'6-in, n. a nomadic Arab. 

bedraggle, be-drag'l, v. t. to soil by 
dragging. 

bee, be, n. a four-winged insect that 
makes honey : a gathering of persons to 
unite their labor or for some joint 
amusement or exercise. 

beech, bech, n. a common forest tree 

with smooth bark and small edible nuts. 

beef, bef, n. the flesh of an ox or 



cow : — pi. beeves, used in original sense, 
oxen. — a. consisting of beef. 

beelzebub, be-el'ze-bub, n. the prince 
of the evil spirits. 

been, ben, pa. p. of be, 

beer, ber, n. a fermented malt liquor. 

beet, bet, n. a plant with a succulent 
root, eaten as food, and from which 
sugar is extracted. 

beetle, be'tl, n. one of an order of 
insects technically known as Coleoptera, 
usually with four wings. 

beeves, bevz, n. pi. cattle, oxen. [See 
beef.] 

befall, be-fawl', v. t. to fall or happen 
to: to occur to. 

befit, be-fit', v. t. to fit, or be suitable 
to: to be proper to, or right for. 

befogged, be-fogd', a. enveloped in 
fog: confused. 

befool, be-f6r, v. t. to make a fool of, 
or deceive. 

before, be-for', prep, in front of {time 
or place) : in presence or sight of: under 
the cognizance of : previous to : in prefer- 
ence to : superior to. — adv. in front : 
sooner than hitherto. — conj. previous to 
the time when. 

befoul, be-fowl', v. t. to make foul: 
to soil. 

befriend, be-frend', v. t. to act as a 
friend to : to favor. 

beg, beg, v. i. to ask alms or charity, 
esp. habitually (with of, from; for, of 
the thing asked). — v. t. to ask earnestly: 
to beseech : to pray : to take for granted 
what ought to have been proved. 

began, be-gan', pa. t. of begin. 

beget, be-get', v. t. to produce or 
cause: to generate: to produce as an 
effect, to cause. 

begild, be-gild', v. t. to gild: to cover 
with gold-leaf. 

begin, be-gin', v. i. to take rise: to 
enter on something new: to commence. 
— v. t. to enter on : to commence. 

begird, be-gird', v. t. to surround or 
encompass (with) : — pa. t. begirt', be- 
gird'ed; pa. p. begirt'. [A. S. begyrdan.] 

begone, be-gon', inter j. lit. be gone! 
be off ! get away ! 

Begonia, be-gon'ya, n. a genus of 
cultivated plants — elephant's, ( - earl's, 
angel's wings. 

begot, be-got', begotten, be-got'n, pa. 
p. of beget. 



62 



begrime 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



belong 



begrime, be-grim', v. t. to grime or 
soil deeply. 

begrudge, be-gruj', v. t. to grudge: to 
envy any one the possession of. 

beguile, be-gll', v. t. to cheat or 
deceive: to divert or amuse. 

begun, be-gun', pa. p. of begin. 

behalf, be-haf, n. favor or benefit : 
cause: sake, account: part. 

behave, be-hav', v. t. to bear or carry, 
to conduct (with self). — v. i. to conduct 
oneself, also to conduct oneself well : to 
act. 

behead, be-hed', v. t. to cut off the 
head of. 

beheld, be-held', pa. t. and pa. p. of 
behold. 

behest, be-hest', n. command: charge. 

behind, be-hind', prep, at the back 
of: remaining after or coming after: 
inferior to, or not so far advanced as. 
— adv. at the back, in the rear : back- 
ward: past. 

behold, be-hold', v. t. to look upon : 
to contemplate. — v. i. to look: to fix the 
attention: — pa. t. and pa. p. beheld'. — 
imper. or inter j. see ! lo ! observe ! 

behoof, be-hof, n. benefit: conven- 
ience. 

behoove, behove, be-hov', v. t. to be 
fit, right, or necessary for — used imper- 
sonally with it. 

beige, bazh, n. a woolen fabric made 
of undyed wool. [Fr.] 

being, be'ing, n. existence : substance : 
essence : any person or thing existing. — 
a. be'ing, existing, present. 

bejewel, be-jo'el, v. t. to deck with 
j ewels. 

beknown, be-non', p. a. known, ac- 
quainted. 

belabor, be-la'bur, v. t. to beat 
soundly. 

belate, be-lat', v. t. to make late: to 
retard. — p. a. belat'ed, made too late. 

belaud, be-lawd', v. t. to laud or 
praise highly. 

belay, be-la', v. t. (naut.) to fasten by 
coiling round a cleat or belay 'ing-pin : 
to make fast. 

belch, belch, belsh, v. t. to void 
(wind) from the stomach by the mouth : 
to eject violently: to cast up. 

beleaguer, be-leg'er, v. t. to lay siege 
to. 



belemnite, bel'em-nit, n. a fossil 
pointed like a dart. 

belfry, bel'fri, n. the part of a tower 
in which bells are hung: a bell-tower. 

Belgian, bel'ji-an, a. belonging to Bel- 
gium. — n. a native of Belgium. 

Belial, bel'yal, n. a name for the devil. 

belie, be-li', v. t. to give the lie to : 
to present in a false character : to coun- 
terfeit : to be false to. 

believe, be-lev', v. t. to regard as 
true : to trust in. — v. i. to be firmly per- 
suaded of anything: to exercise faith: 
to think or suppose. 

belike, be-lik', adv. probably: perhaps. 

belittle, be-lit'l, v. t. to make small: 
to depreciate or disparage. 

bell, bel, n. a hollow vessel of metal, 
which gives forth a ringing sound when 
struck by a tongue or clapper inside: a 
corolla shaped like a bell : a^'thing bell- 
shaped: {naut.) the stroke of the beli 
on shipboard every half-hour. 

bell, bel, v. i. to bellow, roar. 

belladonna, bel'la-don-na, n. the deadly 
nightshade: a narcotic prepared from it. 

belle, bel, n. a handsome woman: the 
chief beauty of a place or occasion : a 
fair lady generally. 

belles-lettres, bel-let'r, n. pi. polite 
literature, including poetry, fiction, criti- 
cism, aesthetics, etc. 

bellicose, bel'ik-6s, a. contentious, 
war-like. — n. bellicos'ity. 

bellied, bel'lid, p. a. with a belly, esp. 
a big belly : bulging : puffed out. 

belligerent, bel-ij'er-ent, a. carrying 
on regular war. — n. a party or person 
waging such. 

bellow, bel'lo, v. i. to roar like a bull : 
to make any violent outcry. — n. the roar 
of a bull: any deep sound or cry. 

bellows, bel'loz, n. pi. an instrument 
for producing a current of air: the lungs. 

belly, bel'li, n. the part of the body 
between the breast and the thighs, con- 
taining the bowels: the stomach: the 
womb or uterus : the interior of any- 
thing: the bulging part of anything. — a. 
ventral, abdominal. — v. i. to swell or 
bulge out. 

belomancy, bel'o-man-si, n. a kind of 
divination by means of arrows. 

belong, be-long', v. i. to go along 
with anything : to pertain : to be one's 
property : to be a part of, or in any way 



beloved mote, move; mute; then. bereave 63 

connected with a person or thing: to be beneficence, be-nef i-sens, n. active 

a native (in), or have a residence (in), goodness: kindness: charity. 

beloved, be-luvd', or be-luv'ed, p. a. beneficial, ben-e-fish'al, a. useful: ad- 
much loved, very dear — often com- vantageous : (law) enjoying the usufruct 
pounded with well-, best-, etc. — n. one of property. — a. benef'ic, of good influ- 
who is much loved. ence astrologically: beneficent, kindly. 

below, be-lo', prep, beneath in place, benefit, ben'e-fit, n. a kindness: a 

rank, or quality: underneath: not worthy favor: any advantage, natural or other: 

of. — adv. in a lower place: (fig.) on a performance at a theater, the proceeds 

earth, or in hell, as opposed to heaven. of which go to some special object. — 

belt, belt, n. a girdle, zone, or band: v. t. to do good to. — v. i. to gain ad- 
such a piece, as of leather, worn round vantage (with from). 
the waist, or given as a prize or badge benevolence, ben-ev'ol-ens, n. dis- 
of victory: a broad strip of anything, position to do good: generosity: a gift 
different in color or material. — v. t. to of money, esp. for support of the poor, 
surround with a belt, or to invest form- Bengali, ben-gaw'le, a. of or belong- 
ally with such: to encircle: to thrash. ing to Bengal. — n. a native of Bengal. 

belvedere, bel've-der, n. a pavilion or benighted, be-nlt'ed, a. overtaken by 

raised turret on the top of a house : a night : involved in darkness, intellectual 

summer-house on an eminence. or moral: ignorant. 

bemean, be-men', v. t. to make mean, benign, ben-in', a. favorable, esp. 

to debase. in astrology, as opposed to malign: 

bemire, be-mir', v. t. to soil with gracious: kindly: (med.) of a mild 

mire. — p. a. bemired'. type, as opposed to malignant. 

bemoan, be-mon', v. t. to lament: bennet, ben'et, n. the herb bennet or 

bewail: to pity. — v. i. to grieve. common avens, a wayside plant. 

bemuddle, be-mud'l, v. t. to confuse bent, bent, pa. t. and pa. p. of bend, 

or muddle completely. bent, bent, n. leaning or bias : tend- 

bench, bensh, n. a long seat or foi-m : ency : intention : natural inclination of 

a mechanic's work : table: a judge'i seat: the mind towards anything: curved 

the body or assembly of judges. form: capacity of endurance. [See bend.] 

bend, bend, v. t. to curve or bow: to benumb, be-num', v. t. to make in- 

make crooked : to turn or incline : to sensible or powerless : to stupefy (now 

subdue: to direct to a certain point : to chiefly of cold): to paralyze generally. 

apply closely, to strain, to nerve oneself benzene, ben'zen, n. a compound of 

to: (naat.) to tie, fasten, make fast. — carbon and hydrogen, found among the 

v. i. to be crooked or curved : to incline products of the destructive distillation of 

in any direction : to stoop : to lean : to a great many organic bodies, especially 

bow in submission : — pa. p. bend'ed or coal-tar. 

bent. — n. a curve or crook: the bent benzoin, ben'zo-in, or -zoin, n. gum 

part of anything : (her.) one of the nine benjamin, an aromatic and resinous 

-ordinaries. juice. 

bend, bend, n. in leather, half a butt bepatched, be-patcht', p. a. mended 

cut lengthwise. with patches : wearing patches by way of 

beneath, be-neth', prep, under, or adornment, 

lower in place: inside of, behind: un- bequeath, be-kwef/i', v. t. to leave by 

worthy the dignity of, unbecoming. will to another : to transmit to posterity, 

benedict, ben'e-dikt, n. a newly mar- to leave behind : to commit or intrust 

ried man. _ to any one. 

benediction, ben-e-dik'shun, n. a bequest, be-kwest', n. act of be- 

solemn invocation of the divine blessing queathing: a legacy. 

on men or things. berate, be-rat', v. t. to scold or chide 

benefaction, ben-e-fak'shun, n. the vigorously. 

act of doing good : a good deed done or bereave, be-rev', v. t. to rob of any- 

benefit conferred. thing valued : to leave destitute : — pa. t. 

benefice, ben'e-fis, n. an ecclesiastical and pa. p. bereaved' — the latter also 

living. bereft'. 



64 



berg 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



betoken 



berg, berg, n. a mass or mountain of 
ice. 

bergamot, ber'ga-mot, n. a kind of 
citron with aromatic rind, used in mak- 
ing essences, etc. 

beriberi, ber'i-ber-i, n. an Eastern dis- 
ease marked by anaemia, paralysis, and 
dropsical symptoms. [Singh.] 

berry, ber'i, n. a popular term for any 
small succulent fruit: (bot.) a simple 
fruit with pericarp succulent throughout. 

berth, berth, n. a ship's station at 
anchor: sleeping-place in a ship, sleep- 
ing-car, etc. : any allotted or assigned 
place : a situation. — v. t. to moor a ship : 
to furnish with a berth. 

beryl, ber'il, n. a precious stone re- 
sembling the emerald. 

besaint, be-sant', v. t. to make a saint 
of: to canonize. 

beseech, be-sech', v. t. to entreat, to 
implore : to ask or pray earnestly : to 
solicit. — pa. t. and pa. p. besought. 

beseem, be-sem', v. t. to be seemly 
or fit for: to become. 

beset, be-set', v. t. to surround or set 
round with anything (now only in pa. 
p.) : to assail, as by temptations, obsta- 
cles, etc. — p. a. beset'ting, that besets. 

beside, be-sid', prep, and adv. by the 
side of, near: over and above (in this 
sense now usually besides'), distinct 
from: apart from, as of a question, 
resolution, etc. 

besides, be-sHdz', prep, and adv. in 
addition, otherwise, aside: over and 
above, in addition to, away from. 

besiege, be-sej', v. t. to lay siege to : 
to beset with armed forces: to throng 
round. — n. besieg'er. 

besmear, be-smer', v. t. to smear 
over: to bedaub. 

besmirch, be-smirch', v. t. to soil: to 
sully. — v. t. besmutch', to besmirch. 

besmut, be-smut', v. t to blacken with 
soot. 

besom, be'zum, n. a broom: any 
cleansing agent. 

besot, be-sot', v. t. to make sottish, 
dull, or stupid: to make a sot of: to 
cause to dote on: to infatuate (with). 

bespangle, be-spang'gl, v. t. to adorn 
with spangles, or with anything spark- 
ling or shining. 

Bessemer, bes'em-er, a. derived from 
the name of the inventor, Sir H. Bes- 



semer, applied to steel prepared by the 
Bessemer process. 

best, best, a. (serves as superl. of 
good) good in the highest degree : first : 
highest : most excellent. — n. one's utmost 
endeavor: the highest perfection. — adv. 
(superl. of well) in the highest degree: 
in the best manner. — v. t. (coll.) to get 
the better of. 

bestead, be-sted', v. t. to help, relieve : 
to be of use to, to avail. — v. i. to profit, 
be advantageous. 

bestial, best'i-al, a. like a beast: rude: 
brutally sensual. 

bestiary, best'i-ar-i, n. the name 
formerly given to a class of books de- 
scribing animals. 

bestill, be-stir, v. t. to make quiet, to 
hush. 

bestir, be-ster', v. t. to put into lively 
action: to arouse into activity: (reH.) to 
rouse. 

bestow, be-sto', v. t. to stow, place, 
or put by: to give or confer: to accom- 
modate with quarters : to apply (with on 
and upon). 

bestraddle, be-strad'dl, v. t. to be- 
stride. 

bestrew, be-stro', v. t. to strew or 
scatter loosely over. 

bestride, be-strld', v. t. to stride over : 
to sit or stand across. 

bet, bet, n. a wager : something staked 
to be lost or won on the result of a 
doubtful issue. — v. t. and v. i. to lay or 
stake, as a bet: — pa. t and pa. p. bet or 
bet'ted. 

betake, be-tak', v. t. to take to, to 
go (with self) : to apply or have recourse 
(to). 

betel, be'tl, n. the nut of the areca 
palm, chewed by the Malays as a stimu- 
lant. 

bethel, beth'el, n. a hallowed spot: a 
place of worship: a ship fitted up in a 
port as a place of worship for sailors. 

bethink, be-thingk', v. t. to think on 
or call to mind : to recollect (generally 
followed by a reflective pronoun and 
of) . — v. i. to consider : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
bethought (be-thawt')- 

betide, be-tid', v. t. to happen to, to 
befall. 

betimes, be-tlmz', adv. in good time: 
early : seasonably : speedily. 

betoken, be-to'kn, v. t. to show by a 
sign: to foreshow. 



betook 



mote, move; mute; then. 



bicker 65 



betook, be-took', pa. t. of betake. 

betray, be-tra', v. t. to give up treach- 
erously: to disclose in breach of trust: 
to let go basely or weakly : to seduce : to 
discover or show: to show signs of. 

betrodden, be-trod'n, pa. t. and pa. p. 
of betread', to tread over or walk upon. 

betroth, be-troth', v. t. to contract or 
promise with a view to marry : to affiance. 

better, bet'er, a. (serves as comp. of 
good) good in a greater degree : prefer- 
able : improved : more suitable : larger : 
kinder : stronger in health. — adv. (comp. 
of well) well in a greater degree: more 
fully or completely: over or more than: 
with greater advantage: (pi.) superiors. 
— v. t. to make better (also reflexively, 
to better oneself), to improve: to bene- 
fit: also with intransitive sense, to grow 
better. 

between, be-twen', betwixt, be- 
twikst', prep, in the middle of two, of 
space, time, or degree : in the middle or 
intermediate space, to defend or separate : 
expressing reciprocal relation from one 
to another: by the joint action of two 
or more persons. 

bevel, beA^'el, n. a slant or inclination 
of a surface: an instru- . . 
ment for measuring 
angles. — a. having the 
form of a bevel : slanting. 
— v. t. to form with a 
bevel or slant. — ns. bev'- 
el-gear, bev'el-wheels 
(mech.), wheels working 
on each other in dif- 
ferent planes, the cogs of 
the wheels being beveled 
or at oblique angles to 
the shafts.— p. a. bev'eled, Bevel-gear, 
cut to an oblique angle, sloped off. 

beverage, bev'er-aj, n. drink: any 
agreeable liquor for drinking. 

bevy, bev'i, n. a brood or flock of 
birds: a company, esp. of ladies. 




bewail, be-wal', 
mourn loudly over. — v. i 
tations. 

beware, be-war', v. i 
guard : to be suspicious 



to lament : to 
to utter lamen- 

to be on one's 
of danger : to 
take care (with of; with clause — lest, 
that, not, how). 

bewilder, be-wil'der, v. t. to perplex 
or lead astray. — p. a. bewil'dered, lost, 
confused in mind. 
bewitch, be-wich', v. t. to affect by 



witchcraft (mostly malignantly) : to 
fascinate or charm. 

bewray, be-ra', v. t. (B.) to accuse: 
to betray. 

beyond, be-yond', prep, on the farther 
side of: farther onward than: out of 
reach of: past in time: above, superior 
to. 

bezel, bez'l, n. the part of the setting 
of a precious stone which incloses it : 
the oblique face of a cut gem : the groove 
in which a watch-glass is set: the slope 
of a cutting edge. 

bezique, be-zek', n. a game at cards. 

bezoar, be'zor, n. a stony concretion 
found in the stomachs of some rumi- 
nants. 

bias, bi'as, n. a slant or leaning to one 
side: prejudice. — v. t. to cause to turn 
to one side: to prejudice or prepossess. 

bib, bib, n. a cloth put under an 
infant's chin : a similar article of dress 
for adults. — v. t. and v. i. to drink, to 
tipple. 

Bible, bi'bl, n. the sacred writings of 
the Christian Church, consisting of the 
Old and New Testaments. — a. biblical, 
of or relating to the Bible: scriptural. 

bibliography, bib-li-og'raf-i, n. the 
description or knowledge of books. 

bibliolatry, bib-li-orat-ri, n. super- 
stitious reverence for the Bible. 

bibliology, bib-li-ol'6-ji, n. an account 
of books : biblical literature, or theology. 

bibliomancy, bib'li-6-man-si, n. divi- 
nation by selecting passages of the Bible 
at hazard. 

bibliomania, bib-li-6-man'i-a, n. a 
mania for possessing rare and curious 
books. — n. bibliornan'iac. 

bibulous, bib'u-lus, a. drinking or 
sucking in : spongy. 

bicameral, bi-kam'er-al, a. having 
two chambers. 

bicarbonate, bi-kar'bon-at, n. a car- 
bonate or salt having two equivalents of 
carbonic acid to one equivalent of base. 

bicentenary, bi-sen'te-na-ri, bicen- 
tennial, bi-sen-ten'ni-al, n. the two 
hundredth anniversary. 

bicephalous, bi-sef'al-us, a. double- 
headed. 

biceps, bi'seps, n. the muscle in front 
of the arm between the shoulder and 
elbow. 

bicker, bik'er, v. i. to contend in a 
petty way: to quiver. 



66 bicuspid 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



binomial 



bicuspid, bi-kus'pid, a. having two 
cusps. — n. a pre-molar tooth. 

bicycle, bi'si-kl, n. a cycle or veloci- 
pede with two wheels, impelled by pedals. 

bid, bid, v. t. to offer: to propose: to 
invite : to command : to make an offer 
at an auction. — n. an offer of a price. 

biennial, bi-en'yal, a. lasting two 
years: happening once in two years. — n. 
a plant that lasts two years. 

bier, ber, n. a carriage or frame of 
wood for bearing the dead to the grave. 

biestings, best'ingz, w. the first milk 
drawn from a cow after calving. 

bifidate, bifid-at, a. (bot.) cleft in 
two. — Also bifid. 

bifurcate, bi-fur'kat, bifurcated, bi- 
fur'kat-ed, a. two-forked: having two 
prongs or branches. 

big, big, a. large or great: pregnant: 
loud: pompous. — n. big'ness, bulk, size. 

bigamy, big'am-i, n. the crime of 
having two wives or two husbands at 
once. — n. big'amist. 

bigot, big'ot, n. one blindly devoted 
to a particular creed or party. 

bijou, be-zho', n. a trinket: a jewel.- 

bilateral, bi-lat'er-al, a. having two 
sides. 

bilberry, bil'ber-i, n. a shrub and its 
berries, which are dark blue. 

bile, bil, n. a thick bitter fluid secreted 
by the liver: (fig.) ill-humor. 

bilge, bilj, n. the bulging part of a 
cask: the broadest part of a ship's 
bottom. — v. i. to spring a leak by a 
fracture in the bilge, as a ship. 

bilingual, bi-ling'wal, a. of or con- 
taining two languages. — Also bilin'guar. 

bilk, bilk, v. t. to elude : to cheat. 

bill, bil, n. a kind of concave battle- 
ax: a kind of long-handled 
hatchet used in pruning. 
[A. S. bil; Ger. bille.] 

bill, bil, n. the beak of 
a bird, or anything like it : 
the point of the fluke of an 
anchor. — v. i. to join bills' 
a s doves: to caress fondly. 
[A. S. bile, most prob. the 
same word as the preced- 
ing.] 

bill, bil, n. an account 
of goods sold or services 
rendered, an invoice : a 
draft of a proposed law: 
a promissory note : a plac- 




Bill. 



ard or advertisement: any written state- 
ment of particulars : (law) a written 
accusation preferred before a grand 
jury. 

billet, bil'et, n. a little note: a ticket 
assigning quarters to soldiers. — v. t. to 
quarter or lodge, as soldiers. [Fr.] 

billet, bil'et, n. a small log of wood 
used as fuel. 

billet-doux, bil-e-do', n. a sweet note : 
a love-letter. 

billiards, bil'yardz, n. a game played 
with a cue and balls on a table made for 
the purpose. 

billingsgate, bil'ingz-gat, n. foul, 
abusive language. 

billion, bil'yun, n. one thousand mil- 
lions (1,000,000,000): in England, one 
million millions. 

billow, bil'o, w. a great wave of the sea. 

bilocular, bi-lok'u-lar, a. divided into 
two cells. 

Bimana, bim'an-a, or bim'an-a, n. 
the human species in contrast to other 
mammals. — a. bi'manous, two-handed. 

bimensal, bi-mens'al, a. happening 
once in two months: bi-monthly. 

bimetallism, bi-met'al-izm, n. the 
name given to a monetary system in 
which gold and silver are on precisely 
the same footing as regards mintage 
and legal tender. 

bin, bin, n. a place for storing corn, 
wine, etc. 

binary, bl'nar-i, a. composed of two: 
twofold. 

bind, bind, v. t. to tie or fasten to- 
gether with a band : to encircle : to sew 
a border on: to tie up or bandage: to 
fasten together (the leaves of a book) 
and put a cover on: to lay under obli- 
gation : to restrain, to make fast : to 
hold or cement firmly : to render hard. — 
v. i. to produce constipation: — pa. t and 
pa. p. bound. 

binnacle, bin'a-kl, n. (naut.) the box 
in which a ship's compass is 
kept. [Formerly bittacle — 
Port, bitacola — L. habitaculum, 
a dwelling-place — habit-are, 
to dwell.] 

binocle, bin'o-kl, n. a. tele- 
scope used by both eyes at Binnacle, 
the same time. 

binomial, bl-nom'i-al, a. n.nd w. (alg.) 
a quantity consisting of tv o terms Ot 
parts, as a-\-b. 



bio- mote, move; mute; then. black 67 

bio-, bi'6, a prefix from Gr. bios, life, bison, bi'son, or bis'on. n. a large 

used in many scientific words to express wild animal like the bull, with shaggy 

having organic life. — n. bi'oblast, a hair and a fatty hump on its shoulders: 

formative cell. — a. biodynam'ical. — ns. the buffalo. 

biodynam'ics., that part of biology bisque, bisk, n. pottery that has under- 

which deals with vital force ; biogenesis gone the first firing before being glazed, 

(-jen'e-sis), the process of natural gen- bissextile, bis-sext'il, n. leap-year. — a. 

eration of life from life. — a. biogenetic, containing the bissext, or extra day in 

biograph, bi'o-graf, n. a form of leap-year, 

motion-picture machine employing a bistort, bis'tort, n. a perennial plant 

wide film. with astringent properties — called also 

biography, bi-og'raf-i, n. a written snakeweed. 

account of the life of an individual. bisulphate, bi-sul'fat, n. a salt of 

biology, bi-ol'oj-i, ». the science that sulphuric acid, in which one-half of the 

treats of life or of organized beings.— a. hydrogen of the acid is replaced by a 

biological. m etal. 

bioscope, bi'o-skop, n. a long-focus . bl t, bit, n. a bite a morsel: a small 

microscope, for observing insect life. J? iece / the smallest degree: a small tool 

bipartite, bi-part'It, a. divided into ^ boring: the part of the bridle which 

two like parts the horse holds m hls month. 

'biped, bi'ped, n. an animal with two Jg^g£.* the female ° f the dog ' 

,.' , *. , . , , „,., bite, bit, v. t. to seize or tear with the 

biquadratic, bi-kwod-rat ik, n. a quan- teeth . to sti or { decei 

tity twice squared, or raised to the take in _ now only passive :-/>a. t bit; 

fom : th P° w . er ' , " . f f Pa. p. bit or bit'ten.-«. a grasp by the 

birch, berch n. a hardy forest-tree: teeth . a nibble . somet hing bitten off: a 

a rod for punishment. mouthful 

bird, berd, n. a general name for bitter, "bit'er, a. biting or acrid to the 

feathered animals. taste: sharp: painful. — ». any substance 

bireme, bi'rem, n. an ancient vessel having a bitter taste.— adv. bitt'erly, 

with two rows of oars. bitts, bits, n. a frame in the forepart 

biretta, bir-et'a, «. a square cap worn of a ship round which the cables are 

by clergy — by priests, black; bishops, passed, 

purple; cardinals, red. bitumen, bi-tu'men, n. a name 

birth, berth, n. the act of bearing or applied to various inflammable mineral 

bringing forth: the offspring born: substances, as naphtha, petroleum, asphal- 

dignity of family: origin. turn. — 1>. t. bitu'minate, to mix with or 

bis, bis, adv. twice: (runs.) a direc- make into bitumen — also bitu'minize.— - 

tion that a passage is to be repeated, a. bitu'minous. [L.] 

biscuit, bis'kit, n. bread baked in bivalve, bi'valv, n. an animal having 

small loaves : a small hard cake : a kind a shell in two parts, like the oyster, 

of unglazed earthenware. bivouac, biv'6-ak, n. the resting at 

bisect, bi-sekt', v. t. to cut into two to pass the night in the open air. 

equal parts. _ biweekly, bi'wek'li, a. properly, oc- 

bishop, bish'op, n. in the Western, curring once in two weeks, but some- 
Eastern, and Anglican Churches, a times used for twice in every week, 
clergyman consecrated for the spiritual bizarre, bi-zar', a. odd : fantastic : ex- 
direction of a diocese: in the Metho- travagant. 

dist Episcopal Church, a superior officer blab, blab, v. i. to talk much: to tell 

or overseer : one of the pieces or men tales.— v. t. to tell what ought to be kept 

in chess. secret (with out, forth). — n. a tattler: 

bismillah, bis-mil'a, inter j. in the name tattling. — n. blab'ber, one who blabs. 

of Allah or God — a Mohammedan ex- black, blak, a. of the darkest color: 

clamation. [Ar.] without color: obscure: dismal: sullen: 

bismuth, biz'muth, n. a brittle metal horrible: dusky: foul, dirty: malignant: 

of a reddish-white color. dark-haired. — n. black color : absence of 



68 blackmail fate, far; me, her; mine; blink 

color: a negro: mourning: (pi.) black flame: a white spot on the face of a 

clothes. — v. t. to make black : to soil or horse or ox : a mark made on a tree 

stain. by cutting off a strip of bark. — v. i. to 

• blackmail, blak'mal, n. hush-money burn with a flame : to throw out light. — 

extorted under threat of exposure or' burn with a flame: to throw out light, 

denunciation. blaze, blaz, blazon, bla'zn, v. t. to 

bladder, blad'er, n. a thin bag dis- proclaim, to spread abroad, 

tended with liquid of air : the receptacle blazon, bla'zn, v. t. to make public : 

for the urine. to display. — n. the science or rules of 

blade, blad, n. the leaf or flat part coats-of-arms. 

of grass, etc. : the cutting part of bleach, blech, v. t. to make pale : to 

a knife, sword, etc. : the flat part of whiten, as textile fabrics. — v. i. to grow 

an oar: a dashing fellow. white. 

blague, blag, n. blustering humbug. bleak, cheerless, cold, unsheltered. 

blain, blan, n. a boil or blister. blear, bier, a. (as in blear-eyed, 

blame, blam, v. t. to find fault with : bler'-Id) sore or inflamed, 

to censure. — n. imputation of a fault : bleat, blet, v. i. to cry as a sheep. — 

crime: censure. n. the cry of a sheep or any similar cry. 

blanch, blansh, v. t. to whiten. — v. i. bled, bled, pa. t. and pa. p. of bleed. 

to grow white. bleed, bled, v. i. to lose blood: to 

blanc-mange, bla-mnzh', n. a white die by daughter: to issue forth or drop 

jelly prepared with cornstarch and milk, as blood: to have money extorted from 

bland„ bland, a. smooth : gentle : mild, one : to feel great pity for. — v. t. to draw 

— adv. bland'ly. — n. bland'ness. blood from: to extort money from. 

blandish, bland'ish, v. t. to flatter and blemish, blem'ish, n. a stain or defect : 
coax, to cajole. reproach. — v. t. to mark with any de- 
blank, blangk, a. without writing or formity: to tarnish: to defame, 
narks, as in white paper : empty, empty of blench, blensh, v. i. to shrink or start 
results: vacant, confused: (poetry) not back: to flinch. 

having rhyme. — n. a paper without writ- blend, blend, v. t. to mix together : 

ing: in a lottery, a losing ticket: an to confound. — v. i. to be mingled or 

empty space, a void, or vacancy : a form mixed. — n. a mixture. 

of document having blank spaces to be blende, blend, n. native sulphuret of 

filled in. zinc. 

blanket, blangk'et, n. a woolen cover- bless, bles, v. t. to invoke a blessing 

ing for beds : a covering for horses, etc. upon : to make happy or prosperous : to 

— v. t. to cover with a blanket. consecrate by some religious rite: to in- 

blare, blar, v. i. to roar, to sound voke the divine favor upon : to wish hap- 
loudly, as a trumpet. — n. roar, noise. piness to : to praise or glorify. — a. 

blarney, blar'ni, n. pleasing flattery or bless'ed, happy : prosperous : happy in 

cajoling talk. — v. t. to beguile with such, heaven, beatified. 

blase, bla-za, a. fatigued with pleas- blest, blest, pa. p. of bless, 

ures, used up. [Fr.] blew, bio, pa. t. of blow. 

blaspheme, blas-fem', v. t. and v. i. blight, blit, n. a disease in plants: 

to speak impiously of, as of God : to anything that injures or destroys. — v. t. 

curse and swear. — n. blasphem'er. to affect with blight : to blast : to frus- 

blast, blast, n. a blowing or gust of trate. 
wind: a forcible stream of air: sound of blind, blind, a. without sight: dark: 
a wind-instrument: an explosion of gun- ignorant or undiscerning. — n. something 
powder : anything pernicious. — v. t. to to mislead : a window-screen : a shade, 
blight : to affect with sudden violence or — v. t. to make blind : to darken, obscure, 
calamity : to rend asunder with gun- or deceive : to dazzle. — a. blind'ed, de- 
powder. — a. blast'ed, blighted : cursed, prived of sight : without intellectual dis- 
damned. cernment. 

blatant, blat'ant, a. noisy, clamorous, blink, blingk, v. i. to glance, twinkle, 

loud. or wink: to see obscurely, or with the 

blaze, blaz, n. a rush of light or of eyes half-closed: to shine unsteadily. 



bliss mote, move; mute; then, board 69 

bliss, blis, n. the highest happiness : blow, bio, v. i. to bloom or blossom, 

heaven. — a. bliss'ful. — adv. blissfully, blow, bio, v. i. to produce a current 

blister, blis'ter, n. a thin bubble or of air : to move, as air or the wind. — 

bladder on the skin, containing watery v. t. to drive air upon or into : to drive 

matter : a pustule : a plaster applied to by a current of air : to sound, as a 

raise a blister. — v. t. to raise a blister, wind-instrument: to breathe hard: to 

blithe, bXith, a. happy: gay: sprightly, spout, as whales: (prov.) to boast: to 

— a dv. blithely. — a. blithe'some, joyous, spread by report: to , fan or kindle: — 

blizzard, bliz'ard, n. a blinding storm pa. t. blew (bio) ; pa. p. blown (blon). 

of wind and snow. biowze, blowz, n. a ruddy, fat-faced 

bloat, blot, v. t. to swell or puff out: wench. — adjs. blowzed, blowz'y, fat and 

to dry by smoke (applied to fish). — v. i. ruddy, slatternly. 

to swell or dilate: to grow turgid. blubber, blub'er, n. the fat of whales 

block, blok, n. an unshaped mass of and other sea animals.— v. i. to weep 

wood or stone, etc. : the wood on which effusively. 

criminals were beheaded: (meek.) a bludgeon, blud'jun, n. a short stick 

pulley with its framework: a piece of with a heavy end. 

wood on which something is formed: a blue, bio, n. the color of the sky 

connected group of houses : the space when unclouded — hence the sea, the 

between two city streets : an obstruction, sk}^ : one of the seven primary colors. 

— v. t. to inclose or shut up: to obstruct: — a. of the color blue: learned, pedantic. 

to shape or sketch out roughly. bluff, bluf, a. blustering: rough and 

bloke, blok, n. a fellow, a man hearty in manners: outspoken: steep. — 

familiarly. v. t. in poker, to deceive by betting a 

blond, blonde, blond, n. a person of hand for more than it is worth. — n. a 

fair complexion with light hair and blue high steep bank overlooking the sea or 

eyes. — a. of a fair complexion: fair, a river: the act of bluffing in poker — 

blood, blud, n. the red fluid in the hence any kind of swagger intended to 

arteries and veins of men and animals : impose upon another : (slang) an excuse, 

descent: of human beings, good birth: blunder, blun'der, v. i. to make a 

relationship, kindred : a man about town : gross mistake, flounder about : to utter 

temperament: bloodshed or murder: thoughtlessly. — n. a gross mistake, 

temper, anger. blunderbuss, blun'der-bus, n. a short 

bloom, blom, v. i. to put -forth bios- hand-gun with a wide bore, 

soms : to flower : to be in a state of blunt, blunt, a. having a dull edge or 

beauty or vigor.—??, a blossom or flower : point : rough, outspoken, dull.— v. t. to 

the opening of flowers: rosy color: the dull the edge or point of: to weaken, 

prime of anything: the first freshness blur, blur, n. a blot, stain, or spot— 

of beauty: the flush or glow on the ©. t. to blot, stain, obscure, or blemish, 

cheek.—/, a. bloom'ing, bright, shining, blurt, blurt, v. t. to utter suddenly or 

flourishing: (slang) full-blown: ex- unadvisedly (with out). 

treme. blush, blush, n. a red glow on the 

blossom, blos'om, n. a flower-bud, the face caused by shame, modesty, etc. : 

flower that precedes fruit— v. i. to put an ^ reddish color.— v. i. to show shame 

forth blossoms or flowers: to flourish or confusion by growing red in the face . 

and u-o-oer to grow red - 

«i . "/, ,' ... , bluster, blus'ter, v. i. to sound like a 

blot, blot, ». a spot or -stain: an ob- Wast of ^ nd . tQ ' buU or g wa _ ;L 

hteration: a stain m reputation.-*/, t. to a roaH as of the wind . bull ing or 

spot or stain: to obliterate: to disgrace: boastino- lan«na°-e 

to dry writing with blotting-paper. boa^bo'a", n. ' any one of several 

blotch, bloch, n. a spot on the skin: serpents, including the boa-constric'tor: 

a pustule.— ad;*, blotched; blotch'y. a i ong - co n f f m% feathers, or the like. 

blouse, blowz, n. a loose sack-like boar, bor, n. the male of swine, or 

outer garment. [Fr.] its flesh.— a. boar'ish, swinish: brutal. 

blow, bio, «. a stroke or knock: a beard, bord, n. a long, broad, and 

sudden misfortune or calamity. thin strip of lumber : food : a table : any 



70 



boast 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



bombast 



council or authorized body of men: the 
deck of a ship: (pi.) the stage: a kind 
of thick stiff paper. — v. t. to cover with 
boards: to supply with food at fixed 
terms: to enter a ship: to attack. — v. i. 
to receive food or take meals. 

boast, bost, v. i. to talk vaingloriously. 
— v. t. to brag of: speak proudly or 
confidently of, esp. justifiably: to mag- 
nify or exalt oneself. — w. an expression 
of pride: the cause of boasting. 

boat, bot, n. a small open vessel 
moved by oars, sail, or machine power: 
a vessel like a boat in shape. 

boatswain, bot'swan (colloq. bo'sn), 
n. a petty officer on board ship. 

bob, bob, v. i. to move quickly up and 
down: to fish with a bob. — v. t. to move 
in a short, jerking manner. — n. a short 
jerking motion. 

bobbin, bob'in, n. a small piece of 
wood on which thread is wound. 

bobolink, bob'6-lingk, n. the rice- 
bird or reedbird. 

bobstays, bob'staz, n. pi. (naut.) 
ropes or stays used to confine the bow- 
sprit downward. 

bobtail., bob'tal, n. a short or cut tail. 

bode, bod, v. t. to portend or prophesy. 

bodice, bod'is, n. the close-fitting 
waist or body of a woman's gown. 

botikin, bod'kin, u. a small instrument 
for pricking holes : a large blunt needle. 

body, bod'i, n. the whole frame of a 
man or lower animal : the main part of 
an animal, as distinguished from the 
limbs: substance or substantial quality: 
a mass: a person: a number of persons 
united by some common tie. — v. t. to 
give form to: to embody. — adv. bod'ily, 
relating to the body. 

Boer, bo r, n. a Dutch settler in South 
Africa. 

bog, bog, n. soft ground: a marsh or 
quagmire. — v. t. to sink or to entangle. 

bogey, bogie, bog'i, n. in golf, the 
average record for a hole — also bog'y* 

boggle, bog'l, v. i. to stop or hesitate 
as if at a bogle. — n. a scruple, objection: 
a bungle. — n. boggier, a doubter. 

bogus, bo'gus, a. counterfeit, spurious. 

bogy, bogey, bog'i, n. a goblin: a 
bugbear or special object of dread, the 
devil. — n. bog'yism. [Aform of boggle.] 
Bohemian, bo-he'mi-an, n. and a. 
applied to persons of unconventional 
habits. 



boil, boil, v. i. to bubble up from the 
action of heat: to be hot: to be excited 
or agitated. — v. t. to heat to a boiling 
state : to cook by boiling. 

boil, boil, n. an inflamed swelling or 
tumor. 

boisterous, bois'ter-us, a. wild : noisy : 
turbulent: stormy. — adv. bois'terously. 

bolas, bo'las, n. missiles used by the 
South American gauchos. [Sp.] 

bold, bold, a. daring or courageous: 
forward or impudent : presumptuous : 
executed with spirit: steep or abrupt. 

bole, bol, n. the round stem or body 
of a tree. 

boll, bol, n. the blossom pod of cot- 
ton plant containing the cotton. 

boll-weevil, bol-wee'vil, n. an ant 
which destroys cotton bolls in So* U. S. 

bollard, bol'ard, n. a strong post fixed 
on a dock for securing a ship's cable. 

bok), bo'lo, n. a large knife used by 
Filipinos as a weapon and utensil. [Sp.] 

bologna, bol-on'ya, n. a large sausage. 

bolster, bol'ster, n. a long round 
pillow or cushion: a pad: anything re- 
sembling it in form or use. — v. t. to 
support with a bolster : to hold up. 

bolt, bolt, n. a bar or pin used to 
fasten a door, etc. : an g-,^ 
arrow: a thunderbolt. — v. t. 
to fasten with a bolt : to ex- 
pel suddenly: to swallow 
hastily : to refuse to support, 
as a candidate. — v. i. to rush 
away: to break away from 
one's political party. — ns. 
bolt'-head, the head of a 
bolt; bolt'-rope, a rope 
sewed all round the edge of 
a sail. — adv. bolt'-up'right, 
upright and straight as a 
bolt or arrow. 

bolt, bolt, v. t. to sift, to separate 
the bran from, as flour: to sift through 
coarse cloth. 

bomb, bom, or bum, n. a hollow pro- 
jectile fired from a mortar, filled with 
explosive and fitted with a time-fuse: 
any similar missile or case of explo- 
sives. — v. t. bombard', to attack with 
bombs. 

bombazine, bom-ba-zen', n. a twilled 
or corded fabric. 

bombast, bom'bast, n. inflated or high- 
sounding language. — a. bombas'tic. 




Bolt and 

Nuts. 

A, bolt; 

B, head; 
C, nut; 

D, check- 
nut. 



bombyx 



mote, move; mute; thtn. 



bore 71 



bombyx, bom'biks, n. the silkworm. 

bon, bon, a. good — French, occurring 
in phrases as bon mot, a jest or smart 
saying ; bon ton, good style ; bon vivant, 
one who lives well. 

bona fide, bo'na fid'e, adv. and a. in 
good faith, genuine. [L.] 

bonanza, bon-an'za, n. any mine of 
wealth or stroke of luck. [Sp.] 

bonbon, bon'bon, n. a sweetmeat. — n. 
bonbon'niere, a fancy box for holding 
such. [Fr., very good — bon, good.] 

bond, bond, n. that which binds, a 
band: link of connection: a writing of 
obligation to pay a sum or to perform 
a contract: in building, the connection 
of one stone or brick with another : {pi.) 
imprisonment, captivity. — a. in a state of 
servitude. — v. t. to put (imported goods) 
in customs warehouses till the duties on 
them are paid. — p. a. bond'ed, secured 
by bond. 

bondage, bond'aj, n. state of being 
bound : captivity : slavery. 

bone , bon, n. a hard substance form- 
ing the skeleton of mammalian animals : 
a piece of the skeleton of an animal : 
(pi.) mortal remains: pieces of bone 
held between the fingers of the hand and 
rattled together in time to music : dice. 
— v. t. to take the bones out of, as meat : 
to seize, to steal. — a. boned, having 
bones : having the bones removed. — a. 
bon'y» full of, or consisting of, bones. 

bcniface, bon'i-fas, n. landlord, host. 

bonnet, bon'et, n. a covering for the 
head worn by women : a soft cap: (fort.) 
a small work with two faces : anything 
used as a bonnet or resembling one. 

bonny, bon'i, a. beautiful : handsome : 
pleasant-looking : cheerful. — adv. bonn'- 
ily, beautifully: gaily. 

bonus, bon'us, n. a premium . beyond 
usual interest : an extra dividend : a 
douceur or bribe. 

boo, booh, bo, interj. a sound expres- 
sive of disapprobation or contempt. 

booby, bo'bi, n. a silly or stupid 
fellow : a sea-bird, of the gannet tribe. 

boodle, bod'l, n. a crowd, pack — 'the 
whole kit and boodle' : money obtained 
or paid corruptly. . 

book, book, n. a collection of sheets 
of paper bound together, either printed, 
written on, or blank: a literary compo- 
sition : a division of a volume or subject : 
the Bible : a record of bets made with 



different people : the libretto of an opera, 
etc.: (pi.) formal accounts of trans- 
actions. — v. t. to write in a book. 

boom, bom, n. a pole by which a sail 
is stretched: a chain or bar stretched 
acroas a harbor. 

boom, bom, v. i. to make a hollow 
sound or roar: to go on with a rush, 
to become suddenly prosperous. — v. t. to 
push into sudden prominence. — n. a 
hollow roar : a sudden increase of 
activity in business, or the like. — p. a. 
boom'ing, rushing with violence, increas- 
ing rapidly. 

boomerang, bom'e-rang, n. a hard- 
wood missile used by the natives of 
Australia, which returns to the thrower : 
hence, anything which reacts to the 
injury of the user. 

boon, bon, n. a petition: a gift or 
favor. 

boor, bor, n. a countryman, a peasant: 
a coarse or awkward person. — a. boor'- 
ish, like a boor: awkward or rude. 

boost, bost, v. t. to help: to lift: to 
push : to boom or advocate. — v. i. to lend 
assistance. — n. a helpful lift or push: a 
recommendation: anything that helps. 

boot, bot, n. a covering for the foot 
and leg, generally made of leather or 
rubber: a box or receptacle in a coach. 
— v. t. to put boots on. 

boot, bot, v. t. to profit or advantage. 
— n. advantage: profit 

Bootes, bo-6'tez, n. a northern con- 
stellation beside the Great Bear. 

booth, both, n. a hut or temporary 
erection : a covered stall at a fair or 
market. 

booty, bot'i, n. spoil taken in war or 
by force: plunder, a prize. 

booze, boose, boz, v. i. to drink much 
liquor. — n. a carouse : drink. 

borax, bo'raks, n. a mineral salt used 
in the arts and in medicine. — a. borac'ic, 
of or relating to borax. 

bordeaux, bor-do', n. claret. 

border, bord'er, n. the edge or margin 
of anything: the boundary of a country, 
esp. that between England and Scotland. 
— v. i. to resemble (with on) : to be 
adjacent (with upon, with). — v. t. to 
make or adorn with a border : to bound. 

bore, bor, v. t. to pierce so as to form 
a hole : to weary or annoy. — n. a hole 
made by boring: the size of the cavity 
of a gun : a person or thing that wearies. 



72 



bore 



fate, far; me, her; mine J 



bow 



bore, bor, did bear, pa. t. of bear. 

bore, bor, n. a tidal flood in the 
estuaries of certain rivers. 

Boreas, bo're-as, n. the north wind. 

born, bawrn, pa. p. of bear, to bring 
forth. — a. having by or from birth : 
innate. 

borne, born, pa. p. of bear, to carry. 

borough, bur'6, n. a municipality or 
separate municipal district. 

borrow, bor'6, v. t. to obtain on loan 
or trust : to adopt from a foreign source : 
to derive (authority) from another 
(with from, of). — p. a. borr'owed, taken 
on loan, counterfeit, assumed. 

bosh, bosh, n. used also as interj. non- 
sense, foolish talk or opinions. 

bosky, bosk'i, a. woody or bushy. 

bosom, boz'um, n. the breast of a 
human being, or the part of the dress 
which covers it : the heart : embrace, in- 
closure, as within the arms. — a. (in com- 
position) confidential : intimate. — v. t. to 
inclose in the bosom. 

boss, bos, n. a knob or stud: a raised 
ornament. — v. t. to 
ornament with boss- 
es. — a. boss'y, hav- 
ing bosses. [0. Fr. 
boce.] 

boss, bos, n. the 
chief or leader: the 
master, manager, or 
foreman : a person 
who pulls the wires 
in political intrigues.- 
— v. t. to manage or control. 

botany, bot'an-i, n. the science of 
plants. — a. botan'ic. — adv. botan'ically. 
— v. i. bot'anize, to seek for and collect 
plants for study. 

botch, boch, n. a swelling on the skin : 
a clumsy patch : ill-finished work. — v. t. 
to patch or mend clumsily. 

both, both, a. and pron. the two : the 
one and the other. — conj. as well: on 
the one side. 

bother, both'zr, v. t. to perplex or 
tease. 

bothy, bothie, both'i, n. a temporary 
building to house laborers. 

bottle, bot'l, n. a hollow vessel for 
holding liquids : the contents of such a 
vessel. — v. t. to inclose in bottles. — p. a. 
bott'led, inclosed in bottles: kept in 
restraint. * 

bottom, bot'um, n. the lowest part of 




Boss, 
chief: excellent. 



anything: that on which anything rests 
or is founded : the foot of a page, etc. : 
low land, as in a valley: the keel of a 
ship. — adjs. bott'omed; bott'omless. 

boudoir, bod'war, n. a lady's private 
room. 

bough, bow, n. a branch of a tree. 

bought, bawt, pa. t. and pa. p. of buy. 

bougie, bo'zhi, n. an instrument for 
distending contracted mucous canals. 

bouilli, bo-ye', n. boiled or stewed 
meat. — n. bouillon (bo-yon'), soup. 

boulder, bold'er, n. a large stone 
rounded by the action of water: (geol.) 
a mass of rock transported by natural 
agencies from its native bed. 

bounce, bowns, v. i. to jump or spring 
suddenly : to bound like a ball : to burst 
into or out of a room, etc. : to boast, to 
exaggerate. — v. t. to cause to rebound, as 
a ball: (coll.) to put out, to discharge. 
— n. a heavy, sudden blow : a leap or 
spring: a boast: a bold lie. 

bound, bownd, pa. t. and pa. p. of 
bind, confined, bandaged : intimately 
connected with : of books, having a 
cover: under obligation or necessity. 

bound, bownd, n. a limit or boundary : 
the limit of anything. — v. t. to set bounds 
to : to limit, restrain, or surround. 

bound, bownd, v. i, to spring or leap. 
— n. a spring or leap. 

bound, bownd, a. ready to go — as in 
outward bound, etc. 

bounden, bownd'n, a. binding : obliga- 
tory. 

bounty, bown'ti, n. liberality in be- 
stowing gifts : the gift bestowed : money 
offered as an inducement to enter the 
army. — adjs. boun'teous, boun'tiful, 
liberal in giving: generous. 

bouquet, bok'a, n. a bunch of flowers : 
a nosegay : the perfume exhaled by wine. 

bourgeois, bur-jois', n. a kind of 
printing type. 

bourgeoisie, borzh'waw-ze, n. the 
middle class of citizens, esp. traders. 

bourn, bourne, born, or born, n. a 
boundary, a limit, or goal. 

bourse, bors, n. an exchange for 
merchants or speculators. 

bout, bowt, n. a turn, trial, or round: 
an attempt : a contest or trial. 

bovine, bo'vin, a. pertaining to cattle. 

bow, bow, v. i. to bend the body in 
salute, .etc. : to submit. — v. t. to bend or 
incline downwards, to crush down (with 



bow 



mote, move; mute; then. 



brand 



78 



dozen, to, in or out, up or down). — n. 
a bending of the body in salute. 

bow, bo, n. a piece of elastic wood or 
other material for shooting arrows, bent 
by means of a string stretched between 
its two ends : anything of a bent or 
curved shape, as the rainbow : the in- 
strument by which a violin is played : a 
knot composed of one or of two loops, 
a looped knot of ribbons : a necktie or 
the like, so tied. 

bow, bow, n. the general name for 
the stem and forepart of a ship — often 
used in pi. 

bowels, bow'elz, n. pi. the interior 
parts of the body, the entrails: the in- 
terior part of anything: (tig.) the heart, 
pit}', tenderness. 

bower, bow'er, n. a shady inclosure, 
an arbor : an inner apartment, a boudoir. 

bower, bow'er, n. the name in euchre 
for the two highest cards (knaves). 

bowl, bol, n. a wooden ball used in 
bowling. — v. t. and v. i. to play at bowls 
or bowling: to roll along: to throw a 
ball, as in cricket. 

bowl, bol, n. a basin for domestic 
use : a large vessel for brewing punch 
in, etc. : a drinking-cup : the round hollow 
part of anything. 

bowsprit, bo'sprit, n. a strong spar 
projecting over the bows of a ship. 

box, boks, 11. a tree with hard, smooth 
wood: a case for holding anything: the 
contents of a box : in a theater, a small 
inclosure with several seats : any small 
inclosure : a driver's seat : the case in 
which a ship's compass is kept. — v. t. to 
put into or furnish with boxes. — a. 
box'en, made of or like boxwood. 

box, boks, ii. a blow on the head or 
ear with the hand. — v. t. to strike with 
the hand or fist: to spar. — v. i. to fight 
or spar with the fists. 

boy, boy, n. a male child : a lad : a 
young man generally. 

boycott, boy'kot, v. t. to shut out 
from social or commercial intercourse. 

brace, bras, n. anything that draws 
together and holds tightly : a pair or 
couple : an instrument for turning boring 
tools : in printing, a mark connecting 
two or more words or lines ( ] ) : (pi.) 
suspenders for the trousers : ropes for 
squaring the yards of a ship. — v. t. to 
tighten or strengthen, to give firmness 
to. — a. brac'ing, giving strength or tone. 



bracelet, bras'let, n. an ornament for 
the wrist. 

brachial, brak'i-al, a. belonging to the 
arm. 

bracket, brak'et, «. a support for 
something fastened to a wall: (pi.) in 
printing, the marks [ ] : one of the side 
pieces of a gun-carriage. — v. t. to support 
by brackets : to inclose by brackets : to 
group together. 

brackish, brak'ish, a. saltish: applied 
to water mixed with salt or with sea- 
water. 

bract, brakt, n. an irregularly de- 
veloped leaf at the base of the flower- 
stalk. 
*. brad, brad, n. a kind of small nail. 

bradypeptic, brad-i-pep'tik, a. slow of 
digestion. 

brae, bra, n. (Scot.) a hill-slope. 

brag, brag, v. i. to boast or bluster. — 
ii. a boast or boasting : the thing boasted 
of: a game at cards. — a. brag'ging. 

braggadocio, brag-a-do'shi-o, n. a 
braggart or boaster: empty boasting. 

braggart, brag'art, a. boastful. — n. a 
vain boaster. 

Brahman, bra'man, Brahmin, bra'min, 
n. a person of the highest or priestly 
caste among the Hindus. 

braid, brad, v. t. to plait or entwine. — 
11. cord, or other texture made by plait- 
ing. — p. a. braid'ed, plaited, embroidered, 
trimmed with braid. 

brain, bran, n. that part of the central 
nervous system which in vertebrated 
animals is contained within the cranium 
or skull : the seat of the intellect and 
of sensation : the intellect. — v. t. to dash 
out the brains of. 

braize, braise, braz, v. t. to stew 
meat in a covered pan, and then bake. 

brake, brak, n. an instrument to break 
flax or kemp : a contrivance for retard- 
ing speed by friction. 

brake, brak, n. a handle, as of a 
pump : a lever for working a machine. 

bramble, bram'bl, n. a wild prickly 
shrub. — a. bram'bly. 

bran, bran, n. the refuse of grain : 
the coarser part of anything. 

branch, bransh, n. a shoot or arm-like 
limb of a tree: anything like a limb of 
a tree : any offshoot or subdivision, a 
section of a subject. — v. t. to divide into 
branches. — v. i. to spread out as a branch. 

brand, brand, n. a piece of wood burn- 



74 brandish fate, far; me, her; mine; breed 

ing or partly burned: a mark burned breadth, bredth, n. extent from side 
into anything: a trade-mark: a particu- to side: width: liberality: in art, broad 
lar sort of goods : a sword : a mark of treatment, subordinating details to gen- 
infamy. — v. t. to burn or mark with a eral effect, 
hot iron : to fix a mark of infamy upon. break, brak, v. t. to part by force : to 

brandish, brand'ish, v. t. to wave or shatter : to crush : to tame, or wear out : 

flourish. to violate or outrage, as a law, a 

brandy, brand'i, n. an ardent spirit bargain, etc. : to check by intercepting, as 

distilled from wine. a fall : to interrupt : to make bankrupt : 

brank, brangk, v. i. to prance, toss the to degrade from rank, as an officer. — v. i. 

head. to part in two : to burst forth : to open 

brash, brash, a. {coll.) hasty : impetuous, or appear, as the morning: to become 

brass, bras, n. an alloy of copper and bankrupt: to crack or give way, as the 

zinc: (fig.) impudence: money in cash: voice: to dissolve, as frost: to collapse 

a monumental plate. in foam, as a wave: to fall out, as with 

Brassica, bras'i-ka, n. the turnip and a friend : — pa. t. broke ; pa. p. brok'en. — 
cabbage genus of Cruciferae. [L.] n. the state of being broken: an open- 
brat, brat, n. a contemptuous name for ing: a pause or interruption: (billiards) 
a child. a consecutive series of successful strokes, 

brattice, brat'is, n. a wooden partition, also the number of points attained by 

as in the shaft of a coal-pit, etc. such: the dawn. 

bravado, brav-a'do, n. a display of break, brake, brak, n. a large wag- 
bravery: a boastful threat. onette. 

brave, brav, a. daring, courageous : breaker, brak'er, n. a small water- 
noble: finely dressed, showy, handsome, cask, used on shipboard. 

bravo, brav'o, n. a daring villain: a breakfast, brek'fast, n. the first meal 

hired assassin: — pi. bravoes (brav'oz). of the day. 

bravo, brav'o, inter j. well done : ex- breast, brest, n. the forepart of the 

cellent. [It] human body between the neck and the 

brawl, brawl, n. a ncisy quarrel. — v. i. belly: one of the two mammary glands 

to quarrel noisily: to murmur or gurgle, in women: (fig.) conscience, disposition, 

brawn, brawn, n. muscle: thick flesh: affections. — v. t. to bear the breast 

muscular strength : a preparation of meat, against : to oppose manfully, 

pickled. breath, breth, n. the air drawn into 

bray, bra, v. t. to break, pound, or and then expelled from the lungs : power 

grind small, as in a mortar. of breathing: life: the time occupied by 

bray, bra, n. the cry of the ass : any once breathing : a very slight breeze, 

harsh grating sound. — v. i. to cry like an breathe, breth, v. i. to draw in and 

ass : to give forth harsh sounds, esp. of expel breath or air from the lungs : to 

the trumpet. take breath, to rest or pause : to live. — 

braze, braz, v. t. to solder with an v. t. to draw in and expel from the 

alloy of brass and zinc. — a. bra'zen, of lungs, as air: to infuse: to give out as 

or belonging to brass : impudent. — v. t. breath : to utter softly, to whisper : to 

to face or confront with impudence. — express : to keep in breath, to exercise : 

adv. bra'zenly. — n. bra'zier, a pan for to tire by some brisk exercise. — n. 

holding burning coals. breathing, the act of breathing: aspira- 

brazier, bra'zi-er, n. one who works tion, secret prayer : respite. — a. life-like, 

in brass. breccia, brech'ya, n. a conglomerate 

breach, brech, n. a break or opening, rock composed of fragments cemented 

as in the walls of a fortress: a breaking together by lime, etc. — a. brecciated. [It.] 

of law, etc., violation of contract, cove- bred, bred, pa. t. and pa. p. of breed. 

nant, promise, etc. : a quarrel : a broken breech, brech, n. the lower part of the 

condition or part of anything, a break : body behind : the hinder part of any- 

a gap in a fortification. — v. t. to make a thing, esp. of a gun. — v. t. to put into 

breach or opening in a wall, etc. breeches. — n. pi. breeches (brich'ez), 

bread, bred, n. food made of flour or knickerbockers : trousers, 

meal baked : food : livelihood. breed, bred, v. t. to generate or bring 



breeze 



mote, move; mute; £/ien. 



brim 75 



forth : to train or bring up : to cause or 
occasion. — v. i. to be with young : to pro- 
duce offspring: to be produced or 
brought forth : — pa. t. and pa. p. bred. — 
n. that which is bred, progeny or off- 
spring: kind or race. 

breeze, brez, n. a gentle gale : a wind : 
a disturbance or quarrel: a whispered 
rumor. — a. breez'y, fanned with or sub- 
ject to breezes: lively. 

bregma, breg'ma, n. the part of the 
skull where the frontal and parietal 
bones join. — a. bregmat'ic. [Gr.] 

brent-goose, brent'-gos, n. a small 
species of wild goose. — Also brant'- 
goose, or brent barnacle, and often 
confounded with the barnacle goose. 

brethren, bref/i'ren, pi. of brother. 

Breton, bret'un, a. belonging to Brit- 
tany or Bretagne, in France. 

breve, brev, n. a pope's letter: the 
longest note now used in music, || O || f 

brevet, brev'et, n. a military commis- 
sion entitling an officer to take rank 
above that for which he receives pay. 

brevier, brev-er', w. a printing type 
between bourgeois and minion, 8-point. 

brevity, brev'it-i, n. shortness: con- 
ciseness. 

brew, bro, v. t. to prepare a liquor, 
as from malt and other materials : to 
contrive or plot. — v. i. to perform the 
operation of brewing ale or beer: to be 
gathering or forming. 

bribe, brib, n. something given to in- 
fluence the judgment unduly or to cor- 
rupt the conduct : allurement. — v. t. to 
influence by a bribe : to gain over. — v. i. 
to practise bribery. 

bric-a-brac, brik'a-brak, n. old curi- 
osities, or other articles of value. [Fr.] 

brick, brik, n. an oblong or square 
piece of burned clay: a loaf of bread in 
the shape of a brick: (slang) a reliable 
friend, a good fellow. — v. t to lay or 
pave with brick. 

bridal, brid'al, n. a marriage feast: a 
wedding. — a. belonging to a bride or a 
wedding: nuptial. 

bride, brid, n. a woman about to be 
married: a woman newly married. 

bridewell, brid'wel, n. a house of cor- 
rection : a jail. 

bridge, brij, n. a structure raised 
across a river, etc., or anything resem- 
bling it : the raised platform occupied by 



the captain of a steam-vessel. — v. t. to 
build a bridge over. 

bridle, bri'dl, n. the apparatus on a 
horse's head, by which it is controlled: 
any curb or restraint: a gesture expres- 
sing pride or vanity. — v. t. to put a 
bridle on or manage by a bridle: to 
check or restrain. — v. i. to hold up the 
head proudly or affectedly. 

brief, bref, n. a short account of a 
client's case for the instruction of coun- 
sel: a written argument: a writ: a short 
statement of any kind. — a. short : concise. 

brier, bri'er, n. a prickly shrub: a 
common name for the wild rose — also 
briar. 

brier, briar, bri'er, n. the white heath, 
a shrub grown in France, from the root 
of which tobacco-pipes are made: a pipe 
of this wood. 

brig, brig, n. a two-masted, square- 
rigged vessel. 
[Shortened from 
brigantine.] 

brigade, brig- 
ad', n. a body of 
troops consisting of 
two or more regi- 
ments of infantry 
or cavalry : a band 
of people more or less organized. — v. t 
to form into brigades. 

brigand, brig'and, n. a robber or free- 
booter. 

brigantine, brig'an-ten, or brig'an-tm, 
n. a two-masted vessel, with the main- 
mast of a schooner and the foremast of 
a brig. 

bright, brit, a. shining: full of light: 
clear: beautiful: cheerful: clever: illus- 
trious. — v. i. bright'en, to make bright 
or brighter. — v. i. to grow bright or 
brighter: to clear up. 

brilliant, bril'yant, a. sparkling: 
glittering: 
splendid. — n. 
a diamond of 
the finest 
cut. — ns . 
brill'iancy, 
brill 'i a n c e. 
— adv. brill'- 
iantly. [Fr. 
brill ant, pr. 
p. of briller, 
to shine.] 




Brig. 




a, Square-cut, and b, round-cut 
brilliant Diamond. 



brim, brim, ft. the margin or brink 



t5 brimstone fate, far; me, her; mine; broth 

of a river or lake: the upper edge of a brok'en, rent asunder: infirm: humbled 
vessel : the rim of a hat. — v. t. to fill or crushed : dispersed, routed : altered 
to the brin>. — v. i. to be full to the brim, in direction: shattered in estate or 
brimstone, brim'ston, n. sulphur, position: incomplete, fragmentary: un- 
bonded, brin'ded, brindled, brin'dld, certain. — adv. brok'enly. 
a. marked with spots or streaks. broker, brok'er, n. one employed to 
brine, brin, n. salt water : the sea. — buy and sell for others : a second-hand 
adjs. brin'ish, like brine : somewhat salt ; dealer : a commissioner. — v. i. broke, to 
brin'y* pertaining to brine or to the bargain, negotiate. — ns. brok'erage; 
sea : salt. brok'age, the commission charged by a 

bring, bring, v. t. to fetch: to carry: broker, 

to procure: to occasion: to draw or bromine, brom'in, n. one of the ele- 

lead:— pa. t. and pa. p. brought (brawt). ments, closely allied to chlorin, having 

brink, bringk, n. the edge or border a disagreeable smell. — a. brom'ic, per- 

of a steep place or of a river: (fig.) taining to bromine. 

the very verge of time, the very point bronchiae, brongk'i-e, n. pi. a name 
of something. given to the ramifications of the wind- 
briquet, briquette, bri-ket', n. a brick- p i pe which carry air into the lungs.— 
shaped block. [Fr.] a djs. bronch'ic; bronch'ial.— n. bron- 
brisk, brisk, a. full of life and spirit: chi'tis, inflammation of the bronchise. 
active : sharp : effervescing, as liquors.— bronco, broncho, brong'ko, n. a half- 
v. t. to enliven, freshen.— v. i. to cheer tamed horse: a mustang. 
up— adv. briskly.— n. brisk'ness. bronze, bronz, n. an alloy of copper 
brisket brisk etn the breast of an and tin used in yarious ways since the 
animal: the part of the breast next to most ancient times . anyt hing cast in 
the ribs. . bronze: the color of bronze. — a. made 
bristle, bnsl, n. a short, stiff hair as of bronze: colored like bronze.— *>. t. to 
of swine.-^. i. to stand erect, as bristles. giye the app earance of bronze to: (fig.) 
—v t to cover, as with bristles. _ _ to harden.— a. bronzed, coated with 
Britannic, brit-anik, a. pertaining to bronze: colored like bronze: hardened. 
Britannia or Great Britain: British.— a. [Fr ._ It bronzo—L. Brundusium, the 
Brit ish, m ethnography, Old Celtic as modern Brindisi 1 

opposed to Anglo-Saxon: pertaining to brQoch br6ch ^ an ornamental in 

Great Britain or its people or instrument for fastening an article 

brittle britl, a. apt ; to break: easily of dress _ [Fr> hroch a £-, 

broken: frail-n. britt leness b d br6d . J n Qr coyer 

broach broch, v. t to pierce as a . order to breed or hatch : to hatch: to 
cask, to tap: to open up or begin: to as with w - tQ foster with 

u T -~~ J J'£ roa 5 her * - A i .«„ care: to meditate moodily upon.-*/, i. 

broad brawd, a. wide: large, free or . h > h ^ 

open: outspoken: coarse indelicate : of h[k . j f { 

pronunciation, eg a broad accent- dJ a n j y ( . h owf) .^ 

advs oroad; broad ly.-« h ™* d *™*i something bredf offspring, children, or 

scattered or sown abroad by the hand: ^ - mc ^J. g arent ' the 

dispersed widely ^ ^ h d once ._ a . for br eed- 

brocade, brok-ad , n. a silk stun on . . , , .„ 

which figures are wrought.-*. bro - ^ ^ m &ro^-mare, etc 

cad'ed brook, brook, n. a. small stream. — n. 

brochure, bro-shor', n. a pamphlet, brooklet, a little brook. _ 

brogue, brog, n. a stout coarse shoe: brook, brook, v. t. to enjoy: to bear or 

a dialect or manner of pronunciation, endure, 

esp the Trish broom, brom, n. a name given to a 

broil, "broii, n. a noisy quarrel: a number of shrubs of the closely allied 

confused disturbance.— n. broil'er. genera Cytisus, Genista, and Spartium : 

broil, broil, v. t. to cook over hot a besoin made of tneir twigs.—*/, t to 

coals : to grill.—*;, i. to be greatly heated, sweep with a broom. 

broke, brok, pa. t. of break.— p. a. broth, brawth, n. an infusion or decoc- 



brother 



mote, move; mute; then. 



bucolic 



77 



tion of vegetable and animal substances 
in water. 

brother, bruth'er, n. a male born of 
the same parents : a fellow-member of 
an order, etc. : a fellow-creature, fellow- 
citizen, a co-religionist : pi. broth'ers 
and breth'ren. 

brougham, bro'am, or brom, n. a one- 
horse close carriage, either two or four 
wheeled, named after Lord Brougham. 

brought, brawt, pa. t. and pa. p. of 
bring. 

brow, brow, n. the eyebrow : the ridge 
over the eyes : the forehead : the edge 
of a hill. — v. t. brow'beat, to bear down 
with stern looks or speech : to bully. 

brown, brown, a. of a dark or dusky 
color, inclining to red or yellow : dark- 
complexioned : sunburnt. — n. a dark- 
reddish color. — v. t. to make brown, or 
give a brown color to : to roast brown. 

browse, browz, v. t. and v. i. to feed 
on the shoots or leaves of plants. — ns. 
browse; brows'ing, the shoots and 
leaves of plants : fodder. 

bruise, broz, v. t. to crush by beating 
or pounding : to oppress : to box. — n. a 
wound made by anything heavy and 
blunt. — p. a. bruised, hutt by a heavy 
blow, with skin crushed and discolored. 

bruit, brot, n. noise : something noised 
abroad: a rumor or report. — v. t. to 
noise abroad : to report : to celebrate. 

brume, brom, n. fog. — adjs. brum'al, 
relating to winter; brum'ous, foggy, 
wintry. 

brunette, bron-et', n. a girl or woman 
with a brown or dark complexion. [Fr.] 

brunt, brunt, n. the shock of an onset 
or contest: the force of a blow: the 
chief stress or crisis of anything. 

brush, brush, n. an instrument for re- 
moving dust, etc., made of bristles, 
twigs, feathers, stiff grass stems, etc. : 
a kind of hair-pencil used by painters : 
brushwood: a skirmish or encounter: 
the tail of a fox: (elect.) a brush-like 
discharge of sparks: one of the bundles 
of copper wires or flexible strips in con- 
tact with the commutator of the arma- 
ture on opposite sides, and which carry 
off the positive and negative currents 
of electricity generated. — v. t. to remove 
dust, etc., from by sweeping: to touch 
lightly in passing: remove (with off). — 
v. i. to move over lightly: to make off 
with a rush. 




brusque, brosk, a. blunt, abrupt in 
manner, rude. — adv. brusquely. 

brute, brot, a. belonging to the lower 
animals: irrational: stupid: rude. — n. 
one of the lower animals. — a. brut'ai, 
like a brute : unfeeling : inhuman. — v. t 
brut'alize, to make like a brute, to de- 
grade. 

bubble, bub'l, n. a bladder of water 
blown out with air : anything empty : a 
cheating scheme. — a. unsubstantial, de- 
ceptive. — v. i. to rise in bubbles. 

bubo, bu'bo, n. an inflammatory 
swelling of the glands in the groin or 
armpit. 

bucaneer, buccaneer, buk-an-er', n. 
one of the piratical adventurers in the 
West Indies during the 17th century, 
who plundered the Spaniards chiefly. 

buck, buk, n. the male of the "deer, 
goat, hare, and rabbit 
— often used specifi- 
cally of the male of 
the fallow - deer : a 
dashing young fellow. ^^^^^^^^ 
— v. t. (of a horse v f -'^3^ 

or mule — a buck'- -^^^^mMm® 
jumper) to attempt ■ Buck, 

to throw by a series of rapid jumps into 
the air, coming down with the back 
arched, the head down, and the forelegs 
stiff : to make obstinate resistance to. 

buckboard, buk'bord, n. a four- 
wheeled vehicle without springs, the 
body consisting of resilient boards at- 
tached directly to the axles. 

bucket, buk'et, ft. a vessel for draw- 
ing or holding water, etc. : one of the 
compartments on the circumference of a 
water-wheel, or one of the scoops of a 
dredging-machine. 

buckle, buk'l, n. a metal instrument 
consisting of a rim and tongue, used for 
fastening straps or bands in harness, 
etc. — v. t. to facten with a buckle: to 
prepare for action (reflexive). — v. i. to 
bend or bulge out: to engage with zeal 
in a task. 

buckram, buk'ram, ft. a coarse open- 
woven fabric of cotton or linen made 
very stiff with size. 

buckwheat, buk'hwet, ft. a species of 
Polygonum, cultivated for use as feed, 
also for making a flour for griddle-cakes. 

bucolic, -al, bu-kol'ik, -al, a. pertain- 
ing to the tending of cattle: pastoral: 
rustic, countrified. 



78 bud fate, far; me, her; mine; bump 

bud, bud, n. the first shoot of a tree bulbul, bool'bool, w. the Persian night- 

or plant: used of young people, as a ingale. [Arab.] 

term of endearment. — v. i. to put forth Bulgarian, bul-ga'ri-an, a. pertaining 

buds : to begin to grow. — v. t. to put to Bulgaria or its language. — n. a native 

forth as buds: to graft, as a plant, by of Bulgaria: the Bulgarian language, 

inserting a bud under the bark of bulge, bulj, n. the widest part of a 

another tree. cask, a round protuberance, swelling. — 

Buddha, bod'da, n. the founder and v. i. to swell out. 

deity of the Buddhist religion. bulk, bulk, n. magnitude or size: the 

budge, buj, v. i. and v. t. to move or greater part: any huge body or struc- 

stir. ture: the whole cargo in the hold of a 

budget, buj'et, n. (orig.) a sack with ship. — v. i. to be in bulk: to be of weight 

its contents: a compact collection of or importance. — v. t. to put or hold in 

things : the annual financial statement bulk. 

made to Parliament by the English bull, bool, n. the male of the ox 

chancellor of the exchequer: any de- kind: an old male whale, fur-seal, etc.: 

tailed report by a financial agent : a col- (B-) a sign of the zodiac : one who tries 

lection of news : a plan of affairs. artificially and unduly to raise the price 

buff, buf, n. a pliant and uncracking of stocks, etc., and speculates on a rise, 

leather used for soldiers' belts and other — a. denoting largeness of size — used in 

military purposes : a military coat : the composition, as bull-trout : favorable to 

color of buff: a light yellow. the bulls, rising. — v. t. to try to raise, as 

buffalo, buf'a-lo, n. an animal of the the price of grain, artificially. 

ox kind. bull, bool, n. an edict of the pope 

buffer, buf'er, n. a mechanical ap- which has his seal affixed.— a. bullan'tic. 

paratus for deadening the force of a bull, bool > n - a ludicrous blunder in 

concussion. speech. 

buffet, buf'et, n. a blow with the fist, , bullet, bool et, n the projectile of 

a slap.— v. t. to strike with the hand or lead or other metal discharged from any 

fist : to contend against.— n. buffeting. klnd of small-arm. 

buffet, buf'et, n. a kind of sideboard: bulletin, bool e-tm, n. an official re- 
buffoon, buf-6n', ». one who amuses P ort of public news : a brief advance 

by jests, grimaces, etc. : a clown: a fool. Te ^ y oi lm P 0i : ant news - . , . .. 
•V ', r j 1 1 bullion, boolyun, n. gold and silver 

bug, bug n. a name applied loosely in the mass / nd un J ned . a h 

to any insect, esp to one (Cimex lectu- twisted cord frf often coyered with 

lanus) that infests houses and beds M Qr silyer ^ 

buggy, bugi, n. a light four-wheeled bully, bool'i, n. a blustering, noisy, 

vehicle. . overbearing fellow: a hired ruffian. — a. 

bugle, bugl, n. a treble musical in- blustering: brisk: first-rate.— v. i. to 

strument, usually made of copper, like bluster.— z>. t. to threaten in a noisy way. 

the trumpet, but having the bell less ex- bulrush, bool'rush, n. a large strong 

panded and the tube shorter and more rush) which grows on wet land or in 

conical. — v. i. bu gle, to sound a bugle. wa ter. a. bul'rushy. 

buhl, bul, n. unburnished gold, brass, bulwark, bool'werk, n. a fortification 

or mother-of-pearl worked in patterns Q r rampart: a breakwater or sea-wall: 

for inlaying : furniture ornamented with any mea ns of defense or security.— z>. t. 

such. to defend. 

build, bild, v. t. to erect, as a house bum, bum, v. i. to hum or make a 

or bridge: to form or construct, as a murmuring sound, as a bee: (slang) to 

railway, etc. — v. i. to depend (with on, live dissolutely or upon others. — n. a 

upon): — pa. p. built or build'ed. — n. con- humming sound: a . spree, debauch: a 

struction: make. dissipated fellow. 

bulb, bulb, n. an onion-like root: any bumblebee, bum'bl-be, n. a large 

protuberance or enlargement resembling kind of bee that makes a bumming or 

such. — v. i. to form bulbs : to bulge out humming noise : the humble-bee. 

or swell. bump, bump, v. i. to make a heavy or 



bumptious 



mote, move; mute; then. 



burn 



79 



loud noise. — v. t. to strike with a dull 
sound : to strike against. — n. a dull heavy 
blow : a thump : a lump caused by a 
blow. 

bumptious, bump'shus, a. offensively 
self-assertive. 

bunch, bunsh, n. a number of things 
tied together or growing together. 

buncombe, bunkum, bungk'um, n. 
empty clap-trap oratory. 

bundle, bun'dl, n. a number of things 
loosely bound together: an aggregation 
of tissue : a definite measure or quantity, 
as two reams of paper, etc. — v. t. to bind 
or tie into bundles. — v. i. to go hurriedly 
or in confusion (with away, off, out). 

bung, bung, n. the stopper of the hole 
in a barrel: a large cork. — v. t. to stop 
up with a bung. 

bungle, bung'l, n. anything clumsily 
done: a gross blunder. — v. i. to act in a 
clumsy, awkward manner. — v. t. to make 
or mend clumsily : to manage awkwardly. 

bunion, bun'yim, n. a lump or inflamed 
swelling on the ball of the great toe. 

bunk, bungk, n. a box or recess in a 
ship's cabin, a sleeping-berth anywhere. 
— v. i. to occupy the same bunk, sleep 
together. — n. bunk'er, a large bin or 
chest used for stowing various things, as 
coal, etc.: a hazard on a golf-links. 

bunko, bunco, bung'ko, n. a form of 
confidence-trick by which a simple fellow 
is swindled or taken somewhere and 
robbed. — v. t. to rob or swindle in such 
a way. 

bunt, bunt, n. the bagging part of a 
fishing-net, a sail, etc. — v. i. to belly, as 
a sail. 

bunt, bunt, v. i. to push with the 
horns, butt: (baseball) to hit the ball 
gently within the diamond. — n. a push: 
the act of bunting. — n. bunt'ing. 

bunting, bunt'ing, n. a thin worsted 
stuff of which flags are made. 

buoy, boi, n. a floating cask or other 
object fastened by a rope or chain to 
indicate shoals, the position of a ship's 
anchor, etc., or to mark a channel. — v. t. 
to fix buoys or marks in or over: to 
keep afloat, bear up, or sustain: to raise 
the spirits of. 

bur, burr, ber, the prickly seed-case 
or head of certain plants, which sticks 
to clothes: any impediment or incon- 
venient adherent : any lump, ridge, etc., 



more or less sharp, a knot on a tree, 
knob at the base of a deer's horn, etc. . 

bur, burr, ber, n. the rough sound of 
r pronounced in the throat. 

bur, ber, n. in an engraving, a slight 
ridge of metal raised on the edges of a 
line. 

burbot, ter'bot, n. a fresh-water fish 
like the eel. 

burden, ber'dn, n. a load: weight: 
cargo : that which is grievous, oppres- 
sive, or difficult to bear, as blame, sin, 
sorrow, etc. — v. t. to load : to oppress : 
to encumber. — a. bur'densome, heavy: 
oppressive. 

burden, ber'dn, n. part of a song re- 
peated at the end of every stanza, re- 
frain : the leading idea of anything. 

bureau, bur'6, n. a writing-table or 
chest of drawers : a room or office where 
such a table is used: a department for 
the transacting of public business. 

bureaucracy, bur-6'kras-i, n. a system 
of government centralized in traded 
series of officials, responsible only to 
their chiefs. 

burglar, berg'lar, n. one who breaks 
into a house by night to steal. — v. t. and 
v. i. to commit burglary. — a. burglar'ious. 

Burgundy, ber'gun-di, n. a full-bodied 
red wine. 

burial, ber'i-al, n. the act of laying a 
dead body in the grave: interment. 

burin, bur'in, n. a kind of chisel of 
tempered steel, 
used in metal 
engraving. — n. £*< 
bur'inist, an 
engraver. 

burke, berk, v. t. to murder, esp. by 
stifling: hence (fig.) to put an end to 
quietly. 

burlap, ber'lap, n. a coarse canvas for 
wrappings, hangings, etc. — usually in pi. 

burlesque, ber-lesk', n. a ludicrous 
representation — in speaking, acting, writ- 
ing, drawing: a satire or lampoon. — a. 
jocular: comical. — v. t. to turn into bur- 
lesque : to ridicule. 

burletta, ber-let'a, n. a musical farce: 
comic opera. 

burly, ber'li, a. bulky: boisterous, 
bluff. — n. bur'liness. 

Burmese, ber'mez, a. relating to 
Burma or its language. 

burn, bern, n. a small stream or 
brook: a spring or fountain. 



ossbI 



Burin. 



80 



burn 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



buttress 



> 



burn, bern, v. t. to consume or injure 
by fire. — v. i. to be on fire : to feel excess 
of heat : to be inflamed with passion : — 
pa. p. burned or burnt. — n. a hurt or 
mark caused by fire. 

burnish, bern'ish, v. t. to polish : to 
make bright by rubbing. — n. polish : 
luster. — n. burn'isher. 

burnoose, burnous, ber-nos', n. a 
mantle with a hood much worn by the 
Arabs. 

burnt, pa. p. of burn. 

burro, bur'6, n. a donkey. [Sp.] 

burrow, bur'6, n. a hole in the ground 
dug by certain animals for shelter or 
defense. 

bursar, bers'er, n. one who keeps the 
purse, a treasurer, as of a college. 

burst, berst, v. t. to break, into pieces: 
to break open suddenly or by violence : 
to disturb, interrupt. — v. i. to fly open or 
break in pieces : to break forth or away : 
to break into some sudden expression of 
feeling — e. g. to burst into song: — pa. t. 
and pa. p. burst. — n. a sudden outbreak : 
a hard gallop : a spurt : a drunken bout. 

bury, ber'i, v. t. to hide in the ground : 
to cover : to place in the grave, as a 
dead body : to hide or blot out of re- 
membrance. 

bush, boosh, n. a shrub thick with 
branches : anything of bushy tuft-like 
shape. 

bush, boosh, n. the metal box or lin- 
ing of any cylinder in which an axle 
works. — v. t. to furnish with a bush. 

bushel, toosh'el, n. a dry measure of 
8 gallons, for measuring grain, fruit, etc. 

bushel, toosh'el, v. t. and v. i. to 
mend or alter, as men's clothes. 

business, biz'nes, n. employment: en- 
gagement: trade, profession, or occupa- 
tion: one's concerns or affairs: a matter 
or affair: (theat.) action as distinguished 
from dialogue. 

busk, busk, n. the piece of 
bone, wood, or steel in the 
front of a woman's corset. 

buskin, busk'in, n. a kind of 
half-boot with high heels worn 
in ancient times by actors of 
tragedy — hence, the tragic 
drama as distinguished from 
comedy. [Ety. uncertain.] 

buss, bus, n. a rude or play- 
ful kiss, a smack. — v. t. to kiss, 
esp. in a rude or playful man- 




Buskin. 



ner. [M. E. buss, prob. from Old Ger. 
bussen, to kiss.] 

bust, bust, n. a sculpture representing 
the head and breast of a person : the 
upper part of the human body, a 
woman's bosom. 

bustle, bus'l, v. i. to busy oneself 
noisily: to be fussily active. — n. hurried 
activity : stir : tumult. 

busy, biz'i, a. fully employed : active : 
diligent : meddling. — v. t. to make busy : 
to occupy. — pa. p. busied (biz'id). 

but, but, prep, or conj. without: 
except : besides : only : yet : still. — Used 
as a noun for a verbal objection; also 
as a verb, as in 'but me no huts'. 

butcher, booch'er, n. one whose busi- 
ness is to slaughter animals for food : 
one who delights in bloody deeds. — v. t. 
to slaughter animals for food : to put to 
a bloody death, to kill cruelly: (fig.) to 
spoil. 

butler, but'ler, n. a manservant who 
has charge of the liquors, plate, etc. 

butt, but, v. i. and v. t. to strike with 
the head, as a goat, etc. — n. a push with 
the head of an animal. 

butt, but, 11. a mark for archery 
practice : a mound behind musketry or 
artillery targets : one who is made the 
object of ridicule. 

butt, but, or in longer form, butt'- 
end, n. the thick and heavy end : the 
stump. 

butte, but, 11. any conspicuous and 
isolated hill or peak, esp. in the Rocky 
Mountain region. 

butter, but'er, n. an oily substance 
obtained from cream by churning. — v. t. 
to spread over with butter. 

buttery, but'er-i, n. a storeroom in a 
house for provisions, esp. liquors. 

buttock, but'ok, n. the rump or pro- 
tuberant part of the body behind. 

button, but'n, n. a knob of metal, 
bone, etc., used to fasten the 
dress : the knob at the end 
of a foil: the knob of 
an electric bell, etc. : any- 
thing of small value. — v. t. 
to fasten by means of but- 
tons : to close up tightly. — 
v. i. to be fastened with 
buttons. 

buttress, but'res, n. a pro- 
jecting support built on to Buttress, 
the outside of a wall : any support or 




butyric mote, move; mute; then. cadmium 81 

prop. — v. t. to prop or support, as by a the falcon family. 

buttress. [Ety. dub.] by, bi, prep, at the side of: near to: 

butyric, bu-tir'ik, a. pertaining to or through, denoting the agent, cause, 

derived from butter. — n. bu'tyl, an alco- means, etc. — adv. near: passing near: in 

hoi radical. [L. butyrum.] presence of: aside, away. — adv. by'-and- 

buxom, buks'um, a. yielding, elastic: by, soon, presently. 

gay, lively, jolly. by, bye, bi, n. anything of minor im- 

buy, bi, v. t. to purchase for money: portance, a side issue, a thing not 

to bribe : to obtain in exchange for some- directly aimed at. 

thing. byssus, bis'us, n. a fine yellowish flax, 

buzz, buz, v. i. to make a humming and the linen made from it: the bundle 

noise like bees. — v. t. to whisper or of fine silky filaments by which many 

spread secretly. — n. the noise of bees shellfish attach themselves to rocks, etc. 

and flies : a humming sound. Byzantine, biz-an'tin, a. relating to 

buzzard, buz'erd, n. a bird of prey of Byzantium or Constantinople. 




is^ll c, se, the third letter of our alpha- cackle, kak'l, n. the sound made by 

Hpj bet, originally having the sound a hen or goose, — v. i. to make such a 

!■*— *| of g, then of k, and finally, in sound. [M. E. cakelen.] 

some languages, equivalent to s. cacophony, ka-kof'6-ni, n. a disagree- 

caaing-whale, ka'ing-hwal, n. a gre- able sound: discord, 

garious porpoise-like cetacean. cactus, kak'tus, n. a prickly American 

cab, kab, n. a public carriage : the plant. — a. cacta'ceous. 

inclosed, working-stand of a locomotive. [Gr., a prickly plant 

cab, kab, n. a Hebrew dry measure, found in Sicily.] 

cabal, ka-bal', n. a small party united cad, kad, n. a low, 

for some secret design : the plot itself, mean, or vulgar fellow. 

cabalistic, kab-a-lis'tic, a. mystic: occult, —a. cad'dish. [Short for 

caballine, kab'a-lin, a, pertaining to a cadet.] 

horse. cadastral, ka-das'tral, 

cabbage, kab'aj, n. a well-known a. pertaining to a cadas- 

kitchen vegetable. ter or public survey. 

cabbage, kab'aj, v. t. and v. i. to cadaverous, ka-dav'- Cactus, 
purloin. er-us, a. looking like a dead body : sickly- 
caber, kab'er, n. a pole or stem of a looking, 
young tree, tossed as a sport. [Gael] caddie, kad'i, n. a lad who attends a 

cabin, kab'in, n. a hut or cottage : a golfer at play, carrying his clubs, 

small room, esp. in a ship. caddis, caddice, kad'dis, n. the larva 

cabinet, kab'in-et, n. a small room, of the May-fly. — n. cad'dis-fiy. 
closet, or private apartment: a case of < caddy, kad'i, n. a small box for hold- 
drawers for articles of value. ing tea. 

cable, ka'bl, n. a strong rope or chain cadence, ka'dens, n. tone, sound, 

which ties anything, esp. a ship to her modulation. 

anchor: a nautical measure of ioo cadet, ka-det', n. the younger or 

fathoms : a conductor for submarine youngest son : a member of the younger 

telegraphs : a bundle, of insulated wires : branch of a family : a student in a 

a cable-message. military or naval school. — n. cadet'ship. 

caboose, ka-bos', n. a ship's cook- cadge, caj, v. i. to beg or go about 

room: the living car of a freight-train begging. [Prob. conn, with catch.'] 

crew. cadi, ka'di, n. a judge in Moham- 

cacao, ka-ka'o, n. the chocolate-tree, medan countries. [Ar. qadi, a judge.] 

cache, kash, n. a hiding-place : the cadmia, kad'mi-a, n. an impure oxid 

articles so hidden. — v. t. to hide. of zinc. 

cachinnation, kak-in-a'shun, n. loud cadmium, kad'mi-um, n. a white 

laughter. — a. cachin'natory. metal occurring in zinc ores. 

6 



caduceus 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



calk 



caduceus, ka-du'se-us, n. {myth.) the 
rod carried by Mercury. — a. 
cadu'cean. [L.] 

caducous, ka-du'kus, a. fall- 
ing early, as leaves of flowers. 
— n. cadu'city. [L. caducus — ■ 
cad-ere, to fall.] 

caecum, se'kum, n. a blind 
sac: a dilated intestinal pouch. 
— a. cae'cal. [L. ccscus, blind.] Caduceus. 

Caesar, se'zar, n. an absolute monarch, 
an autocrat. 

caesium, sez'i-um, n. a silver-white 
alkaline metal. — a. caes'ious, bluish gray. 

cafe, kaf'a, n. a restaurant, saloon. [Fr.] 

caffein, kaf-e'in, n. the alkaloid 
principle of coffee and tea. 

cage, kaj, n. a place of confinement: 
a case for holding birds or animals: 
(mining) a frame used in hoisting. 

cahoot, ka-hot', n. company or part- 
nership — used also in pi. cahoots'. 

caique, ka-ek', n. a light skiff used 
on the Bosporus. 

cairn, karn, n. a heap of stones, a 
monument or landmark. 

caisson, kas'on, n. an ammunition 
wagon : a chest filled with explosive 
materials : a strong case for keeping out 
the water while the foundations of a 
bridge, etc., are being built. 

caitiff, ka'tif, n. a mean despicable 
fellow. — a. mean, base. 

cajole, ka-jol', v. t. to coax: to cheat 
by flattery. — ns. cajol'er; cajol'ery. 

cake, kak, n. a piece of dough that 
is baked : a small loaf of fine bread : any 
flattened mass baked or fried, as pan- 
cake, etc., or as soap, tobacco, etc. 

calabash, kal'a-bash, n. a tropical 
fruit-shell used as a domestic vessel. 

calaboose, kal'a-bos, n. a lock-up. 
^ calamine, kal'a-mm, n. an ore con- 
sisting essentially of carbonate of zinc. 

calamint, kal'a-mint, n. a plant closely 
allied to thyme. 

calamity, kal-am'i-ti, n. a great mis- 
fortune: affliction. 

calamus, kal'a-mus, n. the traditional 
name of the sweet flag. 

calash, ka-lash', n. a light low- 
wheeled carriage with a folding top. 

calcar, kal'kar, n. (hot.) a spur or 
spur-like projection: (anat.) an emi- 
nence in the lateral ventricles of the 
brain. 



calcareous, kal-ka're-us, a. like or 
containing chalk or lime. 

Calceolaria, kal-se-o-la'ri-a, n. a 
South American genus of plants. 

calcium, kal'si-um, n. the metal 
present in chalk and other compounds 
of lime. — a. cal'cic, containing calcium. 
— n. calcifica'tion, a changing into 
lime. — a. cal'ciform, like chalk, pebbly. 
— v. t. and v. i. cal'cify, to make calcic: 
to turn into bony tissue. — n. cal'cimine, 
a white or tinted wash for ceilings, walls, 
etc. — v. t. to wash with such. 

calculate, kal'ku-lat, v. t. to count or 
reckon: to think out: to adapt, fit (only 
passive, with for) : (coll.) to think, 
purpose. — v. i. to make a calculation: to 
estimate. 

calculus, kal'ku-lus, n. a stony con- 
cretion : one of the higher branches of 
mathematics: — pi. calculi (kal'ku-li). 

calefaction, kal-e-fak'shun, a. act of 
heating: state of being heated. 

calendar, kal'en-dar, n. an almanac or 
table of months, days, and seasons, or 
of special facts, etc. 

calends, kal'endz, n. among the 
Romans, the first day of each month. 

calf, kaf, n. the young of the cow and of 
some other animals, as marine mammals : 
calf-skin leather, bookbinding in such: 
a stupid or a cowardly person. 

calf, kaf, n. the thick fleshy part of 
the leg behind. 

caliber, calibre, kal'i-ber, n. the size 
of the bore of a gun: diameter: intel- 
lectual capacity. 

calico, kal'i-ko, n. a cotton cloth, 
printed on one side. — a. made of calico . 

calid, kal'id, a. warm. — n. calid'ity. 

calif, caliph, ka'lif, n. the name 
assumed by the successors of Moham- 
med. — ns. cal'ifate; cal'iphate. 

calipers, kal'i-perz, n. pi. compasses 
with legs suitable for measur-j 
ing the inside or outside diam- 
eter of bodies. [Corr. of 
caliber. .] 

caliph, caliphate. See calif. 

calisaya, kal-i-sa'ya, ' n. a 
variety of Peruvian bark. 

calix. See calyx. Calipers. 

calk, caulk, kawk, v. t. to drive tarred 
oakum into (a seam) : to make water- 
tight. 

calk, kawk, n. a pointed piece of iron 
on a horseshoe to prevent slipping. 




call mote, move; mute; then. canal 83 

call, kawl, v. i. to cry aloud: to make camass, ka-mas', n. a small lily, also 
a short visit. — v. t. to name: to summon: its nutritious bulb. [Indian name.] 
to appoint or proclaim: to designate or camber, kam'ber, n. (archit.) a con- 
reckon : to select for a special office. — ». vexity upon an upper surface. 
a summons or invitation: an impulse: a cambric, kam'brik, n. a kind of fine 
demand : a short visit : the cry of a bird : white linen. 

an invitation to a pastorate: (coll.) came, kam, did come, pa. t. of come. 

occasion, cause. camel, kam'el, n. an animal of Asia 

calligraphy, caligraphy, kal-lig'ra-fi, and Africa with one or two humps on 

n. fine penmanship. its back. 

Calliope, kal-I'o-pe, n. the muse of Camellia, ka-mel'ya, n. a genus of 

epic poetry: (/. c.) an instrument pro- evergreen shrubs, noted for the singu- 

ducing musical notes by means of steam- lar beauty of their flowers, 

whistles, played by a keyboard. [Gr.] camelopard, kam-el'6-pard, n. the 

callisthenics, kal-is-then'iks, n. pi. giraffe.' 

exercises for the purpose of promoting _ cameo, kam'e-o, n. a stone engraved 

health. — a. callisthen'ic. in relief. 

callous, kal'us, a. hardened : unfeeling camera, kam'er-a, n. a combined box, 
or insensible. lens, and screen used in taking photo- 
callow, kal'6, a. not covered with graphs. [L.] 
feathers: unbearded: inexperienced. camisade, kam-i-sad', n. a night 

calm, kam, a. still or quiet: serene, attack, 

tranquil. — n. absence of wind : repose : camlet, kam'let, n. a cloth of wool 

serenity of feelings or actions. and goat's hair. 

Calmuck. See Kalmuck. camomile, chamomile, kam'o-mil, 

calomel, kal'6-mel, n. a compound of n. a plant, or its dried flowers, used in 

mercury and chlorin. medicine. 

caloric, ka-lor'ik, n. heat : the sup- camp, kamp, n. the ground on which 

posed principle or cause of heat. troops pitch their tents : the tents of an 

calumny, kal'um-ni, n. false accusa- army : a permanent military station : any 

tion: slander. — v. t. calum'niate, to temporary quarters for travelers, etc. — 

accuse falsely : to slander. v. i. to encamp or pitch tents. 

Calvary, kal'va-ri, n. the place where campaign, kam-pan', n. a large open 

Jesus was crucified : any representation field or plain : the time during which an 

of the same. army keeps the field : an organized series 

calve, kav, v. i. to bring forth a calf, of operations. 

Calvinism, kal'vin-izm, n. the doctrines campanology, kam-pan-ol'o-ji, n. the 

of the religious reformer, John Calvin.- subject or science of bells or bell-ringing. 

calx, kalks, n. chalk or lime: the sub- Campanula, kam-pan'u-la, n. a genus 

stance of a metal or mineral which of plants bearing bell-shaped flowers, 

remains after calcination. camphene, kam'f en, n. rectified oil of 

calyptra, ka-lip'tra, n. a hood, cover- turpentine, 

ing, esp. that of the theca or capsule of camphor, kam'for, n. a solid essential 

mosses. oil, mostly obtained from the camphor 

calyx, calix, ka'liks, n. the outer laurel of India, China, and Japan, 

covering or cup of a flower: t ^JW^»- 1 can, kan, v. i. to be able: to have 

— pi. calyces, or calyxes. — a. Jptf^F 1 sufficient power: — pa. t. could, 

cal'ycate, having a calyx. — n. ^jS, can, kan, n. a vessel for holding or 

cal'ycle, an accessory calyx Waf carrying liquids : a vessel of tinplate 

outside the true one. [L., — Gr. H in which meat, fruit, etc., are hermet- 

kalyx — kalyptein, to cover.] W ically sealed : a drinking-mug. — v. t. to 

cam, kam, n. (mech.) a ^ put up for preservation in cans. 

device for changing a regular Calyx. Canadian, ka-na'di-an, a. and n. ^r- 

rotary motion into a reciprocating taining to Canada: a native of Canada, 

motion. [Dut. kam.] canaille, ka-nal', n. the mob, the 

camaraderie, kam-a-rad-re', n. com- vulgar rabble. [Fr., a dog — L. canis.] 

radeship: goodfellowship. [Fr.] canal, kan-al', n. an artificial water- 



84 



canard 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



canvass 



course for navigation: a duct in the 
body for any of its fluids. 

canard, ka-nar', or ka-nard', n. an 
extravagant or lying story. 

canary, ka-na'ri, n. a light sweet wine 
from the Canary Islands : a bird orig- 
inally from the Canary Islands. 

canaster, ka-nas'ter, n. a kind of 
tobacco. [Sp. canastra.] 

cancel, kan'sel, v. t. to erase or blot 
out by crossing with lines : to annul or 
suppress, as a printed page, etc. : to 
obliterate: to frustrate: to counter- 
balance or compensate for. 

cancer, kan'ser, n. the name for an 
important group of malignant tumors : 
(C-) a constellation and sign of the zodiac. 

candelabrum, kan-de-la'brum, n. a 
branched and ornamented candlestick. 

candent, kan'dent, a. glowing with 
heat. 

candid, kan'did, a. frank, ingenuous: 
fair, impartial. — adv. can'didly. 

candidate, ican'di-dat, n. one who 
offers himself or is named for any office 
or honor. 

candle, kan'dl, n. wax, tallow, or other 
like substance surrounding a wick. 

candor, kan'dur, n. freedom from 
prejudice or disguise: sincerity: justice. 

candy, kan'di, n. a sweetmeat made of 
sugar: anything preserved in sugar. — v. 
t. to preserve or dress with sugar : to 
congeal or crystallize as sugar. 

cane, kan, n. the stem of one of the 
smaller palms — as the rattan, or the 
larger grasses — bamboo and sugar-cane: 
a walking-stick. — v. t. to beat with a 
cane. 

canine, ka-nm', a. like or pertaining 
to the^ dog. 

canister, kan'is-ter, n. a box or case 
for holding tea, shot, etc. 

canker, kang'ker, n. an eating sore: 
a gangrene : anything that corrupts, con- 
sumes, irritates, or decays.—^, t. to eat 
into, corrupt, or destroy. — v. i. to grow 
corrupt : to decay. 

cannabic, kan'a-bik, a. pertaining to 
hemp. 

cannel, kan'el, n. a bituminous coal 
that burns with a bright flame. 

cannibal, kan'i-bal, n. one who eats 
human flesh. — a. relating to cannibalism. 

cannon, kan'un, n. a great gun used in 
war: (Eng.) a carom in billiards. 

cannot, kan'ot, v. i. to be unable. 



canny, kan'i, a. (Scot.) knowing: 
shrewd: having supernatural power. 

canoe, ka-no', n. a boat made of the 
hollowed trunk of a tree, or of bark. 

caflon, kan-yon', n. a deep gorge or 
ravine between high and steep banks. 

canon, kan'un, n. a law or rule, esp. 
in ecclesiastical matters : a general rule : 
standard : a clerical dignitary belonging 
to a cathedral. 

canopy, kan'o-pi, n. a covering over 
a throne or bed: a covering of state 
stretched over the head: any covering, 
as the sky. — v. t. to cover with a canopy. 

cant, kant, v. i. to speak in a conven- 
tional manner : to talk in an affected 
or hypocritical way. 

cant, kant, n. an inclination from the 
level: a toss or jerk: a sloping or tilted 
position: one of the segments forming 
a side-piece in the head of a cask. — v. t. 
to turn on the edge or corner. 

can't, kant, coll. contr. for cannot. 

cantaliver, kan'ta-liv-er, n. (archit.) 
a large bracket : the same principle ap- 
plied to a bridge. — Also cantilever, etc. 

cantaloup, kan'ta-loop, n. a small, 
ribbed variety of musk-melon. 

cantankerous, kan-tang'ker-us, a. 
cross-grained : perverse in temper. 

cantata, kan-ta'ta, n. a choral work, 
similar to, but shorter than the oratorio. 

canteen, kan-ten', n. a vessel used by 
soldiers for carrying water, etc. : a bar- 
rack, refreshment-house or sutler's store. 

canter, kan'ter, n. an easy gallop. — 
v. i. to move at an easy gallop. 

cantharides, kan-thar'i-dez, n. pi. 
Spanish flies, used for blistering. 

canticle, kan'ti-kl, n. a song: a non- 
metrical hymn. 

cantilever. See cantaliver. 

canto, kan'to, n. division of a song 
or poem : the treble or leading melody. 

canton, kan'tun, n. a division of ter- 
ritory, in Switzerland and France: in a 
flag, the section occupied in the case of 
the Stars and Stripes by the blue field 
with white stars. 

cantrip, kan'trip, n. a freak or wilful 
piece of trickery: a witch's spell. 

canvas, kan'vas, n. 2l coarse cloth made 
of hemp, used for sails, tents, etc., and 
for painting on: the sails of a ship. 

canvass, kan'vas, v. t. to sift, examine : 
to discuss : to solicit votes, contributions, 
etc. — v. i. to solicit votes, etc. (with for). 



canyon 



mote, move; mute; th en. 



caravel 



8-5 



canyon. Same as canon. 

caoutchouc, kow'chuk, n. the highly 
elastic juice or gum of a plant which 
grows in South America and Asia. 

cap, kap, n. a woman's headdress of 
muslin, or the like: a boy's headdress, 
any kind of unbrimmed covering for the 
head. 

capable, kap'a-bl, a. having ability, 
oower, or skill to do : qualified, com- 
petent. 

capacity, kap-as'i-ti, n. power of hold- 
ing or grasping a thing: room: volume: 
power of mind : character. — a. capa'- 
cious, including much : roomy : wide . 

cap-a-pie, kap-a-pe', adv. from head 
to foot, referring to arming, as a knight. 

caparison, ka-par'is-un, n. the cover- 
ing of a horse : a rich cloth laid over 
a war-horse: dress and ornaments gen- 
erally. — a. capar'isoned. 

cape, kap, n. a covering for the 
shoulders. [O. Fr. cape — Low L. cappa.] 

cape, kap, n. a head or point of land 
running into the sea : a headland. 

caper, ka'per, n. the pickled flower- 
bud of the caper-shrub. 

caper, ka'per, v. i. to leap or skip like 
a goat : to dance in a frolicsome man- 
ner. — n. a leap : a prank. 

capias, ka'pi-as, n. a judicial writ, 
commanding the sheriff to arrest the 
person named in it. 

capibara, kap-i-bar'a, ». the largest 
of rodent quadrupeds. 

capillary, kap'il-a-ri, or ka-pil'a-ri, a. 
as fine or minute as a hair: having a 
very small bore, as a tube. 

capital, kap'it-al, a. relating to the 
head: involving the loss of the head: 
chief : principal : excellent. — n. the top 
part of a column : the chief city of a 
country : a large or upper-case letter : 
the stock or money for carrying on any 
business. 

Capitol, kap'it-ol, n. the temple of 
Jupiter at Rome : the house where 
Congress meets : a state-house. 

capitulate, kap-it'ul-at, v. i. to yield 
or surrender on certain conditions. 

caplin, kap'lin, n. a small fish of the 
smelt family. — Also capelin. 

capon, ka'pn. n. a castrated cock. 

capote, ka-pot', n. a kind of cloak. 

capric, kap'rik, a, in capric acid, a 
fatty acid obtained from butter, etc. 

caprice, ka-pres', n. a change of 




humor or opinion without reason: a 
freak : changeabieness. — a. capri'cious, 
full of caprice : changeable. 

Capricorn, kap'ri-korn, n. one of the 
twelve signs of the zodiac, like a horned 
goat. 

capsicum, kap'si-kum, n. a tropical 
plant or shrub, from which cayenne 
pepper is made. 

capsize, kap-slz', v. t. to upset. — v. i. 
to be upset. 

capstan, kap'stan, n. an upright ma- 
chine turned by spokes, to 
wind up a cable. [Fr. 
cabestan, capestan, from 
L. cap ere, to take, hold.] 

capsule, kap'sul, n. the 
seed-vessel of a plant: a 
small dish: a gelatinous Capstan, 
envelope. 

captain, kap'tan, or kap'tin, «. a head 
or chief officer : the commander of a 
troop of horse, a company of infantry, 
or a ship : the leader of a team or club. 

caption, kap'shun, n. the act of taking : 
an arrest : a formal title. — a. cap'tious, 
ready to catch at faults or take offense. 

captivate, kap'tiv-at, v. t. to charm: 
to engage the affections. — a. cap'tivat- 
ing. [See captive.] 

captive, kap'tiv, ft. one taken: a 
prisoner of war : one kept in bondage. — 
a. taken or kept prisoner in war : charmed 
or subdued by anything. 

caput, kap'ut, ft. a head. 

car, kar, n. a vehicle moved on 
wheels : applied to all vehicles for rail- 
way transportation. 

caracole, kar'a-kol, ft. the half-turn 
or wheel made by a horseman. — v. i. to 
prance about. 

carafe, ka-raf, ft. a water-bottle for 
the table. [Fr.] 

carambola, ka-ram'bo-la, ft. the acrid 
pulpy fruit of a small East Indian tree. 

caramel, kar'a-mel, n. anhydrous of 
burnt sugar: a kind of confection. 

carapace, kar'a-pas, n. the shell of 
crustaceans. [Fr. — Sp. carapacJio.] ^ 

carat, kar'at, ft. a weight of 4 grains : 
a proportional measure of ^ in stating 
the fineness of gold. [Fr.] 

caravan, kar'a-van, n. a company of 
travelers associated together for security : 
a kind of house on wheels. 

caravel, kar'av-el, n. a kind of light 
sailing-vessel. 




86 caraway fate, far; me, her; mine; carpenter 

caraway, kar'a-wa, n. a plant with cargo, kar'go, n. the load of a ship, 

aromatic seeds. caribou, kar-i-bo', n. the American 

carbazotic, kar-ba-zot'ik, a. consist- reindeer. [Can. Fr.] 

ing of carbon and azote. caricature, kar'i-ka-tiir, n. an exag- 

carbide. See carbon. gerated or distorted likeness of any- 

carbine, kar'bin, n. a short light thing. — v. t. to t.urn into ridicule by 

musket. — n. carbineer', a soldier armed overdoing a likeness : to burlesque, 

with a carbine. carinate, kar'i-nat, p. a. keel-shaped. 

carbolic acid, kar-bol'ik as'id, n. an [L. carinatus — carina, a 

acid produced from coal-tar, used as a keel.] 

disinfectant. [L. carbo, coal.] cariole, kar'i-6l, n. a 

carbon, kar'bon, n. an elementary small open carriage, 

substance, widely diffused — charcoal is [Fr. carriole — root of 

an example: the pencil of carbon in an car.] Carinate leaf, 

arc light. — n. car'bide, a compound of cark, kark, n. {arch.) care, anxiety, 

carbon with a metal, formerly called or solicitude. — v. t. to burden, harass. — 

car'buret. v. i. to be anxious. 

carboy, kar'boi, n. a large bottle pro- Carlist, kar'list, n. a supporter of the 

tected with basket-work or wood. claims of a Spanish pretender, Don 

carbuncle, kar'bung-kl, n. a fiery-red Carlos de Bourbon and his descendants, 

precious stone: an inflamed ulcer: a carminative, kar-min'a-tiv, a. a med- 

pimple on the nose. icine to relieve flatulence. 

carburet, same as carbide. — a. car'- carmine, kar'min, n. the red coloring 

bureted. principle obtained from the cochineal. 

carcajou, kar'ka-jo, n. the wolverene. carnage, kar'naj, n. slaughter. 

carcass, carcase, kar'kas, n. the dead carnal, kar'nal, a. fleshly: sensual. — 
body of an animal. v. t. car'nalize, to make carnal: to de- 
carcinoma, kar-si-no'ma, n. a cancer, base carnally. 
, card, kard, n. a piece of . pasteboard carnation, kar-na'shun, n. flesh-color : 
marked with figures for playing a game, a variety of clove pink, 
or with a person's name, etc. carnelian, kar-ne'li-an, w. a fine 

card, kard, n. an instrument for comb- variety of chalcedony. — Also corne'lian. 

ing wool or flax. — v. t. to comb wool. carnival, kar'ni-val, n. any season of 

cardamom, kar'da-mom, «. the cap- revelry or indulgence: riotous feasting, 

sule of certain tropical plants, a spice, merriment, or amusement. 

cardiac, kar'di-ak, a. belonging to the Carnivora, kar-niv'6-ra, n. pi. the 

heart : cordial, reviving— also cardiac'al. or( j e r of flesh-eating animals. 

cardigan, kar'de-gan, n. a knitted caro ^ kar'ol, n. a song of joy or 

woolen jacket. praise 

cardinal, kar'din-al, a. principal: of a carotid) ka-rot'id, a. relating to the 

deep scarlet color.-*., one of the princes twQ great arteries of the neck 

of the church of Rome carouse, kar-owz', n. a drinking-bout: 

care, kar,. n anxiety, needfulness: a noi revel ._„ L to hold a drinking- 
charge oversight: the object. of anxiety. ^ t t dHnk free , and noisily> 
— v. i. to be anxious: to be inclined: to „„ ■ ««,.i \ Tnt . ?' li *. ^ ^" Q ^ w ^ rt 
have regard.-a. care'ful, full of care: car , ous r e ^ - kar -° zel » n - a merry-go- 
heedful: (B.) anxious.— adv. care'fully. round ' \ b f'* .\ ^ u . .. 

careen, ka-ren', v. t to lay (a ship) . c , ar P' kar P' % fc .*° f, atch at sma11 
on her side for repairs.-*, i. of a ship, faults °^ . errors (with «/)• 
to move with an inclination to one side. car P> kar P; n - a fresh-water fish corn- 
career, ka-rer', n. a race: course of mon m ponas. 
action: manner of life.—*, i. to gallop: carpal, kar pal, a pertaining to the 
to move or run rapidly. wrist. [Gr. karpos, the wrist.] 

caress, ka-res', *. t. to treat with carpel, kar'pel, n. a small seed-vessel 

affection : to fondle : to embrace. of a flower. 

caret, ka'ret, n. a. mark, a , used in carpenter, kar'pent-er, n. a worker in 

writing when a word is left out. timber as used in building houses, ships, 



carpet 



mote, move; mute; thtn. 



cassava 



8T 



etc. — v. i. to do the work of a carpen- 
ter. 

carpet, kar'pet, n. the woven or felted 
covering of floors, stairs, etc. — v. t. to 
cover with a carpet. 

carriage, kar'ij, n. act or cost of 
carrying: a vehicle for carrying: be- 
havior: bearing. [See carry.] 

carrion, kar'i-un, n. the dead and 
putrid body or flesh of any animal : any- 
thing vile. 

carrot, kar'ut, n. a vegetable having a 
tapering root of a reddish or yellowish 
color: the root itself. 

carry, kar'i, v. t to convey or bear: 
to lead or transport : to take by force : to 
effect: to behave* or demean: to get 
passed by a majority. 

cart, kart, n. a two-wheeled vehicle 
without springs : a. delivery-wagon. 

carte, kart, n. the fourth position of 
the wrist in fencing. 

carte, kart, n. a. bill of fare : short for 
carte-de-visite. 

Carthusian, kar-thu'zi-an, n. one of 
an order of monks noted for their strict- 
ness. 

cartilage, kar'ti-laj, n. in vertebrate 
animals, a firm elastic tissue: gristle. 

cartography, kar-tog'ra-fi, n. the art 
of preparing charts or maps.^ 

cartomancy, kar'to-man-si, n. divi- 
nation by playing-cards. 

carton, kar'ton, n. a thin pasteboard: 
a box made from such. [Fr.] 

cartoon, kar-ton', n. any large sketch 
or design on paper, esp. a representa- 
tion of current events. 

cartouche, kar-tosh', n. a case for 
holding cartridges: (archit.) an orna- 
ment resembling a scroll of paper with 
the ends rolled up. — Also cartouch'. 

cartridge, kar'trij, n. a case made of 
paper, paste- 
board, metal, 
etc., containing 
the charge for a 

gun.— n. car'- Section of central-fire shot 
tridge-belt, a Cartridge. 

belt having pockets for cartridges. 

caruncle, kar-unk'l, n. a small fleshy 
excrescence, as the wattles of the turkey. 

carve, karv, v. t. to cut into forms, 
devices, etc. : to make or shape by cut- 
ting: to cut up (meat) into slices or 
pieces. — v. i. to exercise the art of a 
sculptor: to cut up meat. 




caryatid, kar-i-at'id, n. a female 
figure used to support an entablature. 

cascabel, kas'ka-bel, n. the whole rear 
part behind the base-ring of a cannon. 

cascade, kas-kad', n. a waterfall. 

cascara, kas'ka-ra, n. a bark used in 
medicine. [Sp.] 

casco, kas'ko, n. a form of freight- 
boat used in the Philippines. 

case, kas, n. a covering, box, or 
sheath : an outer coating : a frame for 
printing-types, etc. — v. t. to supply with 
a case. — v. t. case'-hard'en, to convert 
the surface of (iron goods) into steel. 

case, kas, n. that which falls or hap- 
pens, event : particular state or condition : 
subject of question or inquiry: an 
instance of disease: a person under 
medical treatment: a legal statement of 
facts: a cause at law: {gram.) the in- 
flection of nouns, etc. 

casein, caseine, ka'se-in, n. an organic 
substance, contained in milk and cheese. 

casemate, kas'mat, n. (mil.) any 
bomb-proof vaulted 
chamber. [Fr. ; der. 
uncertain.] 

cash, kash, n. coin 
or money: ready] 
money. — v. t. to Casemate, 

turn into money: toA B, Casemate. A gun at 
pay money for. — US. B would fire through the 
/>^cV.'Ua«i, « u~~u embrasure in the wall; a 
cash book, a book gun at c would fire ; M 

recording receipts barbette, or over the 
and disbursements ; Parapet. D, a parapet; 
„~r.u:~..' „ « 1/ E, scarp-wall, the outer 

cashier , a cash- f ace f which is the 
keeper: an officer of scarp; a &, terre-plein. 
a bank: one who has charge of money. 

casb~*r, ka-sho', n. a spreading tropi- 
cal tre<- with edible nuts and stalks. 

cashier, kash-er', v. t. to dismiss in 
disgrace: to discard: to annul. 

cashmere, kash'mer, n. a rich kind of 
shawl : a dress fabric. 

casino, kas-e'no, n. a room for public 
dancing, gambling, etc. : a card-game. 

cask, kask, n. a hollow round vessel 
for holding liquids, made of staves bound 
with hoops : a measure of capacity. 

casket, kask'et, n. a small case for 
holding jewels, etc.: a coffin. 

cassation, kas-sa'shun, n. the act of 
making null or void. — court of cassa- 
tion, the supreme tribunal in France. 

cassava, kas-sa'va, n. a West Indian 
plant and its edible starch, the tapioca 
of commerce. [West Indian.] 




cassia 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



catechize 



cassia, kash'ya, n. a coarser kind of 
cinnamon : the tree which yields it. 

cassimere, kas-i-mer', n. a twilled 
cloth of fine wool. — Also kerseymere'. 

cassock, kas'ok, n. a long loose black 
robe worn by clergy and choristers. 

cast, kast, v. t. to throw or fling: to 
throw off, shed, drop : to throw together 
or reckon : to mold or shape. — v. i. to 
warp: — pa. t. and pa. p. cast. — n. act of 
casting : a throw of anything : the thing 
thrown, esp. in angling: the distance 
thrown : a motion, turn, or squint, as of 
the eye: a chance: a mold: the form 
received from a mold : manner, stamp, 
or quality: a shade of color, a degree 
of guilt, etc. : the assignment of the 
various parts of a play to the several 
actors. 

Castanet, kas'ta-net, n. a musical in- 
strument of percussion, two being struck 
together by the fingers. a 

caste, kast, n. a Hindoo class or 
section of society : high social standing. 

caster, kast'er, n. a small wheel on 
the base of furniture. 

castigate, kas'tig-at, v. t. to chastise: 
to correct: to punish with stripes. 

Castilian, kas-til'yan, a. and n. of or 
belonging to Castile, a native of Castile, 
or the language thereof. 

castle, kas'l, n. a fortified house or 
fortress : a stately residence : any place 
of security: (chess) a rook. 

castor. See caster. 

castor-oil, kas'tor-oil, n. a medicinal 
oil obtained from a tropical plant. 

castrametation, kas-tra-m^-ta'shun, 
n. the act or art of encamping 

castrate, kas'trat, v. t. to deprive of 
the power of generation, to geld. 

casual, kazh'u-al, a. accidental: un- 
foreseen : occasional. 

casuist, kaz'u-ist, n. one who studies 
and resolves cases of conscience. 

cat, kat, n. a common domestic animal : 
any species of the genus Felis: a spite- 
ful woman: a double tripod with six 
legs : a piece of wood tapering at each 
end, struck in the game of tipcat. 

catachresis, kat-a-kre'sis, n. a harsh 
or far-fetched metaphor. 

cataclysm, kat/a-klizm, n. 2l flood of 
water : a deluge : great revolution. 

catacomb, kat'a-kom, n. a subter- 
ranean excavation, used as a burial- 
place, etc. 



catacoustics, kat-a-kows'liks, n. the 
part of acoustics which treats of echoes. 

catafalque, kat-a-falk', n. a temporary 
resting-place for the coffin during a 
lying-in-state. 

catalectic, kat-a-lek'tik, a. incomplete : 
applied to a defective verse. 

catalepsy, kat'a-lep-si, n. suspension 
of animation, with fixedness of the body 
and limbs. — a. catalep'tic. 

catalog. Variant spelling of cata- 
logue. 

catalogue, kat'a-log, n. a list of names, 
books, etc.: any list. — v. t. to put in a 
catalogue. 

Catalpa, kat-al'pa, n. a genus of hardy 
trees, native to the U. S. and Japan. 

catalysis, ka-tal'i-sis, n. (chem.) the 
decomposition of a compound and the 
recomposition of its elements, as in fer- 
mentation. — a. catalyt'ic. 

catamaran, kat'a-mar-an', or kat-am'- 
ar-an, n. a raft of three pieces of wood 
lashed together: an ill-natured woman. 

cataplexy, kat'a-plex-i, n. paralysis 
from terror. — n. cataplec'tic. 

catapult, kat'a-pult, n. an ancient 
engine of war, for throwing stones, etc. : 
a boy's slingshot. 

cataract, kat'a-rakt, n. a waterfall or 
cascade : an opaque condition of the 
lens of the eye, occasioning blindness. 

catarrh, kat-ar', n. a discharge of 
fluid from the inflammation of a mucous 
membrane, esp. of the nose, caused by 
cold in the head : the cold itself. 

catastasis, kat-as'tas-is, n. (rhet.) 
that part of a speech which states the 
subject to be discussed. [Gr.] 

catastrophe, kat-as'tro-fe, n. an over- 
turning: a final event: an unfortunate 
conclusion : a calamity. 

Catawba, ka-taw'ba, n. a light wine 
produced from a grape of the same 
name. 

catch, kach, v. t. to take hold of: to 
apprehend or understand: to seize after 
pursuit : to trap or ensnare : to take by 
infection: to take up by sympathy or 
imitation. — v. i. to be contagious : to be 
entangled or fastened in anything: — pa. 
t. and pa. p. caught (kawt). — n. seizure: 
anything that seizes or holds : that which 
is caught : anything worth catching : a 
sudden advantage taken. 

catechize, kat'e-klz, v. t. to instruct 



category mote, move; mute; then. cavil 89 

by question and answer: to question as caudex, kaw'deks, n. {hot.) the stein 

to belief: to examine systematically. of a tree, esp. of palm or tree-fern. [L.] 

category, kat'e-gor-i, n. what may be caught, kawt, pa. t. and pa. p. of 

affirmed of a class : a class or order. — a. catch. 

categor'ical, positive : absolute : without caul, kawl, n. a net or covering for 

exception. — adv. categor'ically, abso- the head: the membrane covering the 

lutely: expressly. head of some infants at birth. 

catelectrode, kat-e-lek'trod, n. a neg- cauliflower, kaw'li-flow'er, n. a variety 
ative electrode : a oathode. of cabbage — the eatable part is the de- 
cater, ka'ter, v. i to provide food, formed inflorescence or head, 
entertainment, etc. (with to, for). cause, kawz, n. that which produces 

caterpillar, kat'er-pil-ar, n. a grub an effect : that by or through which 

that lives upon the leaves of plants, anything happens : motive : inducement : 

caterwaul, kat'er-wawl, n. the shriek a legal action, case, suit: sake, advan- 

or cry emitted by the cat when in heat, tage: that side of a question which is 

cathartic, -al, kath-art'ik, -al, a. hav- taken up by an individual or party. — v. 

ing the power of cleansing the stomach f. to produce : to make to exist : to bring 

and bowels : purgative. about. — a. caus'al, relating to a cause. 

cathedral, kath-ed'ral, n. the principal _ causerie, koz'ri, n. small talk or gos- 

church of a diocese. — a. belonging to a sip. 

cathedral. causeway, kawz'wa, causey, kawz'e, 

catheter, kath'e-ter, n. a tube to be n. a raised way through a marsh: a 

introduced through the urethra into the pathway raised and paved with stone: 

bladder. a paved street. 

cathode, kath-od', n. the negative pole caustic, kaws'tik, a. burning: (fig.) 
or electrode of a galvanic battery, as bitter, severe, cutting: (math.) noting 
opposed to anode: the surface in contact an envelope of rays of light proceeding 
with the negative pole: the object to be from a fixed point and reflected (ca fa- 
coated in electroplating caustic) or refracted (diacaustic) by a 

catholic, kath'ol-ik, a. universal: gen- surface or a curve.— ». a substance that 

eral, embracing the whole body of exerts a. corroding action on the skin. 

Christians: orthodox: liberal, the op- cauterize, kaw ter-iz, v t. to burn 

posite of exclusive: relating to the name Wlth caustic or a hot iron: (fig.) to sear, 

claimed by its adherents for the Church caution, kaw shun, n. needfulness : 

of Rome: relating to Roman Catholics, security: warning.— v. t. to warn to take 

h-n. an adherent of the R. C. Church. care. 

Catonian, ka-to'ni-an, a. resembling . cavalcade, kav-al-kad , n. a proces- 

Cato, a Roman remarkable for gravity of sion on horseback, 

manners— hence grave, severe. cavalier, kav-al-er', n. a knight: a 

catoptric, kat-oo'trik, a. relating to gallant— a. like a cavalier: gay: war- 
catoptrics or vision by reflection.— n. pi. llke : haughty, supercilious, free-and-easy. 
catop'trics, the part of optics which cavalry, kav'al-ri, n. horse-soldiers: a 
treats of reflected light. troop of horse or horsemen. 

cattle, kat'l, n. pi. beasts of pasture, cave, kav, n. a hollow place in the 

esp. oxen, bulls, and cows : sometimes earth : a den.— v. t. to hollow out. 

also horses, sheep, etc. caveat, ka've-at, n. a notice or warn- 

Caucasian, kaw-ka'zhi-an, a. pertain- ing: a formal warning description of a 

ing to Mount Caucasus or the country patent, etc. 

around it. — n. the fair type of man as m cavern, kav'ern, n. a deep hollow place 

opposed to the Mongolic or yellow type, in the earth. 

caucus, kaw'kus, n. a private meeting caviar, caviare, kav-i-ar', n. an 

of representatives of a party: a meeting article of food made from the salted 

of voters to select delegates or candi- roes of the sturgeon, etc. 

dates : a secret meeting of any kind. cavicorn, kav'i-korn, a. hollow-horned, 

caudal, kaw'dal, a. pertaining to the as a ruminant. 

tail. — a. cau'date, tailed. [L. cauda.] cavil, kav'il, v. t. to make empty, 



90 cavity 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



centimeter 



trifling objections: to use false argu- 
ments. 

cavity, kav'it-i, n. a hollow place: an 

opening. 

cavort, kav-ort', v. i. to curvet: 
{slang ) to bustle around ostentatiously. 

cavy, kav'i, n. a genus of rodents, 
typified by the common guinea-pig. 

caw, kaw, v. i. to cry as a crow. — n. 
the cry of a crow. — n. caw'ing. 

cayenne, ka-en', cayenne-pepper, ka- 
en'-pep'er, n. a very pungent red pepper. 

cease, ses, v. i. to give over : to stop : 
to be at an end. — v. t. to put an end 
to. — a. ceaseless, without ceasing: in- 
cessant. — adv. ceaselessly. — n. ceas'ing. 

Cebus, se'bus, n. a genus of South 
American monkeys. [Gr. kebos.] 

cedar, ce'dar, n. a large evergreen 
tree remarkable for the durability and 
fragrance of its wood. — a. made of cedar. 

cede, sed, v. t. to yield or give up to 
another. — v. i. to give way. 

cedilla, se-dil'la, n. a mark placed 
under the letter c (thus f), esp. in 
French, to show that it is to have its 
soft sound of s. 

ceil, sel, v. t. to overlay the inner roof 
of (a room) : to wainscot. — n. ceil'ing, 
the inner roof of a room. 

celandine, sel'an-dln, n. swallow- 
wort, a perennial herb. 

celebrate, sel'e-brat, v. t. to make 
famous : to distinguish by solemn cere- 
monies, as a festival or an event: to 
perform with proper rites and cere- 
monies, as mass, marriage, etc. — n. cel'- 
ebrant, one who celebrates. — a. cer- 
ebrated, distinguished : famous. 

celerity, sel-er'it-i, n. quickness: 
rapidity of motion. 

celery, sel'er-i, n. a vegetable culti- 
vated for its long succulent stalks. 

celestial, sel-est'yal, a. heavenly: 
dwelling in heaven : in the visible 
heaven. — n. an inhabitant of heaven. 

celibacy, seri-bas-i, or se-lib'as-i, n. 
single life: an unmarried state. 

cell, sel, n. a small room in a prison, 
monastery, etc. : a cave : a small shut 
cavity : the grave : a unit-mass of living 
matter: in electricity, the means of pro- 
ducing a voltaic current. — adjs. celled, 
having cells, cellular; cell'ular; cell'- 
ulated, consisting of or containing cells. 

cellar, sel'ar, n. any underground 



room or vault : a store of wine, etc. — v. t. 
to store in a cellar. 

Celt, selt, n. one of the Celts, an 
Aryan race, now represented by the 
Bretons, the Welsh, the Irish, and the 
Scottish Highlanders. 

cement, se-ment', n. anything that 
makes two bodies stick together : mortar : 
a bond of union. — v. t. to unite with 
cement: to join firmly. 

cemetery, sem'e-ter-i, n. a burying- 
ground. ^ 

cenobite, sen'o-bit, n. a monk living 
in community. — Also coenobite. 

cenotaph, sen'6-taf, n. a sepulchral 
monument to one buried elsewhere. 

censer, sens'er, n. a pan in which 
incense is burned. 

censor, sen'sor, n. an officer who 
examines press despatches before they 
are sent, or books, newspapers, etc., be- 
fore they are printed : one who censures 
or blames. 

censure, sen'shur, n. an unfavorable 
judgment: blame: reproof. — v. t. to 
blame: to condemn as wrong. 

census, sen'sus, n. an official enum- 
eration of inhabitants. 

cent, sent, n. a hundred: a coin=the 
hundredth part of a dollar. 

centaur, sen'tawr, n. a fabulous 
monster, half-man, half-horse. [L., — Gr.] 

centenary, sen'tin-ar-i, n. a. hundred: 
a century or hundred years. — o. pertain- 
ing to a hundred. 

centennial, sen-ten'i-al, a. happening 
once in a hundred years. — n. a hun- 
dredth anniversary. 

center, centre, sen'ter, n. the middle 
point of anything, esp. a circle or sphere : 
the middle: the point toward which all 
things move or are drawn: a leader. — 
v. t. to place on or collect to a center. 
— v. i. to be placed in the middle.-^. 
cen'tral, belonging to the center, prin- 
cipal, dominant. 

centering, sen'ter-ing, n. (archit.) 
the framework upon which an arch or 
vault of stone, brick, or iron is built. 

centigrade, sen'ti-grad, a. divided 
into a hundred degrees, as the thermom- 
eter of Celsius in which freezing-point 
is zero and boiling-point is ioo°. 

centime, son-tem', n. the hundredth 
part of a franc. 

centimeter, sen'ti-me-tr, n. a lineal 



centiped 



mote, move; mute; then. 



chair 



91 



measure, the hundredth part of a meter 
= 0-3937 inches. 

centiped, sen'ti-ped, n. a general name 
for members of an order of the class 
Myriapoda. — Also centipede. 

centre. See center. 

centrifugal, sen-trif'u-gal, a. tending 
away from the center. 

centripetal, sen-trip'et-al, a. tending 
toward a center. 

, centrobaric, sen-tro-bar'ik, a. relating 
to the center of gravity. 

centuple, sen'tu-pl, a. hundredfold. — 
v. t. centu'plicate, to multiply a hun- 
dred times. 

century, sen'tii-ri, n. a hundred, or 
something consisting of a hundred in 
number : a hundred years. — a. centu'rial. 

Cephalopoda, sef-al-op'od-a, n. pi. the 
highest class of mollusks, with arms bear- 
ing suckers — more commonly cuttle-fish. 

ceramic, se-ram'ik, a. pertaining to 
pottery. [Gr. keramos, potter's earth.] 

cerasin, ser'a-sin, n. the insoluble 
portion of the gum which exudes from 
the cherry, etc. 

Cerastes, se-ras'tez, n. a genus of 
poisonous snakes. 

cerate, se'rat, n. a compound of wax 
with other substances. — a. ce'rated. 

ceratode, ser'a-tod, n. the horny 
skeletal substance of sponges. 

ceraunic, se-raw'nik, a. pertaining to. 
or produced by, thunder. 

cere^ ser, v. t. to cover with wax. — a. 
cera'ceous, of or like wax. 

cereal. See Ceres. 

cerebrum, sere-brum, n. the front 
and larger part of the brain. 
: ceremony, ser'e-mo-ni, n. a sacred 
rite: the outward form, religious or 
otherwise: pomp or state. — a. ceremo'- 
nial, relating to ceremony. — n. outward 
form: a system of ceremonies. 

Ceres, se'rez, n. the goddess of tillage 
and corn. — a. ce'real, relating to corn or 
edible grain. 

Cereus, se'ri-us, n. a large genus of 
cactuses. [L., waxen.] 

cerise, ser-ez', n. and a. a light and 
clear red color. [Fr., cherry.] 

certain, ser'tin, a. sure : not to be 
doubted : resolved : fixed : regular : in- 
evitable: some: one. — adv. cer'tainly. 

certes, ser'tez, adv. certainly : in sooth. 

certificate, ser-tifi-kat, n. a written 
declaration of some fact. — ns. certifica'- 



tion; cer'tifier, one who certifies. — v. t. 
cer'tify, to make known as certain. 

certiorari, ser-shi-o-ra'ri, n. the writ 
by which causes are removed from 
inferior courts to the higher courts. 

cerulean, se-ro'le-an, a. sky-blue. 

cerulein, se-ro'le-in, n. a coal-tar 
color used in dyeing olive-green shades. 

cerumen, se-ro'men, n. the yellow 
waxy matter secreted in the ear. 

ceruse, se'ros, n. white-lead. 

cervical, ser'vi-kal, a. belonging to the 
neck. 

cervine, ser'vin, a. relating to deer. 

cessation, ses-a'shun, n. a ceasing or 
stopping : a rest : a pause. 

cession, sesh'un, n. a yielding up. 

cesspool, ses'pol, n. a pool or hollow 
in which filthy water collects. 

cestus, ses'tus, n. the girdle of Venus, 
which had power to awaken love : an 
ancient boxing-glove loaded with lead or 
iron. 

cesura, caesura, se-zu'ra, n. a metrical 
pause in verse. 

Cetacea, se-ta'shi-a, n. pi. an order 
of mammals, including the toothed 
whales and the baleen whales. 

Ceylonese, se-lon-ez', a. of or belong- 
ing to Ceylon. — n. a native of Ceylon. 

chafe, chaf, v. t. to make hot by rub- 
bing : to fret or wear by rubbing : to 
cause to fret or rage. — v. i. to fret or 
rage. — n. heat caused by rubbing : rage . 

chafer, chafer, n. a kind of beetle, the 
cockchafer. [A. S. cefer.] 

chaff, chaf, n. a general name for the 
husks of corn or other grain: refuse, or 
worthless matter : light banter, badinage. 

chaffer, chafer, v. t. to buy. — v. i. to 
bargain : to haggle about price. 

chagrin, sha-grin', n. that which 
wears or gnaws the mind: vexation: 
annoyance. — v. t. to vex or annoy. 

chain, chan, n. a series of links or 
rings passing through one another : a 
number of things coming after each 
other: anything that binds: in survey- 
ing, a measure of ioo links. — v. t. to 
fasten: to fetter: to restrain. 

chair, char, n. a movable seat for one, 
with a back to it: the seat or office of 
one in authority, as a presiding officer: 
the office or function of a professor: 
a cast-iron support for rails. — v. t. to 
place in a seat of authority: to carry 
publicly in triumph. 



92 



chaise 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



chaos 



chaise, shaz, n. a light open carriage 
for one or more persons. [Fr., a chair.] 

chalcedony, kal-sed'6-ni, or kal'-, n. 
a beautiful mineral of the quartz family. 

chalcography, kal-kog'ra-fi, n. the art 
of engraving on copper or brass. 

Chaldaic, kal-da'ik, Chaldee, kal'de, 
a. relating to Chaldea. — n. the language 
of the Chaldeans. 

chaldron, chawl'drun, n. a coal- 
measure, holding 36 heaped bushels. 

chalet, sha-la', n. a Swiss cottage. 

chalice, chal'is, n. a cup or bowl: a 
communion-cup. 

chalk, chawk, n. a well-known white 
substance, a carbonate of lime. — v. t. to 
rub or manure with chalk. 

challenge, chal'enj, v. t. to call on to 
settle a matter by fighting or other con- 
test : to accuse : to obj ect to. — n. a sum- 
mons to a contest of any kind, but esp. 
a duel: a calling of any one or any- 
thing in question: exception to a juror: 
the demand of a sentry. — n. chall'enger. 

challis, shal'i, n. a light all-wool fabric. 

chalybeate, kal-ib'e-at, a. containing 
iron. — n. a water or other liquor con- 
taining iron. 

chamade, sham'ad, n. a signal invit- 
ing a parley. [Fr.] 

chamber, cham'ber, n. an apartment : 
the place where an assembly meets : a 
body of men met for some purpose : a 
compartment : a cavity : the back end of 
the bore of a gun. — v. t. to put in a 
chamber: to confine. — v. i. to be wanton. 

chamberlain, cham'ber-lin, 11. an 
officer appointed to perform domestic 
and ceremonial duties about a court, etc. 

chameleon, ka-meTyun, n. a small 
lizard famous for changing its color. 

chamfer, cham'fer, n. a bevel or slope 
in wood or stone work: a groove, chan- 
nel, or furrow. 

chamois, sha'moi, sham'i, n. a goat- 
like species of antelope : a soft kind of 
leather originally made from its skin. 

champ, champ, v. i. to make a snap- 
ping noise with the jaws in chewing. — 
v. t. to bite or chew : to crush : to mash. 

champagne, sham-pan', n. a light 
sparkling wine, produced by fermenta- 
tion in the bottle. 

champaign, sham-pan', a. level, open. 
— n. an open, level country. 

champerty, sham'per-ti, n. a bargain 



whereby one party is to assist another 
in recovering property for a share in the 
proceeds. 

champion, cham'pi-un, n. one who de- 
fends a cause or a weaker person : a 
successful combatant: in boxing, run- 
ning, etc., one who has excelled all 
others. — a. acting as champion, first. 

chance, chans, n. that which falls out 
or happens : an unexpected event : risk : 
opportunity : possibility of something 
happening: probability. — v. t. to risk. — 
v. i. to happen. — a. happening by chance. 

chancel, chan'sel, n. the eastern part 
of a church : the choir. 

chancellor, chan'sel-or, n. the presi- 
dent of a court of chancery: a high of- 
ficial of state: the titular head of a 
university. 

chancery, chan'ser-i, n. a court of 
equity: a division of the English High 
Court of Justice: a court of record 
generally. 

chancre, shan'ker, n. an ulcer aris- 
ing from the direct application of 
syphilitic poisoning. — adjs. chan'croid; 
chan'crous. [Fr. ; a form of canker.] 

chandelier, shan-de-ler', n. a frame 
with branches for holding lights. — n. 
chand'ler, a dealer. — ns. chand'lery, 
goods sold by a chandler; ship'-chand'- 
ler, dealer in general stores for ships. 
[Fr., — Low L. can claria, a candlestick 
— L. candela, a candle.] 

change, chanj, v. t. to alter or make 
different : to put or give for another : 
to make to pass from one state to 
another : to exchange. — v. i. to suffer 
change : to change one's clothes. — n. the 
act of changing: alteration or variation 
of any kind: a shift: variety: small 
coin. 

channel, chan'el, n. the bed of a 
stream : the deeper part of a strait, bay, 
or harbor: a narrow sea: a groove or 
furrow : means of passing or conveying. 

channel, chan'el, n. a flat piece of 
wood or iron projecting horizontally 
from a ship's side. 

chant, chant, v. t. to sing: to cele- 
brate in song: to recite in a singing 
manner. — n. song: melody: a kind of 
sacred music, in which prose is sung. 

chanticleer, chant'i-kler, n. a cock, 

chaos, ka'os, n. shapeless mass: dis- 
order. — a. chaotic, confused. 



chap mote, move; mute; then. chasuble 93 

chap, chap, n. the jaw : — commonly to ask as the price, to set down to one's 
in the pi. — Also chop. — a. chap'fallen, account. 

having the lower chap depressed : de- charily, chariness. See chary, 
jected: dispirited. chariot, char'i-ot, n. a four-wheeled 

chap, chap, v. i. to crack. — v. t. to pleasure or state carriage, 
fissure. — n. crack: an open fissure in the charity, char'i-ti, n. (N. T.) universal 
skin, caused by exposure to frost: a love: the disposition to think favorably 
knock. of others, and do them good. 

chap, chap, n. a fellow, originally a charivari, shar'i-var'i, n. a noisy mock 
customer, from chapman. serenade. 

chaparral, chap-a-ral', n. dense tangled charlatan, shar la-tan, n. a mere talk- 
brushwood, ing pretender: a quack. 

chapel, chap'el, n a place of worship charlotte, shar-lot', n. a light baked 
inferior or subordinate to a regular pudding. 

church, or attached to a palace, garrison, charm, charm, n. a spell : something 
prison, school, college, etc. . thought to possess occult power, a 

chaperon, shap'e-ron, n. one who at- metrical form of words : attractiveness : 
tends a lady in public places as a pro- a trinket worn on a watch-chain or fob: 
tector. — v. t. to attend a lady to public {pi.) female beauty or other personal 
places. — n. chap'eronage. attractions : that which can please ir- 

chaplain, chap'lin, n. a clergyman at- resistibly. 
tached to a ship of war, a regiment, a charnel, char'nel, a. of or pertaining 
public institution, or private family. to a burial-place : sepulchral, death-like, 

chaplet, chap'let, n. a garland or chart, chart, n. a marine or hydro- 
wreath for the head : a circlet of gold, graphical map, exhibiting a portion of a 
etc. : a string of beads used in counting sea or other water, with the contiguous 
prayers, one-third of a rosary in length, land, surroundings, currents, etc. 

chapter, chap'ter, n. a main division charter, chart'er, n. any formal writ- 
of a book, or of anything: a subject or ing in evidence of a grant, contract, or 
category generally: an assembly of the other transaction, conferring or con- 
canons of a cathedral or collegiate firming titles, rights, powers, or privi- 
church, or the members of a religious leges, or the like. 

or military order: an organized branch chary, char'i, a. sparing: cautious, 
of some society or fraternity. chase, chas, v. t. to pursue : to hunt : 

char, char, v. t. to roast or burn until to drive away, put to flight. — n. pursuit: 
reduced to carbon or coal, to scorch : — a hunting : that which is hunted : ground 
pa. p. charred. abounding in game. 

character, kar'ak-ter, n. a letter, sign, chase, chas, v. t. to decorate metal- 
figure, stamp, or distinctive mark : a work, by engraving the exterior, 
mark of any kind, a symbol in writing, chase, chas, n. a case or frame for 
etc. : writing generally, handwriting : a holding printing-types : a groove, 
secret cipher: any essential feature or chasm, kazm, n. a yawning or gaping 
peculiarity: nature: the aggregate of hollow: a gap or opening: a void space, 
peculiar qualities which constitutes indi- chasse, shas'a, n. a kind of gliding 
viduality : moral qualities, especially the step in dancing, 
reputation of possessing such. chassis, shas'e, n. the framework of 

charade, shar-ad', n. a species of riddle, an automobile supporting the motor, etc. : 
often acted. a gun-carriage. [Fr.] 

charcoal, char'kol, n. charred wood or chaste, chast, a. modest : refined : 
coal made by charring wood. virtuous : pure in taste and style. 

charge, charj, v. t. to load, to put chasten, chas'n, v. t. to free from 
into, to fill (with) : to load heavily, faults by punishing — hence to punish, to 
burden: to fill completely: to cause to purify or refine: to restrain or moderate, 
receive electricity : to lay a task upon, to chastise, chas-tiz', v. t. to inflict pun- 
enjoin, command: to deliver officially an ishment upon for the purpose of cor- 
injunction to : to bring an accusation rection. 
against: to exact a sum of money from, chasuble, chaz'u-bl, n. a sleeveless 



94 



chat 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



chess 




ecclesiastical vestment. [0. Fr. chesible 
— Low L. casubula — L. 
casula, a mantle.] 

chat, cbat, v. i. to talk 
idly or familiarly. — n. 
familiar, idle talk. — n. 
chat'tiness. — a. chat'ty, 
given to chat, talkative. 
[Short for chatter.] 

chateau, sha-to', n. a 
castle, a great country- 
seat, esp. in France. — ns. 
chatelain (shat'e-lan), a 
castellan ; chat'elaine, a 
'female castellan : an orna- 
mental appendage, a bag, 
etc., attached to a lady's 
waist-belt. [0. Fr. chattel Chasuble. 
— L. castellum, dim. of castrum, a fort.] 

chattel, chat'l, n. any kind of property 
which is not freehold. 

chatter, chat'er, v. i. to talk idly or 
rapidly : to sound as the teeth when one 
shivers. 

Chaucerian, cha-se'ri-an, a. pertain- 
ing to Chaucer. — n. a student of Chaucer. 

chauffer, shaw'fer, n. a metal box for 
holding fire, a portable furnace or stove. 

chauffeur, sho-feV, n. a driver of an 
automobile, esp. a professional driver. 

chauffeuse, sho-fos', n. feminine of 
chauffeur. [Fr.] 

chauvinism, shd'vin-izm, w. an ab- 
surdly extravagant pride in one's country. 

cheap, chep, a. low in price: noting 
a place where prices are low, as a 
cheap market: of a low price in relation 
to the value: easily obtained: of small 
value, or reckoned as such. 

cheat, chet, v. t. to deceive, defraud, 
impose upon. — v. i. to practice deceit. — 
n. fraud : one who cheats. — n. cheat'er. 

check, chek, v. t. to bring to a stand: 
to restrain or hinder : to rebuke : to con- 
trol an account, etc., by comparison with 
certified data, vouchers, etc. : to place 
in check at chess. — n. a term in chess 
when one party obliges the other either 
to move or guard his king : anything that 
checks : a repulse, or rebuff : a mark put 
against items in a list : an order for money 
(also written cheque) : a token, of 
printed paper or metal, given to a rail- 
road passenger for the identification of 
his baggage, etc. : a counter used in games 
at cards : a pattern of cross lines form- 
ing small squares, as in a chess-board: 



any fabric woven with such a pattern. 

checker, chek'er, n. alternation of 
colors as on a chess-board. — v. t. to 
mark in squares of different colors. 

checkerberry, chek'er-beri, n. the 
wintergreen. 

cheek, chek, n. the side of the face 
below the eye, the fleshy lateral wall of 
the mouth: effrontery, impudence: any- 
thing arranged in lateral pairs. — v. t. to 
address insolently. — a. cheek'y» insolent. 

cheep, chep, v. i. to chirp, as a young 
bird. — n. any similar sound. 

cheer, cher, n. disposition, frame of 
mind (with good, etc.) : joy: a shout of 
approval or welcome : kind treatment : 
entertainment: fare, food. — v. t. to com- 
fort: to encourage: to applaud: to in- 
spirit. — a. cheer'ful, joyful : lively. 

cheese, chez, n. a wholesome article 
of food, made from the curd of milk, 
coagulated, separated from the whey, 
and pressed into a hard mass. 

chef, shef, n. a master-cook. — a. chief, 
as in chef d'oeuvre, masterpiece. 

chemise, she-mez', n. a woman's 
shirt, a shift. 

chemistry, kem'is-tri, n. the science 
which treats of the properties of sub- 
stances both elementary and compound, 
and of the laws of their combination 
and action one upon another. — adjs. 
chem'ic, -al (chem'ico-, in many com- 
pound words). — adv. chem'ically. — n. pi. 
chem'icals, substances which form the 
subject of chemical effects. 

chemotherapy, kem-6-ther'a-pi, n. that 
science devoted to the discovery of or- 
ganisms producing a disease. 

chenille, she-neT, n. a thick, velvety 
cord of silk or wool. 

cherish, cher'ish, v. t. to protect and 
treat with affection: to nurture, nurse. 

cheroot, she-rot', n. a cigar not 
pointed at either end. 

cherry, cher'i, n. a small red stone- 
fruit: the tree that bears it. — a. like a 
cherry in color: ruddy. 

cherub, cher'ub, n. a celestial spirit: 
a beautiful child. 

chervil, cher'vil, n. an umbelliferous 
plant, used in soups and for a garnish. 

chess, ches, n. a game of skill for 
two persons or parties, played with 
figures or 'pieces', which are moved on 
a checkered board. 






chest 



mote, move; mute; then. 



chip 95 



chest, chest, n. a large strong box : the 
part of the body between the neck and 
the abdomen, the thorax. [A. S. cyst.] 

chestnut, ches'nut, n. a nut or fruit 
inclosed in a prickly case: the tree that 
bears it. 

cheval-de-frise, she-val'-de-frez, n. a 
piece of timber armed with spikes, used 
to defend a passage or to stop cavalry. 




Cheval-de-frise. 

chevalier, shev-a-ler', n. a cavalier: 
a knight: a gallant. 

cheviot, che'vi-ot, or chev'i-ot, n. a 
loosely-woven woolen cloth. 

chevron, shev'ron, n. a rafter: the V- 
shaped band of worsted braid or gold 
lace worn on the sleeve of a non-com- 
missioned officer's coat. 

chew, cho, v. t. to cut and bruise 
with the teeth: to masticate. 

Chianti, ke-an'ti, n. a red Italian wine. 

chairoscuro, kyar'o-skii-ro, n. distri- 
bution or blending of light and shade. 

chic, shek, n. style, fashion: adroit- 
ness. — a. stylish. [Fr.] 

chicane, shi-kan', v. i. to use shifts 
and tricks. — v. t. to deceive — {bridge), 
when the maker's partner has no trump. 

chick, chik, n. the young of fowls, 
esp. of the hen : a child, as a term of 
endearment. — ns. chick'en, the young of 
birds, esp. of the hen : its flesh : a child. 

chicory, chik'o-ri, n. a plant whose 
long carrot-like root is ground to adul- 
terate coffee. 

chide, chid, v. t. to scold, rebuke, re- 
prove by words : to fret at or chafe. — 
v. i. to make a snarling, murmuring 
sound : — pa. t. chid ; pa. p. chid, chidd'en. 

chief, chef, a. head : principal, highest, 
first. — adv. chiefly. — n. a head or prin- 
cipal person : a leader : the principal part 
or top of anything. — adv. chiefly, in the 
first place : principally : for the most part. 

chignon, she'non, n. a general term 
for the long back-hair of women, when 
rolled up on the back of the head and 
neck. [Fr.] 

chilblain, chil'blan, n. a localized in- 



flammation of the skin which occurs in 
cold weather on hands and feet. 

child, child, n. an infant or very 
young person: one intimately related to 
one older : expressing origin or relation, 
e. g. child of the East, child of shame, 
etc. : a disciple : a youth of gentle birth. 

chill, chil, n. coldness : a cold that 
causes shivering : anything that dampens 
or disheartens. — a. shivering with cold : 
slightly cold. — v. i. to grow cold. — v. t. to 
make chill or cold: to blast with cold. 

chime, chim, n. the harmonious sound 
of bells: agreement of sound or ot re- 
lation: harmony: (pi.) a set of bells. — 
v. i. to sound in harmony: to jingle: 
to accord or agree : to rhyme. — v. t. to 
strike, or cause to sound in harmony. 

chime, chimb, chim, n. the rim formed 
by the ends of the staves of a cask. 

chimera, chimaera, ki-me'ra, n. a 
fabulous, fire-spouting monster, with a 
lion's head, a serpent's tail, and a goat's 
body: any idle or wild fancy. 

chimney, chim'ni, n. a passage for the 
escape of smoke or heated air from a 
furnace : a smokestack. 

chimpanzee, chim-pan'ze, n. an 
African ape, the highest of the anthro- 
poid or more man-like apes. 

chin, chin, n. the jutting part of the 
face below the mouth. 

china, chin 'a, n. fine kind of earthen- 
ware, originally made in China: porce- 
lain. — ns. Chin'aman, a native of China ; 
chin'a-ware, porcelain-ware. — a. Chi- 
nese', of or belonging to China. 

chinchilla, chin-chil'la, n. a small 
rodent quadruped of South America, 
valued for its soft gray fur. 

chine, chin, n. the spine or backbone : 
a piece of the backbone of a beast and 
adjoining parts for cooking. 

chink, chingk, w. a cleft, a narrow 
opening. — v. i. to crack. 

chink, chingk, n. a metallic sound, 
as of coins. 

Chinook, chin-6k', n. a trader's jargon, 
consisting of words from French and 
English, as well as Chinook and othei 
Indian tongues : (c-) in Montana, etc., 
a warm dry wind from the west or 
north. [Am. Ind.] 

chintz, chints, n. a highly glazed 
printed calico. 

chip, chip, v. t. to chop or cut into 
small pieces: to hew: of chickens, to 



96 chipmunk fate, far; me, her; mine; chronicle 

break the shell of the egg in hatching: choler, kol'er, n. the bile: anger, 

to pare away: to bet. — n. a small piece irascibility. — a. chol'eric, full of choler. 

of wood or other substance chopped off. cholera, kol'er-a, n. a highly infectious 

chipmunk, chip'mungk, n. the ground- and deadly disease characterized by 

squirrel. bilious vomiting and purging. 

chirognomy, ki-rog'no-mi, n. palm- chondroid, kon'droid, a. cartilaginous, 

istry — a. chirognom'ic. choose, clioz, v. t. to take in prefer- 

chirograph, ki-rog-raf, n. any writ- ence to another : to select.— v. i. to will 

ten or signed document. or determine: to think fit: — pa. t. chose; 

chiromancy, ki'ro-man-si, n. divi- pa. p. chos'en. 

nation by the hand : palmistry. chop, chop, v. t. to cut with a sudden 

chiropodist, kl-rop'o-dist, n. a hand blow : to cut into small pieces : to ex- 

and foot doctor: one who removes change or barter. — v. i. to change about: 

corns, bunions, warts, etc. to shift suddenly, as the wind. — n. a 

chirp, cherp, n. the sharp, shrill sound blow: a piece cut off: a slice of mutton 
of certain birds and insects. — v. i. to or pork, containing a rib. 
make such a sound. chop, chop, n. the chap or jaw, gen- 
chisel, chiz'el, n. an iron or steel tool erally used in pi— a. chop'fall'en. 
to cut or hollow out wood, stone, etc., chop-sticks, chop'-stiks, n. pi. two 
esp. the tool of the sculptor. — v. t. to small sticks of wood, ivory, etc., used 
cut, carve, etc. with a chisel: (slang) by the Chinese to convey food to the 
to cheat. — a. chis'eled, cut with a chisel . mouth. 

chit, chit, n. a baby: a lively or pert chord, kord, n. (mus.) the simul- 

young child. [A. S. cith.] taneous and harmonious union of sounds 

chivalry, shiv'al-ri, n. the usages and of ?• different pitch. _ ■ 

qualifications of chevaliers or knights : . chord > kord > »■ th £ e string of a musical 

bravery and courtesy: the system of instrument— used figuratively of # the 

knighthood in feudal times. emotions: (geom.) a straight line join- 

chive, chiv, n. a herb like the onion: ln S the extremities of an arc 

a small bulb.-Also cive. cl J ore > c f h ° r > »■ a J ob of domestic 

11 & -i r -i •,, ' r ' musical play: a company of singers 

colorless, oily liquid, with a peculiar ,-t . -u- K • u i. 

penetrating odor, formed whe n P anhy- th ^ , ^^ l ng ^choose ^ 

drous aleohol is aeted on by dry chlorin ^chow, chowVht^. mixed 

gaS ; 1 t. i . . £ . .., pickles. [Pidgin-English.] 

chock, chok, v. t. to fasten as with a chowder , chow'der, n. a stew of fish, 

block or wedge.-n a wedge to keep a d etc> [Fn chaudidrej a pot .] 

cask, etc., from rolling. Christ> kristj n ^ the Anointe d, the 

chocolate, chok 6-lat, n a prepara- Messiah.— v. t. christen (kris'n), to bap- 

tion of the seeds of Theobroma cacao, tize in the name of Christ: to give a 

made by grinding them with water to a name to. 

very fine paste. Christmas, kris'mas, n. an annual 

choice, chois, n. act or power of festival in memory of the birth of 

choosing : the thing chosen : alternative : Christ, held on the 25th of December, 

preference: the preferable or best part. chromatic, kro-mat'ik, a. relating to 

—a. worthy of being chosen: select. colors: colored: (mus.) relating to notes 

choir, kwir, n. a chorus or band of in a melodic progression, and also to 

singers, esp. those belonging to a church: chords in which such notes occur, 

the part of a church appropriated to the chronic, -al, kron'ik, -al, a. lasting a 

singers. long time: of a disease, deep seated or 

choke, chok, v. t. to throttle: to suf- long continued, as opposed to acute. 

focate: to stop or obstruct: to suppress. chronicle, kron'i-kl, n. a bare lecord 

— v. i. to be choked or suffocated.— n. the of events in order of time : a history : a 

action of choking. story, account. — v. t. to record. 



chronograph 



mote, move; mute; then. 



cinque 9T 



chronograph, kron'o-graf, n. an in- 
strument for taking exact measurements 
of time. 

chronology, kron-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
of time. 

chronometer, kron-om'e-ter, n. a per- 
fected instrument for measuring time: 
a watch. — adjs. chronomet'ric, -al. 

chronoscope, kron'6-skop, n. an in- 
strument for measuring very short inter- 
vals of time, esp. with projectiles. 

chrysalis, kris'a-lis, chrysalid, kris'a- 
lid, n. the resting stage in the life-history 
of many butterflies, sometimes extended to 
all forms of pupae or nymphs. 

Chrysanthemum, kris-an'the-mum, n. 
a genus of composite plants with single 
large-stalked flowers or many small ones. 

chrysolite, kris'6-llt, n t a yellow or 
green precious stone. 

chrysoprase, kris'o-praz, n. a variety 
of chalcedony. 

chub, chub, n. a small fat river-fish. — 
a. chub'by, short and thick, plump. 

chuck, chuk, n. the call of a hen: a 
word of endearment. 

chuck, chuk, n. a gentle blow, as under 
the chin: {coll.) a toss or throw. — v. t. 
to pat gently, as under the chin : to toss. 

chuck, chuk, n. an instrument for 
holding an object so that it can be 
rotated, as upon the mandrel of a lathe. 

chuckle, chuk'l, n. a kind of laugh. — 
v. i. to laugh in a quiet, suppressed man- 
ner, indicating derision or enjoyment. 

chum, chum, n. a room-mate: a close 
friend or associate. 

chump, chump, n. an end lump of 
wood : a blockhead : the head. 

chunk, chungk, w. a thick piece of 
anything, as wood, bread, etc. 

church, cherch, n. a house set apart 
for Christian worship: the whole body 
of Christians: the clergy. 

churl, cherl, n. an ill-bred, surly 
fellow. — a. churlish, rude: surly. 

churn, chern, n. a machine for the 
production of butter from cream or from 
whole milk. — v. t. to agitate (cream) so 
as to obtain butter. 

chute, shot, n. a waterfall, rapid: a 
channel down which to pass water, logs, 
rubbish, etc. : a shoot. [Fr. chute, a fall.] 

chutnee, chut'ne, n. an East Indian 
condiment." [Hind, chatni.] 

chyle, kil, n. a white fluid drawn from 
the food while in the intestines. 



chyme, kim, n. the pulp to which the 
food is reduced in the stomach. 

cicatrix, sik-a'triks, or sik'a-triks, n. 
the scar over a wound after it is healed. 

cicerone, sis-e-ro'ne, n. one who 
shows strangers the curiosities of a 
place : a guide. 

Cid, sid, n. a chief, captain: a hero. 

cider, si'der, n. a drink made from 
apples. 

ci-devant, se-de-von', a. former. [Fr.] 

cigar, si-gar', w. a roll of tobacco- 
leaves for smoking. 

Cimmerian, sim-e'ri-an, a. relating to 
the Cimmerii, a tribe fabled to have lived 
in perpetual darkness : extremely dark. 

cinch, sinch, n. a saddle-girth : a game 
of cards, pedro or high-five: (slang) a 
certainty or sure thing: a strong grip 
or hold. — v. i. to tighten the cinch. 

Cinchona, sin-ko'na, n. a genus of 
trees, yielding a bark valued in medicine, 
from which the most important alka- 
loids, quinine and its congeners, are 
obtained — also called Peruvian bark. 

cincture, singk'tur, n. a girdle or 
belt : a molding round a column. 

cinder, sin'der, n. the refuse of burned 
coals : anything charred by fire. 

cinematograph. See kinematograph. 

cinenchyma, si-neng'ki-ma, n. laticif- 
erous tissue, consisting of irregularly 
branching and anastomosing vessels. 

Cineraria, sin-e-ra'ri-a, n. a genus of 
plants, with flowers of various colors. 

cinerary, sin'e-ra-ri, a. pertaining to 
ashes. — ns. cinera'tion; cinerat'or. 

Cingalese, sing'ga-lez, n. a native of 
Ceylon. — a. belonging to Ceylon. 

cinnabar, sin'a-bar, n. sulphuret of 
mercury, called vermilion when used as 
a pigment. — a. vermilion-colored^ 

cinnamon, sin'a-mon, n. the spicy bark 
of a laurel in Ceylon: the tree. 

cinque, singk, n. the number five, as 
on dice. — cinque'f oil 
(her.), a common bear- 
ing representing a flower* 
with five petals borne 
full-faced and without a 
stalk: (hot.) species of^ 
plants of the genus Po- 
tentilla: the five-bladed 
clover. — n. pi. cinque'- 
ports, five ancient ports 
on the south of England lying opposite 
to France. [Fr.] 




Cinquefoil 
(Archit.). 



98 cipher fate, far; me, her; mine; cithara 

cipher, sl'fer, n. (arith.) the character circumnavigate, ser-kum-nav'i-gat, v. 
0: any of the nine figures: anything of t. to sail round. 

little value, whether persons or things: circumnutation, ser-kum-nu-ta'shun, 
a nonentity: an interweaving of the n. a nodding or turning successively 
initials of a name : a secret kind of writ- towards all points of the compass, as in 
ing. — v. i. to work at arithmetic. the tendrils of plants. 

cippus, sip'us, n. the stocks: a monu- circumpose, ser'kum-poz, v. t to 
mental pillar. [L. cippus, a post.] place round. 

Circassian, ser-kash'yan, a. belonging circumscribe, ser-kum-skrib', v. t. to 
to Circassia, a district of Russia, on the draw a line round: to inclose within 
north of Mount Caucasus. certain limits, to curtail, abridge. — a. 

Circean, ser-se'an, a. relating to the circumscrib'able, able to be circum- 
beautiful sorceress Circe: infatuating. scribed. 

circensian, sir-sen'shi-an, a. relating circumspect, ser'kum-spekt, a. looking 
to the Circus Maximus in Rome, where round on all sides watchfully : cautious : 
the games and contests were held. prudent: examining. — n. circumspec'- 

circle, ser'kl, n. a plane figure bounded tion, watchfulness : caution. 
by one line every point of which is circumstance, ser'kum-stans, n. the 
equally distant from a certain point logical accompaniment of an action: an 
called the center: the line which bounds accident or event: ceremony: detail: 
the figure: a ring: a planet's orbit: a (pi.) the state of one's affairs. — v. t. to 
series ending where it began : a figure place in particular circumstances : — pa. 
in magic: a company surrounding the p. cir'cumstanced. — a. circumstan'tial, 
principal person : those of a certain class consisting of details : minute, 
or society. — v. t. to move round : to en- circumvallate, ser-kum'val-at, v. t to 
compass. — v. i. to move in a circle. surround with a rampart. 

circuit, ser'kit, n. the act of moving circumvent, ser-kum-vent', v. t. to 
round: area, extent: a round made in come round or outwit a person: to 
the exercise of a calling, esp. the round deceive or cheat, 
made by judges holding courts of law. circumvolve, ser-kum-volv', v. t to 

circular, ser'ku-lar, a. round: ending roll round. — v. i. to revolve: — pr. p. cir- 
in itself: addressed to a circle of persons, cumvolv'ing; pa. p. circumvolved'. 
— w. a note or advertisement sent round circus, ser'kus, n. a circular building 
to a circle or number of persons. for the exhibition of games : a place for 

circulate, ser'ku-lat, v. t. to make to the exhibition of feats of horsemanship . 
go round as in a circle: to spread: to cirrus, sir'us, n. the highest form of 
repeat (of decimals).— z>. *. to move clouds, consisting of curling fibers: 
round: to be spread about— a. cir cul- (jy oL ) a tendril: (zool.) any curled fila- 
able, capable of being circulated. ment:— pi. cirri (sir'i). 

circumcise, seVkum-siz, v. t. to cut cisso i d) s i s ' so id, n. a plane curve of 
off the foreskin of according to Jewish the second order in geometry- 
law; {fig ) to purify. cist sist ^ tomb consisting of a 

circumference ser-kum fer-ens, n. the stone ch coyered ^ stQne ^ b 
boundary-line of any round body, esp. . . . ,,~ , , £ 

of a circle: the line surrounding any- . "? tern > s t ls tern ' «• any receptacle for 
thing: area: compass: distance round. ^ 'dmg water or other hqu.d: a reser- 

circumflect, ser'kum-flekt, v. t. to ' J . . , 

mark with a circumflex.-***, cir'cum- Cistus, sis tus, n rock-rose, a genus 
flex, an accent (a) denoting a rising <? f exogenous shrubby plants, cultivated 
and falling of the voice on a vowel or for the beauty of their flowers. _ 
syllable. citadel, sit a-del, n. a fortress in o*- 

circumjacent, ser-kum-ja'sent, o. near a clt y- 
lying round: bordering on every side. cite, sit, v. t. to call or summon: to 

circumlocution, ser-kum-lo-ku'shun, summon to answer in court: to quote: 
n. roundabout speaking: a manner of to name: to adduce as proof.— a. cit'- 
expression in which many unnecessary able, that can be cited, 
words are used. cithara, sith'a-ra, n. an ancient musi- 



citizen mote, move; mute; then. clasp 99 

cal instrument closely resembling the iron, etc., used to fasten things together 

guitar. or to strengthen any framework: any 

citizen, sit'i-zen, n. an inhabitant of instrument for holding. 

a city: a member of a state: a towns- clamp, klamp, n. a heavy tread. — v. i. 

man: a freeman. to tread heavily. [Prob. from the sound.] 

citron, sit'run, n. the fruit of the clan, klan, n. a tribe or collection of 

citron-tree, resembling a lemon. — n. cit'- families subject to a single chieftain, 

rate, a salt of citric acid. bearing the same surname, and supposed 

city, sit'i, n. a large town: an incor- to have a common ancestor: a clique, 

porated town. — a. civ'ic, pertaining to a sect: a collective name for a number of 

city or citizen. persons or things. — a. clan'nish, closely 

civet, siv'et, n. a perfume obtained united, like the members of a clan. — adv. 

from the civet or civ'et-cat, a small car- clan'nishly. 

nivorous animal of Africa, India, etc. clandestine, klan-des'tin, a. concealed 

civic. See city. or hidden : private : sly. 

civil, siv'il, a. pertaining to the com- clang, klang, v. i. to produce a sharp, 

munity : having the refinement of city- ringing sound. — v. t. to cause to clang. — 

bred people : polite : commercial, not mil- n. a sharp, ringing sound, 

itary : lay, secular, or temporal, not clank, klangk, n. a sharp sound, less 

ecclesiastical: pertaining to the indi- prolonged than a clang, such as is made 

vidual citizen: (law) relating to private by a chain. 

relations amongst citizens, and such clap, klap, n. the noise made by the 

suits as arise out of these, as opposed to sudden striking together of two things, 

criminal: (theol.) naturally good, _ as as the hands: a burst of sound: -a slap* 

opposed to good through regeneration. — v. t. to strike together so as to make 

civilize, siv'il-iz, v. t. to reclaim from a noise: to thrust or drive together 

barbarism: to instruct in arts and re- suddenly: to fasten promptly: to pat 

finements. with the hand in a friendly manner : to 

clack, klak, v. i. to make a sudden applaud with the hands : to bang : to 

sharp noise as by striking: to chatter: imprison — e. g. 'to clap one in prison'. — 

to cackle. — n. a sharp, sudden sound: v. i. to strike the hands together: to 

sound of voices. strike together with noise : to applaud : 

claim, klam, v. i. to call for: to de- — pr. p. clap'ping; pa. p. clapped, 

mand as a right : to assert. — n. a demand claque, klak, n. an institution for 

for something supposed due: right or securing the success of a public per- 

ground for demanding: the thing formance, by bestowing upon it pre- 

claimed. _ concerted applause. [Fr. claquer, to dap.] 

clairvoyance, klar-voi'ans, n. the claret, klar'et, n. originally applied to 

alleged power of seeing things not wines of a light-red color, but now used 

present to the senses. also for the dark-red wines of Bordeaux, 

clam, klam, n. a species of bivalve etc.: (slang) blood. 

shellfish much esteemed for food : an in- clarify, klar'i-fi, v. t. to make clear 

strument for holding. or pure. — v. i. to become clear : — pr. p. 

clam, klam, v. t. to clog: to smear: clar'ifying; pa. p. clar'ified. 

pr. p. clam'ming; pa. p. clammed. — n. clarion, klar'i-on, n. a kind of trumpet 

dampness. — adv. clam'mily. whose note is clear and shrill. 

clamant, klam'ant, a. calling aloud or clarity, klar'i-ti, n. clearness, 

earnestly. — n. clam'ancy, urgency. clash, klash, n. a loud noise, such as is 

clamber, klam'ber, v. i. to climb with caused by the striking together of 

difficulty, grasping with the hands and weapons : opposition : contradiction. — v. 

feet. — n. the act of clambering. i. to dash noisily together : to meet in 

clamor, klam'or, n. a loud continuous opposition: to act in a contrary direc- 

outcry : uproar : any loud noise. — v. i. to tion : to disagree. 

cry aloud in demand: to make a loud clasp, klasp, n. a hook for fastening: 

continuous outcry. — a. clam'orous, noisy, an embrace. — v. t. to fasten with a clasp : 

boisterous. — adv. clam'orously. to inclose and hold in the hand or 

clamp, klamp, n. a piece of timber, arms : to embrace. 



100 



class 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



click 



class, klas, n. a rank or order of 
persons or things : high rank or social 
standing: a number of students or 
scholars who are taught together: a 
scientific division or arrangement: the 
position in order of merit of students 
after examination. — v. t. to form into a 
class or classes : to arrange methodically. 

classify, klas'i-fi, v. t. to make or 
form into classes: to arrange: — pr. p. 
classifying ; pa. p. classified. » 

clastic, klas'tik, a. breaking into frag- 
ments, fragmental. 

clatter, klat'er, n. a repeated rattling 
noise : a repetition of abrupt, sharp 
sounds: noisy talk. 

clause, klawz, n. a sentence or part of 
a sentence: an article or part of a con- 
tract, will, etc. 

clavate, -d, kla'vat, -ed, a. (bot.) 
club-shaped: gradually thickening to the 
top. 

clavicle, klav'i-kl, n. an important 
part of the pectoral girdle of verte- 
brates, best known in the collar-bone of 
man and in the merry-thought of birds. 

clavicorn, klav'i-korn, a. having cla- 
vate antennae. 

clavis, kla'vis, n. a key, hence a clue 
or aid for solving problems, interpreting 
a cipher, etc. 

claw, klaw, n. the. hooked nail of a 
beast or bird : the whole foot of an 
animal with hooked nails : anything like 
a claw : an instrument shaped like a 
claw. — v. t. to scratch or tear as with the 
claws or nails : to scrape : to seize. 

clay, kla, n. a tenacious ductile earth: 
earth in general : the human body. 

clean, klen, a. free from dirt, stain, 
or whatever defiles : pure : guiltless : 
neat: complete. — adv. quite: entirely: 
cleverly. — v. t. to make clean, or free 
from dirt. 

cleanse, klenz, v. t. to make clean or 
pure. — a. cleans'able. — ns. cleans'er, one 
who or that which cleanses. 

clear, kler, a. pure, bright, undimmed : 
free from obstruction or difficulty : plain, 
distinct : without blemish, defect, draw- 
back, or diminution : conspicuous : trans- 
parent. — adv. in a clear manner : plainly : 
wholly : quite. — v. t. to make clear : to 
empty: to free from obscurity, obstruc- 
tion, or guilt: to free, acquit, or vindi- 
cate: to leap, or pass by or over: to 
make as profit: to settle for. — v. i. to 




become clear: to grow free, bright, or 
transparent. 

cleat, klet, n. a wedge: a piece of 
wood nailed across any- 
thing to keep it in its 
place or give it an ad- 
ditional strength : a 
piece of wood fastened Cleat, 

on parts of a ship, and having holes or 
recesses for fastening ropes. 

cleave, klev, v. t. to divide, to split: 
to separate with violence : to go through : 
to pierce. — v. i. to part asunder : to 
crack: — pr. p. cleav'ing; pa. t. clove or 
cleft; pa. p. clov'en or cleft. 

cleave, klev, v. i. to stick or adhere : 
to unite: — pr. p. cleav'ing; pa. t. cleaved 
or clave ; pa. p. cleaved. 

cleek, klek, n. a large hook for catch- 
ing hold of something, used in fishing, 
etc. : an iron-headed golf-club : a peg. 

clef, kief, n. a musical character 
placed on the staff by which the abso- 
lute pitch of the notes is fixed. 

cleft, kleft, pa. t. and pa. p. of cleave. 

cleft, kleft, n. an opening made by 
cleaving or splitting. 

cleg, kleg, n. the gadfly, horse-fly. 

clem, klem, v. i. and v. t. to starve. 

clematis, klem'a-tis, n. a creeping 
plant, called also virgin's bower. 

clement, klem'ent, a. mild: gentle: 
kind : merciful. — n. clem'ency, the qual- 
ity of being clement : mildness : readiness 
to forgive. — adv. clem'ently. 

clerestory, clearstory, cler-sto'ri, n. 
an upper row of windows rising above 
the adjoining parts of the building. 

clergy, kler'ji, n. the ministers of the 
Christian religion, as holders of an 
allotted office, in contradistinction to 
the laity. 

clerk, klerk, n. a clergyman or priest: 
a scholar : one who leads the responses 
in the English Church service: in com- 
mon use, a salesman in a retail store . 

cleromancy, kler'o-man-si, n. divina- 
tion by lots. 

clever, klev'er, a. able or dexterous: 
ingenious : skilful : good-natured. 

cliche, kle-sha', n. the impression 
made by a die in any soft metal : an elec- 
trotype or stereotype plate. 

click, klik, n. a short, sharp clack or 
sound: anything that makes such a 
sound. 






client 



mote, move; mute; then. 



close 101 



client, kli'ecit, n. one who employs a 
lawyer: a dependent. 

cliff, klif, n. a hign steep rock: the 
steep side of a mountain. 

climacteric, klim-ak-ter'ik, or klim- 
ak'ter-ik, n. a critical period in human 
life : a critical time. — a. pertaining to 
such a period : critical. 

climate, kli'mat, n. the condition of 
a country or place with regard to tem- 
perature, moisture, etc. — adjs. cli'matal; 
climat'ic, -al, relating to climate. 

climax, kli'maks, n. (rhet.) the 
arranging of the particulars of a portion 
of a discourse so as to rise in strength 
to the last : the last term of the rhetori- 
cal arrangement : a culmination. — v. i. to 
ascend in a climax : to culminate. 

climb, klim, v. i. or v. t. to ascend 
or mount by clutching with the hands 
and feet: to ascend with difficulty: to 
mount. 

clime, klim, n. a country, region, tract. 

clinanthium, klin-an'thi-um, n. the re- 
ceptacle in a composite plant. 

clinch, klinsh, clench, klensh, v. t to 
fasten or rivet a nail by bending the 
point and beating the bent part flat 
against the object through which the 
nail was driven : to grasp tightly : to set 
firmly, as the teeth: to fasten on: (fig.) 
to drive home an argument: to settle or 
confirm. — n. something set firmly : the 
fastening of a nail by beating it back, 
as in the verb: a pun. — n. clinch'er, one 
that clinches : a decisive argument. 

cling, kling, v. i. to adhere or stick 
close by winding round: to adhere in 
interest or affection : to remain by an 
opinion: of wood, to shrink. — v. t. to 
attach: to shrivel: — pa. t. and pa. p. 
clung. — n. adherence. 

clinic, -al, klin'ik, -al, a. pertaining to 
a bed: (med.) applied to instruction 
given in hospitals at the bedside of the 
patient. 

clink, klingk, n. a ringing sound made 
by the striking together of sounding 
bodies : jingle. — v. i. to cause to make a 
ringing sound. — v. i. to ring or jingle: 
to go with a clinking sound. — n. clink'er, 
the name given to the scales or globules 
of black oxid of iron, obtained from 
red-hot iron under the blows of a 
hammer : the slag of iron furnaces : the 
cindery-like masses which form the 
crust of some lava-flows. 



Clio, kH'o, n. the muse of history and 
epic poetry: (zool.) a genus of shell- 
less mollusks. [Gr. kleein, to call.] 

clip, klip, v. t. to cut by making the 
blades of shears meet: to cut off: to 
debase coin by cutting off the edges: 
to diminish. — v. i. to go quickly : — pr. p. 
clip'ping; pa. p. clipped. — n. the thing 
clipped off, as the wool that has been 
shorn off sheep : a smart blow. 

clip, klip, v. t. to encircle: to hold 
firmly. 

clique, klek, n. a group of persons in 
union for a purpose : a party or faction : 
a gang— used generally in a bad sense. 

clithral, klith'ral, a. with a roof that 
forms a complete covering. [Gr.] 

clitoris, kli'to-ris, n. a homologue of 
the penis, present as a rudimentary organ 
in the female of many higher verte- 
brates. — ns. cll'torism; clitori'tis. [Gr.] 

cloaca, klo-a'ka, n. a sewer: a privy: 
a cavity in birds and reptiles, in which 
the intestinal and urinary ducts termi- 
nate. [L. cloaca — cluere, to purge.] 

cloak, klok, n. a loose outer garment : 
a covering : that which conceals : a dis- 
guise, pretext. — v. t. to clothe with a 
cloak : to cover : to conceal. 

clock, klok, n. a machine for measur- 
ing time, marking the time by the 
position of its hands upon the dial-plate, 
or by the striking of a hammer on a 
bell: (Shak.) the striking of the hour. 

clock, klok, n. an ornament worked 
on the side of a stocking. 

clod, klod, n. a thick round mass or 
lump, that sticks together, esp. of earth 
or turf : a concreted mass : the ground : 
the body of man, as formed of clay: a 
stupid fellow. 

clog, klog, n. a piece of wood: any- 
thing hindering motion: an obstruction: 
an impediment : a shoe with a wooden 
sole. — v. t. to fasten a piece of wood to : 
to accumulate in a mass and cause a 
stoppage : to obstruct : to encumber : to 
put clogs on. — a. clogged, encumbered. 

cloister, klois'ter, n. a covered arcade 
forming part of a monastic or collegiate 
establishment : a place of religious re- 
tirement, a monastery or nunnery. 

close, klos, a. shut up : with no open- 
ing : confined, unventilated : stifling : 
narrow: stingy: near, in time or place: 
intimate: compact, as opposed to discur- 
sive: crowded: hidden: reserved: pri- 



102 close fate, far; me, her; mine; coact 

vate: secret. — adv. in a close manner: a countryman: an ill-bred fellow: a 
tightly : nearly : densely. — n. an inclosed fool or buffoon. 

place: a small inclosed field: a narrow cloy, kloi, v. t. to fill to loathing: to 
passage of a street: the precinct of a satiate. — adjs. cloyed, clogged: cum- 
cathedral. bered; cloy'ing, satiating. 

close, kloz, v. t. to make close: to club, klub, w. a heavy tapering stick, 
draw together and unite : to finish. — v. i. knobby or massy at one end, used to 
to come together: to grapple: to come strike with: a cudgel: a bat used in 
to an end (with). — n. the manner or certain games: an instrument for play- 
time of closing: a pause or stop: the ing golf: a bunch: one of the four suits 
end: junction. of cards: a combination: a clique, set: 

closet, kloz'et, n. a small private room : an association of persons for joint study 
a recess off a room : a privy : the private or for social ends: an association of 
chamber of a sovereign, an apartment persons who possess a building as a 
for private audience or counsel, or for common resort for the members : a club- 
private or domestic devotions. house, or the house occupied by a club. 
clot, klot, n. a mass of soft or fluid — v. t. to beat with a club : to gather into 
matter concreted, as blood. — v. i. to form a bunch : to combine : to throw soldiers 
into clots: to coagulate: — pr. p. clot'ting; into confusion. — v. i. to join together for 
pa. p. clot'ted. some common end : to combine together : 

cloth, kloth, n. woven_ material from to share in a common expense, 
which garments or coverings are made: cluck, kluk, n. the call of a hen to 
clothing : the usual dress of a trade or her chickens : any similar sound, 
profession, esp. the clerical: — pi. cloths. clue, klo, n. a ball of thread, or the 
— v. t. clothe (kloth), to cover with a thread in it: a thread that guides 
garment: to provide with clothes: (fig.) through a labyrinth: anything that solves 
to invest as with a garment : to cover : — a mystery : the corner of a sail. 
pr. p. cloth'ing; pa. t. and pa. p. clothed clump, klump, n. a thick, short, shape- 
or clad. — n. pi. clothes (\s\dthz, coll. less piece of anything: a cluster of trees 
kloz), garments or articles of dress: or shrubs : a thick sole put on in addition, 
blankets, etc., for a bed. clumsy, klum'zi, a. shapeless : ill- 

cloud, klowd, n. a mass of fog, con- made: unwieldy: awkward: ungainly, 
sisting of minute particles of water, clung, klung, pa. t. and pa. p. of cling, 
often in a frozen state, floating in the cluster, klus'ter, n. a number of things 
atmosphere: (fig.) anything unsubstan- f t h e same \^ n ^ growing or joined 
lial : a great number or multitude of together : a bunch : a mass : a crowd, 
anything: anything that obscures: a clutch, kluch, v. t. to close the hand: 
dark spot on a lighter material: a great to cany off . t0 hold fi rm i y: t0 se i ze or 
volume of dust or smoke: anything grasp#—fl# a grasp: se izure. 
gloomy, overhanging, or bodeful.-*, t. clutter klu f gr n> confusion: stir: 
to overspread with clouds: to darken: ^e^ L t0 crowd together: to go 
to defame: to stain with dark spots or bout noisil ^ t to ^^ 
streaks.-*, t. to become clouded or clypeus / klip ^ e . USj ^ the shield-like 

clo e m, klowt, n. a -piece of cloth used P art °\ _ an {n ^ s hea . d - t 
for mending: a rag. ? co " *>i an abbreviation for company, 
clove, klov, n. the unexpanded flower- . co-, ko, a common prenx, signifying 
bud of the clove-tree, a native of the jointness, accompaniment, connection. 
Moluccas, used as a spice. coach, koch, n. a large, close, four- 
cloven, klov'n, p. a. split: divided.— wheeled carriage: a private tutor: a pro- 
adjs clov'en-foot'ed; clov'en-hoofed, fessional trainer in athletics.— v. t. to 
having the hoof divided, as the ox or carry in a coach : to tutor, instruct, pre- 
s h eep pare others for, as an examination or a 
clover, kl5v'er, n. a genus of plants rowing contest, etc.— v. i. to study under 
containing a great number of species, a tutor. 

clown, klown, n. a rustic or country- coact, ko-akt , v. t. to compel. — n. 

fellow: one with the rough manners of coac'tion, compulsion. 



coadjutant mote, move; mute; then. cockatrice 103 

coadjutant, ko-ad'joo-tant, a. mutu- cobble, kob'l, n. a stone worn smooth 

ally helping or assisting. — n. one of by water. 

several who help another. — ns. coadju'- cobble, kob'l, v. t. to patch up or 

tor, a helper or assistant: an associate, mend coarsely, as shoes. 

coadunate, ko-ad'ii-nat, v. t. to unite: cobra, cobra <ia capello, ko'bra da 

to combine. — n. coaduna'tion. ka-pel'o, n. a poisonous snake, native of 

co-agency, ko-a/j en-si, n. agency with the East Indies, 

another. coburg, ko'burg, n. a thin fabric of 

coagulate, ko-ag'u-lat, v. t. to make worsted with cotton or silk, twilled on 

to curdle or congeal. — v. i. to curdle or one side, 

congeal. — a. clotted : congealed. cobweb, kob'web, n. the spider's web 

coal, kol, n. a solid, black, combustible or net : any snare or device intended to 

substance used for fuel, dug out of the entrap : anything flimsy or easily broken ; 

earth : cinder. — v. i. to take in coal. — v. t. anything that obscures. — a. cob'webby. 

to supply with coal. coca, ko'ka, n. a shrub six or eight 

coalesce, ko-al-es', v. i. to grow feet high, of which the leaves furnish an 

together or unite into one body : to as- important narcotic and stimulant. — ns. 

sociate. — a. coales'cent, uniting. cocaine (ko'ka-in), a local anaesthetic 

coalition, ko-al-ish'un, n. act of made from coca-leaves, much used in 

coalescing, or uniting into one body: a dentistry and surgical operations, 

union of persons, states, etc., which coccus, kok'us, n. one of the carpels 

agree to sink their differences and act or seed-vessels of a dry fruit: (zool.) 

in common : alliance. a genus of insects. 

coaptation, ko-ap-ta'shun, n. adap- coccyx, kok'siks, n. (anat.) the lower 

tation of parts to each other. [L.] bone of the vertebral column. 

coarse, kors, a. rough: rude: uncivil: Cochin, ko'chin, n. a large-sized 

vulgar: harsh: gross.— adv. coarsely.— var iety of the domestic hen, with 

v. t. coars'en, to make coarse feathered legs, full breast, small tail. 

coast, kost, n. side or border of land cochineal) koc h'i-nel, n. a scarlet dye- 
next the sea: the seashore: limit or stuff consisting o£ the dried bodies of 
border of a country.— v. i to sail along certain insects gathered from the cactus 
or near the coast: to travel downhill on lant in Mexi the West Indie etc . 
a sled or on a bicycle with the feet cochl ko k'le-a, n. a spiral-shaped 
on the foot-rests.-*, t. to sail by or ^ esp ; the sn ^_ s fcli . \ anat) ^ he 

ne coat?'kot, n. a kind of outer garment: spiral cavity of the ear 
the hair or wool of a beast: vesture or . c ? cl 5> k f> n - } he male of birds, par- 
habit: any covering: a membrane or Ocularly of the domestic fowl: the time 
layer, such as paint, etc.: a coat of arms. ° f f cock-crowing: a weather-cock : a 
-z;. t. to clothe: to cover with a coat strutting chief or leader: anything set 
i erect: a tap for liquor: part of the lock 

coaVko-a'ti, or ko'a-ti, n. an Amer- of , a S un > hel ^ back by a spring, which, 

ican plantigrade carnivorous mamma l when released by the trigger, produces 

allied to the raccoons. the discharge.-*, t. to set erect or up- 

coax, koks, v. t. to persuade by fond- ^ to set up as the hat: to draw 

ling or flattery: to humor or soothe: to back ^ e c ? ck °* a & un : *? t urn . U P . to 

pet-ns. coax; coax'er, one who coaxes. ? ne . slde: to tll f ^ knowingly inquir- 

coaxial, ko-ak'si-al, a. having the ™gly^ or scornfully.-*, i. to strut: to 

same axis. — adv. coax'ially. swagger 

cob, kob, n. a head of maize: a short- cock, kok > n • a small pile of hay. 

legged strong horse for heavy weights . . Cockaigne, Cockayne, kok-an , n. an 

cob, kob, n. a kind of composition of imaginary country of luxury and delight, 

clay and straw for building. cockatoo, kok-a-to', n. a popular 

cobalt, ko'bawlt, h. a metal the ores name for several genera and species of 

of which are sparingly distributed: a parrots. 

blue pigment, prepared from the forego- cockatrice, kok'a-tris, n. a fabulous 

ing— also co'balt-blue. monster like a serpent. 



104 



cockboat 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



coincide 



cockboat, kok'bot, n. a small ship's 
boat. 

cocker, kok'er, v. t. to pamper: to 
fondle: to indulge. [Ety. dub.] 

cockle, kok'l, n. a troublesome weed 
among grain. [A. S. coccel.] 

cockle, kok'l, n. a small edible Euro- 
pean bivalve mollusk. 

cockle, kok'l, v. i. to pucker into 
wrinkles or ridges. 

cockney, kok'ne, w. one born in Lon- 
don, but strictly in a particular part of 
London, 'within the sound of Bow bells'. 

cocoa, coco, ko'ko, n. a palm-tree 
producing the cocoa-nut. 

cocoa, ko'ko, n. the seed of the cacao 
or chocolate tree : a beverage made from 
the seeds crushed and ground. 

cocoon, ko-kon', n. the silken sheath 
spun by the larvae of many insects. 

coction, kok'shun, n. the act of boil- 
ing or cooking. — a. coc'tile, baked. 

cod, kod, codfish, kod'fish, n. a 
species of fish much used as food, found 
in the northern seas. 

cod, kod, n. a husk or shell contain- 
ing seeds : the scrotum. 

coddle, kod'l, v. t. to pamper: to 
fondle. [Ety. dub.] 

code, kod, n. a collection or digest of 
laws : a system of rules and regulations : 
a system of signs. 

codex, ko'deks, n. a code : a manu- 
script volume: — pi. codices (kod'i-sez). 

codger, koj'er, n. a mean fellow: a 
peculiar person. 

codicil, kod'i-sil, n. a short writing or 
note added as a supplement to a will. 

coefficient, ko-ef-fish'ent, n. that 
which acts together with another thing: 
(math.) a known factor prefixed to an 
unknown quantity. — n. coeffi'ciency. 

Ccelenterata, se-len-ter-a'ta, n. a 
large group of invertebrates. 

cceliac, se'li-ak, a. relating to the 
belly. [L. coeliacus — Gr. koilia, the belly.] 

coemption, ko-emp'shun, n. the pur- 
chasing of the whole of a commodity. 

coequal, ko-e'kwal, a. equal with 
another. — n. one of the same rank. 

coerce, k5-ers', v. t. to restrain by 
force : to compel. 

coetaneous, ko-e-tan'e-us, a. contem- 
porary. [Co-, and L. cetas, ostatxs, age.] 

coeval, ko-e'val, a. of the same age. 

co-exist, ko-egz-ist', v. i. to exist at 
the same time. 



coffee, kof'e, n. a drink made from 
the seeds of the coffee-tree, a native of 
Arabia: the powder made by roasting 
and grinding the seeds. 

coffer, kof'er, n. a chest for holding 
money or treasure: (pi.) the whole 
wealth of a person: a deep panel in a 
ceiling. — v. t. to hoard up. 

coffin, kof'in, n. the coffer or chest in 
which a dead body is inclosed. 

cog, kog, v. t. to cheat or deceive. 

cog, kog, n. a catch or tooth on a 
wheel. — v. t. to stop (a wheel) by putting 
a block before it. 

cogent, ko'jent, a. powerful: con- 
vincing. 

cogitate, koj'i-tat, v. i. to turn a 
thing over in one's mind: to meditate: 
to ponder. 

cognac, ko'nyak, n. a fine quality of 
French brandy. 

cognate, kog'nat, a. of the same 
family, kind, or nature: related or allied 
to. — n. a kinsman : a person related to 
another through the mother. 

cognition, kog-nish'un, n. certain 
knowledge : apprehension. — a. cog'niz- 
able, that may be known or understood : 
that may be judicially investigated. 

cognomen, kog-no'men, n. a sur- 
name: a nickname: a title. 

cognovit, kog-no'vit, n. (law) an ac- 
knowledgment by a defendant that 
plaintiff's cause is just. 

cohabit, ko-hab'it, v. i. to dwell to- 
gether as husband and wife. 

cohere, ko-her', v. i. to stick together : 
to remain in contact: to be consistent. 

cohort, ko'hort, n. any band of men. 

cohortative, ko-hor'ta-tiv, a. en- 
couraging. 

coif, koif, n. a covering for the head 
worn by women. — ns. coiff'eur, a hair- 
dresser; coiff'ure, a head-dress. 

coign, koin, n. a corner or external 
angle. 

coil, koil, v. t. to wind in rings : to 
twist : to entangle. — n. a rope gathered 
into rings : one of the rings : a wire 
wound spirally to conduct electricity. 

coil, koil, n. tumult : noise : fuss. 

coin, koin, n. a. piece of metal legally 
stamped and current as money. — v. t to 
convert (metal) into money: to stamp: to 
make, invent, fabricate : (fig.) to make into. 

coincide, ko-in-sid', v. i. to fall in 
with, or agree, in opinion : to correspond- 



coir mote, move; mute; then. color 105 

coir, koir, n. the strong fiber of the bring together: to put in order. — v. i. to 

husk^of the cocoa-nut. run together: to accumulate. — ns. col'- 

coition, ko-ish'un, n. sexual inter- lect, a short form of prayer. — a. col- 
course. [L. coitio.] lect'ed, gathered together: cool: firm. 

coke, kok, n. a form of fuel obtained college, kol'ej, n. an incorporation, 

by heating coal in confined spaces. — v. t. company, or society of persons for lit— 

to make into coke. [Ety. dub.] erary or scientific purposes: a section of 

colander, cullender, kul'end-er, n. sl the body known as the university : used 

strainer used in cookery. for a university : a seminary of learning . 

colchicum, kol'chi-kum, n. the meadow collide, kol-Id', v. i. to dash together : 

saffron, used in medicine. to clash. — p. adjs. collid'ed; colliding. 

colcothar, kol'ko-thar, n. a dark-red collie, kol'i, n. a shepherd's dog. 

iron peroxid. collier, kol'yer, n. a coal-miner : a ship 

cold, kold, a. the opposite to hot: that. carries coal, 
shivering : indifferent : reserved. — n. a collimation, kol-li-ma'shun, n. the ad- 
relative want of sensible heat: the feel- justment of the line of sight of a tele- 
ing or sensation caused by the absence scope, transit, etc. — v. t. col'limate. 
of heat: a disease caused by cold: collocate, kol'6-kat, v. t. to place 
catarrh: chillness. — a. cold'-blood'ed, together: to set: to arrange, 
having cold blood, as fishes : without collodion, kol-6'di-on, n. a solution 
feeling. of gun-cotton in alcohol and ether. 

cole, kol, n. a general name for all collogue, ko-log', v. i. to converse con- 
sorts of cabbage. fidentially. — v. t. to coax: to flatter. 

colic, kol'ik, n, a disease attended with colloquy, kol'o-kwi, n. a speaking 

severe pain and distension of the abdo- together : mutual discourse : conversa- 

men. tion. — n. colloc'utor. — a. collo'quial, per- 

Coliseum. See Colosseum. taining to or used in common conver- 

collaborator, kol-ab'6-ra-tor, n. an sation. — n. colld'quialism, a form of 

associate or assistant in labor, particu-, expression used in familiar talk, 

larly literary or scientific. collotype, kol'o-tip, n. a photographic 

collapse, kol-aps", n. a falling away process. [Gr. kolla, glue, and type.] 

or breaking down: any sudden or com- collude, kol-ud', v. i. to act in concert, 

plete breakdown or prostration. — v. i. to esp. in a fraud. — ns. collud'er; collu'- 

fall together : to fall or break down : to sion, act of colluding : deceit. — a. colhY- 

lose heart. — a. collaps'ible. sive, fraudulently concerted: deceitful. 

collar, kol'ar, n. something worn colluvies, ko-lu'vi-ez, n. filth: a rab- 

round the neck: the part of a garment ble. [L.] 

at the neck: that part of a horse's colon, ko'lon, n. the mark (:) used 

harness worn round the neck: a ring: to indicate a distinct clause of a sen- 

a band. — v. t. to seize by the collar : to tence. [Gr. kolon, a limb, member.] 

capture. — n. coll'ar-bone, the clavicle. colon, ko'lon, n. that portion of the 

collate, kol-at', v. t. to examine and large intestine from the caecum to the 

compare, as books : to place in a bene- rectum. 

fice : to place in order, as the sheets of colonel, kur'nel, n. an officer who has 

a book for binding. — n. colla'tion, act command of a regiment. 

of collating: presentation to a benefice: colonnade, kol-on-ad', n. a range of 

a light repast. columns placed at regular intervals. 

collateral, kol-at'er-al, a. side by side : colony, kol'on-i, n. a foreign de- 
corresponding : descended from the same pendency of a country : a body of persons 
ancestor, as the children of brothers. — n. who form a fixed settlement in another 
a collateral relation: a pledge to secure country: the settlement so formed: the 
an agreement. — adv. collaterally. < place they inhabit. — a. colon'ial, pertain- 

colleague, kol'eg, n. one associated ing to a colony. — n. a colonist, 

with others in some employment. colophon, koro-fon, n. an inscription 

colleague, kol'eg, v. L to join or at the end of a book, 

unite: to conspire. color, colour, kul'ur, n. a property of 

collect, kol-ekt', v. t. to assemble or light which causes bodies to have dif« 




106 colossus fate, far; me, her; mine; commence 

ferent appearances to the eye: hue or ible, liable to take fire and burn: ex- 
appearance: show of blood in the face: citable. — n. anything that will take fire 
pretext : tint : paint : false show : kind : and burn. 

(pi.) a flag, ensign, or standard: paints. come, kum, v. i. to move toward this 
— v. t. to put color on: to stain: to paint: place (the opposite of go) : to draw 
to set in a fair light: to exaggerate: near: to arrive at a certain state or 
to misrepresent. — v. i. to show color : condition : to issue : to happen : to be- 
to blush. — adjs. colorific, containing or come: to turn out. — pr. p. com'ing; pa. 
producing colors ; col'orable, designed t. came ; pa. p. come. — n. com'ing. 
to conceal. comedo, kom'e-do, n. a face-worm or 

colossus, kol-os'us, n. a gigantic blackhead. [L. comedere, to eat up.] 

statue. — n. coloss'al, like a colossus. comedy, kom'e-di, n. a dramatic 

colporteur, kol'port-er, n. a peddler piece of a humorous character. — ns. 

of Bibles and religious books. come'dian, one who acts comedies : an 

colt, kolt, n. a young horse: (B.) a actor: — fern, comedienne'. 

young camel or ass : (naut.) a rope's end. comely, kum'li, a. pleasing: graceful: 

— a. colt'ish, like a colt : frisky : wanton, handsome. — n. come'liness. 

Columbian, ko-lum'bi-an, a. pertain- comestibles, kom-est'i-blz, n. pi. eat- 
ing to Columbia, or the United States. ables. [Fr., — L. comedere, to eat up.] 

columbine, kol'um-bin, a. of or like comet, kom'et, n. a heavenly body with 
a dove : dove-colored. — n. a flowering an eccentric orbit 
plant: (cap.) in pantomimes, the sweet- and a luminous tail, 
heart of Harlequin. [Gr. kometes, long- 
column, kol'um, n. a long, round haired — kome, the 
body, used to support or adorn a build- hair.] 
ing : any similar mass : a body of troops comfit, kum'fit, n. 
drawn up in deep files: a perpendicular a sweetmeat. [Fr. 
row of lines in 'a book. confit, confiture — L. 

colure, ko-lur', n. (astron.) one of <ron/zc<?n?,tomakeup.] Comet, 

two great circles supposed to intersect comfort, kum'fert, v. t. to relieve 

each other at right angles in the poles from pain or distress: to soothe: to 

of the earth. cheer, revive. — n. relief: encouragement: 

coma, ko'ma, n. deep sleep: stupor. — ease: quiet enjoyment: whatever gives 

a. com'atose, affected with coma, ease, enjoyment, etc. — a. com'fortable, 

comb, kom, n. a toothed instrument imparting or enjoying comfort, 
for separating and cleaning hair, wool, comic, kom'ik, a. raising mirth : droll, 
flax, etc. : the crest of a cock : an aggre- — a. com'ical, funny : queer : ludicrous, 
gation of cells for honey. — v. t. to separ- comity, kom'i-ti, n. courtesy : civ- 
ate, arrange, or -clean by means of a ility. [L. comitas — comis, courteous.] 
comb : to dress with a comb. — a. combed. comma, kom'a, n. in punctuation, the 
combat, kom'bat, v. i. to contend or point (,) which marks the smallest 
struggle. — v. t. to beat against : to act in division of a sentence, 
opposition to: to contest: to oppose. — n. command, kom-mand', v. t. to order: 
a struggle : a battle or fight. — adjs.com'- to bid: to exercise authority over: to 
batable, capable of being combated ; cause to act : to have within sight, in- 
com'batant, disposed or inclined to fluence, or control. — v. i. to have chief 
combat. — n. one who fights or combats ; authority : to govern. — n. an order : 
com'bative, inclined to quarrel or fight, authority : message : the ability to over- 
combine, kum-bin', v. t. to join two look or influence: the thing commanded, 
together: to unite intimately. — v. i. to commemorate, kum-em'o-rat, v. t. 
come into close union : to cooperate : to celebrate : to preserve the memory of. 
(chem.) to unite and form a new com- commence, kum-ens', v. i. to begin: 
pound. — n. combina'tion, the act of to originate : to take rise. — v. t. to begin : 
combining: union of individual things, to originate: to enter upon: to take 
combust, kum-bust', a. burned by the a university degree. — n. commence'- 
sun: in conjunction with the sun, or ment, the beginning: the ceremony of 
apparently very near it. — a. combust'- graduation. 



commend 



mote, move,; mute; then. 



companion 



107 



commend, kum-end', v. t. to give into 
the charge of: to recommend as worthy: 
to praise. — a. commend'able. — adv. com- 
mend'ably. 

commensurable, kum-en'su-ra-bl, a. 
having a common measure. — n. commen- 
surabil'ity. — adv. commen'surably. — a. 
commen'surate, equal in measure or ex- 
tent: in proportion with. 

comment, kom'ent, n. a remark, ob- 
servation, criticism. — v. i. to make criti- 
cal or explanatory notes : to annotate. 

commerce, kom'ers, n. interchange of 
merchandise between nations or indi- 
viduals : intercourse : fellowship. — v. i. 
commerce', to trade : to have communi- 
cation. — a. commer'cial, pertaining to 
commerce : mercantile. — n. commer'- 
cialism. — adv. commer'cially. 

comminate, kom'in-at, v. t. to 
threaten. — n. commina'tion, threaten- 
ing, denunciation. 

commingle, kum-ing'gl, v. t. to 
mingle or mix with. — a. commin'gled. 

comminute, kom'in-ut, v. t. to pulver- 
ize. — n. comminu'tion. 

commiserate, kum-iz'er-at, v. t. to 
feel for the miseries of another: to 
pity : to condole with. 

commissary, kom'is-ar-i, n. a deputy: 
a higher officer of police: an officer who 
furnishes provisions, etc., to an army. 

commission, kum-ish'un, n. act of 
committing: that which is committed: a 
writing conferring certain powers : 
authority: percentage paid to an agent: 
a body of persons appointed to perform 
certain duties : a warrant from the head 
of the state for holding various military 
offices. — v. t. to empower: to send: to 
appoint. — a. commis'sioned. 

commissure, kom'mis-sur, n. a joint: 
place where two bodies meet and unite. 

commit, kum-it', v. t. to give in charge 
or trust : to consign : to do : to endanger : 
to involve : to pledge : — pr. p. commit'- 
ting; pa. p. commit'ted. 

commix, kum-iks', v. t. to mix 
together. — v. i. to mix. 

commodious, kum-o'di-us, a. suit- 
able or convenient: roomy, spacious: 
comfortable. — n. commode', a small 
sideboard : an inclosed washstand : a 
night-stool. — adv. commo'diously. 

commodore, kom'o-dor, n. in the 
British navy, a rank between an admiral 



and a captain: the president of a yacht- 
club, also his vessel. 

common, kom'un, a. belonging equally 
to more than one : public : general : 
usual: frequent: ordinary: easy to be 
had: of little value: vulgar: of low 
degree. — n. a tract of open land, used 
in common by the public. 

commonwealth, kom'un-welth, n. the 
government in a free state: the state: 
the public or whole body of the people 
of a state. — n. commonweal, the common 
or public good: the community or 
commonwealth. 

commove, kum-mov', v. t. to put in 
motion: to agitate. — n. commo'tion, a 
violent motion or moving: agitation. 

commune, kom'un, n. a corporation: 
in France, a territorial division. 

commune, kum-un', v. i. to talk to- 
gether : to have intercourse : to receive 
Holy Communion. 

communicate, kum-u'ni-kat, v. t. to 
give a share of, impart : to reveal. — 
v. i. to have something in common with 
another : to have communication : to be 
connected: to have intercourse: to par- 
take of Holy Communion. 

communion, kum-un'yun, n. act of 
communing : mutual intercourse : fellow- 
ship : common possession : interchange 
of transactions: union in religious ser- 
vice : the body of people who so unite. 

communism, kom'u-nizm, n. a theory 
or condition of things according to 
which all things should be held in com- 
mon. — n. comm'unist. 

community, kum-un'i-ti, n. common 
possession or enjoyment: agreement: 
communion : people having common 
rights, etc. : the public in general : a body 
of persons in the same locality. 

commute, kum-ut', v. t. to exchange: 
to change to a less severe form, as 
a punishment. — ns. commutabil'ity; 
comm'utator, an apparatus attached to 
many electric machines for reversing the 
currents. 

compact, kum-pakt', a. fastened or 
packed together: firm: close: brief. — v. 
t. to press closely together. 

compact, kom'pakt, n. a mutual agree- 
ment: a league, treaty, or union. 

compaginate, kum-paj'i-nat, v. t. to 
join, connect. — n. compagina'tion. 

companion, kum-pan'yun, «. an as- 
sociate: a partner: a higher rank of 



108 companion fate, far; me, her; mine; complex 

servant: fellow, in a bad sense. — v. t. a. compen'dious, short: concise: corn- 
to accompany. — a. accompanying. — a. prehensive. 
companionable, agreeable. compensate, kom'pen-sat, or kum- 

companion, kum-pan'yun, n. (naut.) pen'sat, v. t. to reward suitably: to 
the skylight of a lower deck or cabin : recompense : to counterbalance. — n. corn- 
stairway to a cabin. pensa'tion, act of compensating: reward 

company, kum'pa-ni, n. any assembly for service: amends for loss sustained. 

of persons : a number of persons asso- compete, kum-pet', v. i. to seek or 

ciated together for trade, etc. : a society: strive with others for something: to 

a subdivision of a regiment: a crew: contend for a prize. — n. competi'tion, 

state of being a companion : fellowship : the act of competing : common strife for 

associates: society: a gathering of people the same object. 

for social intercourse. [Fr. compagnie.] competent, kom'pe-tent, a. suitable: 

compare, kum-par', v. t. to set to- sufficient: fit: legally qualified: legiti- 

gether, to ascertain relative qualities: to mate. — ns. competence, competency, 

liken or represent as similar: (gram.) fitness: capacity: sufficiency: competent 

to inflect an adj ective — v. i. to hold circumstances: legal^ power or capacity, 

comparison. — n. comparison: similitude. compile, kum-pil', v. t. to write or 

—adjs. com'parable, that may be com- compose by collecting the materials from 

pared; comparative, pertaining to com- other books: to draw up or collect: to 

parison: not positive or absolute: compose. 

(gram.) expressing more. complacent, kum-pla'sent, a. showing 

compartment, kum-part'ment, n. a satisfaction: pleased: inclined to please, 

separate part or division of any inclosed — ns - compla'cence, compla'cency, 

space : a division of any- *,**** * pleasure: satisfaction: complaisance, 

thing. [Fr., from com- ^$lsBm$& ^ complain, kum-plan , v. i. to express 

partir — L. com, with, "$M gf g nef > P am > censure: to murmur: to 

bartirp to nnrt 1 **& 125 accuse : to make a mournful sound : to be 



par tire, to part.] 

compass, kum'pas, n. Vff | 5 ill.— »*. complain ant, one who com- 
a circuit or circle:" space: ^#ltt#f*% plains: (law) a plaintiff; complain'er, a 
limit: range, a limit of * *'f ff?^ murmurer: complainant; complain'ing, 
tones of a voice or in- Mariner's the actl0n of the verb com P lain: CGm " 
strument: an instrument Compass. plaint— ». complaint, a complaining: 
used to steer ships by, etc.: (pi.) an in- an expression of grief: a representation 
strument for describing circles, etc.— v. t. of P ams or in Junes: a finding fault: 
to pass or go round: to surround or in- tl } e thin S complained of: a disease: an 
close: to besiege: to bring about or ailment ■ - 
obtain : to contrive or plot. complaisant, kom pla-zant, a. de- 
compassion, kum-pash'un, n. fellow- S1 ™. ns of pleasing : obliging.-*, com'- 
feeling: pity.— v. t. to pity.—a. compas'- Pjawance, care or desire to please: an 
sionate, inclined to ■' pity or mercy: obliging civility.— adv. com plaisantly. 
merciful.-*. t. to have compassion for: complement, kom ple-ment, n. that, 
to have pity or mercy upon. ?hich completes or fills up : full num- 

~~~„~4.;u-\^ 1,„.~, ~„i.'i i ui ~ - ber or quantity. — v. t. complement , to 

ten; ~bie * ' supplement-^/,. complements, com- 

teni. agreeaoie _,...„. , it - plement'ary, completing: together mak- 

compatriot, kum-pa tri-ot, a. of the f a 4 ole 

same country -n. one of the same. < complete, kum-plef , a. free from 

compeer, kom-per , n. one who is deficiency: perfect: finished: entire.-* 

equal to another: a companion. t to finish . to make pe rfect or entire: 

compel, kum-pel, v. t. to oblige: to to accomplish.— a dv. completely. 

force: to obtain by hard labor. ■ complex, kom'pleks, a. composed of 

compilation, kom-pel-a'shun, n. style more than one, or of many parts : not 

of address : an appellation. simple : intricate : difficult.— v. t. to com- 

compend, kom'pend, compendium, plicate. — w. complexity, state of being 

kum-pen'di-um, n. a shortening or complex: complication. — adv. com'- 

abridgment: an epitome: an abstract. — plexly. 



complexion mote, move^ mute; then. concenter 109 

complexion, kur>plek'shun, n. dis- act of comprising. — p. adjs. comprised', 
position : color : qi .ality : color or look included ; comprising, including. 
of the skin, esp. of the face : general compromise, kom'pro-miz, n. a set- 
appearance, temperament, or texture. tlement of differences by mutual con- 
compliance, kum-pli'ans, n. a yield- cession. — v. t. to settle by mutual agree- 
ing : agreement : complaisance : assent : ment and concession : to pledge : to 
submission (in bad sense). involve or bring into question. — p. a. 

complicate, kom'pli-kat, v. t. to twist compromised, exposed to danger or 

or plait together : to render complex : to discredit. 

entangle. — a. complicated, intricate, compulse, kum-puls', v. t. to compel, 

confused. — n. complication. — n. compul'sion, the act of compelling: 

complicity, kum-plis'i-ti, n. state or force: necessity: violence. — a. compul'- 

condition of being an accomplice. sive, coercive: with power to compel. 

compliment, kom'pli-ment, n. an ex- compunction, kum-pungk'shun, n. un- 

pression of regard or praise: delicate easiness of conscience: remorse: regret: 

flattery : an expression of formal civility, pity. 

comply, kum-pH', v. i. to yield to the compurgation, kom-pur-ga'shun, n. 

wishes of another: to agree or consent, evidence in favor of the accused. 

compo, kom'po, n. a mixture for compute, kum-put', v. t. to calculate: 

plastering, for printers' rollers, etc. to number: to estimate. — n. computa'- 

component, kum-po'nent, a. making tion, act of computing: reckoning. 
up: forming one of the elements of a comrade, kom'rad, n. a close corn- 
compound. — n. one of the elements of a panion : an intimate associate, 
compound. [L. componere.] con, kon, a contraction of L. contra, 

comport, kum-port', v. i. to agree, against, as in pro and con, for and 

suit (with). — v. t. to conduct: to behave, against. 

compose, kum-poz', v. t. to form by con, kon, v. t. to study carefully: to 

putting parts or things together: to commit to memory. 

place in proper order, to arrange artisti- con, conn, kon, kun, v. t. to direct 

cally: to settle or set at rest: to soothe: the steering of (a ship). — n. the act of 

to set up (types) : to originate or write conning. 

as author, to set to music.—/', a. com- concatenate, kon-kat'e-nat, v. t. to 

posed', settled, quiet, calm.— adv. com- c h a in or link together: to connect in a 

pos'edly. — ns. compos'edness; com- series. — n. concatenation, 

pos'er, a writer, an author, esp. of a concave,, kon'kav, a. curved, vaulted, 

piece of music— a. com posite, made up or arcne d, applied to the inner side of any 

of two or more distinct parts. / curved line or rounded body. 

compound, kum-pownd', v. t. to mix conceal, kun-seT, v. t. to hide com- 

or combine: to settle or adjust by agree- p i e tely or carefully: to keep secret: to 

ment.— v. i. to agree, or come to terms : disguise : to keep from telling, 

to bargain in the lump.— a. com pound, concede, kun-sed', v. t. to cede or 

mixed or composed of a number of parts : give up . to quit . to surren der : to admit : 

not simple.— n. a mass made up of a t0 gran t.— v. i. to admit or grant, 

number ofparts. conceit, kun-set', n. over-estimate of 

comprehend, kom-pre-hend , v. t. to oneself: a pleasant, fantastical, or affected 

seize or take up with the mind, to under- notion : wit. 

stand: to comprise or include. conceive, kun-sev', v. t. to receive 

compress, kum-pres', v. t. to press into and form in the womb: to form in 

together : to force into a narrower space : the mind : to imagine or think : to under- 

to condense or concentrate. — n. com'- stand: to express. — v. i. to become preg- 

press (kom'), a surgical device for nant: to think. 

applying pressure: an apparatus for bal- concenter, concentre, kun-sent'er, v. 

ing cotton. — a. compressed'. i. to tend to or meet in a common 

comprise, kum-priz', v. t. to contain, center: to be concentric. — v. t. to bring 

Include: to sum up. — n. compris'al, the or direct to a common center or point 



110 



concentrate 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



conduct 




Conch. 



concentrate, kun-sen'trat, or kon'- 
sen-, z, t. to bring towards a common 
center: to bring into a closer union. 

concept, kon'sept, n. a thing conceived, 
a general notion. — ns. concep'tacle, a 
receptacle; conception, the act of con- 
ceiving: the thing conceived. 

concern, kun-sern', v. t. to relate or 
belong to : to affect or interest : to make 
uneasy: to trouble: to have to do with: 
to be affected. — n. that which concerns 
or belongs to one: interest: regard. 

concert, kon'sert, n. union or agree- 
ment in any undertaking: harmony: 
musical harmony: a musical entertain- 
ment. — v. t. concert', to arrange, adjust. 

concession, kun-sesh'un, n. the act of 
conceding : the thing conceded : a grant. 

conch, kongk, n. a marine shell: a 
spiral shell used as a 
trumpet: (archit.) the 
semidome of an apse : 
the apse itself. — ns. con- 
chol'ogist, conchol'ogy, 
that branch of natural 
history which deals with 
the shells of mollusks. 

conciliar, kon-sil'i-ar, a. pertaining to 
a council. 

conciliate, kun-sil'i-at, v. t. to gain, 
or win over: to pacify. — n. concilia'- 
tion, act of conciliating. 

concise, kun-sis', a. cut short: brief. 
— adv. concise'ly. 

conclave, kon'klav, n. the room in 
which cardinals meet to elect a pope : the 
body of cardinals : any secret assembly. 

conclude, kun-klod', v. t. to close: to 
end : to oblige. — v. i. to end : to infer : to 
form a final judgment. — a. concluding, 
final, closing. — n. conclu'sion, act of 
concluding : the end, close, or last part : 
inference: judgment. — adjs. conclusive; 
conclu'sory, final: convincing. 

concoct, kun-kokt', v. t. to digest: to 
prepare or mature: to make up, as a 
mixture : to plan, devise : to fabricate. 

concomitant, kun-kom'i-tant, a. ac- 
companying or going along with: con- 
joined with. 

concord, kon'kord, n. state of being 
of the same heart or mind: union: 
harmony: agreement: a combination of 
notes which is pleasant to the ear. 

concourse, kon'kors, n. an assembly 
of persons or things running or drawn 
together. 



concrescence, kun-kres'ens, n. in- 
crement: a growing together of cells or 
other organisms. 

concrete, kon'kret, a. formed into one 
mass : denoting a particular thing : made 
of concrete. — n. a compound mass : a 
mixture of lime, sand, etc., used in build- 
ing. — v. t. concrete', to form into a solid 
mass. — v. i. to harden. 

concur, kun-ker', v. i. to run together : 
to meet in one point : to coincide : to act 
together: to agree: to assent to. 

concuss, kun-kus', v. t. to disturb. — 
n. concus'sion, state of being shaken: 
a violent shock caused by the sudden 
contact of two bodies. 

condemn, kun-dem', v. t. to pronounce 
guilty: to censure or blame: to sentence 
to punishment : to give up to some fate : 
to pronounce unfit for use. 

condense, kun-dens', v. t. to compress 
or reduce into smaller compass : to 
reduce to a denser form, as vapor to 
liquid. — ns. condensation, act of con- 
densing; condens'er, an apparatus for 
reducing vapors to a liquid form: an 
appliance for collecting or condensing 
electricity. 

condescend, kon-de-send', v. i. to de- 
scend willingly from a superior position : 
to act kindly to inferiors : to deign : to 
comply : to lower oneself. — a. conde- 
scending, yielding to inferiors: cour- 
teous : obliging : patronizing. — n. con- 
descension, affability to inferiors. 

condign, kun-din', a. well merited: 
adequate (of punishment). 

condiment, kon'di-ment, n. a season- 
ing. 

condition, kun-dish'un, n. state in 
which things exist: a particular manner 
of being: quality: rank: prerequisite 
temper: a term of a contract: proposal 
arrangement. 

condole, kun-dol', v. i. to grieve with 
another: to sympathize in sorrow. — n. 
condol'ence, expression of grief. 

condone, kun-don', v. t. to forgive: 
to pass over. 

condor, kon'dor, n. a large vulture. 

conduce, kun-dus', v. i. to tend to 
some end: to contribute. — adjs. con- 
duc'ible; conducive, leading or tend- 
ing: having power to promote. 

conduct, kun-dukt', v. t. to lead or 
guide: to convey (water) : to direct: to 



conduit 



mote, move; mute; then. 



congest 



111 



manage: to behave: {elect.) to carry or 
transmit, — ns. con'duct, guidance : 
escort: guide: management: behavior. 

conduit, kon'dit, n. a channel or pipe 
to lead or convey water, etc. 

cone, kon, n. a solid pointed figure 
with a circular base: anything shaped 
like a cone. — adjs. conic, -al, having the 
form of or pertaining to a cone. 

confect, kon'fekt, n. a sweetmeat. — v. 
t. confect', to prepare: to preserve. — n. 
confec'tion, a sweetmeat. 

confederate, kun-fed'er-at, a. leagued 
together: allied. — n. an ally: an accom- 
plice: {cap.) a soldier of the Confed- 
erate States of America (1860-1865.) — ■ 
v. i. and v. t. to league together or join 
in a league. 

confer, kun-fer', v. t. to give or be- 
stow : to compare (notes), collate — abbrev. 
cf. — v. i. to talk or consult together. — 
ns. conferee , one conferred with ; con- 
ference, the act of conferring. 

. Conferva, kon-feVva, n. a genus of 
fresh-water algse. [L.] 

confess, kun-fes', v. t. to acknowledge 
fully, esp. something wrong : to own or 
admit: to make known, as sins to a 
priest : to hear the confession of, as a 
priest. — v. i. to make confession. 

"onfide, kun-fld', v. i. to trust wholly 
or have faith (with in) : to rely. — v. t. 
to intrust, or commit to the charge of. 
— ns. confidant', one confided in or in- 
trusted with secrets : a bosom-friend : — 
fern, confidante'; con'fidence, firm trust 
or belief: faith: self-reliance: firmness: 
boldness : presumption. — a. con'fident, 
trusting firmly: having full belief: posi- 
tive: bold. — n. a confidential friend. — a. 
confidential, (given) in confidence: ad- 
mitted to confidence : private. 

configuration, kun-fig-u-ra'shun, n. 
external figure or shape : outline : rela- 
tive position or aspect. 

confine, kon'fin, n. border, boundary, 
or limit — generally in pi. — v. t. confine', 
to border: to be adjacent to: to limit, 
inclose : to imprison. — a. confined', 
limited: imprisoned: narrow. — n. con- 
fine'ment, restraint : imprisonment. — a. 
confin'ing, bordering : limiting. — be con- 
fined, to be limited: to be in childbed. 

confirm, kun-ferm', v. t. to strengthen : 
to fix or establish: to ratify: to verify: 
to assure: to admit to full communion. 

confiscate, kon'fis-kat, or kun-fis% 



v. t. to appropriate to the state, as a 
penalty : to take possession of. 

conflagrate, kon'na-grat, v. t. and v. 
i. to burn up. — n. conflagration, a great 
burning or fire. 

conflict, kon'flikt, n. violent collision: 
a struggle or contest : a battle. — v. i. 
conflict', to fight : contend : to be in op- 
position : to clash. 

confluence, kon'flo-ens, n. a flowing 
together : the place of meeting, as of 
rivers : a concourse. 

conform, kun-form', v. t. to make like* 
to adapt. — v. i. to be of the same form: 
to comply : to obey. — n. conformabil'ity. 

confound, kon-fownd', v. t. to over- 
throw, defeat: to mingle confusedly: to 
throw into disorder: to perplex: to as- 
tonish. 

confraternity, kon-fra-ter'ni-ti, n. a 
brotherhood. 

confrere, kon-frar, n. a colleague or 
associate. 

confront, kun-frunt', v. t to stand in 
front of: to face: to oppose: to bring 
face to face : to compare. 

Confucian, kun-fu'shyan, a. of or be- 
longing to Confucius. — n. Confu'cianism. 

confuse, kun-fuz', v. t. to pour or mix 
together so that things cannot be dis- 
tinguished : to throw into disorder : to 
perplex. — a. confused', perplexed: dis- 
ordered. — adv. confus'edly, in a con- 
fused manner. — n. confu'sion, state of 
being confused: disorder: shame. 

confute, kun-fut', v. t. to prove to be 
false: to refute: to put an end to. 

congeal, kun-jeT, v. t. to freeze: to 
change from fluid to solid by cold : to 
solidify, as by cold. — v. i. to pass from 
fluid to solid, as by cold : to stiffen. 

congener, kon'je-ner, n. a person or 
thing of the same kind or nature. 

congenial, kun-je'ni-al, a. of the same 
spirit or tastes : kindred, sympathetic. 

congenital, kun-jen'i-tal, a. begotten 
or born with, said of diseases or de- 
formities. 

conger, kong'ger, n. a marine bonyj 
fish. [L., — Gr. gongros.] 

congeries, kon-je'ri-ez, n. a collection 
of particles or small bodies in one mass. 

congest, kun-jest', v. t. to bring to- 
gether, or heap up: to accumulate. — a. 
congest'ed, affected with an unnatural 
accumulation of blood: overcrowded. 



118 conglomerate fate, far; me, her; mine; consequence 

conglomerate, kun-glom'er-at, a. connoisseur, kon-is-ur', n. one who 
gathered into a mass. — v. t. to gather knows a subject well: a critical judge in 
into a ball. — n. a rock composed of art, music, etc. 
pebbles cemented together. connote, kun-6t', v. t. to signify 

conglutinate, kun-glo'tin-at, v. t. to secondarily: to include. — v. t. con'no- 
glue together : to heal by uniting. — v. i. tate, to connote. — n. connota'tion, im- 
to unite or grow together. plication of something more than the 

congratulate, kun-grat'u-lat, v. t. to denotation of an object, 
felicitate. — n. congratulation, act of connubial, kun-u'bi-al, a. pertaining 
congratulating: an expression of joy. to marriage or the marriage state. 

congregate, kong'gre-gat, v. t. to conoid, kon'oid, n. anything like a 
gather together: to assemble. — v. i. to cone in form. — adjs. con'oid; conoid'al. 
flock together. — p. a. congregated, as- conquer, kong'ker, v. t. to gain by 
sembled: aggregated. — n. congrega'tion, force or with an effort: to overcome or 
the act of congregating: an assemblage vanquish. — v. i. to be victor. — ns. con'- 
of persons or things : a body of people, queror, one who conquers : a victor ; 

congress, kong'gres, n. a meeting to- con'quest, the act of conquering: that 
gether or assembly, as of ambassadors, which is conquered or acquired by 
etc., for political purposes: (C-) the physical or mental force, 
federal legislature of the United States. consanguine, kun-sang'gwin, a. re- 

congrue, kong-gro', v. i. (Shak.) to lated by blood. — n. consanguinity, 
agree. — ns. congruence, cong'ruency, conscience, kon'shens, n. the knowl- 
agreement : suitableness. — a. cong'ruent, edge of our own acts and feelings as 
agreeing : suitable : congruous. — n. con- right or wrong : sense of duty : scrupu- 
gru'ity, agreement between things: con- lousness : the faculty or principle by 
sistency: fitness. which we distinguish right from wrong. 

conjecture, kun-jekt'ur, n. a fore- — a. conscien'tious, regulated by a re- 
cast: an opinion formed on slight or gard to conscience: scrupulous, 
defective evidence : a guess : an idea. — v. conscious, kon'shus, a. having in- 
t to make conjectures regarding. ternal knowledge of something: aware: 

conjoin, kun-join', v. t. to join to- having the faculty of consciousness. — 
gether: to combine. — v. i. to unite. adv. con'sciously. — n. consciousness, 

conjugal, kon'joo-gal, a. pertaining to the waking state of the mind, 
marriage. — n. conjugality. conscribe, kun-skrlb', v. t. to enlist by 

conjugate, kon'joo-gat, v. t. (gram.) conscription. — a. con'script, enrolled, 
to give the various inflections or parts registered. — n. one enrolled and liable to 
of a verb. — a. joined: connected. serve as a soldier or sailor. 

conjunct, kun-junkt', a. conjoined: consecrate, kon'se-krat, v. t. to set 
concurrent. — n. conjunc'tion, connec- apart for a holy use: to hallow: to de- 
tion, union: (gram.) a word that con- vote. — a. consecrated, devoted. 
nects sentences, clauses, and words : one _ consecution, kon-se-ku'shun, n. a 
of the aspects of the planets.^ train of consequences or deductions: 

conjure, kun'jer, and kun-jor' (con'- (mus.) succession of similar intervals in 
jure, generally of the art of legerdemain, harmony. — a. consec'utive, following in 
etc.; conjure', of actions treated as regular order: succeeding or resulting, 
religious or solemn), v. i. to practise consensus, kun-sen'sus, n. agreement 
magical arts: to make an invocation. of various parts: agreement in opinion j 

connate, kon'at, a. born with oneself: unanimity, 
innate: allied: congenial. consent, kun-sent', v. i. to be of the 

connect, kun-ekt', v. t. to tie or fasten same mind: to agree: to give assent: to 
together : to establish a relation between : yield : to comply. — n. agreement : con- 
to associate. — p. a. connect'ed, joined: currence: advice, counsel. 
United. — adv. connect'edly, in a con- consequence, kon'se-kwens, n. that 
nected manner. which follows or comes after as a 

connive, kun-Iv', v. i. to wink at a result: effect: influence: importance. — a. 
fault: to take no notice: to have a con'sequent, following as a natural 
private understanding. — n. conniv'ance. effect or deduction. — n. that which fol- 



conserve 



mote, move; mute; then. 



consul 113 



lows: the natural effect of a cause. — a. 
consequen'tial, following as a result: 
casual: pompous. 

conserve, kun-serv', v. t. to keep 
entire: to retain: to preserve: to pre- 
serve in sugar. — n. something preserved, 
as fruits in sugar. — n. conserva'tioi i, the 
act of conserving: the keeping entire. — 
n. conser'vatism, the opinions and prin- 
ciples of a conservative. — a. conserva- 
tive, tending or having power to con- 
serve. — n. one averse to change and 
progress. 

consider, kun-sid'er, v. t. to look at 
closely or carefully: to think or delib- 
erate on : to take into account : to attend 
to : to reward. — v. i. to think seriously or 
carefully: to deliberate. — a. consider- 
able, worthy of being considered: im- 
portant: more than a little. — adv. con- 
siderably. — a. consid'erate, thought- 
ful : serious : prudent : thoughtful. 

consign, kun-sin', v. t. to give to 
another : to sign or seal : to transfer : to 
intrust: to commit: to transmit for sale 
or custody. 
^ consist, kun-sist', v. i to exist, sub- 
sist: to co-exist: to agree.— ns. consist- 
ence, consist'ency, a degree of density: 
substance: agreement: the quality of be- 
ing self-consistent. — a. consistent, fixed . 
— ft. consist'ory, properly a place of as- 
sembly: an assembly or council. 

console, kun-sol', v. t. to give solace 
or comfort : to cheer in distress. — a. con- 
sol'able, that may be comforted. 

console, kon'sol, n. (archit.) a pro- 
jection resembling a bracket: used of 
the key-desk of an organ. [Fr. console.] 

consolidate, kun-sol'i-dat, v. t. to 
make solid : to form into a compact 
mass : to unite into one . — v. i. to grow 
solid or firm : to unite. 

consomme, kon-so-ma', n. a kind of 
soup. [Fr.] 

consonant, kon'son-ant, a. consistent: 
suitable: harmonious. — n. an articulation 
which can be sounded only with a 
vowel: a letter of the alphabet other 
thajn a vowel. — n. con'sonance, a state 
of agreement: agreement or unison of 
sounds : concord. 

consort, kon'sort, n. a partner: a 
companion : a wife or husband : an ac- 
companying ship. — v. t. consort', to as- 
sociate (with). — v. i. to associate or 
keep company : to agree. 
8 



conspicuous, kun-spik'ii-us, a. clearly 
seen : visible to eye or mind : prominent. 

conspire, kun-splr', v. i. to plot or 
scheme together: to agree: to concur to 
one end. — v. t. to plan, devise. — n. con- 
spiracy, the act of conspiring: a plot. 
■ — n. conspir'ator, one who conspires. 

constable, kun'sta-bl, n. a town or 
village policeman. 

constant, kon'stant, a. fixed: un- 
changeable: firm: continual: faithful. — 
n. (math.) a term or quantity which does 
not vary. — n. con'stancy, fixedness: un- 
changeableness : faithfulness. 

constellate, kon'stel-at, v. t to 
cluster. — n. constella'tion, a group of 
stars. 

consternate, kon'ster-nat, v. t to 
fill with dismay. — n. consternation, 
terror which throws into confusion. 

constipate, kon'stip-at, v. t. to stop 
up: to make costive. — n. constipa'tion, 
costiveness. 

constitute, kon'stit-ut, v. t. to set up : 
to establish: to form or compose: to 
appoint : to determine. — n. constit- 
uency, the whole body of voters for a 
representative. — a. constituent, consti- 
tuting or forming : essential : elemental : 
component. — n. an essential or elemental 
part: one of those who elect a repre- 
sentative, as to Congress. 

constrain, kun-stran', v. t. to urge 
with irresistible power : to force, compel : 
to distress : to confine : to limit : to cause 
constraint. — p. a. constrained', forced, 
compelled : embarrassed. — n. constraint', 
irresistible force : compulsion. 

constrict, kun-strikt', v. t. to press to- 
gether : to contract : to cramp. — p. a. 
constrict'ed, narrowed : cramped. — n. 
constric'tion, a pressing together: con- 
traction: tightness. — a. constrict'ive. 

constringent, kun-strin'jent, a. having 
the quality of contracting. 

construct, kun-strukt', v. t. to build 
up : to compile : to put together : to 
make: to compose. 

construe, kon'stro, v. t. to exhibit the 
arrangement of in another language: to 
translate : to explain : to interpret. 

consuetude, kon'swe-tud, n. custom: 
familiarity. [L. consuetudo, custom.] 

consul, kon'sul, n. one commissioned 
to reside in a foreign country as an 
agent for, or representative of, a govern- 
ment. 



114 consult fate, far; me, her; mine; contrahent 

consult, kun-sult', v. t to ask advice to strive for. — n. con'test, a struggle for 
of: to decide or act in favor of: to superiority: strife: debate, 
discuss: to consider. — v. i. to consider context, kon'tekst, n. the parts of a 
in company: to take counsel. discourse or treatise which precede and 

consume, kun-sum', v. t. to destroy follow a special passage and fix its true 
by wasting, fire, etc. : to use up : to meaning. — a. context'ual. 
devour: to waste or spend: to exhaust. contiguous, kun-tig'u-us, a. touching, 
— v. i. to waste away. adjoining: near. 

consummate, kun-sum'at, v. t. to continent, kon'ti-nent, n. a large ex- 
raise to the highest point : to perfect or tent of land not broken up by seas : the 
finish : to make legally complete. — a. mainland of Europe : one of the great 
complete, supreme, perfect of its kind. — divisions of the land surface of the globe. 
adv. consummately, perfectly. — n. con- contingent, kun-tin'jent, a. dependent 
summa'tion, act of completing. on something else : accidental. — n. an 

consumption, kun-sum'shun, n. the event liable but not certain to occur: 
act of using up or consuming : a process a share or proportion, esp. of soldiers, 
of lung destruction, with progressive continue, kun-tin'u, v. t. to draw out 
emaciation — phthisis, tuberculosis. or prolong: to extend or increase in any 

contact, kon'takt, n. touching or close way: to unite without' break: to persist 
union : meeting. in. — v. i. to remain in the same place 

contagion, kun-ta'jun, n. transmis- or state: to last or endure: to perse- 
sion of a disease, either by direct con- vere. — a. contin'ual, without interrup- 
tact or through the medium of the tion: unceasing.— adv. contin'ually. — n. 
excretions or exhalations of the body. contin'uance, duration: uninterrupted 

contain, kun-tan', v. t. to comprise, to succession : stay ; continuation, constant 
include. succession: extension. — a. contin'ued, 

contaminate, kun-tam'i-nat, v. t. to uninterrupted : unceasing : extended. — n. 
defile by touching or mixing with: to continuity, state of being continuous: 
pollute : to corrupt : to infect. uninterrupted connection. 

contemn, kun-tem', v. t. to despise : contort, kun-tort', v. t. to twist or 
to neglect, to disregard. — n. contem'ner. turn violently : to writhe. — a. contort'ed, 

contemplate, kon'tem-plat, or kun- twisted : folded or twisted back upon 
tem'plat, v. t. to consider or look at itself, as some parts of plants, 
attentively: to meditate on or study: to contour, kon-tor', n. the outline: the 
intend. — v. i. to think seriously. line which bounds the figure of any 

contemporaneous, kun-tem-po-ra'- object, 
ne-us, a. living, happening, or being at contra, kon'tra, adv. and prep, against, 
the same time. opposite : in front of : to the contrary. 

contempt, kun-tempt', n. scorn: dis- contraband, kon'tra-band, a. contrary 
grace: (law) disregard of the rules or to law: prohibited. — n. illegal traffic: 
an offense against the dignity of a prohibition: prohibited goods, 
court. — a. contempt'ible, despicable. contract, kun-trakt', v. t. to draw to- 

contend, kun-tend', v. i. to strive : to gether : to lessen : to shorten : to acquire : 
struggle in emulation or in opposition : to incur : to bargain for : to betroth. — 
to dispute or debate : to urge one's v. i. to shrink : to become less. — n. con'- 
course. — n. conten'tion, a violent strain- tract, an agreement on fixed terms : a 
ing after any object: strife: debate. bond: the writing containing an agree- 

content, kon'tent, n. that which is ment. — a. contract'ed, drawn together, 
contained: the capacity or extent of contradict, kon-tra-dikt', v. t. to op- 
anything: (pi.) the things contained: the pose by words: to assert the contrary of : 
list of subjects treated of in a book. to deny: to be contrary to in character. 

content, kun-tent' a. having the de- — n. contradiction, act of contradicting : 
sires limited by present enjoyment: satis- a speaking against: denial, 
fied. — 11. satisfaction. — v. t. to make contradistinction, kon-tra-dis-tingk'- 
content : to satisfy the mind. shun n. distinction by contrast. 

contest, kun-test', v. t. to call in contrahent, kon'tra-hent, a. entering 
question or make the subject of dispute: into a contract— 72. a contracting party= 



contralto mote, move; mute; then. convoke 115 

contralto, kun-tral't5, n. the deepest gether: to assemble, — v. t. to call to- 

or lowest musical voice in boys and in gether. 

women. convenient, kon-ven'yent, a. suitable : 

contraplex, kon'tra-pleks, a. (teleg.) handy: commodious, 

having two currents or messages passing convent, kon'vent, n. an association 

in" opposite directions at the same time, of persons secluded from the world and 

contrary, kon'tra-ri, a. opposite : con- devoted to a religious life : the house in 

tradictory. — n. a thing that is contrary which they live, 

or of opposite qualities. conventicle, kun-vent'i-kl, n. any 

contrast, kun-trast', v. i. to stand in private, clandestine, or irregular meeting, 
opposition to. — v. t. to set in opposition. convention, kun-ven'shun, n. an as- 
— n. con'trast, unlikeness in things com- sembly, esp. of representatives or dele- 
pared : exhibition of differences, gates for some common object: any 

contravene, kon-tra-ven', v. t. to op- extraordinary assembly called upon any 

pose. special occasion : any temporary treaty : 

contretemps, kon-tr-tan', n. anything an agreement : established usage ; fashion, 

embarrassing, a hitch. [Fr.] — a. conven'tional, formed by conven- 

contribute, kun-trib'ut, v. t. to give tion: growing out of tacit agreement or 

along with others : to give for a com- custom : customary : not spontaneous, 

mon purpose: to write for a newspaper, converge, kun-verj', v. i. to tend to 

etc.: to pay as a share. — v. i. to give or one point. — ns, convergence, conver'- 

bear a part. — a. contrib'utary, paying a gency, act or quality of tending to one 

share, subject to contribution. — n. con- point. 

tribu'tion, a collection : a levy or charge. converse, kun-vers', v. i. to have in- 
contrite, kon'trit, a. broken-hearted tercourse : to talk familiarly. — n. con'- 
for sin : penitent. — adv. con'tritely. verse, familiar intercourse : conversation. 

contrive, kun-triv', v. t. to plan : to • — a. conversational. — ns. conversa'tion- 

invent: to bring about or effect: to plot, alist, conversationist, one who excels 

control, kun-trol', n. restraint : author- in conversation, 

ity : command. — v. t. to check : to _ re- convert, kun-vert', v. t. to change or 

strain: to govern: — pr. p. con-trolling; turn from one thing, condition, or re- 

pa. p. controlled'. — a. controllable, ligion to another: to change from an 

capable of, or subject to, control. irreligious to a holy life: to alter one 

controvert, kon'tro-vert, v. t. to op- thing into another: to apply to a par- 
pose : to argue against : to refute. — a. ticular purpose. 
controver'sial, relating to controversy. convex, kon'veks, a. rising into a 

contumacious, kon-tu-ma'shus, a. round form on the outside, the reverse 

opposing lawful authority with con- of concave. — n. the vault of heaven, etc. 

tempt: obstinate: stubborn. convey, kun-va', v. t. to carry: to 

contumely, kon'tu-mel-i, n. rudeness : transmit : to impart : to steal : to com- 
insolence : reproach. — a. contumelious, municate, as ideas : to make over in law. 
haughtily reproachful: insolent. — a. convey'able. — ns. convey'al; con- 
contuse, kun-tuz', v. t. to beat or vey'ance, the means of conveying: a 
bruise: to crush. — n. contu'sion, actof vehicle of any kind: (law) the act of 
bruising : state of being bruised : a bruise, transferring property. 

conundrum, kun-un'drum, n. a sort convict, kun-vikt', v. t. to prove 

of riddle : any puzzling question. guilty : to pronounce guilty. — n. con'- 

convalesce, kon-val-es', V. i. to regain vict, one convicted or found guilty, 

health. — ns. convalescence,- convales'- convince, kun-vins', v. t. to subdue the 

cency, gradual recoverv of health and mind by evidence: to satisfy as to truth 

strength. — a. convalescent, gradually or error. — a. convincing, producing 

recovering health. — n. one recovering conviction, 

health. convivial, kun-viv'i-al, a. feasting in 

convenance, kon've-nans, n. what is company: relating to a feast: social: 

suitable or proper: (pi.) conventional jovial, 

usages. [Fr.] convoke, kun-vok', v. ?. to call to- 

convene, kon-ven', v. i. to come to- gether: to assemble — also con'vocate. 



116 convolve fate, far; me, her; mine; cord 

convolve, kun-volv', v. t. to roll to- cope, kop, v. i. to contend. — v. t. to 

gether, or one part on another. — adjs. vie with, esp. on equal terms or success- 

con'volute, -d, rolled together, or one fully: to match. 

part on another. — n. convolution, a copeck, kopeck, ko'pek, n. a Russian 

twisting: a fold. copper coin. [Russ.] 

convoy, kun-voy', v. t. to accompany cophosis, kd'f 6'sis, n. total deafness, 
for protection. — w. con'voy, the act of copious, ko'pi-us, a. plentiful: over- 
convoying: protection. flowing: not concise. — adv. co'piously. 

convulse, kun-vuls', v. t. to agitate copper, kop'er, n. a moderately hard 

violently: to affect by spasms. — a. con- metal of a fine red color: money made 

vul'sible, subject to convulsion. — n. of copper: a vessel made of copper. — a. 

convuTsion, any involuntary contrac- made of copper : copper-colored. — v. t 

tion of the voluntary muscles of the to cover with copper, 

body: any violent disturbance. _ copperas, kop'er-as, n. sulphate of 

cony, coney, ko'ni, n. a rabbit. iron, used in dyeing black. 

coo, ko, v. i. to make a sound as a coppice, kop'is, copse, kops, n. a 

dove: to caress fondly. — n. the sound wood of small growth for periodical 

omitted by doves. cutting. — n. copse'wood. — a. cop'sy. 

cook, kook, v. t. to prepare food : to copra, kop'ra, n. the dried kernel of 

manipulate for any purpose, or falsify, the cocoa-nut, yielding cocoa-nut oil. 

as accounts, etc. : to concoct. — n. one coprolite, kop'ro-lit, n. fossilized ex- 

whose business is to cook. crement of animals. — a. coprolit'ic. 

cookie, kook'i, n. a kind of sweet cake. Copt, kopt, n. a Christian descendant 

cool, kol, a. slightly cold: free from of the ancient Egyptians. — a. Copt'ic. — 

excitement : calm : not zealous, ardent, n. the language of the Copts, 

or cordial: indifferent: impudent. copula, kop'u-la, n. that which joins 

coolie, cooly, kol'i, n. an Indian or together : a bond or tie. — a. cop'ular. — 

Chinese laborer. v. t. and v. i. cop'ulate, to unite in 

coon, kon, n. the raccoon: a sly sexual commerce, 

fellow : (slang) z. negro. copy, kop'i, n. an imitation, a tran- 

coop, kop, n. a tub, cask, or barrel: script: that which is imitated: the orig- 

a box or cage for fowls or small animals, inal work from which an imitation is 

■— v. t. to confine in a coop : to shut up made : manuscript for printing. — v. t. to 

or confine. write, paint, etc., after an original: to 

Co-operate, ko-op'er-at, v. i. to work imitate: to transcribe, 

together. — n. co-opera'tion, joint opera- coquet, coquette, ko-ket', v. i. to ex- 

tion: the association of a number of cite admiration or love. — v. t. to trifle 

persons for the cheaper purchasing of with in love: to flirt with: to dally 

goods, or for carrying on some branch with: — pr. p. coquet'ting; pa. p. coquet'- 

of industry. ted. — ns. co'quetry, act of coquetting. 

co-ordinate, ko-or'di-nat, a. holding coracoid, kor'a-koid, a. shaped l-ike a 

the same order or rank. — v. t. to make crow's beak. — n. (anat.) an important 

co-ordinate. — n. a co-ordinate element: paired bone in the breast-girdle, 

each of a system of two or more coral, kor'al, n. a hard substance of 

magnitudes used to define the position of various colors growing on the bottom of 

a point, line, or plane, by reference to a the sea, composed of the skeletons of 

fixed system of lines, points, etc. zoophytes. — a. made of or like coral. 

cop, kop, v. t. (slang) to capture. — corb, korb, n. an iron basket used in 

ns. cop, cop'per (slang), a policeman. raising coal. [L. corbis, a basket] 

copal, ko'pal, n. a resinous substance corbel, kor'bel, n. (archit.) a projec- 

used in varnishes. tion of stone or wood from the face of 

copartner, ko-part'ner, n. a joint a wall. 

partner. — n. copartnership. Corchorus, kor'ko-rus, n. a genus of 

cope, kop, n. a covering: a cap or tropical plants cultivated for their fiber, 

hood: anything spread overhead: a cop- the jute of commerce. [Gr.] 

ing: an ecclesiastical vestment. — v. t. to cord, kord, n. a small rope or thick 

cover with a cope. kind of string: something resembling a 



cordial 



mote, move; mute; then. 



corporal 117 



cord, as 'spinal cord', 'umbilical cord', 
etc.: (fig.) anything that binds or re- 
strains : a measure of firewood, originally 
determined by the use of a cord or 
string. — v. t. to supply with a cord : to 
bind with a cord. 

cordial, kor'di-al, a. hearty: with 
warmth of heart : sincere : affectionate : 
reviving the heart or spirits. — n. any- 
thing which revives or comforts. 

cordillera, kor-dil-ya'ra, n. a chain of 
mountains. 

cordon, kor'don, n. a cord or ribbon 
bestowed as a badge of honor: (fort.) 
a row of stones along the line of a 
rampart : in military operations, a line 
of sentries within sight of each other. 

cordovan, kor' do-van, cordwain, 
kord'wan. n. goatskin leather. 

corduroy, kor'du-roi, n. a ribbed kind 
of fustian, a cotton stuff made after the 
fashion of velvet. 

core, kor, n. the heart : the inner part 
of anything, esp. of fruit. — v. t. to take 
out the core of fruit. 

co-religionist, ko-re-lij'un-ist, n. one 
of the same religion as another. 

Corinthian, kor-inth'i-an, a. pertain- 
ing to Corinth, a city of Greece: pertain- 
ing to an ornate order of Greek architec- 
ture. 

corium, ko'ri-um, n. the innermost 
layer of the skin. [L., a hide.] 

cork, kork, n. the outer bark of the 
cork-tree, an oak found in the south 
of Europe, etc. : a stopper made of cork: 
any stopper. — a. made of cork. — v. t. to 
stop with a cork : to stop up. 

corm, korm, cormus, kor'mus, n. 
sometimes called a solid bulb — the short, 
bulb-like subterranean stem of many 
plants — e. g. crocus. 

cormorant, kor'mo-rant, n. a genus of 
web-footed sea-birds, of great voracity: 
a glutton. 

corn, korn, n. a grain or kernel : 
maize: (Eng.) seeds that grow in ears, 
as wheat, rye, etc. : grain of all kinds. 
— v. t. to form into grains : to sprinkle 
with salt in grains : to salt. 

corn, korn, n. a small hard growth 
chiefly on the toe or foot. 

cornea, kor'ne-a, n. the transparent 
horny membrane which forms the front 
covering of the eye. — a. cor'neal. 

cornelian, kor-ne'li-an, n. a precious 
stone, a variety of chalcedony. 



corner, kor'ner, n. the point where 
two lines meet: a secret or confined 
place: an embarrassing position, diffi- 
culty: a point in a rubber at whist: an 
operation by which the whole of a stock 
or commodity is bought up, so that 
speculative sellers are compelled to buy, 
to meet their engagements, at the 
corner-men's own price. — v. t. to supply 
with corners : to put in a corner : to put 
in a fix or difficulty. — a. cor'nered, hav- 
ing corners : put in a difficult position. 

cornet, kor'net, n. a brass treble wind- 
instrument, with a cup mouthpiece: 
formerly, the lowest commissioned of- 
ficer of the English cavalry. 

cornice, kor'nis, n. (classical archit.) 
the uppermost member of the entabla- 
ture, surmounting the frieze : plaster 
moldings round the ceiling of rooms at 
its junction with the walls.— v. t. to 
furnish with a cornice. 

corniculate, kor-nik'u-lat, a. horned: 
shaped like a horn. — n. cor'nicle, a little 
horn or horn-like process. 

Cornish, korn'ish, a. pertaining to 
Cornwall. — n. the people or dialect of 
Cornwall. — n. Corn'ishman. 

corno, kor'no, n. the French horn. 

cornucopia, kor-nu-ko'pi-a, n. the 
horn of plenty. 

corolla, ko-rol'a, n. the inner circle 
or whorl of the floral envelopes. 

corollary, kor-ol'a-ri, n. an inference 
or deduction from recognized facts : a 
consequence or result: (math.) a sec- 
ondary proposition arising out of the 
first. 

corona, ko-ro'na, n. (archit.) the 
large, flat, projecting member of a 
cornice which crowns the entablature: 
(bot.) the crown-like appendage at the 
top of compound flowers: (astron.) the 
luminous circle or halo which surrounds 
the moon during a solar total eclipse: 
(anat.) a term useji to signify the upper 
surface of certain parts of the body. 

coroner, kor'o-ner, n. an officer whose 
duty is to hold inquest. 

coronet, kor'o-net, n. a small crown 
inferior to the sovereign's, worn by the 
nobility : an ornamental headdress. 

coronoid, kor'o-noid, a. (anat.) re- 
sembling the beak of a crow, as the 
coronoid process of the lower jaw. 

corporal, kor'po-ral, n. in the army, 
the lowest non-commissioned officer. 



118 corporal 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



corymbus 



corporal, kor'po-ral, a. belonging or 
relating to the body : having a body : 
not spiritual. — n. corporal'ity, state of 
being corporal — opp. to spirituality. — 
adv. cor'porally. — a. cor'porate, legally 
united into a body so as to act as an 
individual : belonging to a corporation : 
united. — adv. cor'porately. — ns. cor'- 
porateness; corporation, an artificial 
person created by law as the representa- 
tive of those persons, natural or arti- 
ficial, who contribute to, or become 
holders of shares in, the property in- 
trusted to it for a common purpose. 

corps, kor, n. a division of an army 
forming a tactical unit. 

corpse, korps, n. the dead body of a 
human being. 

corpus, kor'pus, n. a body : any special 
structure or function in the body : the 
whole body of literature on any subject. 
— ns. cor'pulence, cor'pulency, fleshi- 
ness of body : excessive fatness. — a. cor'- 
pulent, fleshy or fat. — adv. cor'pulently. 
— n. cor'puscle, a minute particle: a 
physical atom — also corpus'cule. 

corral, kor-al', n. an inclosure for 
cattle, etc. — v. t. to form such. [Sp.] 

correct, kor-ekt', v. t. to make right: 
to remove faults : to punish : to counter- 
balance : to bring into a normal state. — 
a. made right or straight : free from 
faults: true. — adjs. correctable; cor- 
rectable. — adv. correct'ly. — n. correc- 
tion, amendment: punishment: bodily 
chastisement. 

correlate, kor'e-lat, v. i. to be mutually 
related, as father and son. — n. correla- 
tion. — a. correl'ative, mutually or re- 
ciprocally related. — n. a person or thing 
correspondingly related to another 
person or thing. 

correspond, kor-e-spond', v. i. to 
answer, suit, agree (with to, with) : to 
hold intercourse, esp, by sending and 
receiving letters. — ns. correspond'ence, 
correspond'ency, suitableness, harmony, 
relation of agreement : friendly inter- 
course : communication by means of 
letters : letters which pass between cor- 
respondents. — a. correspond'ent, agree- 
ing with: suitable. — n. one with whom 
intercourse is kept up by letters. 

corridor, kor'i-dor, n. a passage-way 
or open gallery communicating with 
separate rooms or apartments. 



corrigible, kor'i-ji-bl, a. that may be 
corrected : open to correction. 

corrival, kor-ri'val, n. a fellow-rival : 
a competitor : an equal. — a. contending : 
emulous. — v. i. and v. t. to rival. 

corroborate, kor-ob'o-rat, v. t. to con- 
firm : to make more certain. — adjs. cor- 
rob'orant, corrob'orative, tending to 
confirm. — n. that which corroborates. 

corrode, kor-6d', v. t. to eat away by 
degrees : to rust. — v. i. to be eaten away. 
— a. corrod'ent, having the power of 
corroding. — n. that which corrodes. — a. 
corros'ive, having the quality of eating 
away. — n. that which has the power of 
corroding. 

corrugate, kor'oo-gat, v. t. to wrinkle 
or draw into folds. — p. adjs. corr'ugant; 
corr'ugated. — ns. corruga'tion, the act 
of wrinkling or being wrinkled. 

corrupt, kor-upt', v. t. to make putrid : 
to defile : to mar : to debase : to bribe. — 
v. i. to rot : to lose purity. — a. putrid : 
depraved : defiled : not genuine : full of 
errors. — ns. corrupt'er; corruptibil'ity; 
corruption, rottenness: putrid matter: 
impurity: bribery; corrup'tionist, one 
who defends or who practises corrup- 
tion. 

corsage, kor'saj, n. the bodice or 
waist of a woman's dress. 

corsair, kor'sar, n. a pirate : a pirate's 
vessel. [Fr. corsaire.] 

corset, kor'set, n. a closely-fitting 
inner bodice, stiffened with whalebone^ 
etc., and laced up: stays. 

cortege, kor-tazh', n. a train of at- 
tendants : a procession, a funeral pro- 
cession. [Fr.] 

Cortes, kor'tes, n. the parliament of 
Spain and of Portugal. 

cortex, kor'teks, n. the bark or skin 
of a plant : a covering. 

corundum, ko-run'dum, n. a mineral 
consisting of mere alumina, yet of great 
specific gravity — about four times that of 
water — and second in hardness only to 
the diamond. [Hind, kurund.] 

coruscate, kor'us-kat, v. i. to sparkle : 
to throw off flashes of light. 

corvette, kor-vet', n. a flush-decked 
vessel of war, having only one_ tier of 
guns, either on the upper or main deck. 

corymb, kor'imb, n. (bot.) a convex 
flower-cluster of indefinite inflorescence. 

corymbus, ko-rim'bus, n. the knot on 



coryphaeus mote, move; mute; then. count 119 

the top of the head into which girls cotillion, ko-til'yun, cotillon, ko-ti'- 
gathered their hair. [Gr.] yun, n. a brisk dance by eight persons. 

coryphaeus, kor-i-fe'us, n. the chief or cottage, kot'aj, n. a small dwelling- 
leader, esp. the leader of a chorus. — n. house: a country residence. — n. cott'- 
coryphee (kor-i-fa), the principal dan- ager, one who dwells in a cottage. 
sense in a ballet. cotton, kot'n, n. a soft substance like 

cosecant, ko-se'kant, n. (trig.) the fine wool, obtained from the pods of the 
secant of the complement of an angle, cotton-plant : cloth made of cotton. — a. 

cosine, ko'sin, n. the sine of the comple- made of cotton, 
mentof a given angle (whose cosine it is). cotyledon, kot-i-le'don, n. (hot.) the 

cosmetic, koz-met'ik, a. improving term applied to the seed-leaves of the 
beauty, esp. that of the complexion. — n. embryo : the seed-leaf, 
a preparation for beautifying the skin. couch, kowch, v. t. to lay down on a 

cosmography, koz-mog'ra-fi, n. a des- bed, etc. : to lower : to level : to arrange 
cription of the world: the science of the in language, to express: to depress or 
constitution of the universe. remove a cataract in the eye. — v. i. to 

cosmology, koz-mol'o-ji, n. the science lie down for the purpose of sleep, con- 
of the universe as a whole. cealment, etc. : to bend or stoop in 

cosmopolitan, koz-mo-pol'i-tan, n. a reverence. — n. any place for rest or 
citizen of the world: one free from sleep: a bed: the lair of a wild beast. — 
local or national prejudices — also cos- a. couch'ant, couching or lying down. 
mop'olite. — a. belonging to all parts of cougar, ko'gar, n. the puma, 
the world: unprejudiced. cough, kof, n. an effort of the lungs 

cosmorama, koz-mo-ra'ma, n. a. view, to throw off injurious matter, accom- 
or a series of views, of different parts panied by a harsh sound, proceeding 
of the world. — a. cosmoram'ic. from the throat. — v. i. to make this 

cosmos, koz'mos, n. the world as an effort. — v. t. to expel from the throat or 
orderly or systematic whole — opp. to lungs by a cough. 
chaos: order. > could, kood, pa. t. of can. [M. E. 

Cossack, kos'ak, n. one of a people coude, couth — A. S. cude for cunde, was 
in south-eastern Russia. able; / is inserted from the influence of 

cosset, kos'set, n. a lamb reared in the would and should.} 
house without a dam: a pet. — v. t. to coulee, ko-la', or ko'li, n. a ravine, 
fondle. esp. one worn out by water. 

cost, kost, v. t. to bring a certain coulomb, koo-lom', n. the unit of 
price: to require to be laid out or suf- quantity in measuring current elec- 
fered: — pa. t. and pa. p. cost. — n. what tricity: the quantity furnished by a cur- 
is laid out or suffered to obtain any- rent of one ampere in one second, 
thing: (pi.) expenses of a lawsuit. council, kown'sil, n. an assembly 

costal, kos'tal, a. relating to the ribs, called together for deliberation or 
or to the side of the body. advice: the body of men constituting 

costermonger (Eng.), a seller of apples such an assembly: the body of men 
and other fruit : an itinerant seller of directing the affairs of a city, 
fruit, etc. : a term of abuse. counsel, kown'sel, n. consultation : de- 

costive, kos'tiv, a. having infrequent liberation : advice : plan : purpose : one 
bowel movements : constipated. who gives counsel, a lawyer or advocate. 

costume, kos-tum', or kos'tum, n. the — v. t. to give advice : to warn : — pr. p. 
manner of 'dressing prevalent at a par- coun'seling; pa. p. counseled, 
ticular period or place : dress, esp. a count, kownt, n. in Europe, a title 
woman's dress. — v. t. to dress. of nobility equal in rank to an English 

cot, kot, n. a small dwelling, a cottage, earl : — fern, count'ess, the wife of a 

cot, kot, n. a small bed, a crib. count or earl (fern, of earl). — n. coun'ty, 

cote, kot, n. a cot : a place for a portion of a country or state separated 
animals, as dovecote, sheep-cote. for the administration of justice. 

coterie, ko'te-re, n. a number _ of count, kownt, v. t. to number, sum up : 
persons meeting familiarly for social, to ascribe: esteem: consider. — v. i. to 
literary, or other purposes. add to or increase a number by being 



120 countenance fate, far; me, her; mine; coverlet 

counted to it : to depend. — n. act of consideration of money paid : a dividend 

numbering: the number counted: a par- or interest warrant, 

ticular charge in an indictment. — n. courage, kur'aj, n. the quality that 

count'er, he who or that which counts . enables men to meet dangers with- 

countenance, kown'ten-ans, n. the out fear : bravery : spirit. — inter j. take 

face : the expression of the face : appear- courage ! — a. coura'geous, full of 

ance. — v. t. to favor or approve. courage : brave. 

counter, kown'ter, adv. against: in courant, ko-rant', a. {her.) in a run- 
opposition. — a. contrary: opposite. — n. ning attitude. [See current.] 
that which is counter or opposite : courier, kor'ri-er, n. a runner : a mes- 
(mus.) the voice-part set in immediate senger: a state messenger, 
contrast with the air : (fencing) a parry course, kors, n. the act of running : 
in which one foil follows the other in the road or track on which one runs: 
a small circle: the part of a horse's the direction pursued : a voyage : a race : 
breast between the shoulders and under regular progress from point to point: 
the neck: (naut.) the part of a ship habitual method of procedure: a pre- 
between the water-line and the knuckle scribed series, as of lectures, etc.: each 
of the stern. — v. t. counteract, to act of the successive divisions of a meal, 
counter or in opposition to : to hinder. as dinner : conduct : a range of bricks 

counterfeit, kown'ter-fit, v. t. to imi- or stones on the same level in building, 

tate : to copy without authority : to forge. court, kort, n. a space inclosed: a 

— n. something false or copied, or that space surrounded by houses: the palace 

pretends to be true and original. ' of a sovereign : the body of persons who 

countermand, kown-ter-mand', v. t form his suite or council: attention: 

to give a command in opposition to one civility^ as 'to pay court' : (law) a hall 

already given: to revoke. — n. a revoca- °f justice, 

tion of a former order. courtesy, kort'e-si, or kurt'e-si, n. 

counterpane, kown'ter-pan, n. a courtliness : elegance of manner : an act 

coverlet for a bed, stitched or woven. of civility or respect.— z\ %. to make a 

counterpoint, kown'ter-point, n. (mus.) curtsy. ^ 

the art of combining melodies: the set- cous ™> kuz n, n. formerly a kinsman 

ting of a harmony of one or more parts generally; now, the son or daughter of 

to a melody : the art of composition. an uncle ?l aunt ' ,, • , A £ ., 

country, kun'tri, n. a rural region as sea C ^'ba V ° V 'a ^ ca * rTo* r r^ckv r" 

distinct from a town: a tract of land: sea. a bay. a cavern or rocky recess 

the land in which one was born, or ^chtt.) a concave arch or vault -z;. * 

in which one resides.-a. belonging to to overarch, and thus form a hollow. 

*.u~ „«„„+«,; ■«««*.:,.. ~<*a~ covenant, kuv e-nant, n. a mutual 

tne country: rustic: rude. agreement : the writing containing the 

county, bee count (i). agreement: an engagement entered into 

coup, ko, n. a blow, a stroke, a success- between God and a person or a people, 

ful hit-coup detat, a sudden or violent __^ L to enter . into an agre ement: to 

stroke of state policy. contract or bargain. 

coupe, ko-pa , n. the front part of a cover, kuv'er, v. t. to hide : to clothe : 

French stage-coach: a four-wheeled car- to extend over: to brood or sit on: to. 

riage seated for two inside. be sufficient for: to protect: to put up 

couple, kup'l, n. that which joins two a n amount of equal value in wagering: 

things together: two of a kind joined to copulate with— esp. of a stallion: to 

together, or connected : two : one pair screen : to aim directly at. — v. i. to 

at a dance : a pair, esp. of married or spread over so as to conceal something : 

betrothed persons. to lay a table for a meal: to put one's 

coupon, ko'pon, n. a billet, check, or hat on. — n. that which protects: under- 
other slip of paper cut off from its growth, thicket, concealing game, etc. : 
counterpart: one of a series of tickets the table requisites for one person— 
which are vouchers that certain pay- plate, knife, fork, napkin, etc.: deceit- 
ments will be made or services be per- fulness, 
formed, at various times or places, in coverlet, kuv'er-let. n. a bedcover. 



covet mote, move; mute; then. crankle 121 

covet, kuv'et, v. t to desire or wish which children are rocked: (fig.) 
for eagerly: to wish for what is unlaw- infancy: the place where one is born 
ful. — v. i. to desire (with for). and brought up: a frame in which any- 

covey, kuv'i, n. a brood or hatch of thing is imbedded : a case for a broken 
partridges: a small flock of birds — said limb: a frame under a ship for launch- 
of game: a party, a set. ing it: a box on rockers for washing 

cow, kow, 11. the female of the bovine auriferous dirt. — v. t. to lay or rock in 
animals: the female of certain other a cradle: to nurture, 
animals, as the elephant, etc. craft, kraft, n. cunning: artifice: dex- 

cow, kow, v. t. to subdue : keep under : terity : art : trade : occupation : small 
to dishearten. — p. a. cowed, depressed, ships. 

coward, kow'ard, ». a faint-hearted crag, krag, n. a rough steep rock or 
person: one without courage. — v. t. to point: (geol.) a bed of gravel mixed 
intimidate. — adjs. cow'ard, cow'ardly, with shells. — adjs. crag'ged; crag'gy, 
afraid of danger : timid : mean. — n. full of crags or broken rocks : rough : 
cow'ardice, want of courage: timidity. cram, kram, v. t. to press close: to 

cower, kow'er, v. i. to sink down stuff: to fill to superfluity: to teach for 
through fear, etc. : to crouch, for ^pro- a special examination, only giving in- 
fection _or in fear. — adv. cow'eringiy. struction useful for passing that exam- 
cowl, kowl, n. a cap or hood : a ination. — v. i. to eat greedily : to get up 
monk's hood: the badge of monkhood: a subject by special study: — pr. p. cram'- 
a monk : a cover for a chimney. ming ; pa. p. crammed. — n. a crush : in- 

cowslip, kov/slip, n. a beautiful and formation that has been crammed, 
fragrant species of primrose. cramp, kramp, n. an involuntary and 

coxcomb, koks'kom, n. a strip of red painful contraction of a voluntary 
cloth notched like a cock's comb, which muscle or group of muscles: restraint: 
professional fools used to wear: a fool: a piece of iron bent at the ends, for 
a fop. holding together wood, stone, etc. : a 

coxswain, cockswain, kok'swan, or tool used by carpenters and others, hav- 
kok'sn, ii. one who steers a boat. ing a movable part which can be screwed 

coy, koy, a. modest : bashful : shy. tight so as to press things together.— 

coyote, ko-yot'e, n. a prairie wolf. v. t. to affect with spasms: to confine. 

cozen, kuz'n, v. t. to flatter: to cheat. cranberry, kran'ber-i, n. a genus of 

cozy, cosy, ko'zi, a. snug: warm and small evergreen shrubs growing in 
comfortable. — n. a covering for a tea- marshy grounds, the berry much used 
pot, to keep the tea warm. for pies and sauces. 

crab, krab, n. a popular name applied crane, kran, n. a large wading bird, 
to any of the short-tailed division of with long legs, neck, and bill: a bent 
decapod crustaceans : a sign in the pipe for drawing liquor out of a cask : 
zodiac: a portable winch: a sour- a machine for raising heavy weights — 
tempered person. both named from their likeness to the 

crab, krab, crab-apple, krab'-ap-l, n. bird. — v. t. to raise with a crane. — v. i. 
a wild bitter apple. to stretch out the neck. 

crack, krak, v. i. to utter a sharp cranium, kra'ni-um, n. the skull: the 
sudden sound: to split: to boast: to bones inclosing the brain. — a. cra'nial, 
chat. — v. t. to produce a sudden noise : pertaining to the cranium. — n. craniog'- 
to break into chinks ; to split : to break nomy, cranial physiognomy, 
partially or wholly: to open (a bottle). crank, krangk, n. a crook or bend: a 
— n. a sudden sharp splitting sound : a conceit in speech : a whim : a person full 
chink: a flaw: a blow, a smack. of whims: (mach.) a lever or arm on 

crackle, krak'l v. i. to give out slight a shaft, driven by hand or by a connect- 
but frequent cracks. — n. the giving out ing-rod, its object being to convert re- 
of slight cracks. ciprocating motion into rotary motion. 

Cracovian, kra-ko'vi-an, a. pertain- — v. i. to move in a zigzag manner. — 
ing to Cracow. — n. Cracovienne', a v. t. to shape like a crank: to provide 
graceful Polish dance. with a crank. — a. crooked: crabbed; 

oradle, kra'dl, w. a bed or crib in crankle, krangk'l, crinkle, kringk'l ? 



122 cranny 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



creek 



n. a turn, winding, or wrinkle, an angu- 
lar protuberance. — v. t. to bend : to twist. 

cranny, kranl, n. a rent: a chink: a 
secret place. 

crape, krap, u. a thin silk fabric, 
tightly twisted, without removing the 
natural gum — usually dyed black, used 
for mourning. — a. made of crepe. 

crapulence, krap'u-lens, n. sickness 
caused by an overdose of drink. 

crash, krash, n. a noise as of things 
breaking or being crushed by falling: 
the shock of two bodies meeting: the 
failure of a commercial undertaking. — 
v. i. to fall to pieces with a loud noise: 
to move with such a noise. 

crash, krash, n. a coarse strong linen. 

crass, kras, a. gross : thick : dense : 
stupid. — ns. crassament'um, the thick 
part of coagulated blood: the clot; 
crass'itude, coarseness : density : stupid- 
ity.— a dv. crassly. — n. crass'ness. 

crate, krat, n. an open-work case for 
packing goods, or for carrying fruit. 

crater, krat'er, n. the bowl-shaped 
mouth of a volcano. 

cravat, kra-vat', n. a kind of neck- 
cloth worn chiefly by men. 

crave, krav, v. t. to beg earnestly: to 
beseech : to demand or require : to long 
for. — n. crav'er, one who craves. 

craven, krav'n, n. a coward: a spirit- 
less fellow. — a. cowardly : spiritless. 

cravenette, kra-ven-et', n. a woolen or 
cotton and woolen fabric for men's and 
women's wear, so treated in the process 
of manufacture as to be rendered water- 
proof. 

craw, kraw, n. the crop, throat, or 
first stomach of fowls : the stomach of 
animals generally. 

crawl, krawl, v. i. to move slowly 
along the ground, as a worm : to creep : 
to move feebly, stealthily, or sneakingly: 
to be covered with crawling things. — n. 
the act of crawling. 

crayfish, kra'fish, crawfish, kraw'fish, 
n. a fresh-water crustacean in the long- 
tailed division of the order Decapoda: 
the small spiny lobster. 

crayon, kra'on, n. a pencil made of 
chalk or pipeclay, variously colored, 
used for drawing: a drawing done with 
crayons. — v. t. to draw with a crayon. 

craze, kraz, v. t. to weaken : to de- 
range (applied to the intellect). — v. i. 



to become mad. — n. a crack or flaw: 
insanity: a fancy, fad. — a. crazed. 

creak, krek, v. i. to make a sharp, 
grating sound, as of a hinge, etc. — u. 
a grating noise, as of an unoiled hinge. 

cream, krem, n. the oily substance 
which forms on milk, yielding butter 
when churned: the best part of any- 
thing: any cream-like preparation, as 
cold cream for the skin, etc., or any 
dish largely made of cream, or like 
cream, as ice-cream, etc. — v. t. to take 
off the cream. — v. i. to gather or form 
cream. 

creant, kre'ant, a. creating : formative. 

crease, kres, n. a mark made by fold- 
ing or doubling anything. 

create, kre-at', v. t. to bring into be- 
ing or form out of nothing : to beget : 
to form: to invest with a new form, 
office, or character : to produce. — n. 
crea'tion, the act of creating, esp. the 
universe : that which is created, the 
world, the universe. — a. crea'tional. 
— a. creative, having power to create: 
that creates. — adv. crea'tively. — ns. 
crea'tiveness; crea'tor, he who creates: 
a maker. 

creche, krash, n. a sort of public 
nursery for children. 

credence, kre'dens, n. belief: trust: 
the small table beside the altar on which 
the bread and wine are placed before 
being consecrated. — n. creden'dum, a 
thing to be believed, an act of faith: — 
pi. creden'da. — adjs. cre'dent, easy of 
belief; credential, giving a title to 
belief or credit. — n. that which entitles 
to credit or confidence: (pi.) esp. the 
letters by which one claims confidence or 
authority among strangers. — ns. credi- 
bility; ' cred'ibleness. — a. credible 
(kred'-), that may be believed. — adv. 
credibly. — n. credit, belief: esteem: 
reputation : honor : good character : sale 
on trust : time allowed for payment : the 
side of an account on which payments 
received are entered : a sum placed at a 
person's disposal in a bank on which he 
may draw to its amount. — v. t. to believe : 
to trust: to sell or lend to on trust: to 
enter on the credit side of an account : 
to set to the credit of. — a. creditable, 
trustworthy : bringing credit or honor. 

creek, krek, n. a small inlet or bay 
of the sea, or the tidal estuary of a 
river. 



creep mote, move; mute; then. cringe 123 

creep, krep, v. i. to move on the cretinism, kre'tin-izm, n. a state of 

belly, like a snake: to move slowly: to defective mental development, associated 

grow along the ground or on supports, with bodily deformity or arrested growth, 

as a vine: to fawn or cringe: to have cretonne, kret-on', n. a strong printed 

the physical sensation of something cotton fabric used for curtains or for 

creeping over or under the skin: to covering furniture. 

shudder from fear or repugnance: to crevasse, krev-as', n. a crack or split, 

drag with a creeper, as a river-bottom: e sp. applied to a cleft in a glacier: a 

—pi. p. creeping; pa. t. and pa. p. crept, breach in a canal or river bank. [Fr.] 

cremation, krem-a'shun, n. act of crevice, krev'is, n. a crack or rent: a 

burning, esp. of the dead. — v. t. ere- narrow opening. 

mate'.— n. crem'atory, a place # where crew> kr5> n# a companVj sq^ r 

cremation is done.— a, cremato rial. _ gang . a s hip' s company. 

Cremona, krem-6'na, n, a superior crew> kr5> p^ t of crow> 

kind of violin made at Cremona. crewel, kro'el, n. a fine worsted yarn 

Creole, kre ol, n and a. strictly ap- usec i f or embroidery and tapestry : work 

plied in the former Spanish, French, and in crew els.— s>. t. to work in such. 

Portugese colonies of America, Africa, crib kfib ^ the rack Qr man r of a 

and the East Indies to natives of pure stabk . a staU for oxen . a child , s bed . 

European blood {sangre azu), in oppo- a smaU cottage or hovel a confine d 

sition to immigrants themselves born m place> _^ t to put a in a crib con _ 

Europe, or to the offspring of mixed fine . tQ nf tQ la iarize> 

blood, as mulattoes, quadroons Eura- cribba P ge) krib ^ * a game at card 

sians, etc.: m Louisiana, applied to tne j d b * ' h £ f * 

native French or Spanish stock: a * * . , < ., * ' y . u 

negro born in the Wes? Indies. , m ^ ^ * ^f^ cram P of the 

creosote, kre'o-sot, creasote, kre'a- muscles, esp. 01 the neck, 

sot, n. an oily, colorless liquid obtained .. cr cket > . knk f> * a saltatory, or- 

from the tar produced by the destructive thopterous insect, allied to grasshoppers 

distillation of wood. and . lo ^ sts : 

crept, krept, pa. t. and pa, p. of creep. . cncket >. knk f> n - a * outdoor game 

crepuscular kre-pus'ku-lar, a. of or P ! f ed ™ th bats > a ball, and wickets, 

* ". , ? •«• i , between two sides of eleven each. — v. i, 

pertaining to twilight k cricket.-*, crick'eter. 

crescendo, kres-en do, adv. {mas.) • j i -« t . , t L £ 

gradually increasing in force or loudness. criea _>, knd > P a -J- and P a - P- of cry. 

crescent, kres'ent, a. increasing: ~ n - crier, one who cries or proclaims, 

shaped like the new or old moon.-.. es P; an °^r whose duty is to make 

the moon as she increases towards half- P ubll . c Proclamations, 

moon: a figure like the crescent moon. cnme > krim, n a violation of law: 

cress, kres, n. the name of several an act punishable by law : offense : sin.- 

species of plants like the water-cress. ad .{f- crime ful, criminal; crimeless 

cresset, kres'et, n. an iron basket, jar, ™ tboi ?\ crime, innocent; criminal 

or open lamp filled with combustible ( k ™-)>. relating to crime: guilty of 

material, placed on a beacon, lighthouse, ™™ : vlolatm § laws -*' one ^^ of 

wharf, etc.: a torch generally. [O. Fr.] cnm . e - . . 

crest, krest, n. the comb or tuft on cn ™P> knmp a. made crisp or brittle, 

the head of a cock and other birds: ~?' t - i0 wrinkle: to plait: to make 

the summit of anything, as a roof-ridge, C » S P : *> seize or dec °y (sailors or 

hill, wave: the mane of a horse, etc.: soldiers).— n. one who presses or de- 

(anat.) a ridge along the surface of a coys.^ ... , , 

bone : a plume of feathers or other orna- crimson, knm zn, n. a deep red color, 

ment on the top of a helmet : a personal tinged with blue : red in general.— a. 

emblem.— v. t. to furnish with, or serve deep red.— v. t. to dye crimson.— v. i. to 

for, a crest: to surmount. become crimson: to blush. 

cretaceous, kre-ta'shus, a. composed cringe, krinj, v. i. to bend or crouch 

of or like chalk. [L. creta, chalk.] with servility: to submit: to fawn: to 



124 



crinkle 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



cross 



flatter with mean servility. — n. a servile 
obeisance. — n. crin'ger, one who cringes. 

crinkle, krink'l, v. t. to twist, wrinkle, 
crimp. — v. i. to wrinkle up, curl. — n. a 
wrinkle. — a. crinkly, wrinkly. 

crinoline, krin'o-lin, n. a name orig- 
inally given by the French modistes to 
a stiff fabric of horsehair. 

crinose, kri'nos, a. hairy. 

cripple, krip'l, n. a lame person. — a. 
lame. — v. t. to make lame: to lame, dis- 
able, impair the efficiency of. 

crisis, kri'sis, n. point or time for 
deciding anything, the decisive moment 
or turning-point: — pi. crises (kri'sez). 

crisp, krisp, a. curling closely : having 
a wavy surface : so dry as to be crumbled 
easily: brittle, or short, as 'crisp cakes', 
etc. : fresh and bracing, as 'crisp air' : 
firm, the opposite of limp or flabby, as 
a 'crisp style' in writing. — v. t. to curl 
or twist-: to make crisp or wavy. 

criss-cross, kris'-kros, n. a mark 
formed by two lines in the form of a 
cross. 

criterion, kri-te'ri-on, n. a means or 
standard of judging: a test: a rule. 

crith, krith, n. a chemical unit of mass 
for gases. 

critic, krit'ik, n. one skilled in esti- 
mating the quality of literary or artistic 
work. — a. critical, relating to criticism: 
discriminating : captious : decisive. 

croak, krok, v. i. to utter a low hoarse 
sound, as a frog or raven: to grumble: 
to forebode evil: to utter croakingly. 

crochet, kro'sha, n. a kind of handi- 
work in fancy worsted, cotton, or silk. 

crock, krok, n. a pot or jar. — n. 
crock'ery, earthenware : vessels formed 
of baked clay. 

crock, krok, n. dirt, smut. — v. i. to 
dirty. 

crocodile, krok'o-dil, n. a genus of 
large amphibious saurian 
reptiles, including the 
crocodile of the Nile, 
and also the alligators 1 
and gavials. — a. and 
crocodilian. — n. croco- 
dillty, captious arguing. 
— crocodile tears, af- 
fected tears. 

crocus, krS'kus, n. a bulbous plant 
with brilliant yellow or purple flowers. 

croft, kroft, n. a small piece of arable 




Crocodile. 



land adjoining a dwelling: a kind of 
small farm. — ns. croft'er, crofting. 

crone, kron, n. an old woman, usually 
in contempt — sometimes an old man. 

cronet, kro'net, n. the hair growing 
over the top of a horse's hoof. 

crony, kron!, n. an old and intimate 
companion. 

crook, krok, n. a bend, anything bent : 
a curved tube used to lower the pitch 
of a cornet, etc.: the bending of the 
body in reverence: a staff bent at the 
end, as a shepherd's or bishop's : an 
artifice or trick. — v. t. to bend or form 
into a hook: to turn from the straight 
lime or from what is right. — v. i. to bend 
or be bent. — a. crook'ed, bent like a 
crook: not straight: deviating from rec- 
titude, perverse. 

croon, kron, v. t. (Scot.) to utter a 
low, monotonous, inarticulate sound 
like a baby : to sing or hum in an under- 
tone. 

crop, krop, n. all the produce of a 
field of grain : anything gathered or 
cropped: an entire ox-hide: the craw of 
a bird: (archit.) a finial: a whip-handle: 
the cutting of the hair short. — v. t. to 
cut off the top or ends: to cut short 
or close: to mow, reap, or gather. — v. i. 
to yield. 

croquet, kro'ka, n. a. game in which 
two or more players try to drive wooden 
balls, by means of mallets, through a 
series of arches set in the ground. 

croquette, kro-ket', n. a ball of minced 
meat or fish, seasoned and fried. [Fr.] 

crosier, crozier, kro'zher, n. a cross 
mounted on a staff, borne 
before archbishops and 
patriarchs — often con- 
founded with the pastoral 
staff. [O. Fr. crocier — 
Late L. crociarius — L. 
crux, a cross.] o. 

cross, kros, n. a gib- Crosiers, 
bet on which malefac- ?• ? isl ?9P'?- , 
tors were hung, con- b ' Archbishop s. 
sisting of two pieces of timber, one 
placed crosswise on the other, either 
thus f or X : the instrument on which 
Christ suffered, and thus the symbol of 
the Christian religion : the sufferings of 
Christ : the atonement effected by these : 
a representation of the cross, a staff 
surmounted by a cross, a monument, 
model, or ornament in the form ot a 




cross mote, move; mute; //ten. crumple 125 

cross: the transverse part of an anchor, to gather into a lump or crowd: to fill 
or the like : anything that crosses or by pressing or driving together : to corn- 
thwarts : a crossing or crossway : adver- press. — v. i. to press on : to press to- 
sity or affliction in general. — v. t. to gether in numbers : to swarm, 
mark with a cross, or to make the sign crown, krown, n. the diadem or state- 
of the cross. cap of royalty : regal power : the sov- 

cross, kros, a. lying across : trans- ereign : honor : reward, as the martyr's 

verse: oblique: opposite: adverse: ill- crown: the top of anything, esp. of the 

tempered : interchanged : dishonest : head : completion : accomplishment : a 

balancing, neutralizing. — adv. across. — n. coin stamped with a crown, esp. the 

a crossing or mixing of breeds, esp. of English silver five-shilling piece : a size 

cattle: something intermediate in char- of- paper, because originally water- 

acter between two other things: dis- marked with a crown: (archit) a 

honest dealing, esp. in a sporting con- species of spire or lantern, formed by 

test when one of the parties corruptly converging flying-buttresses. — v. t. to 

allows himself to be beaten. — v. t. to lay cover or invest with a crown : to invest 

one body or draw one line across with royal dignity : to adorn : to dignify : 

another: to cancel by drawing cross to complete happily, 

lines : to pass from side to side : to croze, kroz, n. the groove in the 

obstruct: to thwart: to interfere with, staves of a cask in which the edge of 

— v. i. to lie or be athwart: to move or the head is set. 

pass from place to place. crucial, kro'shi-al, a. testing, search- 

crossette, kro-set', n. a small pro- ing, from the practice of marking a 

jecting part of an impost-stone at the testing instance with a cross to draw 

extremity of an arch. attention to it. 

crotch, kroch, n. a fork, as of a tree: crucible, kro'si-bl, n. an earthen pot 

the bifurcation of the human body. for melting ores, metals, etc. 

crotchet, kroch'et, n. a hook : a note crucify, kro'si-fi, v. t. to put to death 

in music, equal to half a minim, f : a by fixing the hands and feet to a cross : 

crooked or perverse fancy: a whim, or to subdue completely: to mortify: to 

conceit. torment : — pa. p. cru'cified. — ns. cm- 

Croton, kro'ton, n. a genus of tropi- cifi'er, one who crucifies ; cru'cifix, a 

cal plants, producing a brownish-yellow figure or picture of Christ fixed to the 

oil, having a hot, biting taste. — n. cro'- cross; crucifix'ion, death on the cross. 

ton-oil, a powerful purgative oil. crude, krod, a. raw, unprepared : not 

crouch, krowch, v. i. to squat or lie reduced to order or form: unfinished: 

close to the ground: to stoop low: to undigested: immature. — adv. crude'ly. 

cringe: to fawn. cruel, kro'el, a. disposed to inflict 

croup, krop, n. a severe disease in the pain, or pleased at suffering: void of 

throat of children, accompanied by a pity, merciless, savage : severe. 

hoarse cough. cruet, kro'et, n. a small jar or phial 

croup, krop, n. the rump of a horse: for sauces and condiments. 

the place behind the saddle. cruise, kroz, v. i. to sail to and fro: 

croupier, kro'pi-er, n. he who watches to rove on the sea. — n. a sailing to and 

the cards and collects the money at fro : a voyage in various directions in 

the gaming-table. search of an enemy, or for the protec- 

crow, kro, n. a large bird, generally tion of vessels. — n. cruis'er. 

black, of the genus Corvus, which in- cruller, krul'er, n. a cake cut from 

eludes magpies, nut-crackers, jays, rolled dough made of eggs, butter, 

choughs, etc.: the cry of a cock: a sugar, flour, etc. 

crowbar. — v. i. to croak: to cry as a -crumb, krum, n. a small bit or morsel 

cock, in joy or defiance: to boast, swag- of bread: a small particle of anything, 

ger (with over) : — pa. t. crew (kro) or crumble, krum'bl, v. t. to break into 

crowed ; pa. p. crowed. crumbs : to scatter in crumbs. — v. i. to 

crowd, kro wd, n. a number of persons fall into small pieces: to decay. — n. a 

or things closely pressed together, with- crumb: that which crumbles easily, 

out order: the rabble: multitude. — v. t crumple, krump'l, v. t. to contort: to 



126 crunch fate, far; me, her; mine; cue 

mark with or draw into folds or art of secret writing: the character or 

wrinkle? : to crease. — *. i. to become cipher so used. 

wrinkled: to contract or shrink. crystal, kris'tal, n. a superior kind of 

crunch, krunsh, *. t. to crush with the quartz, clear like ice: (chem.) a piece 

teeth: to chew anything hard, and so of matter which has assumed a definite 

make a noise.— n. the act of crunching, geometrical form, with plane faces.— 

crupper, krup'er, n. a strap of leather adjs. crys'tal, crystalline, consisting of 

fastened to the saddle and passing under or like crystal in clearness, etc. ; crys'- 

the horse's tail to keep the saddle in tallizable, capable of being crystallized 

its place: the hind part of a horse. or formed into crystals.— n. crystalhza'- 

crural, kro'ral, a. belonging to or tion >, the act of crystallizing.— v. t. 
c haped like a leg crys tallize, to reduce to the form of a 
" crusade, kro-sad', n. a military ex- crystal.—*. *. to assume a crystalline 
pedition under the banner of the cross form.-n crystallog rapher one skilled 
to recover the Holy Land from the m crystallography.-n crystallog raphy, 
Turks: any daring or romantic under- the , s . c } ei ? ce . of crystallization.-^, crys - 
taking.-*. I to go on a crusade. talloid > havm S ^ e for . m of f crystal- 
crush, krush, *. t to break or bruise: n - * name given to a class of substances 
to squeeze together: to beat down or which when in solution pass easily 
overwhelm: to subdue: to ruin.-*. I to through membranes. _ 
become broken under pressure.-n. a cub | kub ; n ' th f e W, of certain 
violent squeezing: a crowd of persons animals, as foxes etc. : a whelp : a young 
or things -a. crushed, broken by pres- child (in contempt). 
o,^ Q . i .T,ua»^a. ^^oJr^A Cuban, ku ban, n. a native of the 
sure: subdued: oppressed . island ( Cuha ._J a . pertaining to Cuba. 

crust, krust n. the hard rind or out- cub k - b M S( £ d bod / having six 

side coating of anything :. the outer part > & soM y Q . the 

of bread: covering of a pie, etc.: (geol.) third r of number> _^ t t0 raise 

the solid exterior of the earth-*, t to the P third . 

cover with a crust or hard case.- cubeb k ^ eh th dried b of 

*. •. to gather into a hard crust. p . ^ climbing shrub . 

-n crusta tion an adherent crust. J ubit ka > bit> w a m ? asure employed 

Crustacea krus-ta shi-a, «. /)/. a b the anc i en ts, equal to the length of 

large class of arthropod animals, almost the arm from the elbow to the tip of 

all aquatic. the middle-finger, from 18 to 22 inches. 

crutch, kruch, n. a staff with a cross- cuckoo, kook'ko, n. a bird which cries 

piece at the head to place under the 'cuckoo'. 

arm of a lame person: any support like cucullate, -d, ku'kul-lat, -ed, a. 

a crutch. — *. t. to support : to prop. hooded : shaped like a hood. 

crux, kruks, n. a cross: (fig.) some- cucumber, ku'kum-ber, n. a creeping 

thing that occasions difficulty. [L.] _ plant, with heart-shaped leaves, rough 

cry, krl, *. i to utter a shrill loud with bristly hairs, and large oblong fruit, 

sound, esp. one expressive of pain or cud, kud, n. the food brought from 
grief • to lament • to weep : to bawl — tfte nrst stomach of a ruminating animal 

*. t. to utter loudly: to proclaim or ba( * into the mouth and chewed again, 

make public :-pa. t. and pa. p. cried.-n. ~ ch ™ fch f ^ to , medlt £ te - + 

any loud sound, esp. of grief or pain: , cudd1 ^ ** d J> v ' L . \° ^ : } to em T 

c, r ■ a t u a brace : to fondle. — *. 1. to lie close and 

a fit of weeping: a pack of hounds, s tog ether.-n. a close embrace, 

hence of people : particular sound uttered cudd ku(fi ^ a gmall cabin or cook . 

by an animal: bawling: lamentation: ro0 m in the forepart of a boat or lighter ; 

prayer: clamor:— />/. cries. cudgel, kud' j el, n. a heavy staff: a 

crypt, kript, n. an underground cell club.—*, t. to beat with a cudgel, 

or chapel, esp. one used for burial. cue, ku, n. the last words of an actor's 

cryptogram, krip'td-gram, n. a cryp- speech serving as a hint to the next 

tograph: a writing in cipher. speaker: any hint. 

cryptography, krip-tog'ra-fi, n. the cue, ku, n. a twist of hair at the back 



cuff 



mote, move; mute; then. 



curio 



12* 



of the head: a rod used in playing bil- 
liards. 

cuff, kuf, n. a stroke with the open 
hand. 

cuff, kuf, m. the end of the sleeve 
near the wrist: a covering for the wrist. 

cuirass, ku-ras', n. a defensive cover- 
ing for the breast and back, of leather 
or iron fastened with straps and buckles, 
etc. — v. t. to furnish with such. 

cuisine, kwe-zen', n. a kitchen or 
cooking department : cookery. 

cul-de-sac, kol-de-sak', a street, etc., 
closed at one end: a blind alley. 

culinary, ku'lin-ar-i, a. pertaining to 
the kitchen or to cookery. 

cull, kul, v. t. to select, pick out. 

cullis, kul'is, n. a gutter in a roof: a 
groove, as for a side-scene in a theater. 

cully, kul'i, n. a mean dupe: (slang), 
a fellow or mate. — v. t. to deceive 
meanly: — pa. p. cull'ied. 

culm, kulm, n. the stalk or stem of 
grasses. — v. i. to form a culm. 

culminate, kul'min-at, v. i. (astron.) 
to be vertical or at the highest point of 
altitude : to reach the highest point (with 
in). — a. cul'minant, at its highest point. 
— n. culmination, act of culminating: 
the top. 

culpable, kul'pa-bl, a. faulty: criminal. 

culprit, kul'prit, n. one in fault: a 
criminal. 

cult, kult, n. a system of religious 
belief, worship. — Also cult'us. 

cultivate, kul'ti-vat, v. i. to till or pro- 
duce by tillage: to prepare for crops: 
to devote attention to : to civilize or re- 
fine. 

culture, kul'tur, n. cultivation: the 
state of being cultivated : refinement, the 
result of cultivation. — v. t. to cultivate. 

culvert, kul'vert, n. an arched channel 
of masonry for carrying water. 

cumbent, kum'bent, a. lying down. 

cumber, kum'ber, v. t. to trouble or 
hinder with something useless : to retard, 
trouble. 

cummerbund, kum'er-bund, n. a waist- 
belt, a sash. 

cumulate, kum'u-lat, v. t. to heap to- 
gether: to accumulate. 

cumulus, ku'mu-lus, n. a heap : a kind 
of cloud common in summer, consist- 
ing of rounded heaps with a darker hor- 
izontal base. 



cunctator, kungk-ta'tor, n. one who 
delays or puts off. — n. cuncta'tion, delay. 

cuneal, ku'ne-al, cuneate, ku'ne-at, a. 
of the form of a wedge. — adjs. cune'- 
iform, cu'niform, wedge-shaped. 

cunette. See cuvette. 

cunning, kun'ing, a. knowing : skilful : 
artful : crafty. — n. knowledge : skill : 
faculty of using stratagem to accomplish 
a purpose : artifice. — adv. cunn'ingly. 

cup, kup, n. a vessel used to contain 
liquid : a drinking-vessel : the liquid con- 
tained in a cup : that which we must 
receive or undergo : afflictions : blessings. 

cupel, ku'pel, n. a small vessel used 
by goldsmiths in assaying. 

cupidity, ku-pid'i-ti, n. covetousness. 
n. Cu'pid, the god of love. 

cupola, ku'po-la, n. a spherical vault, 
or concave ceiling, on the top of a build- 
ing: the internal part of a dome. 

cupreous, kup're-us, cupric, kup'rik, 
a. of or containing copper. 

cur, ker, n. a worthless dog, of low 
breed: a churlish fellow. — a. cur'rish. 

curagoa, ko-ra-so'a, n. a liqueur so 
named from the island of Curaqao in the 
West Indies, where it was first made. 

curate, kur'at, n. one who has the 
cure of souls : an inferior clergyman in 
the Church of England, assisting a rector 
or vicar. 

curator, kur-a'tor, n. one who has the 
charge of anything : a superintendent . 

curb, kerb, v. t. to bend to one's will: 
to subdue : to restrain or check : to 
furnish with or guide by a curb. — n. that 
which curbs : a check or hindrance : a 
chain or strap attached to the bit of a 
bridle for restraining the horse. 

curd, kerd, n. milk thickened or coag- 
ulated : the cheese part of milk, as dis- 
tinguished from the whey. 

cure, kur, n. care of souls or spiritual 
charge: care of the sick: act of healing: 
that which heals : a remedy, or course of 
remedial treatment. — v. t. to heal : to pre- 
serve, as by drying, salting, etc. : — pr. p. 
cur'ing; pa. p. cured. — a. cur'able, that 
may be cured.— adjs. cur'ative, cur'a- 
tory, tending to cure. 

cure, ko'ra, n. a parish priest in 
France. 

curfew, ker'fu, n. in feudal times the 
ringing of a bell at eight o'clock as a 
signal to put out all fires and lighfc* 

curio, ku'ri-o, n. any article of viflf* 



128 



curious 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



cutis 



I 



or bric-a-brac, or anything considered 
rare and curious. 

curious, ku'ri-us, a. anxious to learn: 
inquisitive: showing great care or nicety: 
skilfully made : singular : rare. — n. curi- 
osity, state or quality of being curious : 
inquisitiveness : that which is curious . 

curl, kerl, v. t. to twist into ringlets : 
to coil. — v. i. to shrink into ringlets : to 
rise in undulations : to writhe : to ripple : 
to play at the game of curling.— n. a 
ringlet of hair, or what is like it: a 
wave, bending, or twist. 

curmudgeon, ker-muj'un, n. an avari- 
cious, ill-natured fellow : a miser. 

currant, kur'ant, n. a small kind of 
raisin or dried grape. 

current, kur'ent, a. running or flow- 
ing : passing from person to person : 
generally received : now passing : present. 
— n. a running or flowing : a stream : a 
portion of water or air moving in a 
certain direction : course. — n. curr'ency, 
circulation: that which circulates, as the 
money of a country : general estimation. 

curricle, kur'i-kl, n. a two-wheeled 
open chaise, drawn by two horses 
abreast: a chariot. — w. curric'ulum, a 
course, esp. the course of study at a 
university, etc. 

curry, kur'i, n. a kind .of sauce or 
seasoning much used in India. 

curry, kur'i, v. t. to dress leather: to 
rub down and dress a horse: to beat: 
to scratch : — pr. p. curr'ying ; pa. p. 
curr'ied. 

curse, kers, v. t. to invoke or wish 
evil upon: to devote to perdition: to 
vex or torment. — v. i. to utter impreca- 
tions : to swear. — n. the invocation or 
wishing of evil or harm upon : evil in- 
voked on another : torment. 

cursive, ker'siv, a. written with a run- 
ning hand, of handwriting: flowing. 

cursory, ker'sor-i, a. hasty : superficial : 
careless. — adv. cur'sorily. 

curst. See curse. 

curt, kert, a. short : concise : discour- 
teously brief or summary. 

curtail, ker-tal', v. t. to cut short: to 
cut off a part : to abridge : — pr. p. cur- 
tailing; pa. p. curtailed'. 

curtain, ker'tin, n. drapery hung 
round a bed, etc. : a screen : the part 
of a rampart between two bastions. — v. 
t. to inclose or furnish with curtains. 

curtal, ker'tal, n. a horse with a curt 



or docked tail: anything docked or cut 
short. — a. docked or shortened. 

curtilage, ker'til-aj, n. a court attached 
to a dwelling-house. 

curtsy, curtsey, kert'si, n. an obei- 
sance, made by bending the knees. — v. i. 
to make a curtsy. [See courtesy.] 

curve, kerv, n. anything bent : a bent 
or curved line : an arch. — v. t. to bend : 
to form into a cui ve. — adjs. cur'vate, -d, 
curved or bent in a regular form. 

curvet, ker'vet, ker-vet', n. a light 
leap of a horse in which he raises his 
forelegs together, next the hindlegs 
with a spring before the forelegs touch 
the ground: a leap, frolic. 

cushion, koosh'un, n. a case filled with 
some soft, elastic stuff, for resting on : 
a pillow : the pillow used in making 
bone-lace : an engraver's pad : the rubber 
of an electrical machine: a pad support- 
ing a woman's hair : the elastic lining 
of the inner side of a billiard-table: a 
body of steam remaining in the cylinder 
of a steam-engine, acting as a buffer to 
the piston. — v. t. to seat on or furnish 
with a cushion. 

cusp, kusp, n. a point : the point or 
horn of the moon, etc. : (archit.) a small 
projecting ornament common in Gothic 
tracery. 

cuspidor, kus'pi-dor, n. a spittoon. 

cuss, kus, n. (slang) a fellow : an ex- 
pletive. — a. cuss'ed, cursed. — n. cuss'ed- 
ness, contrariness. [Obviously curse.] 

custard, kus'tard, n. a composition of 
milk, eggs, etc., sweetened and flavored. 

custody, kus'to-di, n. a watching or 
guarding : care : security : imprisonment. 

custom, kus'tum, n. what one is wont 
to do : usage : frequent repetition of the 
same act: regular trade or business: a 
tax on goods: (pi) duties imposed on 
imports and exports. — a. customable, 
customary : common. — adv. cus'tomarily. 

cut, kut, v. t. to make an incision in: 
to cleave or pass through: to divide: to 
carve, hew, or fashion by cutting: to 
wound or hurt : to affect deeply : to 
shorten : to break off acquaintance with, 
to pass intentionally without saluting. 

cutaneous. See cutis. 

cutch, kuch, n. the commercial name 
for catechu, from the Indian name kut. 

cute, kut, a. an aphetic form of acute, 
sharp, cunning. 

cutis, ku'tis, n. the skin: the true 



cutlass mote, move; mute; then. dactyl 129 

skin, as distinguished from the cuticle, panorama painted on the inside of a 

—a. cutan'eous, belonging to the skin.— cylindrical surface appearing in natural 

n. cu'ticle, the outermost or thin skin, perspective. 

cutlass, kut'las, n. a short, broad cygnet, sig'net, n. a young swan, 
sword, with one cutting edge. cylinder, sil'in-der, n. a solid circular 
cutler, kut'ler, n. one who makes or or roller-like body, whose ends are equal 
seils knives.— n. cut'lery, the business of parallel circles : {mech.) applied to many 
a cutler: edged or cutting instruments cylindrical parts of machines, as any 
in general. * rotating cylindrical portion of a printing- 
cutlet, kut'let, n. a slice of meat cut press. 
off for cooking, esp. of mutton or veal. cyma, si ma, n. a molding of the 

cuttle, kut'l, n. a kind of mollusk, re- cornice an ogee ^ 

markable for its power of ejecting a . ^bal, simbal, n a hollow brass, 

black inky liquid-also cutt'le-fish. basin-like, musical instrument, beaten to- 

a. i - u 2. 1 1 gether in pairs. 

cuvette, kuv-et n a trench sunk g f a shoot . (bof) 

along the middle of a dry ditch or moat term appHed tQ J forms of inflores _ 

cyanogen, si-an o-jen n. a compound cence which are definite or centrifugal, 

of carbon, obtained by decomposing the cynic, -al, sin'ik, -al, a. dog-like: 

cyanide of mercury by heat so called surly . snar li ng: austere: misanthropic. 

from being an essential ingredient m the _^ s cyn'ic, one of a sect of Greek 

formation of Prussian blue.— n. cy a- philosophers characterized by an osten- 

nate, a salt of cyanic acid.— a. cyanic, tat i ous contempt for enjoyments: a 

of or belonging to cyanogen.— ns. cy - snar i er ; cyn'icism, surliness: contempt 

anide, a direct compound of cyanogen for human nature: heartlessness. 

with a metal; cy amte, a mineral com- cynosure, sin'o-shor, or si', n. the 

posed of alumina and silica, generally dog ' s tail> a constellation (Ursa minor) 

sky-blue. ^ .... containing the north-star; hence any- 

cycle, si'kl, n. a period of time in t hi n g that strongly attracts attention, 

which events happen in a certain order, cypress, si'pres, n. an evergreen tree 

and which constantly repeats itself: an whose branches used to be carried at 

imaginary circle or orbit in the heavens : funerals ; hence a symbol of death. 

a series of poems, prose romances, etc., Cyprian, sio'ri-an, a. belonging to the 

centering round a figure or event— also island of Cyprus: lewd, licentious. 

— adjs. cy'clic, -al, pertaining to or con- cyprus, si'prus, n. a thin, transparent, 

taining a cycle.— ns. cy'clist, for bicyclist black stuff, a kind of crape. 

or tricychst. cyst, sist, n. a bag in animal bodies 

cyclone, si'klon, n. a circular or rota- containing morbid matter. 

tory storm.— a. cyclon'ic. cytoblast, si'to-blast, n. the nucleus 

cyclopedia, cyclopaedia, si-klo-pe'- or germinal spot of a cellule. 

di-a, n. the circle or compass of human czar, tsar, zar, n. the emperor of 

knowledge. Russia: — fern, czari'na, tsari'na. 

cyclorama, si-klo-ra'ma, n. a circular Czech, tshek, n. and a. Bohemian. 



ff^jl d, de, the fourth letter in our hands or feet : to do anything in a 
I Ml a ^ iaDet — i ts sound the soft trifling way. 
|E"^l dental mute. dace, das, n. a small European river 

dab, dab, v. t. to strike -gently fish of the carp family. 
with something soft or moist, to smear. dachshund, daks'hoond, n. a badger- 
— n. a gentle blow : a small lump of any- dog. 
thing soft or moist : a species of flounder. dactyl, dak'til, n. in Latin and Greek 

dab, dab, n. an expert person. — n. poetry, a foot of three syllables, one long 
dab'ster (coll.). followed by two short; in English, a 

dabble, dab'l, v. t. to spatter with foot of three syllables, with the first 
moisture. — v. i. to play in water with accented. — adjs. dac'tylar, dactyl'ic. 

9 



130 dado fate, far; me, her; mine; dare 

dado, da/do, n. a skirting along the decorate metal (esp. steel) by inlaying 
lower part of the walls of a room. or incrustating. 

daffodil, dafo-dil, daffodilly, daf- dame, dam, n. the mistress of a 
o-dil-i, n. a yellow flower of the lily house : a matron : a noble lady, 
tribe. damn, dam, v. t. to censure or con- 

dagger, dag'er, n. a short sword for demn: to sentence to eternal punish- 
stabbing at close quarters: {print.') a ment: to doom. — n. an oath: a curse, 
mark of reference (f), the double dagger damp, damp, n. vapor, mist: moist 
($) being another. air: lowrfess of spirits: (pi.) dangerous 

dago, da'go, n. a name applied loosely vapors in mines, etc. — v. t. to wet 
to Spanish- and Italian-born men. slightly : to chill : to discourage : to 

daguerreotype, da-ger'o-tip, n. a check: to make dull. — a. moist, foggy. — 
photograph fixed on a plate of copper. v. t. and v. i. damp'en, to make or 

dahabiyeh, dahabeah, da-ha-be'a, n. become damp or moist. — n. damp'er, 
a Nile-boat with oars, one or two masts, that which checks or moderates, 
and lateen sails. damsel, dam'zel, n. a young un- 

Dahlia, dal'i-a, n. a genus of plants married woman: a girl, 
with large flowers. damson, dam'zn, n. a small oval plum. 

daily, da'li, a. and adv. every day. _ dance, dans, v. i. to move with 

daimio, di'myo, n. a Japanese terri- measured steps to music: to spring. — 
torial noble under the old feudal system, v. t. to make to dance or jump. — n. the 

dainty, dan'ti, a. pleasant to the movement of one or more persons with 
palate : delicate : fastidious. — n. a deli- measured steps to music : the tune to 
cacy. — adv. dain'tily. — n. dain'tiness. which dancing is performed. 

dairy, da'ri, n. an establishment for dandelion, dan-de-li'un, n. a common 
the supply of milk. plant with a yellow flower. 

dais, da'is, n. a raised floor with a dander, n. a form of dandruff: (coll.) 
seat and canopy : the canopy over an anger : passion, 
altar, etc. dandle, dan'dl, v. t. to play with: to 

daisy, da'zi, n. a common wild-flower, fondle or toss in the arms, as a baby. 

dale, dal, dell, del, n. the low ground dandruff, dand'ruf, dandriff, dand'- 
between hills. rif, n. a scaly scurf on the skin under 

dalle, dal, n. a tile with incised the hair and beard, 
surface: (pi.) rapids. dandy, dan'di, n. a foppish, silly 

. dally, dal'i v. i. to lose time by tri- fellow. 

fling : to play : to exchange caresses. — Dane, dan, n. a native of Denmark. — o. 
ns. dall'iance, dallying, toying, or tri- Dan'ish, belonging to Denmark. — n. 
fling: interchange of embraces: delay. the language of the Danes. 

dalmatic, dal-mat'ik, n. a loose-fitting, danger, dan'jer, n. peril, hazard, or 
wide-sleeved ecclesiastical vestment, risk : insecurity. — a. dan'gerous, full of 

dam, dam, n. an embankment to danger: unsafe: insecure, 
restrain water. — v. t. to keep back water. dangle, dang'gl, v. i. to hang loosely 

dam, dam, n. a mother, applied to or with a swinging motion: to follow 
quadrupeds. about. — v. t. to make to dangle. — n. dan'- 

damage, dam'aj, n. hurt, injury, loss: gler, one who dangles about others, 
the value of what is lost: (coll.) cost: Danite, dan'it, n. one of a secret 
(pi.) pecuniary reparation for loss or society amongst the early Mormons, 
injury. — v. t. to harm. — v. i. to take dank, dangk, a. moist, wet. 
injury. danseuse, don-siiz', n. a female 

daman, dam'an, n. the Syrian hyrax, dancer. 
the Bible cony. Danubian, dan-u'bi-an, a. pertaining 

Damascene, da'mas-en, a. of Damas- to the Danube, 
cus. — v. t. same as damaskeen. dapper, dap'er, a. quick: little and 

damask, dam'ask, n. figured stuff, active: neat: spruce, 
originally of silk, now of linen, cotton, dapple, dap'l, a. marked with spots, 
or wool, the figure being woven. — a. of a — v. t. to variegate with spots. 
deep red color. — v. t. damaskeen', to dare, dar, v. i. to be bold enough: to 




dark mote, move; mute; then. dead 131 

venture : — pa. t. durst. — v. t. to challenge : daub, dawb, v. t. to smear : to paint 

to defy. — n. boldness, a challenge. — a. coarsely. — n. a coarse painting. 
dar'ing, bold : courageous : fearless. — n. daughter, daw'ter, n. a female child : 

boldness. a female descendant : woman (generally). 

dark, dark, a. without light: black, or — n. daugh'ter-in-law, a son's wife. 
somewhat black: gloomy: difficult to daunt, dant, or dawnt, v. t. to 

understand: unenlightened: secret: sin- frighten: to discourage: to subdue. — a. 

ister. — n. absence of light: obscurity: a daunt'less, not to be daunted, 
state of ignorance. — v. t. dark'en, to dauphin, daw'fin, n. an old name for 

make dark: to render ignorant: to sully, the eldest son of the king of France. 

darling, dar'ling, n. one dearly be- davenport, dav'en-port, n. 3. small 

loved : a favorite. writing-desk : an upholstered bed-couch. 

darn, darn, v. t. to mend by imitating davit, dav'it, n. one of a pair of 

the texture of the stuff. — n. the place pieces of timber or iron, 

darned. — n. darn'ing-need'le. projecting over a ship's 

darn, darn, v. i. a minced form of side or stern, having tackle 

damn. to raise a boat by. [Cf. 

dart, 'dart, n. a pointed weapon for Fr. davier, a forceps.] 
throwing. — v. t. to hurl suddenly: to davy, da'vi, davy-lamp, 

send or shoot forth.— v. i. to start or da'vi-lamp, n. a safety- rj avits 

shoot forth rapidly. lamp for coal -miners. 

Darwinism, dar'win-ism, n. the theory Davy Jones, da vi jonz, n. a sailor's 

of the origin of species propounded by familiar name for the (malignant) 

C Darwin (1809-82).— a. Darwinian. spirit of the sea, the devil; hence Davy 

dash, dash, v. t. to throw violently: Jones's locker, the depths of the sea. 
to break by throwing together: to be- daw daw, n. a bird of the crow kind: 

spatter: to destroy or frustrate: to mix a Jackdaw. [From its cry.] 

or adulterate.— v. i. to strike against : to , dawdle, daw dl, v. 1. to waste time 

rush with violence.— n. a violent strik- by trifling: to act or move slowly. 

ing: a rushing or violent onset: a blow: . dawn > dawn, v. 1. to become day: to 

a mark (— ) at a break in a sentence: be £ m , to S row "ght: to begin to appear. 

ostentation: a slight admixture. — n - daybreak: beginning 

dastard, das'tard, n. a cowardly da ?> da > n - the time of light, from 
fellow. — a. shrinking from danger: sunrise to sunset: the time from morn- 
cowardly.— a. and adv. das'tardly. m S tl1 } ni S h V twenty-four hours, the 

dasymeter, da-sim'e-ter, n. an instru- J 1 ^ the e , arth takes to m f ke a . "f 70 - 

ment for testing the density of gases. lut }° n on he . r J P ls: a man s P enod . °f 

dasyure, das'i-yor, n. a small carniv- ex i s n t ^ ce ^ r mflu f c . e: a time or period. 

orous quadruped of 'Australia and Tas- %£ u h '?' i \ \ a' V Y ' 
mania dazzle, daz 1, v. t. to daze or over- 
j ." j-,, ..Tr. • j power with any strong light: to con- 
data da ta, n pi. facts given or ad- found b brilliancy, beauty, or clever- 
mitted from which other facts may be ness f J ' J ' 
deduced :-sing. da'tum. deacon, de'kn, n. in Anglican churches, 
date dat, n. the time of any event: a mem ber of the order of clergy under 
a stipulated time: age, period of time: pr iests: in Congregational and some 
(coll.) an appointment to meet, a tryst. other lurches, an officer who advises 
— v t. to affix the date to.— v. 1. to the pastor> etc . in the R c church> 
reckon: to begin _ an assistant at the altar:— fern, dea'- 
date, dat, n. the fruit of the date- coness, one of an order of women in 
j 11 '- >• some Protestant churches who nurse 
dative, dat iv, a. that is given or ap- the sick and tend the poor, 
pointed.— n. the dative case, the oblique dead, ded, a. without life : death-like : 
case of nouns, etc. [L. dativus.] at rest, of a ball: cold and cheerless: 
datum, da'tum (see data). — n. da'- without vegetation: utter: unerring. — 
turn-line^ the horizontal base-line from adv. in a dead manner. — n. the time of 
which heights and depths are measured, greatest stillness, as the dead of night. 



132 deaf 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



decay 



deaf, def, a. dull of hearing: unable 
to hear at all: not willing to hear: in- 
attentive. — v. t. deafen, to make deaf, 
partly or altogether: to stun: to render 
impervious to sound. 

deal, del, n. a portion: an indefinite 
quantity: a large quantity: the act of 
dividing cards : a bargain : a pine board : 
pine timber. — v. t. to divide, to distribute : 
to throw about: to deliver. — v. i. to 
transact business : to act : to distribute 
cards. — pa. t. and pa. p. dealt (delt). — 
ns. deal'er, one who deals: a trader; 
deal'ing, manner of acting towards 
others : intercourse of trade. 

dean, den, n. a dignitary in cathedral 
and collegiate churches who presides 
over the other clergy : the head of the 
faculty in a college: the oldest member 
of a diplomatic corps, or other body. 

dear, der, a. high in price: costly: 
scarce : highly valued : beloved. — n. one 
who is dear or beloved. — adv. at a high 
price. — adv. dearly. 

dear, der, interj. indicating surprise, 
pity, or other emotion, as in 'Oh dear'! 

dearth, derth, n. scarcity: want: 
famine: barrenness. 

dearticulate, de-ar-tik'u-lat, v. t. to 
disjoint. 

death, deth, n. state of being dead: 
extinction or cessation of life: manner 
of dying: mortality: a deadly plague: 
cause of death: spiritual lifelessness: 
the killing of the animal in hunting. 

debacle, de-bak'l, n. a breaking-up : 
(geol.) a sudden flood: a stampede. 

debar, de-bar', v. t. to bar out from: 
to exclude: to hinder. — n. debar'ment. 

debark, de-bark', v. t. or v. i. to land 
from a ship or boat: to disembark. 

debase, de-bas', v. t. to lower: to 
make mean or of less value : to adul- 
terate. — a. debased', degraded. 

debate, de-bat', n. a contention in 
words or argument. — v. t. to contend for 
in argument. — v. i. to deliberate: to join 
in debate. 

debauch, de-bawch', v. t. to lead away 
from duty or allegiance : to corrupt with 
lewdness : to pervert. — v. i. to indulge in 
revelry, — n. a fit of intemperance or de- 
bauchery.—/', a. debauched', corrupt: 
profligate. 

debenture, de-bent'ur, n. a form of 
bond: a customs rebate certificate. 



debilitate, de-bil'i-tat, v. t. to make 
weak: to impair the strength of. 

debit, deb'it, n. a debt or something 
due : an entry on the debtor side of an 
account. — v. t. to charge with debt: to 
enter on the debtor side. 

debonair, deb-o-nar', a. of good ap- 
pearance and manners : elegant : cour- 
teous : gay. 

debouch, de-bosh', v. i. to march out 
from a narrow pass or confined place. 

debris, da-bre', n. sing, and pi. rub- 
bish : ruins : a mass of rocky fragments. 

debt, det, n. what one owes to 
another : what one becomes liable to do 
or suffer: a state of obligation or in- 
debtedness: a duty: (B.) a sin. — n. 
debt'or, one who owes a debt: the side 
of an account on which debts are 
charged. 

debut, da-bii', n. a beginning or first 
attempt: a first appearance before the 
public, as of an actor, etc. — n. debutant', 
one who makes his first public appear- 
ance : — fern, debutante'. 

decade, dek'ad, n. a group of ten, esp. 
a series of ten years. 

decadence, de-ka'dens, deca'dency, n. 
state of decay. — a. deca'dent, decaying. 

decagon, dek'a-gon, n. a plane figure 
of ten angles and sides. 

decahedron, dek-a-he'dron, n. a solid 
figure having ten faces. — a. decahe'dral. 

decalcomania, de-kal-ko-ma'ni-a, n. 
the transferring of pictures to glass, 
wood, etc. 

decalogue, dek'a-log, n. the ten com- 
mandments. 

decamp, de-kamp', v. i. to go away, 
esp. secretly. 

decanal, dek'an-al, a. pertaining to a 
dean or deanery. 

Decandria, de-kan'dri-a, n. a class of 
plants having ten stamens. 

decant, de-kant', v. t. to pour off, 
leaving sediment : to pour from one ves- 
sel into another. 

decapitate, de-kap'i-tat, v. t. to take 
the head from: to behead. 

decapod, dek'a-pod, n. one of the 
shellfish which have ten feet or claws, as 
the crab. 

decarbonate, de-kar'bon-at, v. t. to 
deprive of carbon — also decar'bonize. 

decay, de-ka', v. i. to fall away from 
a state of health or excellence : to waste 
away. — v. t. to cause to waste away: to 



DECORATIONS OF HONOR 




Order of the Thistle 

f Great Britain Grand ^ Army Royal American Society of the Order of the Black 
v '-' - -lie, U.S. A. Order of Isabella Cincujnati (U.S. A.) Eagle 
the Catholic (Spain). 





Loyal Legion 
(U.S.A.) 



Order of St Patrick OrderofSfcOlaf 
Order of the (Ireland). (Sweden and Norway). Order of theJEastern 

Rue Crown (Saxony). ^^ Morning o^SaSun 

(Ja 




Order of the 

Garter (Great 

Britain). 





The Iron Cross Legion ofHonor Medal of Honor Crow? of 6 

(Prussia). (France). War Dept U. S. A: Wurtemberg. 




Ofdei 
Order of if W^^ 
Leopold VV /' Crown 
(Belgium) > '**"" , (*•«* 4 

bourg) 





Order of the 
Rose (Brazil). 



decease mote, move; mute; then. decree 133 

impair. — n. a falling into a worse or less raw or ragged edge of hand-made paper, 

perfect state: a passing away: loss of declaim, de-klam', v. i. to make a set 

fortune. — p. a. decayed', reduced in cir- speech : to harangue : to recite in public, 

cumstances. — a. declam'atory, of the nature of 

decease, de-ses', n. death. — v. i. to declamation : noisy and rhetorical merely, 

die. — p. a. deceased', dead. declare, de-klar', v. t. to make known : 

deceit, de-set', n. act of deceiving : to announce : to assert : to make a full 
anything intended to mislead : fraud : statement of, as of goods at a custom- 
falseness. — a dj. deceit'ful, full of deceit : house. — v. i. to make a statement: to 
tending to deceive : insincere. show cards in order to score. — n. dec- 
deceive, de-sev', v. t. to mislead or lara'tion, act of declaring: that which 
cause to err : to cheat : to disappoint. is declared : a written affirmation : in 

December, de-sem'ber, n. the twelfth common law, the pleading in which the 

month of the year. [L. decern, ten.] plaintiff sets forth his case. 

decemvir, de-sem'vir, n. one of ten declension, de-klen'shun, n. a falling 

magistrates who had absolute power in off: decay: descent: (gram.) change 

ancient Rome. of termination for the oblique cases. 

decennary, de-sen'ar-i, n. a period of decline, de-klln', v. i. to bend or turn 

ten years. — a. decenn'ial, . happening away from (a straight line) : to deviate: 

every ten years. to refuse : to bend down : to fail or de- 

decent, de'sent, a. becoming: seemly: cay: to stoop or condescend: to draw 

proper: modest: moderate. — n. de'eency, to an end. — v. t. to bend down: to turn 

becomingness : modesty. — adv. de'cently. away from : to refuse : to avoid : 

decentralize, de-sen'tral-iz, v. t. to (gram.) to give the changes of a word 

withdraw from the center. in the oblique cases. — n. a falling off: 

deception, de-sep'shun, n. act of de- deviation: decay: a gradual sinking of 

ceiving: the means by which it is sought the bodily faculties, consumption, 

to deceive. — a. decep'tive, tending to de- declivity, de-kliv'i-ti, n. a place that 

ceive : misleading. — adv. decep'tively. declines, or slopes downward : inclina- 

decide, de-sld', v. t. to determine : to tion downward : a gradual descent. 

end : to settle : to resolve. — a. decid'ed, decoct, de-kokt', v. t. to prepare by 

determined : clear, unmistakable : reso- boiling : to extract the substance of by 

lute. — adv. decid'edly. boiling: to boil: to devise. 

deciduous, de-sid'u-us, a. falling in decollete, da-kol-ta', a. with neck un- 

autumn, as leaves : not permanent. covered : of dress, low cut. 

decimal, des'i-mal, a. numbered or decompose, de-kum-poz', v. t. to disu- 

proceeding by tens. — n. a fraction hav- nite, as parts composing anything: 

ing ten or some power of ten for its to resolve into original elements, 

denominator. decompound, de-kum-pownd', v. t. to 

decimate, des'i-mat, v. t. to take the compound again; also, to divide a thing 

tenth part of: to put to death every into its constituent parts, 

tenth man of. decorate, dek'o-rat, v. t. to ornament, 

decipher, de-si'fer, v. t. to read, as to beautify: to honor with a badge or 

secret writing: to reveal. medal. 

decision, de-sizh'un, n. the act of de- decorous, de-ko'rus, or dek'o-rus, a. 

riding: settlement : judgment : the quality becoming: suitable: proper: decent. — 

of being decided in character. — a. dec!'- adv. deco'rously. — n. deco'rum, that 

sive, having the power of deciding: which is becoming in outward appear- 

showing decision: final: positive. ance : propriety of conduct: decency. 

deck, dek, v. t. to cover : to clothe : decoy, de-koy', v. t. to allure : to en- 

to adorn : to furnish with a deck, as a trap : to lure into a trap. — n. anything 

vessel. — n. a covering: a horizontal plat- intended to allure into a snare, 

form extending from one side of a ves- decrease, de-kreV, v. i. to become 

sel to the other: the part of a pack of less: to be diminished by degrees in 

cards that remains after the deal. size or power. — v. t. to make less : to 

deckle, dek'l, n. the gauge on a paper- lessen gradually. — n. a growing less . 

making machine. — n, deek'le-edge, the decree, de-kre', n. an order by one in 



±84 decrement 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



define 



authority: an edict or law: a judicial de- 
cision. — v. t. to decide or determine by 
sentence in law : to appoint. — v. i. to 
make a decree. 

decrement, dek're-ment, n. the quan- 
tity lost by decrease. [L. decrementum.] 

decrepit, de-krep'it, a. worn out by 
the infirmities of old age : in the last 
stage of decay. 

decretal, de-kre'tal, n. pertaining to 
a decree. [L. decre talis — decretum.] 

decry, de-kri, v. t. to cry down : to 
condemn : to censure as worthless. 

decuple, dek'u-pl, a. tenfold. — n. a 
number ten times repeated. 

decussate, de-kus'at, v. i. to cross in 
the form of an X : to cross, as lines. 

dedicate, ded'i-kat, v. t. to set apart 
and consecrate to some sacred purpose : 
to devote wholly or chiefly: to inscribe 
to any one. 

deduce, de-diis', v. t. to draw from : 
to infer from what precedes or from 
premises. — ns. deduce'ment, what is de- 
duced ; deducibil'ity. — a. deduc'ible. — ■ 
v.'t. deduct', to take from: to separate: 
to subtract. — n. deduc'tion, (i) the act 
of deducing: that which is deduced; 
(2) the act of deducting: that which is 
deducted : abatement. — a. deduct'ive, 
that is, or that may be, deduced from 
premises. 

deed, ded, n. something done : an act : 
an exploit : a legal transaction : the 
written evidence of it. 

deem, dem, v. t. or v. i. to judge: to 
think : to believe. 

deep, dep, a. extending far down or 
far from the outside : secret : wise and 
penetrating : cunning : very still : pro- 
found : profoundly learned : intense, 
heart-felt: sunk low: low or grave: (of 
a road) encumbered with mud, sand, or 
ruts. — adv. in a deep manner. — n. that 
which is deep : the sea. 

deer, der, n. a quadruped of several 
species, as the stag, reindeer, etc. 

deface, de-fas', v. t. to destroy or mar 
the face of, to disfigure: to obliterate. 
— n. deface'ment, act of defacing. 

defalcate, de-fal'kat, v. t. to deduct a 
part of, of money, etc. : to embezzle.—' 
n. defalcation, a diminution: embez- 
zlement. 

defame, de-fam', v. t. to take away the 
good fame or reputation of: to speak 
evil of: to charge falsely.— n. defama'- 



tion, the act of defaming: calumny. 

default, de-fawlt', n. a fault, failing, 
or failure . defect : neglect to do what 
duty or law requires : failure to account 
for money intrusted to one's charge : 
offense. — v. i. to fail through neglect of 
duty. 

defeasance, de-fez'ans, n. undoing: 
defeat. — a. defeasible, that may be de- 
feated or annulled. 

defeat, de-fet', v. t. to frustrate, beat, 
ruin. — n. a frustration of plans : ruin. 

defecate, def'e-kat, v. t. to clear from 
dregs : to purify. — v. i. to void excre- 
ment. — n. defeca'tion. 

defect, de-fekt', n. a deficiency : im- 
perfection : blemish: fault. — n. defec- 
tion, a failure, a falling away from duty : 
revolt. — a. defect'ive, having a defect: 
wanting in some necessary quality. 

defend, de-fend', v. t. to guard or 
protect : to maintain against attack : 
(law) to resist, as a claim: to contest. 
— ns. defend'ant, a defender: (law) a 
person accused or sued. 

defense, defence, de-fens', n. a defend- 
ing: protection: vindication: (law) a de- 
fendant's plea. — a. defenseless. 

defer, de-fer', v. t. to put off to 
another time: to delay. — n. defer'ment. 

defer, de-fer', v. ?. to yield to the 
wishes or opinions of another, or to 
authority. — v. t. to submit to or lay be- 
fore. — n. deference, a deferring or 
yielding in judgment or opinion: regard: 
submission. — a. deferen'tial, expressing 
deference or respect. 

defiance, de-fl'ans, n. the act of defy- 
ing: challenge to combat: aggressive- 
ness : contempt of opposition. — a. defi'- 
ant, full of defiance, insolently bold. 

deficient, de-fish'ent, a. wanting. — n. 
deficiency, defect. — adv. deficiently. — 
n. deficit, deficiency, esp. of revenue, as 
compared with the expenditure. 

defile, de-fil', v. i. to march off in 
file or line, or file by file. — n. a long 
narrow pass or way, in which troops can 
march only in file. 

defile, de-fil', v. t. to pollute or cor- 
rupt: to violate. — ns. defile'ment, act of 
defiling : foulness ; defil'er. 

define, de-fin', v. t. to fix the bounds 
or limits of : to determine with precision : 
to describe accurately: to fix the mean- 
ing of. — a. defin'able, that may be de- 



deflect mote, move; mute; then. delirious 135 

fined. — a. definite, defined: having dis- cast down: dispirited. — adv. deject'edly. 

tinct limits : fixed : exact : clear. delaine, de-lan', n. an untwilled light 

deflect, de-flekt', v. i. or v. t. to turn dress material, originally of wool, 

aside : to swerve or deviate from a right delay, de-la', v. t. to put off to another 

line or proper course. time : to defer : to hinder or retard. — v. i. 

deflower, deflour, de-flowr', v. t to to pause, linger, or put off time. — n. a 

deprive of flowers : to deprive of grace putting off or deferring : a lingering, 

and beauty: to ravish. dele, de'le, v. t. delete, efface, a direc- 

deform, de-form', v. t. to alter or tion in proofreading to remove super- 
injure the form of: to disfigure. — n. de- fluous matter, usually marked thus §. 
forma'tion. — p. a. deformed', misshapen. delectable, de-lekt'a-bl, a. delightful : 
— n. def orm'ity, state of being deformed : pleasing. — adv. delect'ably. — n. delecta'- 
ugliness: disfigurement. tion, delight. 

defraud, de-frawd', v. t to deprive of delegate, del'e-gat, v. t. to send as a 

by fraud: to withhold wrongfully: to legate or representative: to intrust or 

cheat or deceive. commit to. — n. one who is delegated: a 

defray, de-fra', v. t to discharge, as deputy or representative: the represen- 
the expenses of anything : to pay. tative of a territory in congress. — a. del- 
deft, deft, a. handy, clever. egated, deputed. 

defunct, de-funkt', a. having finished delete, de-let', v. t to blot out: to 

the course of life, dead. — n. a dead erase: to destroy. 

person. deleterious, del-e-te'ri-us, a. tending 

defy, de-fi', v. t. to challenge : to brave, to destroy life : hurtful or destructive. 

degenerate, de-jen'er-at, a. having deliberate, de-lib'er-at, v. t. to weigh 

departed from the high qualities of race well in one's mind. — v. i. to consider the 

or kind : become base. — v. i. to fall from reasons for and against anything : to re- 

a nobler state: to be or to grow worse, fleet: to consider. — a. well considered: 

— n. one who has become base. slow in determining: cautious. 

deglutition, deg-16-tish'un, n. the act delicate, del'i-kat, a. pleasing to the 

or power of swallowing. senses, esp. the taste : dainty : nicely dis- 

degrade, de-grad', v. t. to lower in criminating or perceptive: tender: frail, 
grade or rank: to deprive of office or not robust: requiring nice handling: re- 
dignity: to lower in character, value, or fined in manners: gentle, polite, consid- 
position: to disgrace. erate: luxurious. — n. del'icacy, state or 

degree, de-gre', n. a grade or step: quality of being delicate: anything 

one of a series of advances : relative delicate or dainty. — adv. del'icately. — 

position: rank: extent: a mark of dis- n. pi. delicates'sen, delicacies for the 

tinction conferred by universities : the table : relishes. 

360th part of a circle: a stage of longi- delicious, de-lish'us, a. full of deli- 

tude or latitude : nearness of relation- cacies : highly pleasing to the senses : 

ship : comparative amount of guilt, affording exquisite pleasure. 

dehort, de-hort', v. t. to exhort from. delight, de-lit', v. t. to please highly. 

to dissuade. — n. dehorta'tion, dissuasion. — v. i. to have or take great pleasure : to 

dehydrate, de-hi'drat, v. t to deprive be greatly pleased. — n. a high degree of 

of water, chemically. — v. i. to lose water, pleasure : that which gives great pleasure. 

deify, de'i-fi, v. t. to exalt to the rank delineate, de-lin'e-at, v. t. to mark 

of a god : to worship as a deity : to out with lines : to portray : to describe 

make god-like. accurately in words. 

deign, dan, v. i. to condescend. — v. t delinquent, de-ling'kwent, a. failing in 

to give : to allow. duty. — n. one who fails in or leaves 

deist, de'ist, n. one who believes in his duty: a transgressor: a criminal. 

the existence of God, but not in revealed deliquesce, del-i-kwes', v. i. to melt 

religion. — n. de'ism. — adjs. deist'ic, -al. and become liquid by absorbing moisture. 

deity, de'i-ti, n. the divinity : godhead : delirious, de-lir'i-us, a. wandering in 

a god or goddess : the Supreme Being mind : light-headed : insane. — adv. delir'i- 

deject, de-jekt', v. t. to cast down the ously. — n. delir'ium, state of being de- 
countenance or spirits of. — a. deject'ed, lirious: strong excitement. 



136 deliver 



fate, far; me, her; mrne; 



demure 



deliver, de-liv'er, v. t to liberate or 
set free from restraint or danger : to 
rescue from evil or fear: to give up or 
part with : to communicate : to pro- 
nounce: to give forth, as a blow, a ball, 
etc. : to bring forth in childbirth. 

Delphian, del'n-an, a. relating to 
Delphi, a town of ancient Greece, or to 
a famous oracle there. — Also Del'phic. 

Delphinidae, del-fin'i-de, n. a family 
of cetaceans, including dolphins, gram- 
puses, etc. [L. delphinus, a dolphin.] 

delta, del'ta, n. the fourth letter of the 
Greek alphabet, the capital form of 
which is A : a tract of land of like shape 
formed at the mouth of a river. 

delude, de-lud', v. t. to play or im- 
pose upon : to deceive. 

deluge, del'uj, n. a great overflow of 
water : a flood, esp. that in the days of 
Noah. — v. t. to inundate. 

delusion, de-lu'zhun, n. the act of 
deluding: the state of being deluded. 

demagnetize, de-mag'net-iz, v. t. to 
deprive of magnetic power. 

demagog. Variant spelling of dema- 
gogue. 

demagogue, dem'a-gog, n. a leader of 
the people: a popular and factious 
orator. 

demand, de-mand', v. t. to claim: to 
ask earnestly or authoritatively: to call 
for: to question. — n. the asking for what 
is due: an asking for with authority: 
a claim : earnest inquiry. 

demarcation, demarkation, de-mark- 
a'shun, n. the act of marking off or 
setting bounds to : division : a fixed limit. 

demean, de-men', v. t. to conduct 
(with self) : to behave. — n. demeanor. 

demean, de-men', v. t. to make mean : 
to lower. 

dement, de-ment', v. t. to drive crazy, 
render insane. — p. a. dement'ed, out of 
one's mind : insane. 

dementia, de-men'shi-a, n. general 
mental enfeeblement. 

demerit, de-mer'it, n. ill-desert: fault: 
crime : a mark noting deficiency. 

demesne, de-men', n. any estate in 
land. [A form of domain.] 

demi-, dem'i, pfx. half, as in demi- 
god. [Fr. demi, half — L. dimidius.] 

demigod, dem'i-god, n. half a god: 
one whose nature is partly divine. 

demijohn, dem'i- j on, n. a glass bottle 



with a full body and narrow neck, in- 
closed in wicker-work. 

demise, de-mlz', n. death, esp. of a 
distinguished person: a transfer of an 
estate to a successor. — v. t. to send down 
to a successor: to bequeath by will. 

demi-semiquaver, dem'i-sem'i-kwa- J 
ver, n. (mus.) a note equal in time to J 
the half of a semiquaver. 3 

demit, de-mit', v. t. to relinquish: to 
resign. * [See demise.] 

demiurge, dem'i-urj, n. the maker of 
the world. 

demi-volt, dem'i-volt, n. a half-turn 
of a horse, the forelegs being raised. 

democracy, de-mok'ra-si, n. a form 
of government in which the supreme 
power is vested in the people collectively, 
and is administered by them or by 
officers appointed by them: the people: 
(D-) the Democratic party. — n. dem'o- 
crat, one who adheres to or promotes 
democracy as a principle. 

demography, de-mog'ra-fi, n. vital 
#nd social statistics, as applied to the 
study of nations and races. 

demoiselle, dem-wa-zel', n. a young 
lady. [Fr.] 

demolish, de-mol'ish, f. to destroy, 
lay in ruins, to ruin. 

demology, de-mol'o-ji, n. same as 
demography: the theory of the origin 
and development of nations. 

demon, de'mon, n. an evil spirit, a 
devil, a spirit: — fern, de'moness. — adjs. 
demo'niac; demom'acal, pertaining to 
or like demons or evil spirits : influenced 
by demons. 

demonetize, de-mon'e-tiz, v. to divest 
of value as money. — n. demonetiza'tion. 

demonstrate, de-mon'strat, v. t. to 
show or point out clearly : to prove with 
certainty. 

demoralize, de-mor'al-Tz, v. t. to cor- 
rupt in morals : to deprive of spirit and 
confidence : to throw into confusion. 

demulcent, de-mul'sent, a. soothing. 

demur, de-mer', v. i. to hesitate: to 
object. — n. a stop: pause, hesitation. — ns. 
demur'rage, an allowance made for un- 
due delay or detention of freight; de- 
mur'rer, one who demurs : (law) a plea 
in law that, even if the opponent's facts 
are as he says, they yet do not support 
his case. 

demure, de-mur', a. sober; staid; 



demy 



mote, move; mute; then. 



depot 



137 



modest : affectedly modest : making a 
show of gravity. — adv. demurely. 

demy, de-mi', n. a size of paper 21 by 
16 in. [Fr. demi, half.] 

den, den, n. the hollow lair of a wild 
beast : a kind of pit : a haunt of vice. 

denature, or denaturize, de-na'ture, v. 
t. to render unnatural. Denatured alco- 
hol, alcohol rendered unfit for beverage 
or medicinal purposes, valuable as cheap 
fuel for engines, etc. 

dendrite, den'drit, n. a mineral. 

denial, de-nl'al, n. act of denying or 
saying no : contradiction : refusal. 

denim, den'im, n. a colored twilled 
fabric for overalls, etc. 

denizen, den'i-zn, n. an inhabitant. 

denominate, de-nom'in-at, v. t. to give 
a name to: to call — n. denomination, 
act of naming : a name or title : a collec- 
tion of individuals called by same name : 
a sect. — a. denominational. 

denote, de-not', v. t. to note or mark 
off : to indicate by a sign : to mean. 

denouement, da-no'mon, n. the un- 
raveling of a plot or story : the issue. 

denounce, de-nowns', v. t. to inform 
against or accuse publicly. 

dense, dens, a. thick, close, compact: 
impenetrably stupid. — adv. densely.- 

dent, dent, n. a small hollow made 
by pressure or a blow. — v. t. to make a 
mark by means of a blow. 

dental, den'tal, a. belonging to the 
teeth: produced by the aid of the teeth. 

dentate, -d, den'tat, -ed, a. toothed: 
notched: set as with teeth. 

denticle, den'ti-kl, n. a small tooth. 

dentrifice, den'ti-fris, n. a substance 
used in rubbing or cleaning the teeth. 

dentin, dentine, den'tin, n. the sub- 
stance of which the tooth is formed. 

dentist, den'tist, n. one who remedies 
diseases of the teeth, or inserts artificial 
teeth. 

dentoid, den'toid, a. tooth shaped. 

denude, de-nud', v. t. to make nude 
or naked: to lay bare. — n. denuda'- 
tion. 

denunciate, de-nun'shi-at, v. t. same 
as denounc e. — ns. denunciation 
(-shi-a'-), an}^ formal declaration: act of 
denouncing: a threat. 

deny, de-ni', v. t. to gainsay or declare 
not to be true: to reject. 



deodorize, de-o'dor-iz, v. t. to take 
the odor or smell from. 

deontology, de-on-tol'6-ji, n. the 
science of duty, ethics. 

deoxidate, de-oks'i-dat, v. t. to take 
oxygen' from, or reduce from the state 
of an oxid — also deoxidize. 

depart, de-part', v. t. to go away : to 
quit or leave : to die. 

department, de-part'ment, n. a part or 
portion: a separate part of business or 
duty : a section of the administration. 

depend, de-pend', v. i. to hang down: 
to be sustained by or connected with 
anything: to be pending: to rely: to 
rest. — a. dependable, that may be de- 
pended on. — a. depend'ent, depending, 
relying on, contingent, relative. — n. a 
subordinate : a hanger-on. 

depict, de-pikt', v. t. to paint care- 
fully: to make a likeness of: to describe. 

depilate, depl-lat, v. t. to remove the 
hair from. — ns. depila'tion, depilatory. 

deplete, de-plet', v. t. to empty, re- 
duce, exhaust— n. deple'tion. 

deplore, de-plor', v. t to feel or ex- 
press deep grief for. — a. deplor'able. 

deploy, de-ploy', v. t. to unfold: to 
open out or extend. — v. i. to open: to 
extend from column into line. 

depolarize, de-polar-Tz, v. t. to de- 
prive of polarity. — n. depolarization. 

deponent, de-po'nent, a. (gram.) ap- 
plied to verbs with a passive form but 
an active signification. — -n. one who 
makes a deposition, esp. under oath. 

depopulate, de-pop'u-lat, v. 't. to de- 
prive of population. — n. depopulation. 

deport, de-port', v. t. to transport, to 
exile : to behave. 

depose, de-poz', v. t. to remove from 
a high station: to degrade: to strip: to 
attest. 

deposit, de-poz'it, v. t. to put or set 
down : to place : to lay up or past : to 
intrust. — n. that which is deposited or 
put down : something intrusted to 
another's care, esp. money put in a 
bank: a pledge. 

deposition, dep-o-zish'un, n. act of de- 
posing or of deponing: declaration, tes- 
timony taken authoritatively: removal: 
act of depositing: what is deposited. 

depot, de'po, or dep'6, n. a place of 
deposit : a storehouse : a military station : 
a railroad station. 



138 deprave fate, far; me, her; mine; desolate 

deprave, de-prav', v. t. to make bad dervish, der'vish, n. a Mohammedan 
or worse: to corrupt. — n. deprava'tion, monk: a Sudanese fanatic, 
act of depraving: state of being de- descant, des'kant, v. i. to discourse at 
praved: depravity. length: to comment. 

deprecate, dep're-kat,"z/. t to try to descend, de-send', v. i. to climb down : 
ward off by prayer : to regret deeply. to pass from a higher to a lower place 

depreciate, de-pre'shi-at, v. t. to lower or condition : to fall upon or invade : to 
the worth of: to undervalue: to dis- be derived. — v. t. to go down upon: to 
parage. — v. i. to fall in value. — n. depre- go to the bottom of. — n. descend'ant, 
cia'tion, the falling of value. one who descends, as offspring from an 

depredate, dep're-dat, v. t. to plunder ancestor. — a. descend'ent, going down: 
or prey upon: to rob: to lay waste: to proceeding from an ancestor, 
devour. describe, de-skrib', v. t. to trace out 

depress, de-pres', v. t. to press down : or delineate : to give an account of. 
to let down: to lower: to humble: to description, de-skrip'shun, n. act of 
dispirit or cast a gloom over. — p. a. describing : an account in words : def- 
depressed', pressed down : lowered : inition : sort, class, or kind. — a. descrip'- 
humbled : dejected: dispirited. tive, containing description. 

deprive, de-priv', v. t. to take away descry, de-skri', v. t to discover by 
from : to dispossess : to bereave. the eye : to espy. 

depth, depth, n. deepness : the measure desecrate, des'e-krat, v. t to divert 
of deepness down or inwards: a deep from a sacred purpose: to profane, 
place: the sea: the middle, as depth of desert, de-zert', n. the reward or pun- 
winter : abstruseness : extent of sagacity, ishment deserved : claim to reward. 

depute, de-put', v. t. to appoint or desert, de-zert', v. t. to leave: to for- 
send, as a substitute or agent: to make sake. — v. i. to run away: to quit a 
over (one's powers) to another. service, as the army, without permission. 

derange, de-ran j', v. t. to put out of desert, dez'ert, a. deserted: desolate: 
place or order : to disorder. uninhabited : uncultivated. — n. a desolate 

derelict, der'e-likt, a. forsaken : aban- or barren place : a wilderness : a solitude, 
doned. — n. anything forsaken. deserve, de-zerv', v. t. to earn by 

deride, de-rid', v. t. to laugh at : to service : to merit. — v. i. to be worthy of 
mock. reward. — a. deserv'ing, worthy. 

derision, de-rizh'un, n. act of derid- deshabille, des-a-bil', n. an undress: 
ing : mockery : a laughing-stock. a careless toilet. — Also dishabille. 

derive, de-riv', v. t. to draw from, as desiccate, de-sik'at, or des'i-kat, v. t. 
water from a river: to take or receive to dry up. — v. i. to grow dry> 
from a source: to infer: (ely.) to trace desiderate, de-sid'er-at, v. t to long 
a word to its root. — a. deriv'able. for. — a. desid'erative, implying desire. 

derm, derm, n. the skin — also der'ma; design, de-zin', v. t. to draw : to form 
der'mis. — adjs. der'mal; der'mic; der- a plan of: to contrive: to intend. — n. a 
mat'ic, pertaining to the skin. drawing or sketch: a plan in outline: 

derogate, der'o-gat, v. i. to lessen by plot: intention, 
taking away : to detract. — n. deroga'tion, desire, de-zir', v. t. to long for the 
a taking from: detraction: depreciation, possession of: to wish for: to request, 
— a. derog'atory, detracting: injurious, ask. — v. i. to be in a state of desire. 

derrick, der'ik, n. an apparatus with desist, de-sist', v. i. to stop: to for- 
tackle for lifting weights : #^ bear. 

the framework over an oil- .> j&m desk, desk, n. a piece of furniture for 
well. [From Derrick, the ^^rn\ ^ e use °* WI *i ters or readers, often 
name of a hangman in the ** j( II \ fitted with drawers, etc. : a writing-box. 
early part of the 17th cen- ig I J desman, des'man, n. a kind of musk- 

tury.] l&i rat ' * oun d m Russia andthe Pyrenees. 

derringer, der'in-jer, n. a ^mlr desmology, des-mol'o-ji, n. the anat- 

large-bored pistol, with one *}$ n omy of the ligaments, 

barrel — from the inventor, . desolate, des'o-lat, v. t. to make soli- 

an American. Derrick Crane. tary . to d e p r i ve of inhabitants : to lay 



despair 



mote, move: mute: then. 



devastate 



139 



waste. — a. solitary: destitute of inhab- 
itants : laid waste. 

despair, de-spar', v. i. to be without 
hope : to despond. — n. want of hope : 
utter hopelessness : that which causes 
despair. — p. a. despair'ing, apt to de- 
spair: full of despair. 

despatch, de-spach', dispatch, dis- 
pach', v. t. to send away hastily : to 
send out of the world : to put to death : 
to dispose of : to perform speedily. 

desperado, des-per-a'do, n. a des- 
perate fellow : one reckless of danger. 

desperate, des'per-at, a. in a state of 
despair: hopeless: beyond hope: fearless 
of danger : rash : furious. 

despicable, des'pi-ka-bl, a. deserving 
to be despised : contemptible : worthless. 

despise, de-spiz', v. t. to look down 
upon with contempt: to scorn. 

despite, de-spit', n. a looking down 
upon with contempt. — prep, in spite of: 
notwithstanding. — a. despite'ful. 

despoil, de-spoil',, v. t. to spoil com- 
pletely: to strip: to bereave: to rob. 

despond, de-spond', v. i. to lose hope 
or courage: to despair. 

despot, des'pot, n. one invested with 
absolute power: a tyrant. 

dessert, dez-ert', n. fruits, confections, 
etc., served at the close of meals, etc. 

destine, des'tin, v. t. to ordain or ap- 
point to a certain use or state — ns. des- 
tination, purpose or end to which any 
thing is destined or appointed : place to 
which one is going ; des'tiny, purpose or 
end to which a person or thing is des- 
tined or appointed : unavoidable fate. 

destitute, des'ti-tiit, a. left alone : 
forsaken : in want, needy. 

destroy, de-stroy', v. t. to pull down: 
to overturn : to ruin : to put an end to. 

destroyer, de-stroy'-er, n. a speedy 
naval vessel designed specially to de- 
stroy torpedo boats. 

destruction, de-struk'shun, n. act of 
destroying: overthrow: ruin: death. 

desudation, des-u-da'shun, n. a violent 
sweating: an eruption of small pimples. 

desuetude, des'we-tud, n. disuse: dis- 
continuance of custom, habit, or practice. 

desultory, des'ul-tor-i, a. jumping 
from one thing to another: rambling. 

detach, de-tach', v. t. to unfasten : to 
take from or separate : to withdraw : to 
send off on special service. 

detail, de-taT, v. t. to relate minutely? 



to set apart for a particular service. — n. 
(de-tal', or de'tal) a small part: an 
item : a particular account. — a. detailed'. 

detain, de-tan', v. t. to hold from or 
back : to stop : to keep : to keep in 
custody. 

detect, de-tekt', v. t. (lit.) to uncover 
— hence to discover: to find out. — n. de- 
tection, discovery of something hidden. 

detention, de-ten'shun, n. act of de- 
taining: state of being detained: con- 
finement : delay. 

deter, de-ter', v. t. to frighten from : 
to hinder or prevent. 

deterge, de-terj', v. t. to cleanse (as 
a wound). 

deteriorate, de-te'ri-o-rat, v. t. to 
make worse v. i. to grow worse. 

determine, de-ter'min, v. t. to put 
terms or bounds to : to limit : to influ- 
ence : to put an end to : to define. — v. i. 
to come to a decision : to resolve. — n. 
determination, that which is deter- 
mined or resolved on : end : direction to 
a certain end. 

deterrent, de-ter'ent, a. serving to 
deter. — n. anything that deters. 

detersion, de-ter'shun, n. act of cleans- 
ing. 

detest, de-test', v. t. to hate intensely. 
— a. dttest'able, worthy of being de- 
tested : abominable. — adv. detest'ably. 

dethrone, de-thron', v. t. to remove 
from a throne. — n. dethrone'ment. 

detonate, det'o-nat, v. i. to explode. 
— v. t. to cause to explode. — ns. detona'- 
tion, an explosion with report. 

detour, de-tor', n. a winding : a cir- 
cuitous way. 

detract, de-trakt', v. t. to take away, 
abate : to defame. — v. i. to take away 
reputation (with from'): to diminish. — 
— n. detrac'tion, depreciation: ^slander. 

detrain, de-tran', v. t. to set down out 
of a railway train, as troops. — v. i. to 
come out of a train. 

detriment, det'ri-ment, n. diminu- 
tion : damage : loss. — a. detrimental. 

detritus, de-tri'tus, n. an aggregate 
of broken or loosened fragments, esp. 
of rock. — n. detri'tion, a wearing away. 

deuce, dus, n. a card or die with two 
spots. 

deuce, dus, n. the devil — in exclama 
tory phrases. — a. deuced (du'sed), 
devilish : excessive. — adv. confoundedly. 

devastate, dev'as-tat, v. t. to lay 



140 develop fate, far; me, her; mine; diamantiferous 

waste: to plunder. — n. devastation, act dextrine, deks'trin, n. starch altered 

of devastating. by the action of acids, diastase, or heat. 

develop, de-vel'op, v. t to unroll : dhow, dow, n. a native African vessel . 

to unfold : to lay open by degrees : to diabetes, dl-a-be'tez, n. a disease 

promote the growth of: (phot.) to make marked by a morbid and excessive dis- 

(the latent picture) visible by chemical charge of^ urine. 

applications. — v. i. to grow into : to diablerie, diablery, di-ab-le-re', n. 

open out: to evolve. — n. development, magic: sorcery. [Fr., — diable, devil] 

a gradual unfolding or growth, # diabolic, -al, di-a-bol'ik, -al, a. dev- 

deviate, de'vi-at, v. i. to go from the ilish. x 

way: to turn aside: to err. — v. t. to _ diacaustic, di-a-kaws'tik, a. pertain- 

cause to diverge. ing to curves formed by the intersec- 

device, de-vis', n. that which is de- tions of rays of refracted light, 

vised or designed: contrivance: power diacoustic, di-a-kows'tik, a. pertain- 

of devising: genius. ing to the refraction of sound. 

devil, dev'l, v. t. (cook.) to season _ diacritic, -al, di-a-krit'ik, -al, a. dis- 

highly and broil. tinguishing between — used of marks or 

devil, dev'l, n. the supreme spirit of points attached to the letters of various 

evil, Satan: any evil spirit: a very languages. 

wicked person: a fellow, as in 'poor diactinic, dl-ak-tin'ik, a. capable of 

devil', an expletive. transmitting the actinic rays of the sun. 

devious, de'vi-us, a. from or out of diadem, di'a-dem, n. a. fillet worn as 

the way: roundabout: erring. a badge of royalty: a crown. 

devise, de-vlz', v. t. to imagine: to diaglyph, di'a-glif, n. an intaglio, 

scheme : to contrive : to give by will : _ diagnosis, di-ag-no'sis, n. the dis- 

to bequeath. — v. i. to consider, scheme, tinguishing of a disease by means of its 

devoid, de-void', *. destitute: free symptoms: a brief description, 

from. diagometer, di-a-gom'e-ter, n. a form 

devoir, dev-wawr', n. duty: an act of of electroscope, 

civility. [Fr.,— L. debere, to owe.] diagonal, dl-ag'o-nal, a. through the 

devolution, dev-ol-u'shun, n. a pass- corners, or from an angle to an opposite 

ing from one person to another. an ^ le of a four " or many-sided figure. 

devolve, de-volv', v. t. to hand down: diagram, di'a-gram, n. a figure or 

to deliver over.— v. i. to fall or pass P lan drawn to illustrate any statement : 

over a record traced by an automatic mdi- 

devote, de-v5t' s v. t to vow: to set cator.-w. di'agraph, an instrument for 
apart or dedicate by solemn act: to enabling unskilled persons to draw 
doom: to give up wholly.-*, devot'ed, ob ^ c s $ ? utlme - . . , 
given up, as by a vow: doomed: strongly . dl t a J> £ al, n an instrument for show- 
attached: zealous.-***/, devot'edly. mg the time of day by the sun s shadow: 

devour, de-vowr', v. t to sw ; ilow a timepiece: the face of a watch, clock, 

greedily : to eat up: to destroy: to gaze g d f a f- diVlek . f 

intently on.-n. devour er. language peculiar to a district: a 

devout de-vowt, a pious: solemn: peculiar manner of speaking. 

earnest.-a^. devout ly dialectic, -al, di-a-lek'tik, -al, a. per- 

dew, du, n. moisture deposited from taining to dialect or to dialectics : logical, 

the air on cooling, esp. at night: early diallage, di'al-aj, n. a mineral nearly 

freshness. — v. t. to wet with dew. allied to augite. 

dewlap, du'lap, n. the pendulous skin dialogue, di'a-log, n. conversation 
under the throat of oxen, dogs, etc. between two or more persons. 
t dexter, deks'ter, a. on the right-hand dialysis, di-al'i-sis, n. (chem.) the 
side: right. — n. dexter'ity, right-handed- separation of substances by diffusion 
ness: cleverness: readiness and skill: through a membranous septum or par- 
adroitness. — adjs. dex'terous, dex'trous, tition: dieresis: dissolution, 
right-handed: adroit: subtle. — adv. dex'- diamantiferous, di-a-man-tif'er-us, *. 
terously. yielding diamonds. [Fr. diamantifere.] 



diameter 



mote, move; mute; thtn. 



difficult 141 




diameter, di-am'e-ter, n. the measure 
through or across. 

diamond, dl'a-mond, n. the most val- 
uable of all gems, and the hardest of all 
substances : a four-sided figure with two 
obtuse and two acute angles. 

dianoetic, di-a-no-et'ik, a. capable of 
thought. 

diapason, di-a-pa'zon, n. a whole 
octave : a harmony : correct pitch : the 
foundation-stop of an organ. 

diaper, di'a-per, n. linen cloth woven 
in figures, used 
for towels and 
napkins : a form 
of decorative 
work in architec- 
ture consisting of 
a floral or geo- 
metric pattern in 
low relief. [O. Fr. 
diaspre,diapre.] Diaper Work. ^ 

diaphanous, di-af'a-nus, a. shining 
or appearing through, transparent, clear. 

diaphoretic, di-a-f o-ret'ik, a. promoting 
perspiration. 

diaphragm, di'a-fram, n. a thin par- 
tition 'or dividing membrane : the midriff. 

diarchy, dl'ar-ki, n. government by 
two persons. 

diarrhea, diarrhoea, di-a-re'a, n. a 
persistent purging or looseness of the 
bowels. 

diarthrosis, di-ar-thro'sis, n. free 
arthrosis. [Gr.] 

diary, di'a-ri, n. a daily record. 

diastase, di'as-tas, n. a ferment de- 
veloped during the germination of all 
seeds. 

diastasis, di-as'ta-sis, n. (surg.) sep- 
aration of bones without fracture. [Gr.] 

diastole, di-as'to-le, n. dilation of the 
heart, auricles, and arteries. 

diathermal, di-a-ther'mal, a. letting 
heat through. 

diatribe, di'a-trib, n. an invective 
harangue. 

dib, dib, v. i. to dip, as in angling. 

dice, pi. of die, 2. — v. i. to play with 
dice. 

dichotomy, dl-kot'o-mi, n. a division 
into two parts. 

dichromatism, di-kro'ma-tizm, n. 
(zool.) the quality of presenting two 
different colors or systems of coloration, 
as at different seasons. — a. dichromatic. 



dicker, dik'er, n. petty trade. — v. I to 
haggle. 

dicky, dickey, dik'i, n. a seat for 
servants at the back of a carriage: a 
false shirt front. 

diclinic, di-klin'ik, a. {crystal.) hav- 
ing two of the intersections of the axes 
oblique. 

dicotyledon, dl-kot-i-le'don, n. a 
plant having two seed-lobes. 

dictate, dik'tat, v. t. to tell another 
what to say or write : to communicate 
with authority: to point out: to com- 
mand. — n. an order, rule, or direction : 
impulse. 

diction, dik'shun, n. manner of speak- 
ing or expressing : choice of words. 

dictionary, dik'shun-a-ri, n. a book 
containing the words of a language al- 
phabetically arranged, with their mean- 
ings, etymology, etc. 

dictum, dik'tum, n. an authoritative 
saying: — pi. dic'ta. [L.] 

did, did, didst, didst, pa. t. of do. 

didactic, -al, di-dak'tik, -al, a. fitted 
or intended to teach: instructive. 

diddle, did'l, v. t. to cajole, swindle. 

dido, di'do, n. (slang) an antic, caper : 
a clever trick. 

diduction, di-duk'shun, n. separation 
by withdrawing one part from the other. 

die, di, v. i. to lose life : to perish : to 
wither : to languish : to become insensi- 
ble : — pr. p. dy'ing; pa. t. and pa. p. died. 

die, di, n. a small cube used in gam- 
ing by being thrown from a box : any 
small cubical body : hazard : — pi. dice. 

die, di, n. a stamp for impressing coin, 
etc.: the cubical part of a pedestal. 

diegesis, di-e-je'sis, n. (rhet.) recital 
of facts. [Gr.] 

dieresis, di-er'e-sis, n. a mark (ii) 
placed over one of two vowels to show 
that it is to be pronounced separately, 
as aerial, zoology. — Also diaeresis. 

diet, dl'et, n. mode of living, with 
especial reference to food : food pre- 
scribed by a physician : allowance of 
food. — v. t. to furnish with food. 

diet, di'et, n. the chief national council 
in several countries in Europe. 

differ, difer, v. i. to be unlike, distinct, 
or various : to disagree (with from,, 
with) : to fall out, dispute (with). 

difficult, difi-kult, a. not easy: hard 
to be done: requiring labor and pains: 



142 diffident fate, far; me, her; mine; diopside 

hard to please. — n. difficulty, laborious- diligent, dil'i-jent, a. steady and 

ness: obstacle: objection: that which earnest in application: industrious. — n. 

cannot be easily understood or believed, dil'igence, steady application: industry. 

diffident, dif'i-dent, a. distrustful of dill, dil, n. an umbelliferous annual, 

oneself : modest : bashful. — n. diffidence, the seeds used in medicine. 

diffract, dif-frakt', v. t. to break or dilly-dally, dil'i-dal'i, v. i. to loiter, 

separate into parts, as rays of light. trifle. [Colloq.] 

diffuse, dif-uz', v. t. to pour out all dilogy, dil'6-ji, n. repetition: inten- 

round: to scatter: to circulate: to pub- tional ambiguity. 

lish. — v. i. to spread. — pa. p. and a. dif- dilute, dil-ut', v. t. to make thinner 

fused', spread widely : loose. or more liquid : to diminish the strength 

diffuse, dif-us', a. diffused: widely of by mixing, esp. with water, 

spread: wordy: not concise. dim, dim, a. not bright or distinct: 

dig, dig, v. t. to excavate : to turn up, obscure : mysterious. — v. t. to make 

as earth: to cultivate with a spade: to dark: to obscure. — v. i. to become dim. 

poke or thrust, as spurs into a horse. — dime, dim, n. a U. S. coin=the tenth 

v. i. to till the ground: to occupy oneself part of a dollar, 10 cents. 

in digging: to study hard: — pr. p. dig'- dimension, di-men'shun, n. usually in 

ging; pa. t. and pa. p. dug. pi, measure in length, breadth, and 

digest, di-jest', v. t. to dissolve in the thickness: extent: size. — a. dimen'sional. 

stomach : to soften by heat and moisture : dimidiate, di-mid'i-at, a. divided into 

to distribute and arrange: to classify in halves. 

the mind: to think over. — v. i. to be diminish, di-min'ish, v. t. to make 

dissolved in the stomach : to be softened less : to take a part from : to degrade. — 

by heat and moisture. — n. digestibil'ity. v. i. to grow or appear less : to subside. 

digest, di'jest, n. a compilation, diminution, dim-in-u'shun, n. a. les- 

abridgment, or summary. sening: degradation. — a. dimin'utive, of 

digit, dij'it, n. a finger or toe: any a diminished size: small: contracted. — 

one of the nine numbers : the twelfth n. (gram.) a word formed from another 

part of the diameter of the sun or moon, to express a little one of the kind. 

dignify, dig'ni-fi, v. t. to invest with dimity, dim'i-ti, n. a kind of figured 

honor: to exalt: — a. dig'nified, marked cotton cloth, 

with dignity : exalted : noble : grave. dimorphism, "' di-mor'fizm, n. the 

dignity, dig'ni-ti, n. the state of being property of crystallizing in two forms, 

dignified: elevation: grandeur of mien: dimple, dim'pl, n. a small hollow: a 

preferment : high office. small natural depression in the face. 

digraph, di'graf, n. two letters ex- din, din, n. a loud continued noise.— 

pressing but one sound, as ph in di- v. t. to assail (the ears) with noise. 

graph. dine, din, v. i. to take dinner. — v. t. 

digress, di-gres', v. i. to step aside or to give a dinner to. 
go from the main subject ding, ding, v. i. to ring, keep sound- 
dike, dik, n. a trench, or the earth mg.—v. t. to reiterate to a wearisome 
dug out and thrown up : a ditch. degree.— n. ding'-dong, the sound of bells 

dilapidate, di-lap'i-dat, v. t. to lay ringing: monotony: sameness, 

waste : to suffer to go to ruin. dinghy, dingy, dingey, ding'gi, n. the 

dilate, di-lat', v. t. to enlarge : the op- smallest ship's boat, 

posite of contract.— v. i. to widen: to dingy, din'ji, a. of a_ dim or dark 

swell out: to speak at length. color: dull: soiled.— ^. din'giness. 

dilatory, dil'a-tor-i, a. slow: given to dinner, din'er, n. the chief meal of 

procrastination: tending to delay. the day: a feast. 

dilemma, di-lem'a, n. a position where dint, dint, n. a blow or stroke: the 

each of two alternative courses (or of mark of a blow, dent: force: power, 

all the feasible courses) is eminently un- diocese, di'6-ses, n. the circuit or 

desirable: a trying practical difficulty, extent of a bishop's jurisdiction. 

dilettante, dil-et-an'te, n. a dabbler in diopside, di-op'sid, n. 2, variety of pyr- 

art, science, or literature. oxene. [Gr., dia, through, opsis } 2, view.] 



dioptase 



mote, move; mute; then. 



disappear 143 




dioptase, dl-op'tas, n. emerald copper 
ore. 

diopter. See under dioptric. 

dioptric, -al, dl-op'trik, -al, *■ per- 
taining to 
dioptrics. — ns. 
diop'ter, an 
ancient form 
of theodolite: 
the index-arm 
of a graduated' 
circle: in 
optics, the 
unit equal to 
one meter di- 
vided by the 
focal distance 

of a lens ; Transverse section of Dioptric 
Hinn'trir*; the System, showing rays of light 
aiop rricb, me passing through the dioptric 
part 01 OptlCS lenses, a, b, c, in parallel lines, 
which treats assisted by reflection from the 
O f refracted dioptric spherical mirror, a,d,c, 

light. 

diorama, di-6-ra'ma, n. an exhibition 
of pictures, illuminated, and viewed 
through an opening in the wall of a 
darkened chamber. 

diorite, di'o-rit, n. a -variety of trap- 
rock. fe 

diosmosis, di-oz-mo'sis, n. the trans- 
fusion of a liquid through a membrane. 

dioxid, di-oks'id, n. an oxid contain- 
ing one equivalent of oxygen to two 
of a metal. 

dip, dip, v. t. to drive or plunge into 
any liquid for a moment: to lower and 
raise again (as a flag) : to baptize by 
immersion. — v. i. to sink: to enter 
slightly: to look cursorily: to incline 
downwards. — n. inclination downwards. 

diphtheria, dif-the'ri-a, n. a throat 
disease in which the air-passages be- 
come impeded. — a. diphtheritic. 

diphthong, dif'thong, n. two vowel 
sounds pronounced as one syllable. 

diploma, di-plo'ma, n. a writing con- 
ferring some honor or privilege, as a 
university degree, etc. 

diplomacy, di-pld'ma-si, n. the art of 
negotiation, esp. between nations : po- 
litical skill. — adjs. diplomatic, -al, per- 
taining to diplomacy. 

diplopia, dip-lo'pi-a, n. double vision. 

dipper, dip'er, n. one who dips : a 
large ladle: (D-) one of two constel- 
lations : a diving bird. 



dipsomania, dip-s6-ma'ni-a, n. a mor- 
bid craving for alcoholic stimulants. 

Diptera, dip'ter-a, n. pi. two-winged 
insects or flies. 

dire, dir, a. dreadful: calamitous in 
a high degree. — (poet.) dire'ful. 

direct, di-rekt', a. quite straight: 
straightforward: in the line of descent: 
outspoken : sincere : unambiguous : un- 
sophisticated in manner. — v. t. to keep 
or lay quite straight : to point or aim 
straightly or correctly: to point out the 
proper course to: to guide: to order: to 
mark with the name and residence of 
a person. — v. i. to act as director. — 
n. direc'tion, aim at a certain point : the 
line or course in which anything moves : 
guidance : command : the body of per- 
sons who guide or manage a matter: 
the written name and residence of a 
person. — adv. directly, in a direct 
manner: without intermediary: imme- 
diately (in time and otherwise). . 

dirge, derj, n. a funeral' song or hymn. 

dirigible, dir'i-ji-bl, a. that can be di- 
rected or steered. 

dirk, derk, n. a dagger or poniard. 

dirt, dert, n. any filthy substance, such 
as dung, mud, etc. : loose earth. — v. t. to 
make dirty. — adv. dirt'ily. — n. dirt - 
iness. — a. dirt'y, foul, filthy: un- 
clean in thought or conversation : despic- 
able : mean. — v. t. to soil with dirt. 

disable, dis-a'bl, v. t. to deprive of 
power : to weaken : to disqualify. 

disabuse, dis-ab-iiz', v. t. to unde- 
ceive : to set right. 

disadvantage, dis-ad-vant'aj, n. want 
of advantage: loss: injury. — a. disad- 
vantageous, attended with disadvant- 
age : unfavorable. 

disaffect, dis-af-fekt', v. t. to take 
away the affection of : to make discon- 
tented or unfriendly. — pa. p. and a. dis- 
affect'ed, ill-disposed, disloyal. 

disaffirm, dis-af-ferm', v. t. to deny. 

disagree, dis-a-gre', v. i. to differ or 
be at variance : to dissent : to quarrel : 
to prove unsuitable or a source of an- 
noyance. — a. disagree'able, not agree- 
able : unpleasant : offensive. 

disallow, dis-al-low', v. t. not to al- 
low : to refuse permission to : to deny 
the authority of: to reject. 

disappear, dis-ap-per', v. i, to vanish 
from sight. — n. disappearance, a ceas- 
ing to appear : removal from sight, flight. 



144 disappoint 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



discord 



disappoint, dis-ap-point', v. t. to frus- 
trate of what is appointed : to deprive 
of what one expected. — p. adjs. disap- 
pointed, balked: frustrated; disap- 
pointing, causing disappointment. 

disapprobation, dis-ap-pro-ba'shun, 
n. censure : dislike. 

disapprove, dis-a-prov', v. t. to re- 
gard as bad or blameworthy (usually 
followed with of) : to reject. 

disarm, dis-arm, v. t. to deprive of 
arms : to render defenseless : to quell : to 
deprive of the power to hurt: to re- 
duce to a peace footing. — v. i. to dis- 
band troops, reduce national arma- 
ments to a peace footing. 

disarrange, dis-ar-ranj', v. t. to undo 
the arrangement of: to disorder: to de- 
range. — n. disarrangement. 

disarray, dis-ar-ra', v. t to break the 
array of. 

disassociate, dis-as-so'shi-at, v. t. to 
disconnect things associated. 

disaster, diz-as'ter, n. an adverse or 
unfortunate event : a great and sudden 
misfortune : calamity. — a. disas'trous, 
calamitous, ruinous : gloomy : foreboding. 

disavow, dis-a-vow', v. t. to disclaim 
knowledge of, sanction of, or connec- 
tion with : to disown : to deny. 

disband, dis-band', v. t. to break up: 
to disperse, esp. of troops. — v. i. to 
break up. — n. disband'ment. 

disbar, disbar', v. t. to expel (a law- 
yer) from the bar. 

disbark, dis-bark', v. t. to disembark. 

disbelieve, dis-be-lev', v. t. to refuse 
belief or credit to: to deny the truth 
of. — ns. disbelief, disbeliev'er. 

disburden, dis-ber'dn, v. t. to unbur- 
den or rid of a burden : to free. 

disburse, dis-bers', v. t. to pay out. — 
n. disburse'ment, a paying out: that 
which is paid out. 

discard, dis-kard, v. t. and v. i. to throw 
away, as not needed or not allowed by the 
game, said of cards : in whist, to throw 
down a (useless) card of another suit 
when one cannot follow suit and can- 
not or will not trump : to cast off : to 
discharge: to reject. — n. the act of dis- 
carding. 

discern, diz-ern', v. t. to distinguish 
clearly by the eye or understanding: to 
judge (sometimes with between). 

discharge, dis-charj', v. t. to free 
from a load or charge : to unload or re- 



move, as cargo : to set free : to acquit : 
to dismiss : to fire, as a gun : to let out 
or emit : to perform, as duties : to pay, 
as an account. — n. act of discharging or 
of being discharged. — n. discharg'er. 

disciple, dis-i'pl, n. one who follows 
or believes in the doctrine of another. 

discipline, dis'i-plin, n. instruction : 
training, or mode of life in accordance 
with rules: subjection to control: order: 
severe training: mortification: punish- 
ment. — v. t. to subject to discipline: to 
train: to educate: to bring under con- 
trol : to chastise. — n. disciplinarian, one 
who enforces strict discipline. 

disclaim, dis-klam', v. t. to renounce 
all claim to : to refuse to acknowledge 
or be responsible for: to reject. 

disclose, dis-kloz', v. t. to unclose: 
to open: to lay open: to bring to light: 
to reveal. — n. discld'sure, act of disclos- 
ing: a bringing to light or revealing. 

discolor, dis-kul'ur, v. t. to take away 
color from: to change or to spoil the 
natural color of : to alter the appear- 
ance of: to mark with other colors, to 
stain: to dirty, disfigure. — n. discolora- 
tion, act of discoloring: state of being 
discolored: stain. — p. a. discol'ored. 

discomfit, dis-kum'fit, v. t. to discon- 
cert, to balk: to defeat or rout. 

discomfort, dis-kum'furt, n. want of 
comfort : uneasiness : pain. — v. t. to de- 
prive of comfort: to make uneasy: to 
pain: to grieve. 

discommode, dis-kum-od', v. t. to in- 
commode. 

disconcert, dis-kun-sert', v. t. to dis- 
turb : to frustrate : to defeat : to put out 
of countenance. 

disconnect, dis-kun-ekt', v. t. to sep- 
arate or disjoin (with from). — p. a. dis- 
connected, separated: loosely united, 
as of a discourse. — n. disconnection. 

disconsolate, dis-kon'so-lat, a. with- 
out consolation or comfort: hopeless. 

discontent, dis-kun-tent', a. not con- 
tent: dissatisfied: ill-humored. — n. want 
of content: dissatisfaction. — v. t. to de- 
prive of content. 

discontinue, dis-kun-tin'u, v. t. to 
cease to continue : to put an end to : to 
leave off: to stop. — v. i. to cease: to be 
separated from. 

discord, dis'kord, n. disagreement, 
strife : difference or contrariety of qual- 



discount mote, move; mute; then. dishonest 145 

ities: a combination of inharmonious disembark, dis-em-bark', v. t. to 

sounds. — v. i. discord', to disagree. land : to take out of a ship. — v. i. to quit 

discount, dis'kownt, n. a deduction a ship: to land, 

from a price or from a bill : an allow- disembogue, dis-em-bog', v. t. and 

ance for prompt or advanced payment : v. i. to discharge at the mouth, as a 

a deduction for interest in buying com- stream. 

mercial paper. — v. t. discount', to allow disembowel, dis-em-bow'el, v. t. to 

discount on : to advance money on, de- take out the bowels of : to tear out the 

ducting discount: to put a reduced inside of. — n. disembow'elment. 

value on, as an extravagant statement disenchant, dis-en-chant', v. t. to free 

or fabulous story. from enchantment, to disillusionize. 

discountenance, dis-kown'ten-ans, v. disencumber, dis-en-kum'ber, v. t. to 

t. to refuse countenance or support to : free from encumbrance : to disburden, 

to discourage. — n. cold treatment: dis- disengage, dis-en-gaj', v. t. to free 

approbation. from being engaged: to separate: to set 

discourage, dis-kur'aj, v. t. to take free: to release. — n. disengage'ment. 

away the courage of : to dishearten : to disentail, dis-en-tal', v. t. to break the 

dissuade from: to seek to check by entail of (an estate): to divest, 

showing disfavor to. disentangle, dis-en-tang'gl, v. t. to 

discourse, dis-kors', n. speech or Ian- free from entanglement or disorder: to 

guage generally : conversation : a trea- unravel : to disengage or set free, 

tise : a sermon. — v. i. to talk or converse : disfavor, dis-fa'ver, n. want of fa- 

to reason : to treat formally. — v. t. to vor : displeasure : dislike. — v. t. to dis- 

utter or give forth. — a. discours'ive. approve: to oppose. 

discourteous, dis-kert'yus, a. want- disfigure, dis-fig'ur, v. t. to spoil the 

ing in good manners: uncivil: rude. figure of: to change to a worse form: 

discous, disk'us, a. disk-like: broad. to spoil the beauty of: to deform. 

discover, dis-kuv'er, v. t. to uncover : disfranchise, dis-f ran'chiz, v. t. to de- 

to lay open or expose : to exhibit : to prive of a franchise, or of rights and 

make known : to find out : to espy. privileges, esp. that of voting. 

discredit, dis-kred'it, n. want of disgorge, dis-gorj', v. t. to discharge 

credit : bad credit : ill-repute : disgrace, from the throat : to vomit : to throw out 

— v. t. to refuse credit to, or belief in: with violence: to give up. 

to deprive of credibility. disgrace, dis-gras', n. state of being 

discreet, dis-kret', a. having discern- out of grace or favor, or of being dis- 

ment: wary: circumspect: prudent. honored: cause of shame: dishonor. 

discrepancy, dis-krep'an-si, n. dis- disgruntle, dis-grun'tl, v. t. to disap- 

agreement, variance of facts or senti- point, disgust. — a. disgrun'tled, ren- 

ments. dered sulky. 

discretion, dis-kresh'un, n. quality of disguise, dis-giz', v. t. to change the 
being discreet : prudence : liberty to act guise or appearance of : to conceal by 
at pleasure. dress, etc. : to intoxicate. — n. a dress in- 
discriminate, dis-krim'i-nat, v. t to tended to conceal the wearer. 
note the difference between: to distin- disgust, dis-gust', n. loathing: strong 
guish: to select from others. — v. i. dislike. — v. t. to excite disgust in: to 
to make a difference or distinction. offend the taste of: to displease. 

discursive, dis-ker'siv, a. roving, de- dish, dish, n. a plate: a vessel in 

sultory : intellectual, rational. which food is served : the food in a 

discuss, dis-kus', v. t. to examine in dish: a particular kind of food. — v. t. 

detail: to debate: to sift. to put in a dish, for table: (coll.) to 

disdain, dis-dan', v. t. to think un- outwit, to defeat, 

worthy: to reject as unsuitable: to dishearten, dis-hart'n, v. t to deprive 

scorn. — n. a feeling of scorn or aver- of heart, courage, or spirits : to discour- 

sion: haughtiness. — a. disdain'ful. age: to depress. 

disease, diz-ez', n. a disorder or want dishevel, di-shev'el, v. t. to disorder, 

of health in mind or body: perverted as the hair. — v. i. to spread in disorder, 

function: ailment: cause of pain. dishonest, dis-on'est, a. not honest: 
10 



146 dishonor fate, far; me, her; mine; disperse 

wanting integrity : disposed to cheat : in- dismast, dis-mast', v. t. to deprive of 

sincere. a mast or masts. 

dishonor, dis-on'er, n. want of honor: dismay, dis-ma', v. t. to terrify: to dis- 

disgrace : shame : reproach. — v. t. to de- courage. — n. loss of strength and courage 

prive of honor: to disgrace: to cause through fear. 

shame to : to seduce : to degrade : to re- dismember, dis-mem'ber, v. t. to 

fuse the payment of, as a check or draft, divide member from member : to sepa- 

disillude, dis-il-lud', v. t. to free from rate a limb from the body: to disjoint. 

illusion. — n. disillu'sion, a freeing from dismiss, dis-mis', v. t. to send away: 

illusion: state of being disillusionized, to despatch: to discard: to remove 

disinclination, dis-in-kli-na'shun, n. from office or employment: (law) to 

want of inclination: unwillingness. — reject, to put out of court, to discharge. 

v. t. disincline', to turn away inclina- dismount, dis-mownt', v. i. to come 

tion from: to excite the dislike or down: to come off a horse. — v. t. to 

aversion of. — a. disinclined'. throw or bring down from any elevated 

disinfect, dis-in-fekt', v. t. to free place, 

from infection : to purify from infec- disobedient, dis-o-be'di-ent, a. neg- 

tious germs. lecting or refusing to obey. 

disingenuous, dis-in-jen'u-us, a. not disobey, dis-o-ba', v. t. to neglect or 
ingenuous: not frank or open: crafty. refuse to obey or do what is corn- 
disinherit, dis-in-her'it, v. t. to cut off manded. 
from hereditary rights. disoblige, dis-o-bllj', v. t. to offend 

disintegrate, dis-in'te-grat, v. t. to by an act of unkindness or incivility: 

separate into integrant parts : to break. to injure slightly. — a. disoblig'ing, not 

disinter, dis-in-ter', v. t. to take out obliging : unaccommodating : unkind: 

of a grave : to bring from obscurity into disorder, dis-or'der, n. want of order : 

view. — n. disinterment. confusion: disturbance: breach of the 

disinterested, dis-in'ter-est-ed, a. not peace: disease. — v. t. to throw out of 

influenced by private feelings or consid- order : to disarrange : to disturb, 

erations : impartial : unselfish, generous. disorganize, dis-or'gan-iz, v. t. to 

disjoin, dis-join', v. t. to separate destroy the organic structure of: to 

what has been joined.— £\ t. disjoint', to break up the union of: to disorder, 

put out of joint: to separate united parts disown, dis-6n', v. t. to refuse to own 

of : to break the natural order or rela- or acknowledge as belonging to oneself, 

tions of. — p. a. disjoint'ed, incoherent. disparage, dis-par'aj, v. t.to dishonor 

disjunct, dis-jungkt', a. disjoined. — a. by comparison with what is inferior: to 

disjunct'ive, disjoining: tending to sepa- talk slightingly of. — n. disparagement. 

rate: (gram.) uniting sentences but dis- disparity, dis-par'i-ti, n. inequality: 

joining the sense, or marking an adverse unlikeness. 

sense n. a word which disjoins. dispassion, dis-pash'un, n. freedom 

disk, disc, disk, n. any flat round from passion : a calm state of mind, 

object or growth. dispel, dis-pel', v. t. to drive away: to 

dislike, dis-lik', v. t. to be displeased make disappear: to banish, 

with: to disapprove of: to have an dispensable, dis-pens'a-bl, a. that may 

aversion to. — n. disinclination : aversion, be dispensed, or dispensed with 

dislocate, dis'lo-kat, v. t. to displace: dispensation, dis-pen-sa'shun, n. the 

to put out of joint. act of dispensing or dealing out: the 

dislodge, dis-loj', v. t. to drive from method of God's dealing whh his 

a lodgment. — n. dislodg'ment. creatures : license or permission to 

disloyal, dis-loi'al, a. not loyal: false: neglect a rule. — a. dispens'atory, grant- 
faithless: treacherous. ing dispensation. 

dismal, diz'mal, a. gloomy: dreary: dispense, dis-pens', v. t. to deal out 

sorrowful : depressing. — adv. dis'mally. in portions : to distribute : to administer. 

dismantle, dis-man'tl, v. t. to strip: disperse, dis-pers', v. t. to scatter in 

to deprive of furniture, fittings, etc., so all directions : to spread : to diffuse : to 

as to render useless : of a fortified town, drive asunder : to cause to vanish. — v. i. 

to raze the fortifications. to separate : to spread abroad : to vanish. 



dispersion 



mote, move; mute; then. 



dissonant 



147 



dispersion, dis-per'shun, n. a scatter- 
ing, or state or being scattered. 

dispirit, dis-pir'it, v. t. to dishearten: 
to discourage. — p. a. dispir'ited, dejected. 

displace, dis-plas', v. t. to put out of 
place: to disarrange: to remove from a 
state, office, or dignity. 

display, dis-pla', v. t to unfold or 
spread out: to exhibit: (print.) to make 
prominent by large type, wide spacing, 
etc. — n. exhibition : ostentatious show. 

displease, dis-plez', v. t. to offend: to 
make angry in a slight degree: to be 
disagreeable to. — v. i. to raise aversion. 

displeasure, dis-plezh'vir, n. the feel- 
ing of one who is offended: anger: 
cause of irritation. 

disport, dis-port', v. t and v. i. usually 
reflexive, to divert, amuse, enjoy one- 
self: to move to gaiety. 

dispose, dis-poz', v. t to arrange: to 
distribute: to apply to a particular 
purpose : to make over by sale, gift, etc. : 
to bestow: to incline. — n. dispos'al, the 
act of disposing : order : arrangement. 

disposition, dis-po-zish'un, n. arrange- 
ment: disposal: natural tendency. 

dispossess, dis-poz-zes', v. t. to put 
out of possession. 

dispraise, dis-praz', n. blame: re- 
proach: dishonor. — v. t. to blame. 

disproof, dis-prof, n. a disproving. 

disproportion, dis-pro-por'shun, n. 
want of proportion, symmetry, or suit- 
ableness of parts : inequality. 

disprove, dis-prov', v. t. to prove to 
be false or not genuine: to refute. 

dispute, dis-put', v. t. to make a sub- 
ject of argument: to contend for: to 
oppose by argument: to call in question. 

disqualify, dis-kwol'i-fi, v. t. to de- 
prive of the qualities necessary for any 
purpose : to make unfit- 
disquiet, dis-kwl'et, tt. want of quiet: 
uneasiness, restlessness : anxiety. — v. t. 
to render unquiet: to make uneasy. 

disquisition, dis-kwi-zish'un, n. a care- 
ful inquiry into any matter by argu- 
ments, etc.: an essay. — a. disquis'itive. 

disregard, dis-re-gard', v. t. to pay no 
attention to. — n. want of attention. 

disrelish, dis-rel'ish, v. t. not to relish : 
to dislike the taste of: to dislike. 

disremember, dis-re-mem'ber, v. t. 
(prov.) not to remember, to forget. 

disrepute, dis-re-put', n. ill-character: 
discredit. — a. disrep'utable. in h^d re- 



pute: disgraceful. — adv. disrep'utably. 

disrespect, dis-re-spekt', n. want of 
respect: discourtesy: incivility. 

disrobe, dis-rob', v. t. to undress. 

disrupt, dis-rupt', ,v. t. to burst asunder, 
to break up. — n. disrup'tion, the act of 
breaking asunder : breach. 

dissatisfactory, dis-sat-is-fak'tor-i, a. 
causing dissatisfaction. 

dissatisfy, dis-sat'is-fi, v. t. not to 
satisfy: to displease. — a. dissat'isfied. 

dissect, dis-sekt', v. t. to cut asunder: 
to cut into parts for the purpose of 
minute examination: to divide and ex- 
amine: to analyze and criticize. 

disseize, dis-sez', v. t. to dispossess 
wrongfully. — ns. disseiz'in, disseiz'or. 

dissemble, dis-sem'bl, v. t. to put an 
untrue semblance upon: to disguise: to 
conceal. — v. i. to assume a false appear- 
ance : to play the hypocrite. 

disseminate, dis-sem'i-nat, v. t. to 
sow or scatter abroad. 

dissent, dis-sent', v. i. to think differ- 
ently : to disagree in opinion : to differ 
(with from). — n. the act of dissenting: 
difference of opinion. 

dissertate, dis'er-tat, v, i. to dis- 
course. — n. disserta'tion, a formal dis- 
course: a treatise. 

dissimilar, dis-sim'i-lar, a. not similar : 
unlike in any respect. 

dissimulate, dis-sim'u-lat, v. t. to 
pretend the contrary of: to pretend 
falsely: to conceal. — v. i. to practise 
dissimulation, play the hypocrite. 

dissipate, dis'i-pat, v. t. to scatter: 
to squander: to waste. — v. i. to separate 
and disappear: to waste away: (coll.) 
to be dissolute in conduct. 

dissociate, dis-so'shi-at, v. t. to sepa- 
rate from a society or company: to dis- 
unite: to separate. — n. dissociation. 

dissoluble, dis'ol-ii-bl, or dis-zol'- 
ii-bl, a. dissolvable. — n. dissolubility. 

dissolve, di-zolv', v. t. to loose 
asunder : to separate or break up : to 
put an end to : to melt : to destroy, as 
by fire. — v. i. to break up : to waste 
away: to crumble: to melt. — a. diss'o- 
lute, loose, esp. in morals : lewd : licen- 
tious. — adv. diss'olutely. — ns. dissolute- 
ness; dissolution, the breaking up of 
an assembly : a melting : decomposition. — 
a. dissolv'able. — n. dissolv'ent, a solvent 
having the power to melt. 

dissonant, dis'o-nant, a. without con- 



148 



dissuade 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



diversion 



cord or harmony: disagreeing. — n. diss'- 
onahce, disagreement of sound: want of 
harmony. 

dissuade, dis-swad', v. t. to advise 
against : to succeed in persuading not to. 

dissyllable, dis-sil'a-bl, n. a word of 
only two syllables. — a. dissyllabic. 

distaff, dis'taf, n. the stick which holds 
the bunch of flax, tow, or wool in spin- 
ning. 

distal, dis'tal, a. (anat.) at the end. 

distance, dis'tans, n. a space or 
interval between : remoteness : reserve of 
manner. — v. t. to place at a distance : to 
leave at a distance behind. [See distant.] 

distant, dis'tant, a. at a certain dis- 
tance : remote, in time, place, or connec- 
tion : indistinct : reserved in manner. 

distaste, dis-tast', n. aversion of 
taste: dislike of food: dislike: disgust. 

distemper, dis-tem'per, n. a morbid 
state of body or mind: disease, esp. of 
animals : ill-humor. 

distend, dis-tend', v. t. to stretch in 
all directions : to swell. — v. i. to swell. 

distil, distill, dis-til', v. i. to fall in 
drops : to flow gently : to use a still. — ■ 
v. t. to let or cause to fall in drops : 
to convert into vapor by heat, and then 
condense : to extract by evaporation and 
condensation, as spirit. 

distinct, dis-tingkt', a. separate: dif- 
ferent : well-defined : clear. — a. distinct- 
ive, marking or expressing difference. 

distinction, dis-tingk'shun, n. separa- 
tion or division : that which dis- 
tinguishes : difference : eminence : char- 
acteristic dignity and elegance of style : 
honorable treatment. 

distinguish, dis-ting'gwish, v. _ t. to 
mark off, set apart: to recognize by 
characteristic qualities : to make eminent 
or known. — v. i. to make or show dis- 
tinctions or differences. — a. distinguish- 
able. — p. a. distinguished, illustrious. 

distort, dis-tort', v. t. to turn a dif- 
ferent way : to pervert : to misrepresent. 

distract, dis-trakt', v. t. to confuse: 
to harass : to render crazy : to divert. 

distrain, dis-tran', v. t. to seize, esp. 
goods for debt. — v. i. to seize the goods 
of a debtor. — ns. distrainer, distrainer. 

distraught, dis-trawt', a. distracted. 

distress, dis-tres', n. extreme pain: 
that which causes suffering: calamity: 
misfortune : act of distraining goods. — 
v. t. to afflict with pain or suffering. 



distribute, dis-trib'ut, v. t. to divide 
amongst several : to deal out or allot : 
to classify: to give a logical term its 
fullest extension. 

district, dis'trikt, n. a portion of ter- 
ritory defined for political, judicial, edu- 
cational, or other purposes : a region. — 
v. t. to divide into districts. 

distrust, dis-trust', n. want of trust: 
want of faith or confidence : doubt. — v. t. 
to have no trust in : to disbelieve : to 
doubt. — a. distrust'ful, full of distrust. 

disturb, dis-terb', v. t. to throw into 
confusion : to agitate : to disquiet : to 
interrupt. — ns. disturbance, agitation. 

disunite, dis-u-nit', v. t. to separate 
what is united : to sever or sunder. 

disuse, dis-us', n. cessation of use or 
custom. — v. t. (dis-uz') to cease to use 
or practise. 

ditch, dich, n. a trench dug in the 
ground: any long narrow receptacle for 
water. — v. t. to dig a ditch in or around : 
to drain by ditches. 

ditto, dit'6, contracted do., n. the 
same thing. — adv. as before, or afore- 
said : in like manner. 

ditty, dit'i, n. a. song: a little poem. 

diuretic, di-ti-ret'ik, a. promoting the 
discharge of urine. 

diurnal, di-er'nal, a. daily : relating to 
or performed in a day. 

diva, de'va, n. a popular female singer. 

divagation, di-va-ga'shun, n. a digres- 
sion. 

divan, di-van', n. the Turkish council 
of state : a court or council-chamber : a 
sofa : a smoking-room. 

divaricate, di-var'i-kat, v. i. to part 
into two branches, to fork: to diverge. — 
v. t. to divide into two branches. — a. 
widely divergent, spreading apart. 

dive, div, v. i. to dip or plunge into 
water: to go headlong into a recess, 
forest, etc.: to plunge or go deeply into 
any matter. — n. a plunge into water: a 
swoop. 

diverge, di-verj', v. i. to incline or 
turn apart: to tend from a common 
point : to vary from the standard. 

divers, di'verz, a. sundry: several. 

diverse, di'vers, or div-ers\ a. dif- 
ferent: unlike: multiform: various. 

diversify, di-ver'si-fi, v. t. to make 
diverse or different: to give variety to. 

diversion, di-ver'shun, n. act of divert- 



diversity mote, move; mute; then. dog 149 

ing: that which diverts: amusement, dock, dok, n. a troublesome weed 

recreation. with large leaves and a long root. 

diversity, di-ver'si-ti, n. state of being dock, dok, v. t. to cut short : to cut 

diverse: difference: unlikeness : variety, off: to clip: to reduce: to deduct from. 

divert, di-vert', v. t. to turn aside : to — n. the part of a tail left after clipping, 

change the direction of : to amuse. dock, dok, n. an inclosure or artiiicial 

divest, di-vest', v. i. to strip or de- basin for the reception of vessels : a 

prive of anything. wharf: space between wharves: the place 

divide, di-vid', v. t. to part asunder : in court where the accused stands. — v. t. 

to part among, to allot, etc. : to set at to place in a dock, 

variance. — v. i. to part or open. docket, dok'et, n. a summary : a label 

dividend, div'i-dend, n. that which is or tag: a list or register of cases in 

to be divided: the share of a sum court. — v. t. to make a summary of: to 

divided that falls to each individual. enter in a book : to endorse the contents. 

divine, di-vln', a. belonging to or pro- doctor, dok'ter, n. one who has re- 

ceeding from God: holy: sacred: excel- ceived the highest degree in a faculty: 

lent in the highest degree. — n. a minister a physician : a medical practitioner. — v. 

of the gospel : a theologian. — v. t. to t. to treat as a doctor does : to repair : 

foresee or foretell: to guess or make out. to adulterate: to make alterations in: 

diving, div'ing, n. the action of the to falsify. — v. i. to take physic. 

verb to dive. — a. that dives. doctrinaire, doc'tri-nar, n. an unprac- 

divinity, di-vin'i-ti, n. godhead : the tical theorist, 

nature or essence of God: a celestial doctrine, dok'trin, n. a thing taught: 

being: theology. a principle of belief. — a. doc'trinal. 

division, di-vizh'un, n. act of dividing : document, dok'u-ment, n. a paper 

state of being divided: that which containing information or the proof of 

divides : a partition : a barrier : the anything. 

portion divided or separated: part of dodder, dod'er, n. a leafless parasitic 

an army : separation : difference in plant. 

opinion, etc. : -disunion : (arith.) the rule dodder, dod'er, v. t. or v. i. to shake, 

or process of finding how many times tremble. — p. a. dodd'ering, trembling. . 

one number is contained in another. dodecagon, do-dek'a-gon, n. a plane 

_ divorce, di-vors', n. the legal separa- % ure having twelve equal angles and 

tion of husband and wife : the decree by S1 des. 

which a marriage is dissolved. dodecahedron, do-dek-a-he'dron, n. 

divot, div'ot, n. a piece of turf. a s ° lld fig^e, having 

divulge, di-vulj', v. t. to spread , twelve ec l ual 1 bases ° r 

abroad : to make public : to reveal. f . ace . s - ~ ^ dodecahe - 

j:„..-i_: j: __;N#_i_ .. __^ _r a; dral. [Gr. dodeka, 




divulsion, di-vul'shun, n. act of pulling . 

asunder. ^} Ye > hedra > a base > a 

dizen, di'zn, or diz'n, v. t to dress S1 d e o J dgej dojj v • tQ 

gaumiy. start aside Qr shift 

. dlzz Iv dlzl ' a - glddy: C01 ^sed: caus- about . to evade or use Dodecahedron . 

ing giddiness.— v. t. to make dizzy: to mean tricks . to quibb i e ._ t , t . to evade 

confuse by a sudden shift of place: to trick.— n. 

do, do, v. t. to perform : to bring an evasion : a trick.— n. dodg'er, one 

about or effect : to accomplish or finish : w ho dodges : a handbill 

to prepare: to put or bring into any doe, do, n. the female of the deer, 

form or state : to cheat, swindle.— v. i. doer, do'er, n. one who does anything, 

to act or behave:— pr p. doing; pa. t. does, duz, 3d pers. sing. pres. indie, 

did; pa. p. done (dun). f do. 

do, do, v. i. to fare or get on, as to doff, dot", v. t. to take off : to rid one- 
health : to succeed: to suffice: to suit or self of. [A contr. of do off.] 
avail, as in 'This will do.' dog, dog, n. a domestic quadruped of 

docile, dos'il, a. teachable : ready to the genus Canis : a mean scoundrel : a 

learn: easily managed.—;*, docil'ity. term of contempt: an andiron: an iron 



150 doge fate, far; me, her; mine; Doric 

hook for holding logs of wood. — a. male private : tame : not foreign. — n. a house- 

(opposed to bitch), as in dog-fox, dog- servant: (pi.) articles of home manu- 

ape. — v. t. to follow as a dog : to follow facture, esp. home-made cotton cloths. 

and watch constantly. domicile, dom'i-sil, n. a house : an 

doge, doj, n. formerly 'the chief mag- abode: a man's legal place of residence. 

istrate in Venice and Genoa. — v. t. to establish a fixed residence, 

dogged, dog'ed, a. surly : sullen : ob- dominant, dom'in-ant, a. prevailing : 

stinate. predominant. — n. (mus.) the fifth note 

doggerel, dog'er-el, n. irregular or of the scale in its relation to the first 

worthless verses. — a. irregular in rhythm, and third. — n. dominance. 

mean. dominate, dom'in-at, v. t. to be lord 

dogma, dog'ma, n. a settled opinion : over : to govern : to prevail over, to be 

a principle or tenet : a doctrine laid down the chief feature of. — n. domination, 

with authority. — adjs. dogmat'ic, -al, government : absolute authority : tyranny. 

pertaining to a dogma: asserting posi- domineer, dom-in-er', v. i. to rule ar- 

tively : overbearing. — adv. dogmatically, bitrarily : to be overbearing. 

— n. dogmatics, systematic theology. dominie, dom'i-ne, n. (Scot.) a school- 

doily, doi'li, n. a small napkin. master, a tutor: (colloq.) a clergyman. 

doings, do'ingz, n. pi. things done, dominion, do-min'yun, n. sovereignty: 

events : proceedings : behavior. highest power and authority : control. 

doit, doit, n. a small coin : a trifle. domino, dom'i-no, n. a long cloak with 
doldrums, dol'drumz, n. pi. (naut.) a hood, used at masked balls, also the 

those parts of the ocean where calms person wearing such : one of the pieces 

and baffling winds prevail: low spirits, with which the game of dom'inoes 
dole, dot, v. t. to deal out in small (-noz) is played. 

portions. — n. a share: something _ given don, don, n. a Spanish title, corres- 

in charity. [A doublet of deal, to divide.] ponding to English Sir: (Eng.) a college 
dole, dol, n. pain: grief. — a. dole'ful, authority: (coll.) a swell, adept. 

full of dole or grief: melancholy. don, don, v. t. to put on: to assume. 

doll, dol, n. a puppet or toy baby for donation, do-na'shun, n. act of giv- 

a child. ing: a gift. — v. t. donate', to present as 

dollar, dol'er, n. the standard mone- a gift. — n. don'ative, a gift : a gratuity. 

tary unit of the United States and Can- done, dun, pa. p. of do, often with 

ada, containing ioo cents. sense f utterly exhausted: so done 

dolly, dol'i, n. dim. of doll. U p. 

dolman, dol'man, n. a woman's sleeve- donjon, dun'jun, n. a strong central 

less cloak: a hussars jacket. tower in ancien t castles. 

dolmen dolmen, n a natural stone donk dong'ke, n. the ass. 

table, usually a prehistoric structure. , , A -, -p ' j n „„+ 

dolomite, dol'o-mit, n. a magnesian *> n *> d ° nt - F ? r /° no - A 

limestone doom, dom, n. judgment: condemna- 

dolor, do'lor, n. pain: grief: anguish, tion: destiny: ruin: final judgments. 

-a. dol'orous, doleful. • to Pronounce J udgmen ton: to sen- 

dolphin, dol'fin, n. an animal of the ten f- to condemn.-a. doomed, under 

whale kind, closely resembling the por- sentence. 

„ j se door, dor, n. the usual entrance into 

doit, dolt, n. a dull or stupid fellow, a house, room, or passage : the wooden 
dom, dom, n. the Portuguese form of frame on hinges closing up the entrance: 

D on a means of approach or access. 

domain, do-man', n. an estate : terri- dope, dop, n. any thick liquid used as 

tory: ownership of land: scope or range a lubricant, axle-grease: any absorbent 

of any branch of knowledge. material holding a thick liquid, as cotton- 

dome, dom,' n. a structure raised above waste : (slang) any stupefying com- 

a roof, usually hemispherical: a large pound, sporting information, etc. 

cupola.— v. t to furnish with a dome. Doric, dor'ik, a. denoting a Greek or- 
domestic, do-mes'tik, a. belonging to der of architecture, distinguished by%sm> 

the house: remaining much at home: plicity and solidity. 



dormant 



mote, move; mute; then. 



down 151 



sleeping : at 




dormant, dor'mant, a. 
rest : in a sleeping pos- 
ture: (archit.) leaning. — 
n. dor'mancy, quiescence. 
— ns. dor'mer-win'dow, a 
vertical window on the == apSF 
sloping roof of a house; 
dor'mitory, a large sleep- Dormer-window 
ing-chamber with many beds. 

dormy, dormie, dor'mi, a. (golf) as 
many holes ahead as there remain holes 
to be played. 

dorsal, dor'sal, a. pertaining or be- 
longing to the back. — adv. dor'sally. 

dose, d6s, n. quantity of medicine to 
be taken at one time: a portion. — v. t. 
to give in doses : to give anything naus- 
eous to. 

dossal, dos'sal, n. a cloth hanging, of 
various colors at various festivals, for 
the back of an altar and the sides of the 
chancel of a church. — Also dos'sel. 

dosser, dos'er, n. a rich hanging of 
tapestry for the walls of a hall or of a 
chancel: a pannier. 

doss-house, dos'-hows, n. (Eng. slang) 
a very cheap lodging-house. — n. doss'er, 
one who lodges in a doss-house. 

dost, dust, 2d pers. sing. pres. indie, 
of do. 

dot, dot, n. any small mark made with 
a pen or sharp point. — v. t.to mark with 
dots: to diversify with objects. — v. i. to 
form dots. 

dotation, do-ta'shun, n. the act of be- 
stowing a dowry on a woman : an en- 
dowment. — n. dot, a marriage portion. 

dote, dot, v. i. (arch.) to be stupid or 
foolish: to be weakly affectionate: to 
show excessive love — formerly also spelt 
doat. — ns. dot'age, a doting: childish- 
ness of old age: excessive fondness; 
dot'ard, one showing weakness. 

doth, duth, 3d pers. sing. pres. indie. 
of do 

dottle, dot'l, n. a plug, esp. the to- 
bacco at the bottom of a pipe. 

double, dub'l, a. twofold: twice as 
much: of extra weight, size, or quality: 
in pairs : acting two parts, insincere. 

double, dub'l, v. t. to multiply by two : 
to be the double of: to fold: to repeat: 
to clench : to pass round or by. — v. i. to 
increase to twice the quantity : to turn 
sharply back on one's course. — n. twice 
as much: a duplicate: an actor's substi- 
tute: a quick pace (short for double- 



quick) : one's exact counterpart: a trick. 

doublet, dub'let, n. a duplicate : a 
pair : an upper garment. 

doubloon, dub-loon', n. an obsolete 
Spanish gold coin. [Sp. doblon.] 

doubt, dowt, v. i. to waver in opinion : 
to be uncertain : to hesitate : to suspect : 
to believe with fear or hesitation. — v. t. 
to hold in doubt: to distrust. 

doubt, dowt, n. uncertainty of mind: 
suspicion : fear : a thing doubted or ques- 
tioned. — a. doubt'ful, full of doubt: un- 
determined : not clear : not secure. 

douce, dos, a. (obs.) sweet: (Scot.) 
sober, peaceable, sedate. — n. douceur 
(do-ser'), something intended to 
please, a present or a bribe. 

douche, dosh, n. a jet of water direct- 
ed upon the body. 

dough, do, n. a mass of flour or meal 
moistened and kneaded, but not baked. 

doughty, dow'ti, a. able, strong: 
brave. — adv. dough'tily. 

dour, dor, a. (Scot.) obstinate: bold. 

douse, dows, v. t. to plunge into wa- 
ter. — v. i. to fall suddenly into water. 

douse, dows, v. t. to strike : to strike 
or lower, as a sail. — n. a heavy blow. 

douse, dows, v. t. to put out, extin- 
guish (esp. in the slang douse the glim. 

dove, duv, n. a pigeon (esp. in comp., 
as ringdove, turtledove, etc.) : a word of 
endearment: an emblem of innocence, 
gentleness, etc. 

dovetail, duv'tal, n. a mode of fas- 
tening boards together by fitting pieces 
shaped like a wedge or a 
dove's tail spread out 
(tenons) into correspond- 
ing cavities (mortises).^ — 
v. t. to fit together with 
tenons and mortises. 

dowager, dow'a-jer, n. a 
widow with a dower or. 
jointure: a title given to 
distinguish her from the 
wife of her husband's heir. 

dowdy, dow'di, a. untidy, carelessly 
dressed, soft and slack in habit. — n. an 
untidy woman. 

dowel, dow'el, n. a pin of wood or 
iron in the edge of a board for the 
purpose of fastening it to another board 
with a corresponding hole. — v. t. to fas- 
ten by means of such pins. 

down, down, n. the soft hair under 




Dovetailing. 



152 down 



fate, far;, me her; mine; 



draw 



the feathers of birds : the hairy cover- 
ing of the seeds of certain plants : any- 
thing which soothes or invites repose. 

down, down, n. a bank of sand 
thrown up by the sea (same as dune) : 
a treeless tract: (pi.) a tract of hilly 
land, used for pasturing sheep. 

down, down, adv. from a higher to a 
lower position : on the ground : from 
earlier to later times : from thick to thin, 
from large to small (to boil down, to 
cut down) : from more to less (to beat 
down a price). — prep, along a descent: 
from a higher to a lower position or 
state. — v. t. to knock down : to dispirit — 
also used as a kind of interjection, with 
get, go, come, kneel, etc., understood. — 
n. a tendency to be down upon, a grudge 
against : a descent, reverse of fortune : 
a low state. 

dowry, dow'ri, n. the property which 
a woman brings to her husband at mar- 
riage. 

doxology, doks-ol'o-ji, n. a hymn ex- 
pressing praise and honor to the Trin- 
ity. — a. doxolog'ical. 

doze, doz, v. i. to sleep lightly, or to 
be half asleep : to be in a dull or stupe- 
fied state. — v. t. to spend in drowsiness 
(with away). — n. a short, light sleep. 

dozen, duz'n, n. a collection of twelve 
articles. — a. doz'enth. 

drab, drab, n. a gray or dull-brown 
color. 

drabble, drab'l, v. t. to besmear with 
mud and water. 

draft, draught, draft, n. act of draw- 
ing: force needed to draw: anything 
drawn : a selection of men from an 
army, etc. : an order for payment of 
money : lines drawn for a plan : a rough 
sketch : the depth to which a vessel sinks 
in water: act of drinking: quantity 
drunk at a time: that which is taken in 
a net by drawing : a current of air. — 
v. t. to draw an outline of : to compose and 
write : to draw off : to detach. 

drag, drag, v. t. to draw by force : to 
draw slowly: to pull roughly and vio- 
lently; to explore with a drag-net or 
hook. — v. i. to hang so as to trail on the 
ground : to be forcibly drawn along : to 
move slowly and heavily. 

draggle, drag'l, v. t. or v. i. to make 
or become wet and dirty by dragging 
along the ground. 




dragon, drag'un, n. a fabulous winged 
serpent : the 
c o nstellation 
Draco: a 
fierce person: 
the flying liz- 
ard of the 
East Indies. 
— ns. drag'- 
onet, a little 
dragon; 
drag'on - fly, 
an insect Dragon, 

with a long body and brilliant colors. 

dragoon, dra-gon', n. a heavy cavalry- 
man. — v. t. to give up to the rage of 
soldiers: to compel by violent meas- 
ures. 

drain, dran, v. t. to draw off by de- 
grees : to filter: to clear of water by 
drains : to make dry : to drink dry : to 
exhaust. — v. i. to flow off gradually. — 
n. a watercourse: a ditch: a sewer: ex- 
hausting expenditure. 

drake, drak, n. the male of the duck. 

dram, dram, n. a unit of weight: a 
small quantity: a drink; i-i6th of an 
oz. avoirdupois. 

drama, dram'a, n. a story of human 
life and action represented by actors: 
a composition for the stage: dramatic 
literature. — adjs. dramat'ic, -al, belong- 
ing to or resembling the drama. 

drank, drangk, pa. t. of drink. 

draper, drap'er, n. one who deals in 
drapery or cloth. — v. t. drape, to cover 
with cloth. — n. drap'ery, cloth goods. 

drastic, dras'tik, a. active, powerful. 
— n. a medicine that purges quickly or 
thoroughly. — adv. dras'tically. 

draughts, drafts, n. pi. a game in 
which two persons make alternate 
moves on a checkered board. 

draw, draw, v. t. to pull along: to 
bring forcibly toward one : to entice, at- 
tract : to coax into giving information : 
to inhale: to take out: to evoke by 
some artifice: to extract by pulling: to 
cast lots : to extract the essence of : to 
eviscerate (hang, draw, and quarter) : 
to deduce : to lengthen : to extend to 
the full length, as a bow : to force to ap- 
pear : to receive : to demand money by 
a draft : to make a picture of, by lines 
drawn : to describe : to require a depth 
of water for floating. — v. i. to pull: to 
practise drawing: to move: to ap- 



drawing-room mote, move; mute; then. dromos 153 

proach : to have a free current (of a matter driven together, as snow : the 

chimney): — pa. t. drew (dro); pa. p. direction in which a thing is driven: a 

drawn. — n. the act of drawing: a drawn slow current caused by wind: leeway: 

or undecided game. the object aimed at: the meaning of 

drawing-room, draw'ing-rom, n. a words used: (geol.) detritus: (mining) 

room to which the company withdraws a horizontal excavation or passage. — 

after dinner. v. t. to drive into heaps, as snow. 

drawl, drawl, v. i. to speak in a slow, drill, dril, v. t. to bore, pierce: to 

lengthened tone. — v. t. to utter (wc y rds) make with a drill: to exercise soldiers, 

in a slow and sleepy manner. pupils, etc. : to sow seeds, etc., in rows. 

drawn, drawn, part, and a. from — w . an instrument for boring stone, 

draw, esp. in 'a drawn game or battle,' metal, or other hard substances, 

undecided. drilling, dril'ing, n. stout twilled 

dray, dra, n. a low, strong cart for li nen or cotton cloth.— Also drill. 

heavy goods.— ns. dray'age; dray 'man. drily, same as dryly. 

dread, dred, n. fear: awe: the ob- drink, dringk, v. t. to swallow, as a 

jects that excite fear.— a. dreaded: m- H qu id: to empty, as a glass, bowl, etc.: 

spirmg great fear or awe.-u t. to t0 take in through the senses.— v. i to 

regard with terror or reverence.— a. swa llow a liquid: to take intoxicating 

dreadful, producing great fear or awe: liquors to excess:— pr. p. drink'ing; pa. 

terrible; dread naughty a type of warship t drank; M ^ drunk.— n. something 

distinguished for its size. to be drunk: intoxicating liquor. 

dream, drem, n. a train of thoughts drip, drip, v. i. to fall in drops: to 

and fancies during sleep : a vision : let fall drops. — v. t. to let fall in drops : 

something only imaginary. — v. i. to — pr. p. drip'ping; pa. p. dripped. — n. a 

fancy things during sleep : to think falling in drops : that which falls in 

idly. — v. t. to see in, or as in, a dream, drops : the edge of a roof. 

drear, drer, dreary, drer'i, a. gloomy : drive, driv, v. t. to force along : to 
cheerless. — adv. drear'ily. hurry one on: to guide, as horses draw- 
dredge, drej, n. an instrument for ing a carriage: to convey or carry in a 
dragging: a drag-net for oysters, etc. carriage: to force in, as nails: to push 

dredge, drej, v. t. to sprinkle flour on briskly: to urge, as a bargain, etc.: to 

(meat) while roasting. compel: to send away with force, as a 

dregs, dregz, n. pi. sediment in ball: to chase (game) towards sports- 
liquor, the grounds: dross: the vilest men. — v. i. to press forward with vio- 
part of anything. lence: to be forced along, as a ship be- 

drench, drensh, v. t. to fill with fore the wind : to go in a carriage : to 

drink or liquid: to wet thoroughly: to tend towards a point: to strike at with 

soak: to physic by force. a sword, the fist, etc.: — pr. p. driv'ing; 

dress, dres, v. t. to put straight or in pa. t. drove; pa. p. driv'en. 

order, as troops : to put clothes upon : drivel, driv'l, v. i. to slaver like a 

to prepare : to cook : to trim : to deck : child : to be foolish : to speak like an 

to cleanse, as a sore : to manure. — v. i. idiot. — n. slaver : nonsense. 

to come into line: to put on clothes. — drizzle, driz'l, v. i. to rain in small 

n. the covering or ornament of the drops. — n. a small, light raim 

body: a lady's gown: style of dress. droll, drol, a. odd: amusing: laugh- 

drest, drest, pa. t. and pa. p. of dress, able. — n. one who excites mirth: a jest- 
drew, dro— -did draw — pa. t. of draw. er. — v. i. to practise drollery: to jest. 

drib, drib, v. t. to cut off in small por- dromedary, drum'e-dar-i, n. a thor- 

tions : to filch or steal. oughbred one-humped Arabian camel. 

dribble, drib'l, v. •j.-.to fall in small [Fr., — Low L. drome- 
drops : to drop quickly : to slaver. — v. t. darius- — Gr. dro mas, dro- 
to let fall in drops : to give out in small mados, running — dram- 
portion?,: at football, eta, to keep (the e.in, 2d aor. infin. of 
ball) moving forward little by little. trechein, to run.] 

drier, dri'er, n. that which dries. dromos, drom'os, n. 

drift, drift, n. a driving: a heap of a Greek race-course. — Dromedary 




154 drone fate, far; me, her; mine; dudgeon 

adjs. drom'ic, -al, pertaining to a race- drum: the tympanum or middle portion 
course., of the ear: (archit.) the upright part 

drone, dron, n. the male of the of a cupola: (mech.) a revolving cylin- 
honey-bee : one who lives on the labor der : formerly a large evening party. — 
of others. v. i. to beat a drum: to beat with the 

drone, dron, v. i. to make a low hum- fingers. — v. t. to drum out, to expel: to 
ming sound. summon. 

drool, drol, v. i. to slaver. drunk, drungk, pa. p. of drink. — p. a. 

droop, drop, v. i. to sink or hang intoxicated: saturated. — n. a drunken 
down : to grow weak or faint : to de- bout : a drunk person, 
cline. — v. t. to let sink. — n. a drooping druxy, druk'si, a. of timber, having 
position. — adv. droop'ingly. decayed spots concealed by healthy 

drop, drop, n. a small particle of wood, 
liquid which falls at one time: any- dry, dri, a. free from or deficient in 
thing hanging like a drop: a fall: a moisture or sap: not green: not giving 
trap in the gallows scaffold. — v. i. to fall milk : thirsty : uninteresting : frigid, pre- 
in small particles : to let drops fall : to cise : free from sweetness and fruity 
fall suddenly: to come to an end: to flavor (of wines, etc.). 
fall or sink lower. — v. t. to let fall in dryad, dri'ad, n. (Greek myth.) a 
drops : to let fall : to let go, dismiss, nymph of the woods : a forest-tree, 
break off, as an acquaintance : to utter dual, du'al, a. consisting of two.- 
casually: to write and send (a note) in dub, dub, v. t. to confer any name or 
an off-hand manner: to set down from dignity upon: to smooth with an adz: 
a carriage. to rub a softening and waterproof mix- 

dropsy, drop'si, n. an unnatural col- ture into, as leather. . 
lection of water in any part of the body. dubious, du'bi-us, a. doubtful : unde- 

dross, dros, n. the scum of metals termined:_ causing doubt: of uncertain 
when melting : waste matter : refuse . event or issue. 

drought, drowt, drouth, drowth, n. ducal, du'kal, a. pertaining to a duke, 
dryness : want of rain or of water. duchy, duch'i, n. the territory of a 

drove, drov, pa. t. of drive. — n. a duke, a dukedom. — n. duch'ess, the con- 
number of cattle, or other animals, sort or widow of a duke, 
driven. duck, duk, n. a kind of coarse cloth 

drown, drown, v. t. to drench or sink for small sails, sacking, etc. 
in water : to kill by placing under water : _ duck, duk, v. t. to dip for a moment 
to overpower: to extinguish. in water. — v. i. to dip. or dive: to lower 

drowse, drowz, v. i. to be heavy with the head suddenly: to cringe, yield. — n. 
sleep : to look heavy and dull. — v. t. a quick plunge, dip : a quick lowering of 
to make heavy with sleep: to stupefy, the head or body, a jerky bow. 

drub, drub, v. t. to beat or thrash.- duck, duk, n. any member of the 

drudge, druj, v. i. to work hard: to family Anatidce, with short webbed feet: 
do very mean work. — n. one who works the female bird of this kind as distin- 
hard: a slave: a menial servant. guished from the male drake: (coll.) a 

drug, drug, n. any substance used in darling, sweetheart, 
the composition of medicine: an article duct, dukt, n. a. tube conveying fluids 
that cannot be sold, generally owing to in animal bodies or plants, 
overproduction. — v. t. to mix or season ductile, duk'til, a. easily led : yielding : 
with drugs : to dose to excess. — v. i. to capable of being drawn out into threads, 
prescribe drugs or medicines. dud, dud, n. (coll.) in pi. poor or 

drugget, drug'et, n. a coarse woolen ragged clothes, tatters, 
fabric, used for covering carpets, etc. dude, dud, n. a fop or dandy. 

druid, dro'id, n. a priest among the dudeen, du-den', n. a short clay 
ancient Celts of Britain, Gaul, and Ger- tobacco-pipe, 
many. dudgeon, duj'un, n. resentment: 

drum, drum, n. an instrument of per- grudge, 
cussion, beaten with an instrument called dudgeon, duj'un, n. the haft of a dag- 
a drumstick: anything shaped like a ger: a small dagger. 



due 



mote, move; mute; then. 



dwarf 155 



due, du, a. owed: that ought to be 
paid or done to another : proper : ap- 
pointed, under engagement to be ready, 
arrive, etc. — adv. exactly: directly. — n. 
that which is owed: what one has a 
right to : perquisite : fee or tribute. 

duel, du'el, n. a prearranged combat 
between two persons : any fight or strug- 
gle between two parties: single combat 
to decide a quarrel. 

duet, du-et', duetto, du-et'o, n. a com- 
position in music for two voices or in- 
struments. — n. duet'tist. 

duffer, duf'er, n. a dull plodding 
person : a fogy, useless old fellow. 

dug, dug, pa. t. and pa. p. of dig. 

duke; duk, n. the highest order of 
English nobility: on the continent of 
Europe, a sovereign prince. 

dulcet, duls'et, a. sweet to the taste, 
or to the ear: melodious, harmonious. — 
v. t. dul'cify, to make sweet. 

dull, dul, a. slow of hearing, or of 
understanding : insensible : without life 
or spirit: slow of motion: drowsy: 
sleepy: sad: downcast: cheerless: not 
bright or clear : cloudy : dim, obscure : 
obtuse : blunt. — v. t. to make dull or 
stupid: to blunt: to damp: to cloud. — 
v. i. to become dull. 

duly, du'li, adv. properly: fitly: at 
the proper time. 

dumb, dum, a. without the power of 
speech : silent : soundless. 

dump, dump, v. t. to throw down: to 
unload: {print.) to remove type from 
the stick into the galley. — n. a thud. 

dump, dump, n. dullness or gloomi- 
ness of mind, ill-humor, low spirits — 
now only used in the pi. 

dumpling, dump'ling, n. a kind of 
thick pudding or mass of paste. 

dumpy, dump'i, a. short and thick. 

dun, dun, a. of a dark color, partly 
brown and black: dark. 

dun, dun, v. t. to demand a debt with 
vigor : to urge for payment. — n. one who 
duns : a demand for payment. 

dunce, duns, n. one slow at learning: 
a stupid person. 

dune, dun, n. a low hill of sand on 
the seashore. 

dung, dung, n. the excrement of 
animals: refuse litter mixed with excre- 
ment. — v. t. to manure with dung. 

dungeon, dun'jun, n. a close, dark 
prison: a cell under ground. 



Dunker, dungk'er, n. a member of a 
sect of German-American Baptists. 

dunlin, dun'lin, n. the red-backed 
sandpiper. 

dunnage, dun'aj, n. on shipboard, 
loose wood of any kind used to keep 
cargos steady: baggage. 

duo, du'o, n. a song in two parts. 

duodecimal, du-o-des'i-mal, a. com- 
puted by twelves : twelfth. 

dupe, duo, n. one easily cheated : one 
who is deceived or misled. — v. t. to^ de- 
ceive: to trick. 

duplex, du'pleks, a. twofold: do_uble. 
— adjs. du'pie, double: twofold; dupli- 
cate, double: twofold. — n. another thing 
of the same kind: a copy or transcript. 
— v. t. to double : to fold. 

durable, dur'a-bl, a. able to last or 
endure : hardy : permanent. 

dura mater, du'ra ma'ter, n. the ex- 
terior membrane of the brain and spinal 
column. 

durbar, der'bar, n. an audience-cham- 
ber: a reception or levee, esp. a recep- 
tion of native princes held by the 
viceroy of India. 

duress, dur'es, or dur-es', n. con- 
straint: imprisonment: constraint il- 
legally exercised. 

Durham, dur'am, n. one of a particu- 
lar breed of shorthorned cattle. 

during, du'ring, prep, for the time a 
thing lasts : in the course of. 

durst, derst, pa. t. of dare, to venture. 

dusk, dusk, a. darkish: of a dark 
color.— n. twilight: partial darkness: 
darkness of the color. 

dust, dust, n. fine particles of matter: 
a cloud of powdery matter present in 
the atmosphere : powder : earth : the 
grave, where the body becomes dust: 
a mean condition : gold-dust — hence 
money. — v. t. to free from dust: to 
sprinkle with dust. 

Dutch, duch, a. belonging to Holland 
or its people. 

duty, du'ti, n. that which is due: 
what one is bound by any obligation to 
do : obedience : military service : respect 
or regard: one's proper business: tax 
on goods. 

duvet, dii-va', n. a quilt of down. 

dwarf, dwawrf, n. an animal or plant 
that does not reach the ordinary height: 
a diminutive man. — v. t. to hinder from 
growing: to make to appear small. 



) 



156 dwelt fate, far; me, her; mine; eat 

dwell, dwel, v. i. to abide in a place: a powerful explosive agent, consisting 

to remain: to rest the attention: to of absorbent matter, as porous silica, 

continue long. saturated with nitro-glycerin. — v. t. to 

dwindle, dwin'dl, v. i. to grow less: blow up with dynamite, 

to waste away: to grow feeble: to be- dynamo, di'na-mo, n. a machine for 

come degenerate. — v. t. to lessen. generating electric currents. 

dye, di, v. t. to stain : to give a new dynamometer, din-am-om'e-ter, n. an 

color to: — pr. p. dye'ing; pa. p. dyed. — n. instrument for measuring power, 

color: tinge: stain: a coloring liquid. dynasty, di'nas-ti, or din'as-ji, n. a 

dying, di'ing, pr. p. of die. — a. des- succession of kings of the same family, 

tined for death: mortal: declining: dyscrasia, dis-kra'si-a, n. {path.) an 

occurring immediately before death, as altered condition of the blood and fluids 

dying words : pertaining to death. — n. of the system, 

death. dysentery, dis'en-ter-i, n. a form of 

dynameter, di-nam'e-ter, n. an in- disease accompanied by discharges from 

strument for measuring the magnifying the bowels. — a. dysenter'ic. 

power of a telescope. dyspepsia, dis-pep'si-a, n. a scientific 

dynamic, -al, di-nam'ik, -al, a. relat- term for indigestion. — n. dyspep'tic, a 

ing to force: relating to the effects of person afflicted with dyspepsia, 

forces in nature : casual. dysphoria, dis-fo'ri-a, n. impatience 

dynamite, di'na-mit or din'a-mit, n. under affliction, morbid restlessness. 



|EHa' e > e, the fifth letter in our own earnest, er'nest, n. money given in 

j p| and the cognate alphabets, with token of a bargain made : a pledge : first- 

mi four sounds — e in evil, i in £ng- fruits. 

land, u in the last syllable of Earth, erth, n. the name applied to 

eleven, Italian e in prey. the third planet in order from the sun: 

each, ech, a. every one in any num- (/. c.) the matter on the surface of the 

ber separately considered. globe : soil : dry land, as opposed to sea : 

eager, e'ger, a. excited by desire: ar- the world: the inhabitants of the world: 

dent to do or obtain: keen, severe. dirt:" dead matter: the human body: a 

eagle, e'gl, n. a name given to many fox's hole. — v. t. to hide or cause to 

birds of prey in the family Falconidce: hide in the earth: to bury. — v. i. to bur- 

a coin of the United States, worth ten row : to hide, 

dollars. ease, ez, n. freedom from pain or dis- 

ear, er, n. a spike, as of corn. — v. L to turbance : rest from work : quiet : free- 
put forth ears. dom from difficulty: naturalness. — v. t. 

ear, er, n. the organ of hearing, or to free from pain, trouble, or anxiety : 

the external part merely: the sense or to relieve: to calm. 

power of hearing: the faculty of dis- easel, ez'l, n. the frame on which 

tinguishing sounds: attention: anything painters support their pictures 

like an ear. v/hile painting. [Dut. ezel, or 

earl, erl, n. an English nobleman Ger. esel, an ass.] 

ranking between a marquis and a east, est, n. that part of the 

viscount : — fern, count'ess. — n. earl'- heavens where the sun first 

dom. shines or rises : one of the 

early, er'li, a. in good season: at or four cardinal points of^ the 

near the beginning of the day : relating compass. — a. toward the rising 

to the beginning: happening in the near of the sun. — adjs. east'ern, to- Easel. 

future. — adv. near the beginning: soon, ward the east: connected with the 

earn, ern, v. t. to gain by labor : to east : dwelling in the east, 

acquire: to deserve. — n. pi. earn'ings, Easter, est'er, n. a Christian festival 

what one has earned : money saved. commemorating the resurrection of 

earnest, er'nest, a. showing strong de- Christ held on the Sunday after Good- 
sire: determined: eager to obtain: in- Friday. 
tent: sincere: serious. — n. seriousness, eat, et, v. t. to chew and swallow: to 




eaves 



mote, move; mute; then. 



edit 157 



consume : to corrode. — v. i. to take food : 
pr. p. eat'ing; pa. t. ate (at or et) ; 
pa. p. eaten (etn). — a. eat'able, fit to be 
eaten. — n. anything used as food (chief- 
ly pi). 

eaves, evz, n. pi. the edge of a roof 
projecting over the wall: anything pro- 
jecting. — n. eaves'drop, the water 
which falls from the eaves of a house. 
— v. i. to stand under the eaves or near 
the windows of a house to listen: to 
listen for secrets. 

ebb, eb, n. the going back or retiring 
of the tide : a decline or decay. — v. i. 
to flow back: to sink: to decay. 

ebony, eb'on-i, n. a kind of heavy, 
hard wood, usually black, admitting of 
a fine polish. 

ebullient, e-bul'yent, a. boiling up or 
over : agitated : enthusiastic. 

ecbasis, ek'ba-sis, n. (rhet.) a figure 
in which the speaker treats of things 
according to their consequences. 

ecbole, ek'bo-le. n. (rhet.) a digres- 
sion: (mus.) the raising or sharping of 
a tone. 

eccentric, -al, ek-sen'trik, -al, a. de- 
parting from the center : not having the 
same center as another, said of circles : 
out of the usual course : not conform- 
ing to common rules : odd. — n. eccen'- 
tric, a circle not having the same cen- 
ter as another 
(mech.) a con- ,#^£^ 



trivance for tak- 
ing an alternat- 
ing rectilinear 




motion from a 



Eccentric of Steam-engine. 



revolving shaft : an eccentric fellow. 

ecclesiastic, e-kle-zi-as'tik, n. one 
consecrated to the church, a priest, a 
clergyman. 

echinate, -d, ek'in-at, -ed, a. prickly 
like a hedgehog: set with prickles or 
bristles. 

echo, ek'o, n. the repetition of sound 
caused by a sound-wave coming against 
some opposing surface, and being re- 
flected : imitation : an imitator. 

eclat, a-kla', n. a striking effect: ap- 
plause : splendor. 

eclectic, ek-lek'tik, a. selecting or 
borrowing: choosing the best out of 
everything: broad, the opposite of ex- 
clusive. 

eclipse, e-klips', n. an obscuration of 



one of the heavenly bodies by the inter- 
position of another : loss 
of brilliancy: darkness. 
— v. t. to hide, wholly or 
in part : to darken : to %& 

throw into the shade, to -^ ,. ^ 

, i^clipses. S, sun: 

CUt OUt, surpass.— p. a. £, earth; M^ 

eclipsed', darkened, ob- moon, 
scured. 

economy, ek-on'o-mi, n. the manage- 
ment of a household or of money mat- 
ters : a frugal and judicious expenditure 
of money : a system of rules or cere- 
monies : a dispensation : regular opera- 
tions, as of nature. 

ecstasy, ek'sta-si, n. excessive joy: 
enthusiasm or any exalted feeling. 

eczema, ek'ze-ma, n. a common skin 
disease. 

eddish, ed'dish, n. pasturage, or the 

eatable growth of grass after mowing. 

_ eddy, ed'i, n. a current of water or 

air running back, contrary to the main 

stream : a whirlpool : a whirlwind. 

edelweiss, a'del-vis, n. an Alpine flow- 
ering plant. 

edema, e-de'ma, n. local dropsy. 

Eden, e'den, n. the garden where 
Adam and Eve lived : a paradise. 

edge, ej, n. the border of a^'thing: 
the brink : the cutting side of an instru- 
ment : something that wounds or cuts : 
sharpness of mind or appetite : keenness. 
— v. t. to put an edge on : to place a bor- 
der on : to exasperate : to urge on : to 
move by little and little. — v. i. to move 
sideways. 

edible, ed'i-bl, a. fit to be eaten. — n. 
something for food. 

edict, e'dikt, n. something proclaimed 
by authority : an order issued by a king 
or lawgiver. 

edify, ed'i-fl, v. t. to build: to build 
up the faith of: to comfort: to improve 
the mind of. — ns. edifica'tion, instruc- 
tion : progress in knowledge or in good- 
ness; edifice, a large building or house. 

edit, ed'it, v. t. to prepare for publi- 
cation: to superintend the publication 
of (a newspaper, etc.): to put into lit- 
erary shape. — ns. edi'tion, the publica- 
tion of a book, etc. : the number of 
copies printed at a time; ed'itcr, one 
who edits a book: one who conducts a 
newspaper or journal: — fcm. ed'itress.— 
a. edito'rial, of or belonging to an edi« 



158 educate fate, far; me, her; mine; elate 

tor. — n. an article in a newspaper writ- effuse, ef-fiiz', v. t. to pour out: to 

ten by the editor. pour forth, as words : to shed. — n. ef- 

educate, ed'u-kat, v. t. to bring up fu'sion, act of pouring out: that which 

children: to train: to teach: to culti- is poured out or forth; quality of be- 

vate any power. — n. educa'tion, the bring- ing effusive. 

ing up or training, as of a child: instruc- egestion, e-jest'yun, n. the passing off 

tion : strengthening of the powers of body of excreta from within the body. 

or mind. egg, eg, n. an oval body laid by birds 

educe, e-dus', v. t. to draw out : to and certain other animals, from which 
extract : to cause to appear, as by infer- their young are produced, 
ence. — a. educ'ible, that may be educed eglantine, eg'lan-tin, n. the sweet- 
or brought out and shown. — n. educ'- brier, or the wild rose. 
tion, the act of educing. ego, e'go, n. the T, that which is con- 
eel, n. a soft-finned fish. scious and thinks. — ns. e'goism, {ethics). 

eerie, eery, e'ri, a. exciting fear: the theory of self-interest as the prin- 

weird : affected with fear: timorous, ciple of morality: selfishness; e'goist. 

effable, ef'a-bl, a. capable of being ex- egregious, e-gre'ji-us, a. prominent: 

pressed. distinguished : outrageous : enormous 

efface, ef-fas', v. t. to destroy the sur- (in bad sense). — adv. egre'giously. 
face of : to rub out : to obliterate. egress, e'gres, n. act of going out : de- 
effect, ef-f ekt', n. the result of an parture : the way out. 
action: impression produced: reality: Egyptian, e-jip'shi-an, a. belonging 
the consequence intended: (pi.) goods: to Egypt. — n. a native of Egypt. 
property. eh, a, interj. expressing inquiry or 

effeminate, ef-fem'in-at, a. woman- slight surprise, 

ish : unmanly : weak : cowardly : volup- eider, l'der, n. the eider-duck, a 

tuous. — n. an effeminate person. northern sea-duck. 

effervesce, ef-fer-ves', v. i. to boil eight, at, n. the cardinal number one 
up: to bubble and hiss: to froth up. — above seven:. the figure (8 or viii.) de- 
ns, efferves'cence; efferves'cency. — noting eight. 
a. efferves'cent, boiling or bubbling. either, e7/zer, or 1'ther, a. or pron. 

effete, ef-fet', a. exhausted : worn out the one or the other : one of two : each 

with age. of two. — conj. correlative to or. 

efficacious, ef-fi-ka'shus, a. able to ejaculate, e-jak'u-lat, v. t. to eject: 

produce the result intended. to utter with suddenness. — v. i. to utter 

efficient, ef-fish'ent, a. capable of pro- ejaculations, 

ducing the desired result: effective. — n. eject, e-jekt', v. t. to cast out: to dis- 

the person or thing that effects. miss : to dispossess of : to expel. — n. 

effigy, ef'fi-ji, n. a likeness or figure of ejec'tion, discharge: expulsion: state of 

a person: the head or impression on a being ejected: vomiting: that which is 

coin. ejected. 

effloresce, ef-flo-res', v. i. to blossom eke, ek, v. t. to add to or increase : to 

forth: (chem.) to form minute crystals, lengthen. — eke out, to supplement. 

effluent, ef'flo-ent, a. flowing out — eke, ek, adv. in addition to : likewise. 

n. effluence, a flowing out : issue. elaborate, e-lab'or-at, v. t. to labor 

effluvium, ef-flo'vi-um, n. an exhala- on : to produce with labor : to take pains 
tion : a disagreeable vapor rising from with : to improve by successive opera- 
decaying matter : — pi. efflu'via. tions. — a. wrought with labor : done with 

efflux, ef'fluks, n. act of flowing out : fullness and exactness : highly finished. 

that which flows out. — Also effluxion. elan, a-lon r , n. impetuosity: dash. 

effort, effort, n. a putting forth of elapse, e-laps', v. i. to slip or glide 

strength: attempt: struggle.- away: to pass silently, as time. 

effrontery, ef-frunt'er-i, n. shameless- elastic, e-las'tik, a. having a ten- 

ness : impudence : insolence. dency to recover the original state or 

effulge, ef-fulj', v. i. to shine forth: form: springy: flexible: yielding. — n. a 

to beam. — n. efful'gence, great luster or piece of elastic fabric. — adv. elas'tically. 

brightness : a flood of light. elate, e-laf , a. lifted up : puffed up 



elbow mote, move; mute; then. Elysium 159 

with success: exalted.— v. t to raise or xi.) denoting eleven: a team of eleven 
exalt : to elevate : to make proud. players.— a. noting the :iumber eleven. 

elbow, el'bo, n. the joint where the elf, elf, n. a supernatural bei:i£ of 
arm bows or bends: any sharp turn or diminutive size: p, dwarf: a tricky. being, 
bend.— v. t to push with the elbow. elicit, e-lis'it, v. t to entice : to bring 

elder, eld'er, a. older : lhaving lived a to light: to deduce, 
longer time: prior in origin.— n. one who f},^* e ~ llv y., V* '■ . to cut off \ as a 
is older: an ancestor: one advanced to syllable— n. elision, the suppression of 
office on account of age. a vowel or syllable. 

elect, e-lekt', v. I to choose out: to . eligible, eli-ji-bl, a. fit or worthy to 
select for any office or purpose: to select be chosen: legally qualified: desirable.— 
by vote.-a. chosen: taken by preference n - (coll.) a person or thing eligible 
from among others: chosen for an of- eliminate, e-lim in-at ,v . t. to thrust 
fice but not yet in it, as 'alderman out :. *> remove, cancel: to leave out of 
elect/— m. one chosen or set apart: col- consideration, 
lectively, in theology, the saved.— n. elision, bee elide. 
elec'tion, act of electing or choosing. _ elite a-let , n a chosen or select part 

electric, e-lek'trik, a. pertaining to or the best of anything. [Fr.,— L. electa.] 
produced by electricity.-*, elec'trical. elixir, e-hkser, ». the quintessence of 
—adv. elee'trically.— ns. electri'cian, anything : a substance which invigorates, 
one who studies, or is versed in the e £. fKn. the largest species of deer 
science of electricity; electricity, name ell > el > n - a d oth measure equal to iJ4 
of the cause of certain phenomena of ^ ... , «. , , , % 

attraction and repulsion: the phenomena ellipse, el-hps , n. an oval: (geom.) 
themselves: the science which investi- a fi ^ re produced _ by the section of a 
gates the nature and laws of these. cone by a plane passing obliquely through 

eleemosynary, el-e-mos'i-nar-i, a. re- the opposite sides.— n. ellip sis {gram.), 
lating to charity: given in charity. a fi S ure of syntax by which a word or 

«i«««^4. ~v *. 1 j words are left out and implied. 

tot ? ^Jl^ g a «' f; plea ? n y o ^. 00d elm, elm, n. one of a genus of trees 
rirhW Sp ,1^0 J5w ed ;. m T' : of the natural order Ulmacea. 
l^Jr^^^n^-f' f^* 1106 ,' el ; elocution, el-o-ku'shun, n. the art of 
ga i^ 1^ ' q 7 of be , mg degant effective speaking: eloquence. 

elegy, el e-ji, n. a song of mourning. Elohim ; e -lo'him, n. the Hebrew 

element, el e-ment, n. a first principle : name for God 
one of the essential parts of anything: elongate, e-long'gat, v. t to make 
an ingredient : the proper state or sphere longer • to extend 

of any thing or being: (pi.) the rudi- e i p e . e -lop', v. i. to escape privately, 
ments^ of learning: the bread and wine said eS p. of a woman who runs away 
used in the Eucharist: fire, air, earth, with a i over: t0 run away> bolt 
and water supposed by the ancients to eloquent, el'o-kwent, a. having the 
be the foundation of everything: (chem.) power of speaking with fluency, elegance, 
the simplest known constituents of all and f orc e : containing eloquence: P er- 
compound substances. suasive. 

elementary, el-e-men'-ta-ri, a. of one e lse,' els, pron. other.— adv. other- 
element; primary; m uncompounded ; w i se: besides: except that mentioned, 
treating of first principles. elucidate, e-lu'si-dat, v. t. to make 

elephant, el e-fant, w. the largest quad- lucid or clear: to throw light upon: to 
ruped, having a very thick skin, a trunk, illustrate 
and two ivory tusks. elude, "e-lud', v. i. to escape by strat- 

elevate, el e-vat, v. t. to raise to a agem : to baffle.— n. elusion, act of elud- 
higher position: to raise in mind and ing: evasion.— a. elu'sive, practising 
feelings: to improve: to cheer: to ex- elusion: deceptive.— adv. elu'sively. 
hilarate: to intoxicate.— p. a. el'evated, Elysium, e-lizh'i-um, n. (myth.) 
raised: dignified: exhilarated. among the Greeks, the abode of the 

eleven, e-lev'n, n. the cardinal num- blessed after death: any delightful 
ber next above ten: the figure (n or place. 



T60 em fate, far; me, her; mine; emigrate 

em, em, n. the name of the letter embolden, em-bold'n, v. t. to make 

M: (print.) the unit of measurement. bold or courageous. 

emaciate, e-ma'shi-at, v. t. to make embonpoint, on-bon-pwan', a. stout, 
meager or lean : to deprive of flesh : to plump, full in figure, mostly of women ; 
waste. — v. i. to become lean. well-fed.— n. stoutness, plumpness, well- 
emanate, em'a-nat, v. i. to flow out fed condition. 
or from: to proceed from some source. emboss, em-bos', v. t. to produce (a 

emancipate, e-man'si-pat, v. t. to" set raised pattern) by pressure upon sheet- 
free from servitude : to free from re- metal, leather, cloth, etc. : to ornament 
straint or bondage of any kind. with raised-work.- 

emasculate, e-mas'ku-lat, v. t. to de- embower, em-bow'er, v. t. to place in 

prive of the properties of a male: to a bower: to shelter, as with trees, 

castrate : to deprive of masculine vigor. embrace, em-bras', v. t. to take in 

embalm, em-bam', v. t. to preserve the arms: to press to the bosom with 

from decay by aromatic drugs, as a dead affection : to take eagerly or willingly : 

body : to perfume : to preserve with care, to comprise : to admit, adopt, or receive. 

embank, em-bangk', v. t. to inclose or — v. i. to join in an embrace. — n. an 

defend with a bank or dike.- embracing: fond pressure in the arms. 

embargo, em-bar'go, n. a temporary embracer, em-bra'ser, n. (law) one 

order to prevent the arrival or depar- who influences jurors by corrupt means 

ture of ships : a temporary stoppage of to deliver a partial verdict, 

trade by authority : restraint . embrasure, em-bra'zhur, n. a door or 

embark, em-bark', v. t. to put on window with the sides slanted on the 

board ship : to engage in an affair. — inside : an opening in a wall for cannon. 

v. i. to go on board ship: to engage embrocate, em'bro-kat, v. t. to 

in a business : to enlist: moisten and rub, as a_ sore with a lotion. 

embarrass, em-bar'as, v. t. to encum- embroider, em-broid'er, v. t. to orna- 
ber: to involve in difficulty, esp. in ment with designs in needlework, o rig- 
money matters: to perplex. inally on the border, 

embassy, em'bas-i, n. the charge or embroil, em-broil', v. t. to involve in 

function of an ambassador : the person a broil, or in perplexity (with) : to en- 

or persons sent on an undertaking. tangle : to distract . 

embattle, em-bat'l, v. t. to range in embryo, em'bri-o, n. the young of an 

order of battle: to arm. animal in its earliest stages of develop- 

embay, em-ba', v. t. to inclose in a ment: the part of a seed which forms 

bay: to land-lock. the future plant: the beginning of any- 

embed, em-bed', imbed, im-, v. t to thing.- 

place in a mass of matter. emend, e-mend , v. I to remove faults 

embellish, em-bel'ish, v. t to make or blemishes from: to corrector improve, 

beautiful with ornaments- to decorate. e ^ er ge, e-merj , v % to rise out of: 

ember, em'ber, n. a live piece M coal % lss " e . or come , ic \ rth [ to rea PP e f 

or wood: chiefly in pi red-hot ashes. a ? ter + bem * concealed: to come into 

« w u^^^i^ ^ u '1 . * a- view: to result. — ns. emer gence, emer - 

trustea;, • necessity.- 

embitter, em-bn .er, v t to make emeritus, e-mer'i-tus, a. honorably 

bitter: to increase (ill-feelmg). < discharged from the performance of 

emblazon, em-bla zn, v. i. to deck m public duty 
blazing colors: (her.) to blazon or' emery, em'er-i, ». a very hard mineral, 

adorn with figures : to depict. a var i et y f corundum, used as powder 

emblem, emblem, n. a picture repre- for polishing, etc.- 

senting to the mind something different emetic, e-met'ik, a. causing vomiting. 

from itself: a type or symbol. _ . n , a medicine that causes vomiting. 

embody, em-bod'i, v. t. to form into emiction, e-mik'shun, n. the discharg- 

a body: to make corporeal: to make ing of urine: urine, 

tangible : to express (an idea in words) . emigrate, em'i-grat, v. t. to remove 



eminent mote, move; mute; then. encourage 161 

from one country to another as a place an empty vessel, box, sack, etc. 

of abode.- empyreal, em-pir'e-al, a. formed of 

eminent, em'i-nent, a. rising above pure fire or light: pertaining to the 

others: conspicuous: distinguished: ex- highest and purest- region of heaven, 

alted in rank or office. emulate, em'u-lat, v. t. to strive to 

emit, e-mit', v. t. to send out: to equal or excel: to imitate, with a view 

throw or give out : to issue : to utter to equal or excel : to rival. 

.(a declaration). — n. em'issary, one sent emulsion, e-mul'shun, n. a milky 

out on a secret mission: a spy: an liquid prepared by mixing oil and water 

underground channel by which the water by means of another substance that com- 

of a lake escapes.' bines with both. 

emollient, e-mol'yent, a. softening: emunctory, e-mungk'tor-i, n. an 

making supple. — n. (med.) a substance organ of the body that carries off 

used to soften the tissues. — v. t. emoll'- waste: an excretory duct. 

iate, to soften : to render effeminate. enable, en-a'bl, v. t. to make able : to 

emolument, e-mol'u-ment, n. advan- give power, strength, or authority to. 

tage : profit arising from employment. enact, en-akt', v. t. to perform : to act 

emotion, e-mo'shun, n. a moving of the part of: to establish by law. 

the feelings: agitation of mind. enallage, en-al'a-je, n. (gram.) the 

emp-. For words not found under exchange of one case, mood, or tense for 

this, see imp-. another. 

emperor, em'per-or, n. the head of enamel, en-am'el, n. the name given 

the Roman empire : the highest title of to vitrified substances applied chiefly to 

sovereignty . the surface of metals : any smooth hard 

emphasis, em'fa-sis, n. stress of the coating, esp. that of the teeth : anything 

voice on particular words or syllables to enameled. 

make the meaning clear : impressiveness enamour, enamor, en-am'er, v. t. to 

of expression or weight of thought : in- inflame with love : to charm, 

tensity. — v. t. em'phasize, to make em- enanthesis, en-ar-the'sis, n. an erup- 

phatic. — adjs. emphatic, -al, uttered tion on the skin fiom internal disease, 

with or requiring emphasis : forcible . encage, en-kaj', v. t. to shut up in a 

empire, em'plr, n. supreme control or cage, 

dominion : the territory under the do- encamp, en-kamp', v. t. to form into 

minion of an emperor. a camp. — v. i. to pitch tents : to halt on 

empiric, -al, em-pir'ik, -al, a. resting a march, 

on trial or experiment: known only by encaustic, en-kaws'tik, a. having the 

experience. colors burned in. 

emplacement, em-plas'ment, n. the enceinte, an-sant', n. {fort.) an in- 

act of placing: (mil.) a platform placed closure, generally the whole area of a 

for guns. fortified place. 

employ, em-ploy', v. t. to occupy the enceinte, an-sant', a. pregnant,with child. 

time or attention of: to use as a means enchant, en-chant', v. t. to act on by 

or agent: to give work to. — n. a form songs or rhymed formulas of sorcery: 

of employment. — ns. employ'ee, em- to charm : to delight in a high degree, 

ploye, one who is employed; employ'er; encomium, en-ko'mi-um, n. high 

employ'ment, act of employing: that commendation: a eulogy.- 

which engages or occupies : occupation. encompass, en-kum'pas, v. t. to sur- 

emporium, em-po'ri-um, n. a place round or inclose. — n. encom'passment. 

to which goods are brought from various encore, an-kor', adv. again : once 

parts for sale: a store: a great mart. more. — n. a call for the repetition of a 

empower, em-pow'er, v. t. to authorize, song, etc. : the repetition of a song, etc. 

empty, emp'ti, a. having nothing in encounter, en-kown'ter, v. t. to meet 

it : unfurnished : without effect : unsatis- face to face, esp. unexpectedly : to meet 

factory: wanting substance: foolish. — v. in contest: to oppose. — n. a meeting un- 

t. to make empty : to deprive of con- expectedly : an interview : a fight, 

tents. — v. i. to become empty: to dis- encourage, en-kur'aj, v. t. to put 

charge its contents : — pa. p. emp'tied. — n. courage in : to inspire with spirit or 

11 



162 



encroach 



fate, far ; me, her; mine; 



engine 



hope : to incite : to patronize : to cherish. 

encroach, en-kroch', v. i. to seize on 
the rights of others : to intrude : to tres- 
pass. — adv. encroach'ingly. 

encumber, en-kum'ber, v. t. to im- 
pede the motion of: to hamper: to em- 
barrass: to burden: to load with debts. 

encyclical, en-sik'lik-al, a. sent round 
to many persons or places. — n. a pas- 
toral letter addressed by the pope to all 
his bishops.- 

encyclopedia, encyclopaedia, en-sl- 
klo-pe'di-a, n. the circle of human 
knowledge : a work containing informa- 
tion on every department, or on many 
departments of knowledge, 

encyst, en-sist', v. t. or v. i. to inclose 
or become inclosed in a cyst or vesicle. 

end, end, n. the last point or portion: 
termination or close : death : conse- 
quence : object aimed at: a fragment. — 
v. t. to bring to an end: to destroy. — 
v. i. to come to an end : to cease. — a. 
end'ed, brought to an end: having ends. 
— n. ending, termination : conclusion : 
that which is at the end. — a. endless, 
without end: everlasting: objectless. 

endanger, en-dan'jer, v. t. to place 
in danger: to expose to loss or injury. 

endear, en-der', v. t. to make dear or 
more dear. — a. endeared', beloved. 

endeavor, endeavour, en-dev'er, v. i. 
to strive to accomplish an object: to 
attempt or try. 

endemic, -al, en-dem'ik, -al, endemial, 
en-de'mi-al, a. peculiar to a people or 
a district, as a disease: native. 

endocardium, en-do-kar'di-um, n. the 
lining membrane of the heart. 

endogen, en'do-jen, n. a plant that 
grows from within, as the 
palm, grasses, etc. — a. 
endogenous, increasing 
by internal growth. [Gr. 
endon, within, and genes, 
born.] 

endomorph, en'do-morf, n. a mineral 
inclosed within another mineral. 

endoskeleton, en-do-skel'e-ton, n. the 
internal skeleton or framework of the body. 

endow, en-dow', v. t. to give a dowry 
to : to settle a permanent provision on : 
to enrich with any gift or faculty: to 
present. — n. endow'ment. 

endue, en-du', indue, in-, v. t. to put 
on, as clothes : to invest or clothe with : 
to supply with. 




Endogen. 



endure, en : dur', v. t. to remain firm 
under : to bear without sinking : to toler- 
ate. — v. i. to remain firm: to last. — a. 
endur'able, that can be endured or 
borne. — n. endur'ableness. — adv. endur'- 
ably. — n. endur'ance, state of enduring 
or bearing: continuance. 

enema, en'e-ma, or e-ne'ma, n. a 
liquid medicine introduced into the rec- 
tum : an injection. 

enemy, en'e-mi, n. one who hates or 
dislikes : a foe : a hostile army. 

energy, en'er-ji, n. power of doing 
work : power exerted : vigorous opera- 
tion: strength. — adjs. energet'ic, -al, 
having or showing energy : active : forci- 
ble : effective. — adv. energetically. 

enervate, en-er'vat, v. t. to deprive of 
nerve, strength, or courage: to weaken. 

enfeeble, en-f e'bl, v. t. to make feeble : 
to weaken. 

enfilade, en-fi-lad', n. a fire that rakes 
a line from end to end : a situation or a 
body open from end to end. — v. t. to rake 
with shot through the whole length of a 
line. 

enforce, en-fors', v. t. to gain by 
force: to give force to: to put in force: 
to give effect to : to urge. 

enfranchise, en-fran'chiz, v. t. to set 
free : to give a franchise or political 
privileges to. 

engage, en-gaj', v. t. to bind by a 
gage or pledge : to render 
liable : to gain for 
service : to enlist : to 
gain over : to betroth : 
(archit.) to fasten: to 
win : to occupy : to enter 
into contest with. — v. i. 
to pledge one's word : to 
become bound : to take a 
part : to enter into con- 
flict. — p. a. engaged', 
pledged : promised, esp. 
in marriage : occupied. Engaged Columns. 
— n. engage'ment, act of engaging: 
state of being engaged: that which en- 
gages : betrothal : promise : employment : 
a fight or battle. — p. a. engaging, win- 
ning: attractive. 

engender, en-jen'der, v. 
bear: to breed. — v. i. to 
produced. 

engine, en'jin, n. a 
powerful machine, esp. a 
anything used to effect 




t. to beget : to 
be caused or 

complex and 
prime mover: 
a purpose : a 



English mote, move; mute; then. enter 163 

device: contrivance. — n. engineer', an immense: atrocious. — n. enor'mity, state 
engine maker or manager : one who or quality of being enormous : that which 
directs works and engines : one who is enormous : a great crime : great 
drives a locomotive: a soldier belonging wickedness. — adv. enor'mously. 
to the division of the army called enough, e-nuf , a. sufficient : giving 
engineers. content: satisfying want. — adv. sum- 
English, ing'glish, a. belonging to ciently. — n. sufficiency. 
England or its inhabitants. — n. the Ian- enrage, en-raj', v. t. to make angry, 
guage of the people of England. — p. a. enraged', angered : furious. 

engrail, en-graT, v. t. {her.) to make * enrapture, en-rap'tur, v. t. to put in 

a border of little semicircular indents . rapture : to transport with pleasure or 

engrave, en-grav', v. t. to cut out delight. — p. adjs. enrap'tured; enrapt'. 

with a graver on wood, steel, etc. : to enrich, en-rich', v. t. to make rich : 

imprint : to impress deeply.- - t- to fertilize : to adorn : to enhance. 

engross, en-gros', v. t. to occupy enroll, enrol, en-rol', v. t. to insert 

wholly, monopolize : to absorb : to copy in a roll or register : to enlist : to record . 

(a writing) in a large hand or in dis- ensconce, en-skons', v. t. to cover or 

tinct characters : to write in legal form . protect as with a sconce or earthwork : 

engulf, en-gulf, v. t. to swallow up to hide safely, 

wholly, as in a gulf : to cast into a gulf . ensemble, on-som'bl, n. all the parts 

enhance, en-hans', v. t. to heighten : of a thing taken together.- 

to add to, increase. — n. enhance'ment. enshrine, en-shrm', v. t. to inclose 

enigma, en-ig'ma, n. a statement with in or as in a shrine: to preserve with 

a hidden meaning to be guessed : any- affection. 

thing very obscure: a riddle. — adjs. ensign, en'sin, n. a sign or mark: the 

enigmat'ic, -al, relating to, containing, sign or flag distinguishing a nation or 

or resembling an enigma : obscure . a regiment : one who carries the colors : 

enjoin, en-join', v. t. to lay upon, as the lowest commissioned rank in the 

an order: to order or direct with U. S. navy, 

authority. — n. enjoin'ment. ensilage, en'sil-aj, n. the storing of 

enjoy, en-joi', v. t. to delight in: to green fodder, etc., in pits. — v. t. en'sile, 

feel or perceive with pleasure : to pos- enslave, en-slav', v. t. to make a slave 

sess or use with satisfaction or delight, of: to subject to the influence of. 

enlarge, en-larj', v. t. to make larger: ensnare, en-snar', insnare, in-, v. t. 

to increase in size or quantity : to set to catch in a snare : to entrap . 

free: to expand: to amplify. — v. i. to ensue, en-su', v. i. to follow, to come 

grow large or larger: to be diffuse in after: to result (with from) .- 

speaking or writing: to expatiate. entablature, en-tab'lat-ur', n. that 

enlighten, en-lit'n, v. t. to lighten or part of a design in classic 

shed light on: to make clear to the architecture which sur- 

mind : to impart knowledge to . mounts the columns and 



enlist, en-list', v. t. to enroll : to rests upon the capitals, 

engage as a soldier, etc. : to employ in [Prob. through Fr. from 

advancing an object. It. intavolatura — in, in, 

enliven, en-liv'n, v. t. to put life into : tavola, a table.] 

to excite or make active: to make entail, en-tal', v. t. to 

sprightly or cheerful: to animate. settle (an estate) on a 

enmesh, en -mesh', v. t. to catch in a series of heirs, so that the Entablature, 

mesh or net, to entangle. immediate possessor may not dispose 

enmity, en'mi-ti, n. the quality of be- of it : to bring on as an inevitable con- 
ing an enemy : unfriendliness : ill-will . sequence. — n. an estate entailed : the 

ennoble, en-no'bl, v. t. to make noble : rule of descent of an estate, 

to elevate, distinguish : to raise to nobility. entangle, en-tang'gl, v. t. to twist 

ennui, on-nwe', n. a feeling of weari- into a tangle : to involve in complica- 

ness or disgust from satiety, etc. : the tions : to perplex : to ensnare. 

occasion of ennui. — v. t. to weary. enter, en'ter, v. i. to go or come in: 

enormous, e-nor'mus, a. excessive; to penetrate: to engage in: to form a 




164 



enteric 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



epic 



part of. — v. t. to come or go into: to 
join or engage in: to begin: to put into: 
to enroll or record: to cause to be in- 
scribed, as a horse for a race, etc. 

enteric, en-ter'ik, a. of or pertaining 
to the intestines. — n. enteri'tis, inflam- 
mation of the intestines. 

enterprise, en'ter-priz, n. that which 
is attempted : a bold or dangerous under- 
taking: an adventure: daring. — v. i. to 
undertake. — p. a. en'terprising, forward 
in undertaking: adventurous. 

entertain, en-ter-tan', v. t. to receive 
and treat hospitably: to amuse by con- 
versation: to amuse: to receive and take 
into consideration . 

enthrall, en-thrawl', inthral, in-, v. 
t. to bring into thraldom or bondage: to 
enslave : to shackle. 

enthrone, en-thron', v. t. to place on 
a throne : to exalt to the seat of royalty : 
to install as a bishop: to exalt. 

enthusiasm, en-thu'zi-azm, n. intense 
interest: intensity of feeling: passionate 
zeal. — n. enthu'siast, one inspired by 
enthusiasm : one who admires or loves. 

entice, en-tis', v. t. to induce by ex- 
citing hope or desire: to tempt: to lead 
astray.- 

entire, en-tir', a. whole: complete: 
unmingled: not castrated, specially of a 
horse. — n. the whole : completeness. 

entitle, en-ti'tl, v. t. to give a title 
to: to style: to give a claim to. 

entity, en'ti-ti, n. being: existence: a 
real substance. 

entomology, en-to-moro-ji, n. the 
science which treats of insects. 

entophyte, en'to-fit, n. a parasitic 
plant which grows in a living animal. 

entourage, an-to-razh', n. surround- 
ings: followers. 

entr'acte, an-trakt', n. the time be- 
tween two acts in a play: (mus.) an in- 
strumental piece performed between 
acts. 

entrails, en'tralz, n. pi. the bowels: 
the inside of anything. 

entrain, en-tran', v. t. to put into a 
railway train, esp. used of troops. 

entrain, en-tran', v. t to draw after. 

entrance, en'trans, n. act of entering: 
power or right to enter : the door . ' 

entrance, en-trans', v. t. to put into 
a trance: to fill with rapturous delight. 
entrap, en-trap', v. t. to catch, as in a 
trap: to ensnare: to entangle. 



entreat, en-tret', v. t. to ask earnestly : 
to beseech: to pray for. — v. i. to pray. 

entree, an-tra', n. entry, freedom of 
access, admittance : a made dish served 
between the chief courses . 

entrepot, an'tr'po, n. a storehouse. 

entresol, en'ter-sol, or an'tr'sol, n. a 
low story between two main stories of 
a building. 

entropy, en'trop-i, n. a term in physics 
signifying 'the available energy'. 

entry, en'tri, n. act of entering: a 
passage of approach : act of committing 
to writing : the thing written : (law) 
the taking possession of. 

entwine, en-twin', v. t. to interlace: 
to weave. 

enumerate, e-nu'mer-at, v. t. to 
count the number of: to name over. 

enunciate, e-nun'shi-at, v. t. to state 
formally: to pronounce distinctly. — a. 
enun'ciable, capable of being enunciated. 

envelop, en-vel'up, v. t. to cover by 
wrapping : to surround entirely : to hide. 
— n. envelope (en'vel-6p, sometimes 
an'vel-6p), that which envelops, wraps, 
or covers, esp. the cover of a letter. 

envenom, en-ven'um, v. t. to put 
venom into: to poison: to taint with 
bitterness or malice. 

environ, en-vi'run, v. t to surround: 
to encircle : to invest .■ 

envoy, en'voi, n. a messenger, esp. 
one sent to transact business with a 
foreign government. 

envoy, envoi, en-voi, n. the conclud- 
ing part of a poem or a book. 

envy, en'vi, v. t to look upon with a 
grudging eye : to hate on account of 
prosperity. — n. grief at the sight of 
another's success . 

enzym, enzyme, en'zim, n. any of the 
unorganized ferments: leavened bread. 

eon, e'on, n. a period of time, an 
age, eternity — also aeon. — adjs. eon'ic, 
eo'nian, lasting for ages, everlasting. 

epact, e'pakt, n. the moon's age at 
the beginning of the year. 

epaulet, epaulette, ep'ol-et n. a 
shoulder-piece : a badge of a military or 
naval officer. 

Ephemera, ef-em'er-a, n. a genus of 

short-lived insects: that which lasts a 

short time.— a. ephem'eral, existing 

only for a day: daily: short-lived. _ 

epic, ep'ik, a. applied to a poem which 



Epicure 



mote, move; mute; then. 



equivocal 165 



recounts a great event in an elevated 
style: lofty: grand.- 

Epicure, ep'i-kur, w. a follower of 
Epicurus (341-270 b. a), a Greek phi- 
losopher, who taught that pleasure was 
the chief good : (e-) one given to sensual 
enjoyment: one devoted to the luxuries 
of the table. 

epidemic, -al, ep-i-dem'ik, -al, a. af- 
fecting a community at a certain time: 
general. — n. epidem'ic, a disease falling 
on great numbers in one place, simul- 
taneously or in succession. 

epidermis, ep-i-der'mis, n. scarf-skin 
or cuticle, forming an external covering 
of a protective nature for the true skin. 

epidote, ep'i-dot, n. a silicate of 
aluminium, iron, and calcium. 

epigastrium, ep-i-gas'tri-um, 11. the 
part of the abdomen extending from the 
sternum towards the navel. 

epiglottis, ep-i-glot'is, n. the cartilage 
at the root of the tongue that partly 
closes the aperture of the larynx. 

epigram, ep'i-gram, n. any concise 
and pointed or sarcastic saying. — adjs. 
epigrammat'ic, -al, relating to or deal- 
ing in epigrams : like an epigram . 

epilepsy, ep'i-lep-si, n. a chronic func- 
tional disease of the nervous system. 

epilogue, ep'i-log, n. the conclusion of 
a book: a speech or short poem at the 
end of a play. 

episcopacy, e-pis'ko-pas-i, h. the gov- 
ernment of the church b} T bishops : the 
office of a bishop : the period of office : 
the bishops, as -a class. — a. epis'copal, 
governed by bishops : belonging to or 
vested in bishops.- 

episode, ep'i-sod, n. a story intro- 
duced into a narrative or poem to give 
variety : an interesting incident.- 

epistle, e-pis'l, n. a writing sent to 
one, a letter . 

epitaph, ep'i-taf, n. a commemorative 
inscription on a tombstone or monu- 
ment. 

epithelium, ep-i-the'li-um, n. the cell- 
tissue which invests the outer surface 
of the body. 

epithet, ep'i-thet, n. an adjective ex- 
pressing some real quality of the thing 
to which it is applied, or an attribute 
expressing some quality ascribed to it. 

epitome, e-pit'o-me, n. an abridg- 
ment or short summary of anything, as 
of a book. — v. t. epit'omize, to make an 



epitome of: to shorten: to condense. 

epizoon, ep-i-zo'on, n. a parasitic 
animal that derives its nourishment from 
the skin — also epizo'an — pi. epizo'a. — 
a. epizoot'ic, pertaining to epizoa . 

epoch, ep'ok, or e'-, n. a point of 
time fixed or made remarkable by some 
great event from which dates are reck- 
oned; 

epode, ep'od, n. a kind of lyric poem: 
the last part of a lyric ode. 

equable, e'kwa-bl, or ek'wa-bl, a. 
equal and uniform : smooth : not vari- 
able : of even temper.- 

equal, e'kwal, a. identical : of the same 
value: adequate: in just proportion: fit: 
equable : uniform : equitable : evenly 
balanced: just. — n. one of the same age, 
rank, etc. — v. t. to be, or to make, equal 
to. — n. equalization, the act of making 
equal : state of being equalized. — v. t. 
e'qualize, to make equal. — us. equality, 
the condition of being equal : sameness ; 
equa'tor (geog.), a great circle passing 
round the middle of the globe and divid- 
ing it into two equal parts : (astron.) the 
equinoctial. — a. equato'rial, of or per- 
taining to the equator.- 

equanimity, e-kwa-nim'i-ti, n. equality 
or evenness of mind or temper, 

equerry, ek'we-ri, n. an official of the 
English royal household. 

equestrian, e-kwes'tri-an, a. pertain- 
ing to horses or horsemanship : on horse- 
back. — n. one who rides on horseback. 

equi-, e'kwi, a prefix meaning equal, 
from L. cuquus. 

equine, e'kwln, equinal, e-kwin'al, a. 
pertaining to a horse or horses. 

equinox, e'kwi-noks, n. the time 
when the sun crosses the equator, about 
Mar. 21 and Sep. 23. 

equip, e-kwip', v. t. to fit out: to 
furnish with everything needed for any 
service or work. — n. eq'uipage, that with 
which one is equipped : a carriage and 
attendants, retinue. — n. equip'ment, the 
act of equipping: the state of being 
equipped : outfit. 

equity, ek'wi-ti, n. right as founded 
on the laws of nature : moral justice : 
the spirit of justice which enables us 
to interpret laws rightly : fairness.- 

equivalent, e-kwiv'a-lent, a, equal in 
value, power, meaning, etc. — n. a 
thing equivalent. — n. equivalence. 

equivocal, e-kwiv'6-kal, a. capable of 




166 era fate, far; me, her; mine; espionage 

meaning two or more things : of doubt- escallop, es-kal'up, n. a variant of 
ful meaning: suspicious: questionable.- scallop. — a. escall'oped. 

era, e'ra, n. a series of years reckoned escape, es-kap', v. t. to free from: to 
from a particular point, or that point pass unobserved: to evade: to issue. — 
itself: an important date. v. i. to flee and become safe from 

eradicate, e-rad'i-kat, v. t. to pull up danger: to be passed without harm. — n. 
by the roots : to destroy. act of escaping : flight from danger or 

erase, e-ras', v. t. to rub or scrape from prison. — ns. escapade', an 
out : to efface : to destroy.- escape : a mischievous freak ; 

ere, ar, adv. before, sooner. — prep, escape'ment, act of escaping: 
before. — conj. sooner than. means of escape : part of a 

Erebus, er'e-bus, n. the lower world, timepiece connecting the wheel- 
hell. [L., — Gr. Erebos.] work with the pendulum or 

erect, e-rekt', v. t. to set upright: to balance, and allowing a tooth Escape- 
raise : to build : to exalt : to establish. — a. to escape at each vibration, ment. 
upright : directed upward. escarp, es-karp', n. a steep slope, a 

ergo, er'go, adv. {logic) therefore, scarp: {fort.) the side of the ditch next 

ergot, er'got, n. a parasitical fungus, the rampart — also escarp'ment. [Fr.] 
found on the seed of certain plants. eschar, es'kar, n. a slough or portion 

ermine, er'min, n. a small carnivore of dead or disorganized tissue, 
whose white fur is often used as an eschatology, es-ka-toro-ji, n. (theol.) 
emblem of purity. the doctrine of the last or final things. 

erode, e-rod', v. t. to eat away: to escheat, es-chet', v. t. to confiscate, 
wear away. — a. crose', gnawed. — v. i. to fall to the lord of the manor 

err, er, v. i. to v/ander from the right or the state. 
way: to mistake: to sin. — n. errat'ic, a eschew, es-cho', v. t. to shun: to flee 
wanderer: an erratic boulder. — adjs. from: to abstain from. 
errat'ic, -al, wandering: not stationary: escort, es'kort, n. a body of men, or 
irregular. — adv. errat'ically. — n. erra'- a single man, accompanying any one 
turn, an error in writing or printing, esp. for protection, guidance, or courtesy : 
one noted in a list at the end of a attendance. — v. t. escort', to attend as 
book : — pi. erra'ta. — a. erro'neous, guide or guard. 

wrong: mistaken. — adv. erro'neously. — escritoire, es-kri-twor', n. a writing- 
ns. erro'neousness; err'or, a deviation desk, 
from truth, right, etc. : a blunder : a fault. Esculapian, es-ku-la'pi-an, a. per- 

errand, er'and, n. a message: a com- taining to Esculapius, and hence to the 
mission to say or do something. art of healing. — Also iEscula'pian. 

errant, er'ant, a. wandering: roving: esculent, es'ku-lent, a. eatable: fit to 
wild.— -n.^ a knight-errant.- be used for food by man. 

erst, erst^ adv. at first: formerly. — escutcheon, es-kuch'un, n. a family 
adv. erst'while, formerly. shield: the part of a vessel's stern bear- 

eructate, e-ruk'tat, v. t. to belch out, ing her name, 
as wind from the stomach. Eskimo, es'ki-mo, n. and a. one of a 

erudite, er'6-dit,a. learned. — adv. er'- nation of Arctic aborigines. 
uditely. — n. erudi'tion, knowledge gained esophagus, e-sof'a-gus, n. the gullet, 
by study : learning, esp. in literature. esoteric, es-o-ter'ik, a. inner : secret : 

erupt, e-rupt', v. i. to break out or mysterious, 
through, as a volcano. — n. erup'tion, a espalier, es-pal'yer, n. a. lattice-work 
breaking or bursting forth: that which of wood on which to train fruit-trees, 
bursts forth : a breaking out of spots. especial, es-pesh'al, a. special : partic- 

erysipelas, er-i-sip'e-las, n. an inflam- ular: principal: distinguished, 
matory disease, generally in the face. Esperanto, es-per-an'to, n. an arti- 

escalade, es-ka-lad', n. the scaling of ficial language invented by Dr. L. 
the walls of a fortress by means of lad- Zamenhof of Warsaw as an auxiliary 
ders.— v. t. to scale. ^ international language, 

escalator, es-ca-la'tor, n. a stairs espionage, es'pi-on-aj, n. practice ov 
moved by machinery. employment of spies. 



esplanade mote, move; mute; then. evacuate 167 

esplanade, es-pla-nad', w._ any level space: a colorless, transparent, volatile 

space for walking or driving in. liquid. — a. ethe'real, consisting of ether : 

espouse, es-powz', v. t. to give in heavenly : airy : spirit-like, 

marriage: to take as spouse: to wed: ethic, eth'ik, a. relating to morals: 

to take with a view to maintain . treating of morality or duty. — n. (more 

espy, es-pi', v. t. to watch: to see at commonly in pi. eth'ics) the science of 

a distance : to catch sight of. — n. espi'al. morals : that branch of philosophy which 

esquire, es-kwir', n. a title of dignity is concerned with human character and 

next below a knight : a general title of conduct, 

respect in addressing letters. ethnic, -al, eth'nik, -al, a. concerning 

essay, es'a, n. a trial: an experiment: nations or races. — a. ethnographic. — n. 

a written composition less elaborate than ethnog'raphy, the scientific description 

a treatise. — v. t. essay', to try. of the races of the earth. — a. ethnolog'- 

essence, es'ens, n. the inner distinc- ical. — ns. ethnologist; ethnol'ogy, the 

tive nature of anything: a being: the science of the varieties of the human 

extracted virtues of any drug : a per- race. 

fume. — a. essen'tial, relating to or con- ethyl, . e'thil, n. a colorless, inflam- 

taining the essence : indispensable . mable gas, insoluble in water, soluble 

establish, es-tab'lish, v. t. to settle or in alcohol — supposed base of ether, 
fix : to confirm : to prove : to ordain : to etiquette, et-i-ket', n. forms of cere- 
found : to set up in business: to insti- mony or decorum: ceremony: unwritten 
tute by law as the recognized state laws of courtesy. [Fr.] 
church. etymology, et-i-mol'o-ji, n. the inves- 

estate, es-tat', n. condition or rank: tigation of the derivation of words: the 

position: property, esp. landed property, science that treats of the origin and 

esteem, es-tem', v. t. to set a high history of words : the part of grammar 

estimate or value on: to regard with relating to inflection. — a. etymolog'ical. 

respect or friendship : to consider or euchre, u'ker, n. a game at cards. — 

think. — n. high estimation or value: v. t. to outwit. 

favorable regard. — p. a. esteemed', eulogium, u-lo'ji-um, eulogy, ii'lo-ji, 
respected. — a. es'timable, worthy of n. a speaking well of: a speech or writ- 
esteem. — adv. es'timably. — v. t. es'ti- ing in praise of. — v. t. eulogize, to 
mate, to judge of the worth of a speak well of: to praise. — n. eu'logist, 
thing : to calculate. — n. reputation : a one who praises or extols another. — a. 
valuing in the mind : a rough calcula- eulogist'ic, full of praise, 
tion. — n. estimation, act of- estimating: euonym, u'6-nim, n. a fitting name for 
a reckoning of value: esteem, honor, anything. [Gr.] 

estop, es-top', v. t. to stop or bar: eupepsy, ii-pep'si, n. good digestion. 

(law) to hinder, preclude.- euphemism, u'fem-izm, n. a figure of 

estrange, es-tranj', v. t. to treat as rhetoric by which an unpleasant or of- 
an alien : to alienate : to divert from its fensive thing is designated by an in- 
original use or possessor. direct and milder term. 

estuary, es'tu-ar-i, n. the wide lower euphony, u'fo-ni, n. an agreeable 

part of a river where it becomes tidal, sound : a pleasing, easy pronunciation. 

et cetera, et set'er-a, usually written euphuism, u'fii-izm, n. an affected and 

etc. or &c, a phrase meaning 'and so bombastic style of language: a high- 

on'. [L. et, and, cetera, the rest.] flown expression. — n. eu'phuist. 

etch, ech, v. t. or v. i. to make designs eureka, u-re'ka, inter j. lit. I have 

on metal, glass, etc. by eating out the found it. 

lines with an acid. European, u-ro-pe'an, a. belonging 

eternal, e-ter'nal, a. without begin- to Europe. — n. a native or inhabitant of 

ning or end of existence : everlasting : Europe. 

ceaseless : unchangeable. — adv. eter'nally. euthanasia, u-than-a'zi-a, n. an easy 

— n. eter'nity, eternal duration: the state mode of death. — Also euthan'asy. 

or time after death. evacuate, e-vak'vi-at, v. t. to throw 

ether, e'ther, n. the clear, upper air : out the contents of : to discharge : to 

the subtle medium supposed to fill all withdraw from. 



168 evade fate, far; me, her; mine; example 

evade, e-vad', v. t. to escape or avoid — adjs. eviden'tial, eviden'tiary, furnish- 
artfully : to baffle. ing evidence : tending to prove. — advs. 
evanescent, ev-an-es'ent, a. fleeting: evidentially; evidently, clearly: vis- 
imperceptible. — v. i. evanesce', to fade ibly. 

away.- evil, e'vl, a. wicked : mischievous : dis- 

evangel, e-van'jel, n. {poet.)' good agreeable: unfortunate. — adv. in an evil 
news, esp. the gospel : a salutary prin- manner : badly. — n. that which produces 
ciple. — adjs. evangelic, -al, of or per- unhappiness or calamity: harm: wicked- 
taining to the gospel . ness : depravity : sin. — adv. e'villy, in an 

evaporate, e-vap'or-at, v. i. to fly off evil manner : not well, 
in vapor : to depart, vanish. — v. t. to evince, e-vins', v. t. to prove beyond 
convert into steam or gas. doubt : to show clearly : to make evident, 

evasion, e-va'zhun, n. act of evading evoke, e-vok', v. t. to call out : to 
or* eluding : an attempt to escape the draw out or bring forth. — v. t. ev'ocate, 
force of an argument or accusation: an to call up (spirits) from the dead. — n. 
excuse. — a. eva'sive, that evades or seeks evoca'tion. [L. evocare — e, out, and 
to evade: not straightforward: shuffling, vocare, to call.] 

eve, ev, even, ev'n, n. (poet.) even- evolution, ev-ol-u'shun, n. the act of 
ing: the night before a day of note: the unrolling or unfolding: gradual working 
time just preceding a great event. out or development : the doctrine accord- 

even, ev'n, a. flat: level: uniform: ing to which higher forms of life have 
parallel : equal on both sides : not odd, gradually arisen out of lower : 
able to be divided by 2 without a re- evolve, e-volv', v. t. to unroll: to dis- 
mainder. — v. t. to make even or smooth : close : to develop : to unravel. — v. i. to 
to put on an equality. — adv. exactly so : disclose itself : to result. — a. evolv'able. 
indeed: so much as: still. — adv. ev'enly. ewe, u, n. a female sheep. 

evening, ev'ning, n. the close of the ewer, u'er, n. a large jug with a wide 
daytime: the decline or end of life. spout. 

event, e-vent', n. that which happens: ex, eks, used adjectively in words like 
the result : any incident or occurrence : ^-president, to signify former. 
an item in a program or series of exacerbate, egz-as'er-bat, or eks-, v. 
sports. — adjs. event'ful, full of events : t. to embitter : to provoke : to render 
momentous ; event'ual, happening as a more violent or severe, as a disease, 
consequence: final. — n. eventuality, a exact, egz-akt', v. t. to force from: to 
contingency ; compel full payment of : to demand 

ever, ev'er, adv. always: eternally: at urgently: to extort: to inflict. — v. i. to 
any time: at all times: continually: in practise extortion. — a. precise: careful: 
any degree. — n. ev'erglade, a large punctual: true: certain or demonstrable, 
shallow lake or marsh : chiefly in pi. — p. a. exacting, compelling full pay- 
everlasting, ev-er-lastlng, a. endless : ment of : unreasonable in making de- 
eternal. — n. eternity. mands. — ns. exac'tion; exactitude, 
evert, e-vert', v. t. to turn inside out. exactness: correctness. — adv. exactly. — 
every, ev'er-i, a. each one of a num- ns. exact'ment; exact'ness, the quality 
ber : all taken separately. — pron. ev'ery- of being exact : accuracy, 
body, every person. — a. ev'eryday, daily: exaggerate, egz-aj'er-at, v. t. to mag- 
common, usual : pertaining to week- nify unduly : to represent too strongly : 
days, in opposition to Sunday. — pron. to intensify. — n. exaggeration, extrava- 
ev'erything, all things : all. — adv. gant representation . 
everywhere, in every place. exalt, egz-awlt', v. t. to elevate to a 
. evict, e-vikt', v. t. to dispossess by higher position : to elate : to extol. — n. 
law : to expel from. exalta'tion, elevation in rank or dignity . 
evident, ev'i-dent, a. that is visible or examine, egz-am'in, v. t. to test: to 
can be seen : clear to the mind : obvious, inquire into : to question. — n. examina'- 
— n. evidence, that which makes evi- tion, careful search or inquiry: trial, 
dent: means of proving an unknown or example, egz-am'pl, n. a specimen: 
disputed fact: information in a law an illustration: a person or thing to be 
case : testimony. — v. t. to render evident, imitated or avoided : a pattern : a warn- 



exasperate mote, move; mute; then. examplar _ 169 

ing: a former instance. — v. t. to exem- entrance: to hinder from participation: 

plify: to instance. to except. — n. exclu'sion, a shutting or 

exasperate, egz-as'per-at, y. t. to putting^ out: ejection: exception. — a. 

make very angry: to irritate in a high exclu'sive, able or tending to exclude, 

degree. — p. a, irritated.— a djs. exas'per- excogitate, eks-koj'i-tat, v. t. to dis- 

ating, exas'perative, provoking. cover by thinking : to think earnestly or 

excavate, eks'ka-vat, v. t. to hollow or laboriously, 
scoop out : to dig out. — n. excava'tion, excommunicate, eks-kom-un'i-kat, v. 
act of excavating : a hollow or cavity. t. to put out or expel from the corn- 
exceed, ek-sed', v. t. to go beyond munionof the church, 
the limit or measure of: to surpass or excoriate, eks-k6'ri-at, v. t. to strip 
excel. the skin from. — n. excoria'tion. 

excel, ek-sel', v. t. to be superior to : excorticate, eks-kor'ti-kat, v. t. to 

to exceed: to surpass. — v. i. to have strip the bark off. — n. excortica'tion. 

good qualities in a high degree. excrement, eks'kre-ment, n. useless 

except, ek-sept', v. t. to take or leave matter discharged from the animal 

out: to exclude. — v. i. to object. — prep, system: dung. 

leaving out: excluding: but. — prep, ex- excrescence, eks-kres'ens, n. an out- 
cept'ing, with the exception of, except, break : a wart or tumor : a superfluous 
— n. excep'tion, the act of excepting: part- 
that which is excepted : exclusion : ob- excruciate, eks-kro'shi-at, v. t. to 
jection: offense. — a. exceptionable, torture: to rack: to pain, grieve. — p. a. 

excerpt, ek'serpt, or ek-serpt', n. a excru'ciating. — adv. excru'ciatingly. — 

passage selected from a book, an extract, n. excrucia'tion, torture : vexation. 

excess, ek-ses', n. a going beyond exculpate, eks-kul'pat, v. t. to clear 

what is usual or proper: intemperance: from a charge: to absolve: to vindicate, 

the degree by which one thing exceeds excursion, eks-ker'shun, n. a going 

another. — a. exces'sive, beyond what is forth : an expedition : a trip for pleasure 

right and proper : immoderate : violent, or health : a digression. 

exchange, eks-chanj', v. t. to give or excuse, eks-kuz', v. t. to free from 

leave one place or thing for another: to blame, guilt, or obligation: to forgive: 

give and take mutually : to barter. — n. to release, dispense with : to make an 

the giving and taking one thing for an- apology or ask pardon for. — n. (eks-kus') 

other: barter: the thing exchanged; a plea offered in extenuation of a fault: 

exchequer, eks-ch'ek'er, n. (Eng.) an indulgence, 

ancient tribunal : a state treasury : a de- execrate, eks'e-krat, v. t. to curse : to 

partment of revenue : a court of common denounce evil against : to detest utterly. 

law. — a. ex'ecrable, deserving execration: 

excise, ek-siz', n. a revenue tax on detestable : accursed. — adv. ex'ecrably. — • 

certain commodities. n. execra'tion, act of execrating: a 

excise, ek-siz', v. t. to cut off or curse pronounced: that which is exe- 

out. — n. exci'sion, a cutting out or off of crated, 

any kind : extirpation. execute, eks'e-kut, v. t. to perform : 

excite, ek-sit 7 , v. t. to call into to give effect to : to put to death by 

activity : to stir up : to rouse : to irritate. — law. — ns. exec'utant, one who executes 

ns. excitabil'ity; excit'ableness. — a. ex- or performs; ex'ecuter; execu'tion, act 

cit'able, capable of being excited, easily of executing or performing: accomplish- 

excited. — p. a. exclt'ed, agitated. — n. ex- ment : completion : the warrant of a 

cite'ment, agitation : that which excites, court of law : the infliction of capital 

exclaim, eks-klam', v. i. to cry out : punishment ; execu'tioner, one who exe- 

to utter or speak vehemently. — n. ex- cutes, esp. one who inflicts capital pun- 

clama'tion, vehement utterance: out- ishment. — a. exec'utive, designed or 

cry : an uttered expression of surprise, fitted to execute : active. — n. one who 

and the like : the mark expressing this administers the law or government- 

(!): an interjection.- exegesis, eks-e-je'sis, n. the science 

exclude, eks-klod', v. t. to close or of interpretation, esp. of the Scriptures, 

shut out: to thrust out: to hinder from exemplar, egz-em'plar, n. a person 



170 exemplify 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



expedite 



or thing to be imitated: a type: an 
example. — adv. ex'emplarily. — a. exem'- 
plary, worthy of imitation or notice. 

exemplify, egz-em'pli-fl, v. t. to illus- 
trate by example. — n. exemplification, 
act of exemplifying : that which exem- 
plifies : a copy or transcript. 

exempt, egz-emt', v. t. to free, or 
grant immunity (with from). — a. taken 
out : not liable to : released : unaffected. 

exercise, eks'er-siz, n. a putting in 
practice : exertion of the body for health 
or amusement : discipline : a lesson, task, 
academical disputation, etc. : an act of 
worship or devotion : a discourse.- 

exert, egz-ert', v. t. to bring into 
active operation : to do or perform. 

exhale, egz-haT, v. t. to emit or send 
out as vapor : to evaporate. — v. i. to rise 
or be given off as vapor. — n. exhala- 
tion, act or process of exhaling: evap- 
oration: that which is exhaled. 

exhale, egz-hal', v. t. to draw out. 

exhaust, egz-awst', v. t. to draw out 
the whole of: to use the whole strength 
of: to wear or tire out: to treat of or 
develop completely. — n. the exit of steam 
from the cylinder. — p. a. exhaust'ed, 
drawn out : emptied : consumed : tired 
out. — a. exhaust'ible. — n. exhaustion. 

exhibit, egz-ib'it, v. t. to hold forth 
or present to view: to present formally 
or publicly. — n. (law) anything produced 
in court to be used as evidence: some- 
thing exhibited : that which is exhibited, 

exhilarate, egz-il'a-rat, v. t. to make 
hilarious or merry : to enliven : to cheer. 
■ — p. a. exmTarating, cheering: gladden- 
ing. — n. exhilara'tion, state of being ex- 
hilarated : joyousness. 

exhort, egz-ort', v. t. to urge strongly 
to good deeds, esp. by words or advice : 
to animate: to advise or warn. — n. ex- 
horta'tion, counsel : a religious dis- 
course.- 

exhume, eks-hum', v. t. to take out 
of the ground or place of burial: to 
disinter: to bring to light. 

exigent, eks'i-jent, a. pressing: de- 
manding immediate attention or action. 
— n. exigency, pressing necessity: imer- 
gency: distress. 

exile, eks'Il, or egz'll, n. state of be- 
ing sent out of ' one's native country : 
banishment: one away from his native 
country. 

exist, egz-ist', v. L to have an actual 



being: to live: to continue to be. 
exist'ence, state of existing or being. 

exit, eks'it, n. a direction to an actor 
to go off the stage: departure from the 
stage : any departure : a passage out . 

exodus, eks'o-dus, n. a going out or 
departure, esp. that of the Israelites 
from Egypt: (E-) the second book of 
the Old Testament. 

exogen, eks'o-jen, n. a plant belong- 
ing to the great class that increases by 
layers growing on the outside of the wood. 

exonerate, egz-on'er-at, v. t. to free 
from the burden of blame or obligation : 
to acquit. — n. exoneration, act of exon- 
erating or freeing from a charge or 
blame. — a. exonerative. 

exorbitant, egz-or'bi-tant, a. going be- 
yond the usual limits : excessive. 

exorcise, eks'or-siz, or eks-or'-, v. t. 
to call forth or drive away, as a spirit: 
to deliver from the influence of an evil 
spirit. 

expand, eks-pand', v. t. to spread out : 
to lay open : to enlarge in bulk or sur- 
face: to develop, or bring out in fuller 
detail. — v. i. to become opened : to en- 
large. — ns. expanse', a wide extent of 
space : the firmament ; expan'sion, act of 
expanding: state of being expanded: en- 
largement : immensity : extension. — a. 
expans'ive, widely extended: diffusive. 

ex parte, eks par'ti, a. on one side 
only: partial: prejudiced. 

expatiate, eks-pa'shi-at, v. i. to range 
at large: to enlarge in discourse, argu- 
ment, or writing. — n. expatia'tion. 

expatriate, eks-pa'tri-at, v. t. to 
banish or exile. — n. expatriation. 

expect, eks-pekt', v. t. to wait for: 
to look forward to as something about 
to happen : to anticipate : to hope. 

expectorate, eks-pek'to-rat, v. t. to 
expel from the breast or lungs by cough- 
ing, etc. : to spit forth. — v. i. to discharge 
or eject phlegm from the throat- 
expedient, eks-pe'di-ent, a. suitable : 
advisable. — n. that which serves to 
promote : means suitable to an end : con- 
trivance. — n. expediency, fitness : de- 
sirableness : self-interest. 

expedite, eks'pe-dit, v. t to free 
from impediments : to hasten : to send 
forth: to despatch. — n. expedition, 
speed: promptness: any undertaking by 
a number of persons : a hostile march or 
voyage : those who make an expedition. 



expel mote, move; mute; then. express 17 J 

expel, eks-pel', v. t. to drive out, eject: explicit, eks-plis'it, a. distinctly stated: 

to discharge : to banish. plain in language : outspoken : clear : un- 

expend, eks-pend', v. t. to lay out: to reserved, 
employ or consume in any way: to explode, eks-plod', v. t. to bring into 
spend. — ns. expenditure, act of expend- disrepute and reject: to cause to blow- 
ing or laying out : that which is ex- up. — v. i. to burst with a loud report : to 
pended : the process of using up : money burst into laughter. — p. a. expld'ded, re- 
spent; expense', outlay: cost, often in jected, discarded. — n. explo'sion, act of 
the pi. — a. expensive, causing or requir- exploding: a sudden violent burst with 
iiig much expense : extravagant. a loud report : a breaking out of feel- 
experience, eks-pe'ri-ens, n. practical ings,_ etc. — a. explo'sive, liable to or 
acquaintance with any matter gained by causing explosion : bursting out with 
trial : repeated trial : wisdom derived violence or noise. — n. something that 
from the changes and trials of life. — will explode. 

v. t. to make trial of, or practical ac- exploit, eks-ploit', n. 2. deed or achieve- 
quaintance with : to prove or know by ment : a feat. — v. t. to work up : to 
use: to suffer, undergo. — p. a. expe'- utilize for one's own ends. — ns. exploit'- 
rienced, taught by experience: skilful: age, exploita'tion, the act of success- 
wise, fully applying industry to any object, as 

experiment, eks-per'i-ment, n. a trial: the working of mines, etc. 

something done to prove some theory, explore, eks-plor', v. t. to search for 

or to discover something unknown. — v. the purpose of discovery : to examine 

i. to make an experiment or trial: thoroughly. — ns. exploration; explor'er. 

to search by trial. — a. experimental, exponent, eks-po'nent, n. he who or 

founded or known by experiment . that which points out, or represents : 

expert, eks-pert', a. taught by practice : (alg.) a figure which shows how often 

having a familiar knowledge: skilful, a quantity is to be multiplied by itself, 

adroit. — n. ex'pert, one who is skilled as a 3 : an index : an example, illustra- 

in any art or science : a specialist : a tion.- 

scientific or professional witness. exponible, eks-po'ni-bl, a. able to be, 

expiate, eks'pi-at, v. t. to make com- or requiring to be, explained, 
plete atonement for. — a. ex'piable, cap- export, eks-port', v. t. to carry or 
able of being expiated. — n. expia'tion, send out of a country, as goods in corn- 
act of expiating or atoning for . merce. — n. ex'port, act of exporting : a 

expire, eks-plr', v. t. to breathe out : commodity which is or may be sent from 
to emit from the lungs : to emit in one country to another, in traffic- 
minute particles. — v. i. to breathe out the expose, eks-poz', v. t. to lay forth to 
breath of life : to die out (of fire) : to die: view: to deprive of cover, protection, or 
to come to an end. — n. expira'tion, the shelter : to make bare : to explain : to 
act of breathing out : end : that which is make liable to : to disclose : to show up. 
expired.- — ns. expos© (eks-po-za.'), an exposing: 

explain, eks-plan', v. t. to make plain a shameful showing up; exposi'tion, act 
or intelligible: to expound: to account of exposing: a public exhibition: act of 
for. — a. explainable. — n. explanation, expounding: explanation, 
act of explaining : that which explains expostulate, eks-post'u-lat, v. i. to 
meaning or sense : a mutual clearing up reason earnestly with a person on some 
of matters. — a. explanatory, serving to impropriety: to remonstrate. — n. expos- 
explain: containing explanations. tula'tion, act of expostulating. 

expletive, eks r ple-tiv, a. filling out : expound, eks-pownd', v. t. to explain : 

added for ornament or merely to fill up. to interpret. — n. expound'er. 

— n. a word or syllable inserted for express, eks-pres', v. t. to press or 

ornament : an oath. force out : to emit : to represent by a 

explicate, eks'pli-kat, v. t. to unfold, likeness or by words : to declare, reveal : 

develop : to lay open or explain the to put into words : to state plainly : to 

meaning of. — a. ex'plicable, capable of designate. — a. pressed or clearly brought 

being explained. — n. explication, act of out : exactly representing : directly 

explicating : explanation.- stated : explicit : clear : intended or sent 



172 expropriate 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



extrinsic 



> 



for a particular purpose. — adv. with 
haste: specially: with an express train. 
— n. a messenger or conveyance sent on 
a special errand : a regular and quick 
conveyance : a system organized for the 
speedy and safe transmission of parcels 
or merchandise. 

expropriate, eks-pro'pri-at, v. t. to 
dispossess. — n. expropriation. 

expulsion, eks-pul'shun, n. the act of 
expelling : banishment. — a. expul'sive. 

expunge, eks-punj', v. t. to wipe out: 
to efface. — n. expunc'tion. 

expurgate, eks'per-gat, or eks-per'-. 
v. t. to purge out: to purify from any- 
thing noxious or erroneous.- 

exquisite, eks'kwi-zit, a. of superior 
quality : excellent : not easily satisfied : 
fastidious : exceeding, extreme, as pain 
or pleasure. — n. one extremely nice or 
refined in dress : a fop. 

extant, eks'tant, a. standing out, or 
above the rest : still standing or existing. 

extempore, eks-tem'po-re, adv. on the 
spur of the moment : without prepara- 
tion : suddenly. — a. sudden : rising at the 
moment : of a speech delivered without 
help of manuscript. 

extend, eks-tend', v. t. to stretch out: 
to prolong in any direction : to enlarge, 
expand : to widen : to hold out : to be- 
stow or impart. — v. i. to stretch : to be 
continued in length or breadth. — n. ex- 
tension, a stretching out, prolongation, 
or enlargement. — a. extensive, large: 
comprehensive. — adv. extensively. 

extenuate, eks-ten'u-at, v. t. to les- 
sen : to underrate : to weaken the force 
of: to palliate. — p. a. exten'aating, pal- 
liating. — n. extenua'tion, palliation. 

exterior, eks-te'ri-or, a m outer: out- 
ward, external: on or from the outside: 
foreign. — n. outward part or surface: 
outward form or deportment. 

exterminate, eks-ter'mi-nat, v. t. to 
destroy utterly : to put an end to : to 
root out. — a. exter'minable, that can be 
exterminated. — n. extermination, com- 
plete destruction or extirpation. 

external, eks-ter'nal, a. exterior : lying 
outside : outward : that may be seen : 
accidental: foreign. — n. exterior: (pi.) 
the outward parts : outward or non- 
essential forms and ceremonies. — n. ex- 
tS'rior, an exterior thing, the outside. 

extinct, eks-tingkt', a. put out : ex- 
tinguished : no longer existing : dead. — n. 



extinc'tion, a quenching or destroying: 
destruction : suppression. 

extinguish, eks-ting'gwish, v. t. to 
quench : to destroy, annihilate : to ob- 
scure by superior splendor. — v. i. to die 
out. — a. exting'uishable. 

extirpate, eks'ter-pat, v. t. to root 
out: to destroy totally: to exterminate. 

extol, eks-tol', v. t. to magnify: to 
praise. 

extort, eks-tort', v. t. to gain or draw 
from by compulsion or violence. — n. ex- 
tor'tion, illegal or oppressive exaction: 
that which is extorted. — adjs. extor'- 
tionary, pertaining to or implying ex- 
tortion; extortionate, oppressive. 

extra, eks'tra, a. beyond or more than 
the usual or the necessary: extraordi- 
nary : additional. — adv. unusually. — n. 
something extra or additional . 

extract, eks-trakt', v. t. to draw out 
by force or otherwise : to select : to 
find out : to distil. — n. ex'tract, anything 
drawn from a substance by heat, dis- 
tillation, etc., as an essence : a passage 
taken from a book or writing. 

extradition, eks-tra-dish'un, n. a de- 
livering up by one government to 
another of fugitives from justice. 

extraneous, eks-tran'e-us, a. external : 
foreign: not belonging to or dependent 
on a thing : not essential. 

extraordinary, eks-trawr'di-nar-i, a. 
beyond ordinary: not usual or regular: 
wonderful: special or supernumerary. 

extravagant, eks-trav'a-gant, a. un- 
restrained : excessive : profuse in ex- 
penses : wasteful. 

extravaganza, eks-trav-a-gan'za, n. an 
extravagant or eccentric musical or lit- 
erary production : a burlesque . 

extravasate, eks-trav'a-sat, v. t. to let 
out of the proper vessels, as the blood, 

extreme, eks-trem', a. outermost: 
most remote: last: highest in degree: 
greatest : excessive : most violent : most 
urgent: stringent. — n. the utmost point 
or verge: end: utmost or highest limit 
or degree: great necessity. — adv. ex- 
tremely. — n. extremity, the utmost 
limit : the highest degree ; 

extricate, eks'tri-kat, v. t to free 
from hindrances or perplexities : to dis- 
entangle: to set free. — a. ex'tricable. 

extrinsic, -al, eks-trin'sik, -al, a. ex- 
ternal : not contained in or belonging to 
a body: foreign: not essential. 



extrorse 



mote, move; mute; then. 



faculty - 173 



extrorse, eks-trors', a. turned outward. 

extrude, eks-trod', v. t. to force or 
urge out : to expel : to drive off. 

exuberant, eks-u'ber-ant, a. plenteous : 
overflowing : happy : lavish. 

exude, eks-ud', v. t. to discharge, as 
sweat, moisture, etc. — v. i. to flow out of 
a body through the pores.^ 

exult, egz-ult', v. i. to rejoice exceed- 
ingly : to triumph. — a. exult'ant, exulting : 
triumphant. — n. exulta'tion, rapturous 
delight : transport. 

exuviae, eks-u'vi-e, n. pi. cast-off 



skins, shells, or other coverings of 
animals. 

eye, T, n. the organ of sight or vision, 
more correctly the globe or movable 
part of it: the power of seeing: sight: 
regard: aim: keenness of perception: 
anything resembling an eye : the seed- 
bud of a potato. — v. t. to look on: to 
observe narrowly. 

eyot, i'ot, n. a little island. 

eyre, ar, n. a journey or circuit: a 
court of itinerant justices. 

eyry, eyrie, old spellings of aery, aerie. 



|g*j| f, ef, the sixth letter in the Eng- 
lish and Latin alphabets — its 
!*■■»[ sound called a labio-dental frica- 
tive, and formed by bringing the 
lower lip into contact with the upper 
teeth. 

fa 4 fa, n. (mus.) the fourth tone of 
the diatonic scale. 

Fabian, fa'bi-an, a. delaying, avoiding 
battle, cautious, practising the policy of 
dela}'. 

fable, fa'bl, n. a feigned story or tale 
with a moral purpose : a fiction or myth : 
a ridiculous story, a falsehood. — v. i. to 
tell . fictitious tales. — v. t. to feign : to 
invent. — p. a. fa'bled, mythical. — v. i. 
fab'ulize, to write fables, or to speak in 
fables. — n. fab'ulist, one who invents 
fables. — a. fab'ulous, feigned, false : re- 
lated in fable : immense, amazing.* 

fabric, fab'rik, n. workmanship : tex- 
ture : anything framed by art and labor : 
manufactured cloth : any system of con- 
nected parts. 

fabricate, fab'ri-kat, v. t. to put to- 
gether by art and labor : to manufacture : 
to produce: to devise falsely. — n. fab- 
rication, construction : manufacture : 
that which is fabricated: a story. 

facade, fa-sad', n. the exterior front 
or face of a building. 

face^ fas, n. the front part of the 
head, including forehead, eyes, nose, 
mouth, cheeks, and chin: the outside 
make or appearance: front or surface of 
anything: cast of features: look, con- 
figuration : boldness, effrontery : presence. 
— V. t. to meet in front: to stand op- 
posite to : to resist : to put an additional 
face or surface on : to cover in front. — 



v. i. to turn the face, as in military 
tactics — 'right face', etc. 

facet, fas'et, n. a small surface, as of 
a crystal. — v. t. to cut a facet upon, or 
cover with facets. 

facetious, fa-se'shus, a. witty, humor- 
ous, jocose. — n. pi. facetiae (fa-se'shi-e), 
witty or humorous sayings or writings. 

facial, fa'shal, a. of or relating to the 
face— adv. fa'cially. 

facies, fa'shi-ez, n. general aspect of 
anything: the face, features. [L.] 

facile, fas'il, a. easily persuaded: 
affable: yielding: easy of access or ac- 
complishment : courteous : easy. — v. t. 
facilitate, to make easy: to lessen dif- 
ficulty. 

facsimile, fak-sim'i-le, n. an exact 
copy, as of handwriting, a coin, etc. — a. 
exactly corresponding. — v. t. to make a 
facsimile of, to reproduce. 

fact, fakt, n. a deed or anything done: 
anything that comes to pass : reality, or 
a real state of things: truth: the asser- 
tion of a thing done. 

faction, fak'shun, n. a contentious 
party in a state or society : dissension. 

factitious, fak-tish'us, a. made by art. 

factor, fak'tor, h. one who buys and 
sells goods for others, on commission: 
an agent: (math.) one of two or more 
parts, which, when multiplied together, 
result in a given number: an element— 
n. fac'tory, a manufactory. 

factotum, fak-to'tum, n. a person em- 
ployed to do all kinds of work. 

faculty, fak'ul-ti, n. facility or power 
to act : any particular ability or aptitude : 
an original power of the mind: any 
physical function : personal quality or 



174 fad 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



fall 



endowment : right, authority, or privilege 
to act : license : a department of learning 
at a university, or the professors consti- 
tuting it : the members of a profession : 
executive ability. 

fad, fad, n. a weak or transient hobby, 
crotchet, or craze. — a. fad'dish, given to 
fads. — n. fad'dist. 

fade, fad, v. i. to lose strength, fresh- 
ness, or color gradually: to vanish. 

fag, fag, v. i. to become weary or 
tired out : to work hard : to be a fag. 
— v. t. to weary: to use as a fag. — n. 
a drudge for others : a tiresome piece of 
work : drudgery. 

fag-end, fag'-end, n. the untwisted 
end of a rope : the refuse or meaner 
part of a thing. 

fagot, faggot, fag'ut, n. a bundle of 
sticks for fuel, fascines, etc. : anything 
like a fagot. — v. t. to tie together. 

Fahrenheit, fa'ren-hit, n. the name 
applied to a thermometer, the freezing- 
point of which is marked at 32, and the 
boiling-point at 212 degrees. 

faience, fa'yans, n. a fine kind of pot- 
tery. [Fr. ; prob. from Faenza in Italy.] 

fail, fal, v. i. to fall short or be want- 
ing (with in) : to fall away: to decay: 
to die : to prove deficient : to miss : to be 
disappointed or baffled : to be unable to 
pay one's debts.— v. t. to be wanting to : 
not to be sufficient for : to leave undone, 
omit: to disappoint or desert any one. — 
p. a. failed, decayed, worn out: bank- 
rupt. — n. fail'ing, a fault, weakness : a 
foible. — prep, in default of. — n. fail'ure, 
a falling short, or cessation : omission : 
decay : bankruptcy. 

fain, fan, a. glad or joyful: inclined 
(with to) : content to accept, for want of 
better : compelled. 

faint, f ant, a. wanting in strength : 
fading : lacking distinctness : not bright 
or forcible: weak in spirit: lacking 
courage : depressed : done in a feeble 
way. — v. i. to become feeble or weak : to 
lose strength, color, etc. : to swoon : to 
fade or decay: to vanish: to lose courage 
or spirit: to become depressed. — n. a 
swoon. 

fair, far, a. bright : clear : free from 
blemish: pure: pleasing to the eye: 
beautiful: free from a dark hue: of a 
light shade: favorable: unobstructed: 
open : prosperous : frank : impartial : 
just: pleasing: plausible: hopeful: mod- 



erate: pretty good. — adv. kindly, hon- 
estly, clearly : straight. 

fair, far, n. a great periodical market : 
an exhibition or exposition, a bazaar. 

fairy, far'i, n. an imaginary being, 
capable of kindly or unkindly acts to- 
wards man : an enchantress, or creature 
of overpowering charm. — a. like a fairy, 
fanciful, whimsical, delicate. 

faith, fath, n. trust or confidence: be- 
lief in the statement of another : belief in 
the truth of revealed religion : confidence 
and trust in God : that which is believed : 
any system of religious belief : fidelity to 
promises: honesty: word or honor 
pledged. — a. faith'ful, full of faith, be- 
lieving: firm in adherence to promises, 
duty, allegiance, etc. : loyal : conformable 
to truth: worthy of belief: true. — adv. 
faith'fully, sincerely, truthfully, exactly. 
' — n. faith'fulness. — a. faithless, without 
faith or belief: unbelieving: not adher- 
ing to promises, allegiance, or duty . 

fake, f ak, v. t. to steal : to make up an 
article or story so as to hide its defects. 

fakir, fa-ker', n. a member of a re- 
ligious order of mendicants or penitents 
in India, etc. 

falchion, fawl'shun, n. a short, broad 
sword, bent somewhat like a sickle. 

falcon, faw'kn, n. 3. bird of prey for- 
merly trained to the 
pursuit of game. — n. fal'- 
coner, one who sports 
with, or breeds and 
trains, falcons. — a. fal'- 
conine. — n. fal'conry, 
the art of training or 
hunting with falcons. [O. 
Fr. faucon — Low L. fal- 
con-em — L. falx, a hook 
or sickle.] 

Falernian, fa-ler'ni- Head and foot of 
an, a. pertaining to a _ Falcon, 
district (Falernus ager) in Campania, 
famous of old for its wine. 

fall, fawl, v. i. to drop down: to de- 
scend by the force of gravity : to become 
prostrate : (of a river) to discharge 
itself: to slope down: to sink as if 
dead : to vanish : to die away : to lose 
strength, subside : to decline : to be over- 
thrown: to be compelled to yield: to 
become downcast : to yield to tempta- 
tion: to depart from the faith: to be- 
come dejected: to pass gently into any 
state, as 'to fall in love' : to befall : to 




fallacy 



mote, move; mute; then. 



fard 



175 



issue, occur : to rush : to be required or 
necessary: to fall away: — pr. p. fairing; 
pa. t. fell; pa. p. fallen (faw'ln). — n. the 
act of falling, in any of its senses . 

fallacy, fal'a-si, n. something falla- 
cious : deceptive appearance : an appar- 
ently genuine but really illogical argu- 
ment. — a. fallacious, calculated to 
deceive or mislead : not well founded . 

fallal, fal'lal', or fal-lal', n. any trifling 
ornament. 

fallible, fal'i-bl, a. liable to error or 
mistake. — n. fallibility, liability to err. 

Fallopian, fal-lo'pi-an, a. denoting 
two tubes or ducts in the human anat- 
omy. 

fallow, fal'6, a. left untilled or un- 
sowed for a time after ploughing. — n. 
land that has lain a year or more un- 
tilled : land ploughed but not sown. — v. t. 
to plough land without seeding it. 

fallow, fal'6, a. of a brownish-yellow 
color. — n. fall'ow-deer, a yellowish- 
brown deer smaller than the red-deer. 

false, fawls, a. deceptive or deceiv- 
ing: untruthful: unfaithful to obliga- 
tions: untrue: not genuine or real, 
counterfeit : hypocritical : not well 
founded, or not according to rule. — n. 
false'hood, state or quality of being 
false : want of truth : want of honesty : 
deceitfulness : false appearance : an un- 
true statement: a lie. — adv. false'ly. 

falsetto, fawl-set'o, n. a forced voice 
of a range or register above the natural. 

falsify, fawls'i-fi, v. t. to forge or 
counterfeit: to prove untrustworthy: to 
break by falsehood.- 

falter, fawl'ter, v. i. to stumble : to fail 
or stammer in speech : to tremble or 
totter : to be feeble or irresolute. — n. any 
unsteadiness. — n. fal'tering, feebleness, 
deficiency. 

fame, fam, n. public report or rumor: 
renown or celebrity. — v. t. to report : to 
make famous. — a. famed, renowned. 

familiar, fa-mil'yar, a. well acquainted 
or intimate : free : unceremonious : hav- 
ing a thorough knowledge of: well 
known or understood : private, domestic : 
common, plain. — n. one well or long 
acquainted : a spirit or demon supposed 
to attend an individual at call. 

family, fam'i-li, n. a household: the 
children of a person : the descendants of 
one common progenitor : race : honor- 



able or noble descent : a group of 
animals, plants, languages, etc. 

famine, fam'in, n. general scarcity of 
food: extreme scarcity of anything: 
hunger : starvation. 

famish, fam'ish, v. t. to starve. — v. i. 
to die or suffer extreme hunger or 
thirst. 

famous, fa'mus, a. renowned : noted. 

fan, fan, n. an instrument for winnow- 
ing grain : a broad, flat instrument used 
to cool the face and person by waving 
to and fro : the agitation of the air 
caused by a fan. — v. t. to cool with a 
fan : to winnow : to ventilate. 

fanatic, fa-nat'ik, a. extravagantly or 
unreasonably zealous, esp. in religion : 
excessively enthusiastic. — n. a person ex- 
cessively enthusiastic, esp. on religious 
subjects. 

fancy, fan'si, n. the faculty of imag- 
ination : an image or representation 
formed in the mind: an unreasonable or 
capricious opinion : a whim : capricious 
inclination or liking : taste. — a. pleasing 
to, or guided by, fancy or caprice : ele- 
gant or ornamental. — v. t. to portray in 
the mind : to imagine : to have a fancy 
or liking for : to be pleased with.- 

fandango, fan-dan'go, n. an old Span- 
ish dance for two performers. [Sp.] 

fane, fan, n. a temple. [L. fannm.] 

fang, fang, n. the tooth of a ravenous 
beast : a claw or talon : the venom-tooth 
of a serpent. 

fantasy, phantasy, fan'ta-si, n. fancy: 
imagination : mental image : love : whim, 
caprice. — v. t. to fancy, conceive men- 
tally. — n. fan'tasm (same as phantasm). 

far, far, a. remote : more distant of 
two : remote from or contrary to pur- 
pose or design. — adv. to a great distance 
in time, space, or proportion : remotely : 
considerably : very much : to a great 
height : to a certain point, degree, or 
distance. 

farad, far'ad, n. the practical unit of 
electrical capacity — the capacity of a 
conductor which when raised to a 
potential of one volt has a charge of 
one coulomb. 

farce, fars, n. a style of comedy 
marked by low humor and extravagant 
wit : ridiculous or empty show.- 

farcy, far'si, n. a disease of horses 
like glanders. 

fard, fard, n. white paint for the face* 



176 fardel fate, far; me, her; mine; faucet 

fardel, far'del, n. a pack: anything sipated. — adv. swiftly: in rapid succes- 

cumbersome or irksome. sion : extravagantly. 

fare, far, v. i. to get on or succeed : to fast, fast, v. i. to keep from food : to 
happen well or ill: to be in any particu-"go hungry: to abstain from food as a 

lar state, to be, to go on : to feed. — n. religious duty. — n. abstinence from food : 

the price of passage : one conveyed in a the day or time of fasting.- 

public carriage : food or provisions for fasten, fas'n, v. t. to make fast or 

the table. — inter j. farewell', may you tight: to fix securely: to attach firmly 

fare well! a wish for safety or success, one thing to another: to confirm. — v. i. 

farina, fa-re'na, or fa-ri'na, n. ground to fix itself, 

grain: meal: starch: pollen of plants.- fastidious, fas-tid'i-us, a. affecting 

_ farm, farm, n. a tract of land for cul- superior taste : over-nice : difficult to 

tivation or pasturage, with the necessary please. 

buildings. — v. t. to let out as lands to fat, fat, a. plump, fleshy: fruitful, esp. 

a tenant : to take on lease : to cultivate, profitable : gross : thick, full-bodied, esp. 

as land. — n. farm'er, one who farms or of printing-types. — n. an oily substance 

cultivates land . under the skin : solid animal oil : the 

faro, far'o, n. a game of chance played richest part of anything. — v. t. to make 

by betting on the order in which certain fat. — v. i. to grow fat. — adv. fat'ly, 

cards will appear when taken singly grossly: in a lumbering manner. — n. 

from the top of the pack. fat'ness, quality or state of being fat: 

farrier, far'i-er, n. one who shoes richness : fertility. — v. t. fat'ten, to make 

horses : one who cures the diseases of fat or fleshy : to make fertile. — v. i. to 

horses. grow fat. 

farrow, far'o, n. a litter of pigs. — v. i. fate, fat, n. inevitable destiny or 

or v. t. to bring forth pigs. necessity: appointed lot: ill-fortune: 

farther, iar'ther, a. (comp. of far) doom: final issue. — a. fat'al, belonging 

more far or distant : tending to a greater to or appointed by fate : causing ruin or 

distance : longer : additional. — adv. at or death : mortal : calamitous. — ns. fat'- 

to a greater distance: more remotely: alism, the doctrine that all events are 

beyond: moreover. — a. farthest (superl. subject to fate; fat'alist. — a. fat'alistic. 

of far), most far, distant, or remote. — n. fatal'ity, the state of being fatal 

farthing, iar' thing, n. the fourth of or unavoidable: the decree of fate: 

a penny: anything very small. mortality: a fatal occurrence. 

fascinate, fas'i-nat, v. t. to control by father, f'a'ther, n. a male parent: an 
the glance: to charm: to captivate: to ancestor or forefather: a fatherly pro- 
enchant, esp. by the evil eye. — a. fas'- tector: a contriver or originator: a title 
cinating, charming, delightful. — n. fas- of respect applied to a venerable man, 
cina'tion, the act of charming: myste- oldest member of any profession or other 
rious personal attraction : power of allur- body : one of a group of early ecclesias- 
ing: state of being fascinated. tical writers: the first person of the 

fashion, fash'un, n. the make or cut Trinity. — v. t. to adopt : to ascribe to one 

of a thing: form or pattern: prevailing as his offspring or production, 

mode or custom: manner : polite society: fathom, iath'um, n. a nautical measure 

appearance. — v. t. to make: to mold ac- =6 feet: depth. — v. t. to try the depth 

cording to a pattern : to suit or adapt, of : to comprehend or get to the bottom 

— a. fash'ionable, made according to of. — adjs. fath'omable; fath'omless. 

prevailing fashion : observant of the fatigue, fa-teg', n. weariness from 

fashion : moving in high society : pat- labor of body or of mind : toil : military 

ronized by people of fashion. — n. a work distinct from the use of arms. — 

person of fashion.- v. ,t. to reduce to weariness: to exhaust 

fast, fast, a. firm : fixed : steadfast : one's strength : to harass, 

fortified. — adv. firmly, unflinchingly: fatuous, fat'u-us, a. silly: imbecile: 

soundly or sound (asleep) : quickly: without reality. — n. fatii'ity, unconscious 

close, near. — n. fast'ness, fixedness: a stupidity: imbecility. [L. fatuus.] 

stronghold, fortress, castle. faucet, faw'set, n. a pipe inserted in 

fast, fast, a. quick: rapid; rash: dis- a barrel to draw liquid. [Fr. fausset.] 



faugh mote, move; mute; then, feel 17? 

faugh, faw, inter j. an exclamation of feathered animal, swift: smoothed as 

contempt or disgust. with feathers— w. feath'erweight, the 

fault, fawlt, n. a failing: error: lightest weight that may be carried by a 

blemish: imperfection: a slight offense: racehorse: a boxer, wrestler, etc., — a. 

(geol., mm.) a displacement of strata or feath'ery, pertaining to, resembling, or 

veins. — adv. fault'ily. — n. fault'iness. — covered with feathers, 

a. fault'y* imperfect, defective : guilty of feature, fet'ur, n. one of the marks by 

a fault: blamable. which anything is recognized: a promi- 

fauna, fawn'a, n. animals collectively, nent trait: the cast of the face: (pi.) 

or those of a particular country. the countenance.— v. t. (coll.) to have 

fauteuil, fo-tey', n. an arm-chair. [Fr.] features resembling: to make or treat 

favor, favour, fa'ver, n. countenance: as important, 

good-will : a kind deed : indulgence : par- febrifuge, f eb'ri-fuj, n. a medicine for 

tiality : advantage : a wedding token : a removing fever. 

trinket bestowed in the german or cotil- febrile, fe'bril, or feb'ril, a. pertaining 

lion: a pledge of a woman's favor: a to fever. [Fr., — L. febris, fever.] 

letter or written communication. — v. t. February, feb'ro-ar-i, n. the second 

to regard with good-will: to be on the month of the year, 

side of: to treat indulgently: to afford feces, faeces, fe'cez, n. pi. dregs, sedi- 

advantage to: (coll.) to resemble. — a. ment: excrement, dung. — a. fe'cal. 

fa'vorable, friendly : propitious : advan- fecund, fek'und, a. fruitful : fertile : 

tageous. — n. fa'vorableness. — adv. fa'- prolific. — v. t. fec'undate, to make fruit- 

vorably.- ful: to impregnate. — ns. fecunda'tion, 

fawn, fawn, v. i. to cringe, to flatter act of impregnating: state of being im- 

in a servile way (with upon). — ns. pregnated; fecund'ity, fruitfulness. 

fawn'er; fawn'ing, mean flattery: syco- fed, pa. t. and pa. p. of feed. 

phancy. federal, fed'er-al, a. pertaining to or 

faze, faz, v. t. (coll.) to disconcert: consisting of a treaty or covenant: con- 
to nonplus: to hinder: to daunt — also federated, of a union or government in 
feaze, phase, etc. which several states combine for national 

fealty, fe'al-ti, or fel'ti, n. the vassal's or general purposes, as in the United 

oath of fidelity to his feudal lord. States. — n. a supporter of federation: a 

fear, fer, n. a painful emotion excited Union soldier in the Civil War. 
by danger : apprehension : alarm : the fee, f e, n. price paid for services, as 
object of fear: aptness to cause fear: to a lawyer: recompense, wages: sum 
(B.) deep reverence : piety towards God. exacted for any special privilege: an 
— v. t. to regard with fear: to expect unconditional inheritance, 
with alarm: to venerate. — v. i. to be feeble, fe'bl, a. weak: wanting in 
afraid: to be in doubt. — a. fear'ful, strength of body, energy, or efficiency: 
timorous : exciting intense fear : terrible, faint : dull. — a. f ee'ble-mind'ed, weak- 
feasible, f ez'i-bl, a. practical. minded : irresolute. 

feast, fest, n. a day of unusual solem- feed, fed, v. t. to give food to : to 

nity or joy : a festival in commemoration nourish : to furnish with necessary 

of some event: a rich and abundant re- material: to foster. — v. i. to take food: 

past. — v. i. to hold a feast: to eat sump- to nourish oneself by eating. — n. an 

tuously : to receive intense dehght. — v. t. allowance of provender, esp. to cattle : 

to entertain sumptuously. the motion forward of anything being 

feat, fet, n. a deed manifesting extraor- fed to a machine, 

dinary strength, skill, or courage. feel, f el, v. t. to perceive by the touch : 

feather, ieth'ev, n. one of the growths to handle or try by touch : to be con- 

which form the covering of a bird : a scious of : to be keenly sensible of. — v. i. 

feather-like ornament : nature, kind, as in to know by the touch : to have the 

'birds of a feather': birds collectively: emotions excited: to produce a certain 

anything light or trifling. — v. t. to furnish sensation when touched. — n. the sensa- 

or adorn with feathers. — p. a. feath'ered, tion of touch.— ns. feel'er, any indirect 

covered or fitted with feathers, or any- stratagem to sound the opinions of 

thing feather-like: like the flight of a others: (pi.) antennae; feel'ing, the 
12 



178 feet fate, far; me, her; mine; fester 

sense of touch: perception of objects by equivocal answers. — n. fenc'er, one who 
touch: consciousness of pleasure or practises fencing with a sword. — p. a. 
pain: tenderness: emotion: sensibility, fenc'ing, defending or guarding. 

feet, fet, pi. of foot. fend, fend, v. t. to ward off: to shut 

feign, fan, v. t. to invent: to imagine: out: to defend. — n. fend'er, a metal 
to make a show or pretense of, to coun- guard before a fire to confine the ashes . 
terfeit, simulate. — a. feigned, pretended : ferment, fer'ment, n. what excites fer- 
simulating. — adv. feign'edly. mentation, as yeast, leaven: internal 

feint, fant, n. a false appearance: a motion amongst the parts of a fluid: 
pretense : a mock-assault : a deceptive agitation : tumult. — v. t. ferment', to ex- 
movement. — v. i. to make a feint. cite fermentation: to inflame. — v. i. to 
felicity, fe-lis'i-ti, n. happiness : de- rise and swell by the action of fermen- 
light: a blessing: a happy event. — v. t. tation: to work, used of wine, etc. — n. 
felic'itate, to express joy or pleasure fermenta'tion, the act or process of fer- 
to : to congratulate. — n. felicita'tion. menting : the kind of spontaneous de- 
feline, fe'lin, a. pertaining to the cat composition which produces alcohol.- 
or the cat kind : like a cat. fern, fern, n. one of the class of higher 
fell, fel, pa. t. of fall. or vascular cryptogamous plants. — n. 
fell, fel, v. t. to cause to fall : to bring fern'ery, a place for rearing ferns. 
to the ground : to cut down. ferocious, f e-ro'shus, a. savage, fierce : 
fellow, fel'6, n. an associate: a com- cruel. — adv. ferd'ciously. — n. feroc'ity. 
panion and equal: one of a pair, a ferreous, fer'e-us, a. pertaining to or 
mate : a member of a university who made of iron. 

enjoys a fellowship: a member of a ferret, fer'et, n. a half-tamed albino 
scientific or other society : an individual, variety of weasel, employed in unearth- 
a person generally : a worthless person, ing rabbits, killing rats, etc. — v. t. to drive 
— n. f ell'owship, the state of being a out of a hiding-place : to search out cun- 
fellow or partner: friendly intercourse: ningly. 

communion: an association: an endow- ferriage, fer'ri-aj, n. See ferry. 
ment or prize in a college, for the en- ferrule, ferule, fer'il, or fer'61, n. a 
couragement of study. metal ring or cap on a staff, etc., to keep 

felly, fel'i, felloe, fel'6, n. one of the it from splitting, 
curved pieces in the circumference of a ferry, fer'i, v. t. to carry or convey 
wheel : the circular rim of the wheel, over a water in a boat. — n. a place where 
felon, fel'on, n. one guilty of felony: one is carried by boat across a water: 
a convict. — a. wicked or cruel. — a. felo'- the right of conveying passengers : the 
nious, wicked: depraved: done with the ferry-boat. — ns. ferr'iage, provision for 
deliberate intention to commit crime. ferrying: the fare paid for such. 

felt, felt, pa. t. and pa. p. of feel. fertile, fer'til, a. able to bear or pro- 

felt, felt, n. a fabric of wool, hair, etc., duce abundantly : rich in resources : in- 
formed without weaving. — v. t. to make ventive : fertilizing. — adv. fer'tilely. — n. 
into felt : to cover with felt. — n. felt'ing. fertilization, the act or process of f er- 
female, fe'mal, a. of the sex that pro- tilizing. — v. t. fer'tilize, to make fertile 
duces young: pertaining to females: or fruitful: to enrich. 
(bot.) having a pistil or fruit-bearing ferule, fer'61, n. a cane or rod for 
organ. — n. one of the female sex, a punishment. 

woman. — a. f em'inine, pertaining to fervent, f er'vent, a. ardent : zealous : 

women: tender: womanly: (gram.) ^ the warm in feeling. — n. fer'vency, eager- 

ender denoting females. — n. feminin'ity. ness : warmth of devotion.— a dv. fer'- 

femur, fe'mer, n. the thigh-bone. vently. — a. fer'vid, very hot: having 

fen, fen, n. a kind of low marshy land, burning desire or emotion : zealous. 

fence, fens, n. a structure for inclos- festal, fes'tal, a. pertaining to a feast 

ing land, for separating lots, etc.: the or holiday: joyous: gay. — adv. fes'tally. 

art of fencing: defense: a receiver of fester, fes'ter, v. i. to become corrupt 

stolen goods, also a receiving-house. — or malignant : to suppurate. — v. t. to 

v. t. to inclose with a fence. — v. i. to cause to fester or rankle. — n. a wound 

practise fencing: to conceal the truth by discharging corrupt matter. 



festive mote, move; mute; then. fiend 179 

festive, fes'tiv, a. festal: mirthful. — n. fiasco, fi-as'ko, n. a failure of any 

fes'tival, a joyful celebration: a feast. kind. [It] 

festoon, fes-ton', n. a. garland sus- fiat, fi'at, n. a decree: a formal or 

pended between two points. & , solemn command. 

— v. t. to adorn with fes- glk J| fib, fib. n. something said falsely: a 

toons. [Fr. feston — Low L. |HSWfj§ mild expression for a lie. — v. i. to tell 

f est o {n-), a garland — L.fes- T *# a fib or lie: to speak falsely. — n. fib'ber. 

turn.] Festoon. fiber, fibre, fi'ber, n. a conglomeration 

fetch, fech, v. t. to bring: to go and of thread-like tissue, as in animals or 

get : to obtain as its price : to accom- vegetables : any fine thread, or thread- 

plish in any way : to bring down, to like substance : material, substance. 

cause to yield : to reach or attain. — v. L fickle, fik'l, a. inconstant : changeable, 

to turn: (naut.) to arrive at. — n. the fiction, fik'shun, n. a feigned or false 

act of bringing: space carried over: a story: a falsehood: romance: the novel, 

stratagem.— a. fetch'ing, fascinating. story-telling as a branch of literature: 

fete, fat, n. a festival : a holiday.— v. t. a supposition of law that a thing is true, 

to entertain at a feast. [Fr.] — a . ficticious, imaginary: not real: 

fetid, fe'tid, or fetid, a. stinking : hav- forged.— adv. fictitiously— a. fic'tive. 

ing a strong offensive odor. fid, fid, n. a conical pin of hard wood, 

fetish, fetich, fe'tish, n. an object of used by sailors in splicing. 

awe or veneration, due to belief in its fidd i e> M >i t Hm a str inged instrument 

occult power: a charm. of music, called also a violin.— v. t. or 

fetlock, fet lok, n. a tuft of hair that Vm ; to p i ay on a fiddle : to trifle, 
grows behind on horses' feet:, the part fidelitV) n -del'i-ti, n. faithful perform- 
where this hair grows. # ance of duty . faithfulness to a husband 

fetter, fet er n. a chain or shackle for or wife . honesty: firm adherence, 

the feet: anything that restrams-used fid fij , • be unable t . 

chiefly in pi -v. t. to put fetters on tQ m * ye ' uneasil irregu lar motion: 

fettle, feU ». preparedness, ready restlessness . {pL) general nervous rest- 

condition [Prob A. S. fetel, a belt] lessness ._ a< kdg'ety, restless: uneasy. 

fetus, foetus, fetus, n. the young of C j • -i c a-'x,- \ u • 

animals in the egg or in the womb fl / duCla1 ' fi "^ U shl " al V ° + u Sh °T g '? 

feud, fud, n. a war waged by private ^ de " ce or reliance: of the nature of a 

individuals, families, or clans against one trust -£ **? "^ confident: unwav- 

another on their own account *™8 : ,. held + m . trust-w. a trustee 

feud, fud, n. a fief or land held on fie .' fl ' *»*"*• denoting disapprobation 

condition of service. — a. feud'al, pertain- or °- ls gu s t- ^ 

ing to feuds or fief s : belonging to feud- fi et, fef, n. land held of a superior in 

alism.— n. feudalism, the system, during fee or on condition of military service : 

the Middle Ages, by which land was a feud. [Fr. ,— Low L. feudum.] 

held on condition of military service. field, feld, n. country or open country 

fever, fever, n. disease marked by in general: a piece of ground inclosed 

great bodily heat and quickening of for tillage or pasture: the locality of a 

pulse : extreme excitement of the pas- battle : the battle itself : room for action 

sions, agitation: a painful degree of of any kind: a wide expanse: (her.) the 

anxiety.—^, t. to put into a fever.— v. i. surface of a shield: the background on 

to become fevered.— a. fe'verish, slightly which figures are drawn : the part of a 

fevered : indicating fever : fidgetv : fickle : coin left unoccupied by the main de- 

morbidly eager.— adv. fe'verishly. vice: those taking part in a hunt: all 

few, fu, a. small in number : not many, the entries collectively against which a 

fey, fay, fa, a. doomed, fated soon to single contestant has to compete.— v. t. 

die. at baseball, etc., to catch or stop (the 

fez, fez, n. a red brimless cap of wool ball) and^ return to the fixed place.— v. i. 

or felt, worn in Turkey, Egypt, etc. to stand in positions so as to catch the 

fiacre, fe-a'kr, n. a hackney-coach, ball easily in baseball, etc. 

fiancee, fe-on-sa', n. a woman be- fiend, fend, n. the devil : one actuated 

trothed : — masc. fiance. by the most intense wickedness or hate. 



180 fierce 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



film 



fierce, fers, a. ferocious: violent: 
angry. — adv. fiercely. — n.' fierce'ness. 

fiery, fir'i, or fi'er-i, a. ardent: im- 
petuous : irritable. — n. fier'iness. 

fife, fif, n. a smaller variety of the 
flute. — v. i. to play on the fife. — n. fif'er. 

fifteen, fif'ten, a. and n. five and ten. 
— a. fifteenth, the fifth after the tenth: 
being one of fifteen equal parts. — n. a 
fifteenth part. 

fifth, fifth, a. next after the fourth. 
— n. one of five equal parts: (mus.) a 
tone five diatonic degrees above or 
below any given tone. 

fifty, fif'ti, a. and n. five tens or five 
times ten. — a. fiftieth, the ordinal of 
fifty. — n. a fiftieth part. 

fig, fig, n. the fig-tree (Ficus), or its 
fruit: a thing of little 
consequence. [Fr. Hgue 
— L. -ficus, a fig.] 

Figaro, fig'ar-o, n. a 
type of cunning and 
dexterity, from the dra- 
matic character, first 
barber and then valet- 
de-chambre, in the 
Barbier de Seville and 
the Manage de Figaro, 
by Beaumarchais. 

fight, fit, V. i. tO Fi S' Leaf and Fruit, 
strive with an enemy in war or in 
single combat. — v. t. to engage in con- 
flict with : to gain by fight : to cause to 
fight. — pa. t. and pa. p. fought (fawt). — 
n. a struggle: a combat: a battle or en- 
gagement. 

figment, fig'ment, n. a fabrication or 
invention. 

figure, fig'ur, n. the form of anything 
in outline: a drawing: a design: a 
statue : appearance : a character denoting 
a number: value or price: (rhet.) a 
form of speech in which words are 
changed from their literal signification 
or usage: steps in a dance: a type or 
emblem. — v. t. to form or shape : to 
make an image of: to mark with figures 
or designs : to imagine : to symbolize : 
to foreshow : to note by figures. — v. i. to 
make figures: to appear as a distin- 
guished person. 

filaceous, fil-a'shus, a. composed of 
threads. 

filament, fiTa-ment, n. a slender or 
thread-like object: a fiber. 




filanders, fil-an'derz, n. pi. a disease 
in hawks. [Fr. Ulandres — L. filum.] 

filbert, fiTbert, n. the nut of the culti- 
vated hazel. 

filch, filch, v. t. to steal: to pilfer. 

file, fil, n. a device on or in which 
papers are placed in order : the papers 
so placed: a roll or list: a line of 
soldiers ranged behind one another: the 
number of men forming the depth of a 
battalion. — v. t. to put upon a file: to 
arrange in an orderly manner: to put 
among the records of a court : to bring 
before a court. — v. i. to march in a file. 

file, fil, 11. a steel instrument with 
sharp-edged furrows for smoothing or 
rasping metals, etc. — v. t. to cut or 
smooth with, or as with, a file : to polish, 
improve.' 

filial, fil'yal, a. pertaining to or be- 
coming a son or daughter: bearing the 
relation of a child. — adv. fiTially. 

filibuster, filibuster, fiTi-bus-ter, n. a 
lawless military or piratical adventurer : 
a bucaneer. — v. i. to act as a bucaneer : 
to obstruct legislation wantonly by end- 
less speeches, motions, etc.- 

filigree, fil'i-gre, n. a kind of orna- 
mental metallic lacework of gold and 
silver. . - -^ w 

fill, fil, v. t. to make full: to supply 
abundantly: to satisfy: to glut: to per- 
form the duties of. — v. i. to become full: 
to become satiated. — n. as much as fills 
or satisfies : a full supply.- 

fillet, fiTet, n. a little string or band, 
esp. to tie round the head: a piece of 
meat, esp. the fleshy part of the thigh : 
(archit.) a small space or band used 
with moldings. — v. t. to bind or adorn 
with a fillet. 

fillip, fil'ip, v. t. to strike with the nail 
of the finger, forced from the ball of 
the thumb with a sudden jerk: to incite, 
drive. — n. a jerk of the finger from the 
thumb: anything which excites. 

filly, fil'i, n. a young mare: a lively, 
wanton girl. [Dim. of foal.] 

film, film, n. a thin skin or membrane : 
a very slender thread: .the coating on 
a plate prepared to act as a medium 
for taking a picture : a length of cel- 
luloid, etc., used instead of a plate in 
photography, and in the production oi 
life-motion pictures. — v. t. to cover with 
a film, or thin skin. — n. film'iness.* 



filose mote, move; mute; then, first - 181 

filose, fi'los, a. ending in a thread- ance: artifice. — v. i. to use artifice. [Fr.] 

like process. [L. Mum, thread.] finger, fing'ger, n. one of the five 

filter, fil'ter, n. a contrivance arranged terminal parts of the hand : a finger- 

for purifying a liquid of solid insoluble breadth or finger-length: execution in 

matter: a strainer.— v. t. to purify liquid music— v. t. to handle or perform with 

by a filter. m the fingers : to pilfer : to toy or meddle 

filth, filth, n. foul matter: anything with.— v. i. to use lightly with the 

that defiles, physically or morally, fingers, as a musical instrument. 

filtrate, fil'trat, v. t. to percolate. finical, fin'i-kal, a. affectedly fine or 

fin, fin, n. the organ by which a fish precise in trifles : nice : foppish, 

balances itself ^^ finis, fi'nis, n. the end : conclusion, 

and swims.— ad/$. Jgg& finish, finish, v. t. to complete: to 

finned, f having^ * ■■*■.-■ - x6 perfect: to give the last touches to: to 

nns ; tin ny, tur- w _ %g# put an end to, to destroy.— n. that which 

rushed with fins, ^fe j^W finishes or completes : the end of a race, 

[A. b. nnn; L. iW3"» ^ hunt, etc.: last touch, polish.— p. a. 

c M ° wi J- ' Fins# finished, brought to an end or to com- 

nnable, tin a- 1, venial; 2, anal; 3, caudal; pletion . com plete : perfect. 

bl, a. liable to a 4 > pectoral; 5, first dorsal; 6, *"% . , *_, *\ . , 

r ' second dorsal. finite, f 1 nit, a. having an end or 

c * , r-t „i i . . j • • limit: subject to limitations, as time, 

final, final, a. last: decisive, con- o ^ o a „,* r-/ -. ,„ ' ' 

elusive: respecting the end or motive. s P^. e - — ad /- tx mtel y- 

-n. final'ity, state of being final: com- J 1 ™' ^ /• a ^ tlve of ^/«»rf-. 

pleteness or conclusiveness.- „ fioi ;9' £ J. ord ' f y° r 1 d ' n - name S lven , in 

finale, fi-na'la, n. the end: the last Scandinavia to a long, narrow, rock- 
passage in a piece of music. bound inlet [Norw.] 

finance, fi-nans', n. money affairs or fir » fer ' n - the name of several species 

revenue, esp. of a ruler or state: public of cone-bearing, resinous trees, valuable 

money: the art of managing or admin- f° r their timber. 

istering the public money or important fi r e, fir, n. the heat and light caused 
money matters: (pi) funds.— v. t. to by burning : flame : anything burning, as 
manage financially, to furnish with fuel in a grate, etc.: a conflagration: 
money.— a. financial, pertaining to severe trial: anything inflaming or pro- 
finance.— -adv. financially— n. financier', voking : ardor of passion : vigor : en- 
one skilled in finance.—^, i. and v. t. to thusiasm: sexual passion.— v. t. to set 
finance. on fire : to inflame : to irritate : to ani- 

finch, finsh, n. a name applied to many mate: to cause the explosion of: to 

passerine birds— bullfinch, chaffinch, gold- discharge.— v. i. to take fire : to be or 

finch, etc. [A. S. fine; Ger. fink.] become irritated or inflamed: to dis- 

find, find, v. t. to come upon or meet charge firearms.- 

with: to discover or arrive at: to per- firkin, fer'kin, n. (Eng.) fourth part 

ceive: to experience: to supply: to of a barrel: a small cask for butter, 

determine after judicial inquiry. — ns. soap, etc. 

find'er; find'ing, act of one who finds: firm, ferm, a. fixed: compact: strong: 

that which is found: a judicial verdict, not easily moved or disturbed : unshaken: 

fine, fin, a. excellent: beautiful: not resolute: decided. — adv. firmly, 

coarse or heavy: subtle: thin: slender: firm, ferm, n. the title under which 

exquisite : nice : delicate : overdone : a company transacts business : a busi- 

showy : splendid : pure, refined : consist- ness house or partnership, 

ing of small particles : sharp, keen. — v. t. firmament, fer'ma-ment, n. the solid 

to make fine : to refine : to purify : to sphere in which the stars were thought 

change by imperceptible degrees. — adv. to be fixed: the sky. — a. firmament'al. 

fine'ly. first, ferst, a. foremost: preceding all 

fine, fin, ' n. a composition: a sum of others in place, time, or degree: most 

money imposed as a punishment. — v. t. eminent: chief. — adv. before anything 

to impose a fine on : to punish by fine, else, in time, space, rank, etc. — a. first'- 

finesse, fi-nes', n. subtlety of contriv- born, born first. — n. the first in the order 



182 fisc fate, far; me, her; mine; flannel 

of birth : the eldest child. — a. first'-class, flabby, flab'i, a. easily moved : soft, 

of the first class, rank, or quality. yielding: hanging loose. — n. flabb'iness. 

fisc, fisk, n. the treasury: the public flaccid, flak'sid, a. flabby: lax: easily 

revenue: one's purse. — a. fisc'al, pertain- yielding to pressure: soft and weak, 

ing to the public treasury or revenue. flag, flag, v. i. to grow languid or 

fish, fish, n. a vertebrate that lives in spiritless, 
water, and breathes through gills : the flag, flag, n. the ensign of a ship or 
flesh of fish: — pi. fish, or fish'es. — v. t. of troops: a distinguishing device or 
to search for fish : to search by sweep- emblem : a standard : a banner. — v. t. to 
ing : to draw out or up : to seek to ob- decorate with flags : to inform by flag- 
tain by artifice. signals. 

fissile, fis'il, a. that may be cleft or flag, flag, n. a flat stone used for pav- 

split in the direction of the grain. ing — also flag'stone. 

fissure, fish'ur, n. a narrow opening flagellate, flaj'el-at, v. t. to whip or 

or chasm: a cleft, slit, or furrow. scourge. — ns. flagella'tion; flag'ellant, 

fist, fist, n. the closed or clenched one who scourges himself in religious 

hand. — a. fist'ic, pugilistic. — n. fist'icuff, discipline, 

a blow with the fist : (pi.) boxing, blows. flagitious, fla-jish'us, a. grossly wicked : 

fistula, fist'u-la, n. sl narrow passage guilty of enormous crimes.- 

or duct : a deep, sinuous ulcer. flagon, flag'un, n. a vessel with a 

fit, fit, a. adapted to any particular end narrow neck, for holding liquids. 

or standard, prepared for : qualified : flagrant, fla'grant, a. glaring : noto- 

convenient : proper : properly trained rious : enormous. 

and ready, as for a race. — v. t. to make flail, flal, n. an implement for thresh- 

fit or suitable: to suit: to be adapted ing grain. 

to : to qualify. — v. i. to be suitable or flake, flak, n. a small layer or film of 

becoming. — adv. fitly. — ns. fit'ness; fit'- anything: a very small loose mass, as of 

ter, he who or that which makes fit. — a. snow or wool. — v. t. to form into flakes. 

fit'ting, fit : appropriate. — n. anything flam, flam, n. a whim : an idle fancy : 

used in fitting up, esp. in pi. — adv. fit'- a falsehood. — v. t. to impose upon with 

tingly. [M. E. fit, fitte, meet, suitable.] such. 

fit, fit, n. a sudden attack by con- flambeau, flam'bo, n. a flaming torch . 

vulsions, as apoplexy, epilepsy, etc.: flamboyant, flam-boi'ant, a. (archit.) 

convulsion or paroxysm : a temporary with wavy window-tracery : of wavy 

attack of anything, as laughter, etc. : a form : gorgeously colored, 

sudden effort or motion : a passing flame, flam, n. gaseous matter under- 

humor. — a. fit'ful, marked by sudden going combustion : the gleam or blaze of 

impulses : spasmodic. — adv. fit'fully. a fire : rage : ardor of temper : vigor of 

five, fiv, a. and n. four and one. — a. thought: warmth of affection: love: 

five'fold, five times folded, or repeated (coll.) the object of love. — v. i. to burn 

in fives. as flame : to break out in passion. — a. 

fix, fiks, v. t. to make firm or fast: to flam'ing, red: gaudy: violent, 

establish : to drive into : to settle : to flamingo, fla-ming'go, n. a tropical 

put into permanent form: to establish bird of a flaming or bright-red color, 

as a fact: to direct steadily: to regu- flange, flanj, n. a projecting or raised 

late : to deprive of volatility. — v. i. to edge or flank, as of a wheel or of a 

settle or remain permanently: to become rail. [Corr. of flank.] 

firm: to congeal. — n. (coll.) a difficulty: flank, flangk, n. the side of an animal 

a dilemma. from the ribs to the thigh : the side or 

fizz, fiz, v. i. to make a hissing or wing of anything, esp. of an army or 

sputtering sound. — n. any frothy drink, fleet : a body of soldiers on the right and 

esp. champagne. — v. i. fizzle, to hiss or left extremities. — v. t. to attack or pass 

sputter: to come to a sudden stop, to round the side of: to protect. the flanks 

fail disgracefully. — n. a state of agita- of (one's own army). — v. i. to be posted 

tion or worry: an abortive effort, on the side: to touch. 

flabbergast, flab'ergast, v. t. (coll.) to flannel, flan'el, n. a soft woolen cloth 

stun, confound. of loose texture. 



> 





VARIOUS 

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FLAGS OF VARIOUS 

NATIONS 



UNITED STATES 



1^3 [*JM FLAGS F- VA 

E^3 ■3 NATIOJ.1 

[ CUBA || PANAMA | 

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j ! BRAZIL | BULGARIA I CANADA JJ CHILI 



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II DENMARK DOMINICAN REPUBLIC II ECUADOR || EGYPT | FRANCE 

I GUATEMALA || ITALY | HAYTI || HELIGOLAND HONDURAS 

I JAPAN || LIBERIA | MEXICO I MONTENEGRO | NETHERLANDS || NEW ZEALAND 

II PARAGUAY || PERSIA | PERU | PORTUGAL jl ROUMANIA | RUSSIA || SALVADOR 





NICARAGUA NORWAY 




SAN MARINO 



' SERVIA L SIAM I sTaIS ^^W^Tn^ ^wrTzaTA^ I^^HTrT^ l TURKEY I URUGUAY ' VENEZUELA ~ 






I 



flap 



mote, move; mute; then. 



flight 



183 



flap, flap, n. the blow or motion of a 
broad loose object: anything broad and 
flexible hanging loose, as the tail of 
a coat. — v. t. to beat or move with a 
flap. — v. i. to move, as wings : to hang 
like a flap. 

flare, flar, v. i. to burn with a glar- 
ing, unsteady light: to glitter or flash: 
to display glaringly. — n. an unsteady 
light- 
flash, flash, n. a momentary gleam 
of light: a sudden burst, as of mer- 
riment : a short transient state. — v. i. to 
break forth, as a sudden light: to break 
out into intellectual brilliancy: to burst 
out into violence. — v. t. to cause to flash : 
to send by some startling or sudden 
means. — adv. fiashlly.- 

flask, flask, n. a narrow-necked vessel 
for holding liquids: a bottle: a pocket- 
bottle: a horn or metal vessel for carry- 
ing powder. 

flat, flat, a. smooth : level : wanting 
points of prominence and interest : 
monotonous: vapid, insipid: dejected: 
unqualified, positive: (mus.) opposite of 
sharp. — n. a level plain : a tract covered 
by shallow water : something broad : a 
story or floor of a house, esp. when 
fitted up as a separate residence : a 
simpleton, a gull: {mus.) a character (^) 
which lowers a note a semitone. 

flatter, flat'er, v. t. to soothe with 
praise and servile attentions : to please 
with false hopes or undue praise. — n. 
flatt'erer. — a. flatt'ering, uttering false 
praise: pleasing to pride or vanity. 

( flatulent, flat'u-lent, a. affected with 
air in the stomach : apt to generate such : 
empty : vain.- 

flaunt, flawnt, v. i. to fly or wave in 
the wind: to move or display osten- 
tatiously: to carry a gaudy or saucy 
appearance. 

flavor, flavour, fla'ver, n. that quality 
of anything which affects the 
smell or the palate: a smack 
or relish. — v. t. to impart flavor 
to. 

flaw, flaw, n. a break, a 
crack : a defect. — a. flawless. 
[Ice. Haga, a slab.] 

flax, flax, n. the fibers of the 
plant Linum, which are woven 
into linen cloth: the flax-plant. 
—a. flax'en, made of or resem- 
bling flax: fair, long, and flow- Fi ax . 




ing. — n. flax'seed, linseed. [A. S. fieax;' 
Ger. Hacks.} 

flay, fla, v. t. to strip off the skin of. 
[A. S. flean; Ice. fla, the skin.] 

flea, fle, n. a well-known wingless 
insect of great agility, ectoparasitic on 
warm-blooded animals. 

fleck, flek, n. a spot or speckle : a 
little bit of a thing. — v. t. fleck, to spot: 
to streak. — a. flecked, spotted, dappled. 

fled, fled, pa. t. and pa. p. of flee. 

fledge, flej, v. t. to furnish with 
feathers or wings. — v. i. to acquire 
feathers for flying. — n. fledg'ling, a 
little bird just fledged. 

flee, fle, v. i. to run away, as from 
danger : to disappear. — v. t. to keep at 
a distance from. 

fleece, fles, n. the coat of wool shorn 
from a sheep at one time: anything like 
a fleece. — v. t. to clip wool from : to 
plunder: to cover, as with wool. 

fleet, flet, n. a number of ships in 
company, esp. ships of war : a division 
of the navy, commanded by an admiral. 

fleet, flet, a. swift: nimble: transient. 
— a. fleet'ing, passing quickly: tempo- 
rary. — advs. fleet'ingly, fleetly. 

fleet, flet, v. i. to flit, pass swiftly. — 
v. t. to make to pass quickly. 

Flemish, flemish, a. of or belonging 
to the Flemings or people of Flanders. 

flesh, flesh, n. the soft substance which 
covers the bones of animals : animal 
food : the bodies of beasts and birds, not 
fish : the body, not the soul : animals, 
or animal nature: mankind: kindred. 

fleur-de-lis, fler'-de-le', n. the flower 
of the lily : a design supposed 
to resemble the lily. [Fr., lis 
being for L. lilium, a lily.] 

flew, flo, pa. t. of fly. 

flexible, fleks'i-bl, flexile, 
fleks'il, a. easily bent : pliant : 
docile.— v. t. flex, to bend.— Fleur-de-lis. 
ns. flex'ibleness, flexibility, pliancy: 

flicker, flik'er, v. i. to flutter and move 
the wings, as a bird: to burn unsteadily, 

flier, flyer, fli'er, n. one who flies or 
flees : a part of a machine with rapid 
motion. 

flight, flit, n. a passing through the 
air : a soaring : excursion : a sally : a 
series of steps : a flock of birds flying 
together : a volley or shower : act of 
fleeing: hasty removal. — adv. flightlly. 




J84 flimsy fate, far; me, her; mine; fluctuate 

flimsy, flim'zi, a. thin : without solidity, flor'ist, a cultivator of flowers : a dealer 
strength, or reason: weak.- in flowers. 

flinch, flinsh, v. i. to shrink back . florin, flor'in, w. an English silver coin 

fling, fling, v. t. to strike or throw worth about 50c. : a similar coin of 
from the hand: to dart: to send forth: Austria and Holland. 
to scatter: to throw (of a horse). — v. i. floss, flos, n. the loose downy or silky 
to act in a violent and irregular man- substance in the husks of certain plants, 
ner: to kick out with the legs: to up- as the bean: untwisted filaments of silk, 
braid: to sneer. — n. a cast or throw: a flotation, flo-ta'shun, n. the act of 
taunt: complete freedom, full enjoyment floating: the science of floating bodies: 
of pleasure . act of floating a company or commercial 

flint, flint, n. a hard mineral, a variety enterprise, 
of quartz: anything proverbially hard/ flotilla, flo-tira, n. a fleet of small 

flip, flip, v. t. to fillip, to touch lightly: ships, 
to toss up with a motion of the thumb. flotsam, flot'sam, n. goods lost by 

flippant, flip'ant, a. quick and pert of shipwreck, and found floating on the 
speech: thoughtless. — n. flipp'ancy, pert sea (see jetsam). 
fluency of speech : pertness. flounce, flowns, v. I to move abruptly 

flirt, flert, v. t. to move about quickly r impatiently.— n. an impatient gesture, 
like a fan, to flick, rap.— v. i. to trifle flounce, flowns, n. a plaited strip sewed 
with love : to play at courtship : to ogle : t0 the skirt of a dress> . 
to move briskly about.-* a pert, giddy flounder now n'der, v. i. to struggle 
girl: on_e who coquets for amusement- with violent and awkward motion . to 

W • a .? 1^ 2^ tl0n, • ^/S 11 g - stumble helplessly in thinking or speak- 

flit, flit, v. 1. to flutter on the wing: mg 

to fly quickly: to remove from place fl ounder> floWdgr> n> a small flat . 

to place ■+■ ■ v -a Ash. [Sw. and Norw. flundra.] 

float, not, v. 1. to swim on a liquid: a a *.u c 1 a 1 
to be buoyed up: to move lightly and , flou , r > f flowr > »■ the finely-ground meal 
irregularly: to circulate, as a rumor: to of wheat or other grain: the fine soft 
drift about aimlessly.-*, t. to cause to V owde * of any substance.-*, t to re- 
swim: to cover with water: to set ago- du £ e into ? r ,. s P» nkle . + W1 * . flou f- 
ing.-*. anything swimming on water: a . flourish flur ish, v. t. to thrive luxu- 
raft: the cork or quill on a fishing-line, "^y: *° be prosperous : to use 
flock, flok, n. a company of animals, ? PJ 0US and flowery language: to move 
as sheep, birds, etc.: a company generally. ™ fantastic figures: to display ostenta- 
floe, flo, n. a field of floating ice. tl0Usl y : ^ play a trumpet-call : to make 
flog, flog, v. t to beat or strike: to ornamental strokes with the pen: to 
lash: to chastise with blows.- boa , st or n bra ^ J . . 

flood, flud, w. a great flow of water: flout, flowt, v. t. and v. 1. to jeer, mock, 
an inundation: a deluge: the rise or or insult: to treat with contempt, 
flow of the tide: any great quantity.— flow, flo, v. i to run, as water: to 
v. t. to overflow : to inundate . rise, as the tide : to move m a stream, as 
floor, flor, n. the part of a room on air: to glide smoothly: to circulate, as 
which one stands: a platform: the rooms the blood: to abound: to hang loose and 
in a house on the same level, a story: waving.-*, t to cover with water.— n. 
any leveled area.— v. t. to furnish with a a stream or current : the setting in of the 
floor: (coll.) to vanquish, stump.- tide : # abundance : copiousness: free ex- 
flop, flop, v. t. to cause to hang down, pression. 
—v. i. to plump down suddenly. flower, flow'er, n. a growth compris- 
flora, flo'ra, n. the collective plants or ing the reproductive organs of plants : 
vegetable species of a region, country, or the blossom of a plant : the best of any- 
district: a description of these.— adjs. flo'- thing: the prime of life: the person or 
ral, pertaining to flora or to flowers; thing most distinguished: a figure of 
flor'id, bright in color: flushed with speech: ornament of style, 
red: containing flowers of rhetoric or flown, flon, pa. p. of fly. 
lively figures : richly ornamental. — n. fluctuate, fluk'tu-at, v. i. to float back- 



flue mote, move; mute; then. foil 185 

ward and forward : to roll hither and one of a series of curved furrows, as on 

thither: to be irresolute. a pillar, called also fluting. 

flue, flo, n. a smoke-pipe or small flutter, flut'er, v. i. to move about with 

chimney: one of the tubes of a steam- bustle: to vibrate: to be in agitation or 

boiler. in uncertainty. — v. t. to throw into dis- 

fluent, flo'ent, a. ready in the use of order : to move in quick motions. — n. 

words : voluble : marked by copiousness, quick, irregular motion : agitation . 

— n. the variable quantity in fluxions. _ fluvial, flo'vi-al, a. of or belonging to 

fluid, flo'id, a. that flows, as water: rivers — also fluviat'ic, flu'viatile. 
liquid or gaseous. — n. a substance in flux, fluks, n. act of flowing: a flow 
wmich the particles can move about with of matter : quick succession : a discharge, 
greater or less freedom from one part as from a mucous membrane : matter dis- 
of the body to another : a liquid or gas. charged : excrement : a substance em- 
fluke, flok, n. the part of an anchor ployed to assist the reduction of ores 
which fastens in the ground; and the fusion of metals. — v. t. to melt. 

fluke, flok, n. a successful shot made 1 — a. flux'ible, that may be melted. — n. 

by chance : any unexpected advantage. flux'ion, a flowing or discharge . 

flume, Horn, n. an artificial channel fly, fli, v. i. to move through the air 

for water, used in milling, mining, etc. on wings : to move swiftly : to pass 

flung, flung, pa. t. and pa. p. of /ling, away: to flee: to burst quickly or sud- 

flunky, flunkey, flung'ki, n. a livery denly: to flutter. — v. t. to avoid, flee 

servant : a footman : a mean cringing from : to cause to fly, as a kite : — pr. p. 

fellow. fly'ing; pa. t. flew (flo) ; pa. p. flown 

fluor, fio'or, n. a mineral often de- (flon). — n. a popular name for the 

scribed as chemically filiate of lime, but insects forming the order Diptera, 

really calcium fluoride — also flu'orite. — flying-machine, fli'ing-ma-shen', n. a 

n. fluores'cence, a peculiar blue ap- self propelling, dirigible balloon or kite- 

pearance exhibited by certain substances like machine, 

exposed to sunlight. — a. fiuores'cent.- foal, fol, n. the young of a mare or 

flurry, flur'i, n. a sudden blast or gust : of a she-ass. — v. i. and v. i. to bring forth, 

agitation: bustle: the death-agony of the foam, fom, n. froth: the bubbles which 

whale: a fluttering assemblage of things, rise on the surface of liquors: fury. — 

as snowflakes.- v. i. to gather foam: to be in a rage. 

flush, flush, n. a flow of blood to the fob, fob, n. a small pocket in the 

face causing redness : sudden impulse : waistband of trousers for a watch : a 

bloom, freshness, vigor: abundance. — v. chain or ribbon with seals, etc. 
i. to become red in the face: to flow ( focus, fo'kus, n. (opt.) m a point in 
swiftly. — v. t. to make red in the face :* which several rays meet and are collected 

to cleanse by a copious flow of water: after being reflected or refracted: any 

to elate, excite the spirits of : mostly in central point . 

the pa.^ p. flushed (with victory). — a. fodder, fod'er, n. food for cattle, as 

abounding : well supplied, as with .money, hay. — v. t. to supply with fodder. 

flush, flush, v. i. to start up like an foe, fo, n. an enemy: one who or that 

alarmed bird. — v. t to rouse and cause which injures or hinders : an ill-wisher, 

to start off. — n. the act of starting. ^ fog, fog, n. a thick mist : watery vapor 

flush, -lush, v. t. to make even : to rising from either land or water. — v. t. 

fill up to the level. — a. having the sur- to shroud in fog : to obscure. — v. i. to 

face level with the adjacent surface. become coated with a uniform coating. 

flush, flush, n. in card-playing, a hand fogy, fogey, fo'gi, n. a dull old fellow . 

in which all the cards or a specified num- foible, foi'bl, n. a weak point in one's 

ber are of the same suit. character : a failing. 

^ fluster, flus'ter, n. a hurrying : confu- foil, foil, v. t. to defeat : to puzzle : 

sion: heat. — v. t. to make hot and con- to disappoint. — n. failure after success 

fused: to fuddle. — v. i. to bustle. seemed certain: defeat: a blunt sword 

flute, flot, n. a musical pipe with finger- used. in fencing, 

holes and keys sounded by blowing: in foil, foil, n. a leaf or thin plate of 

Organs, a stop having a flute-like tone; metal, as tin-foil: a thin leaf of metal 



186 foist fate, far; me, her; mine; forbore 

used to set off a precious stone: any- font, font, n. a complete assortment of 
thing that serves to set off something types of one sort, with all that is neces- 
else. sary for printing in that kind of letter. 

foist, foist, v. t. to bring in by stealth : food, fod, n. what one feeds on : that 
to insert wrongfully: to pass off as which, being digested, nourishes the 
genuine. body: whatever sustains or promotes 

fold, fold, n. the doubling of any growth, 
flexible substance : a part laid over on fool, f 61, n. one who acts stupidly : 
another. — v. t. to lay one part over a person of weak mind: a jester: a tool 
another : to inclose in a fold or folds, to or victim, as of untoward circumstances : 
wrap up: to embrace.- (B.) a wicked person. — v. t. to deceive: 

fold, fold, n. an inclosure for pro- to treat with contempt. — v. i. to play the 
tecting domestic animals, esp. sheep : a fool : to trifle, 
flock of sheep: (fig.) a church. foot, foot, n. that part of its body on 

folderol, fol'de-rol, n. mere nonsense . which an animal stands or walks (having 

foliaceous, fo-li-a'shus, a. pertaining in man 26 bones) : the lower part or 
to or consisting of leaves or laminae, base: a measure =12 in.: foot-soldiers: 

foliage, foli-aj, n. leaves : a cluster of a division of a line of poetry : — pi. feet. 
leaves: (archit.) a representation of foozle, foz'l, n. (coll.) a tedious 
leaves, etc., used for ornamentation. — v. t. fellow : a bungled stroke at golf, etc. — 
foliate, to cover with leaf-metal. — a. v. i. to fool away one's time . 
foliated, beaten into a thin leaf. fop, fop, n. an affected dandy. — n. 

folio, fo'li-6, n. a sheet of paper once fop'pery, vanity in dress or manners : 
folded : a book of such sheets : the size affectation : folly. — a. fop'pish, vain and 
of such a book: (book-k.) a page in an showy in dress: affectedly refined in 
account-book, or two opposite pages manners. — n. fop'pishness. 
numbered as one: (law) a certain num- for, for, prep, in the place of: for the 
ber of words taken as a basis for com- sake of: on account of: in the direction 
puting the length of a document . of : with respect to, by reason of : ap- 

folk, fok, n. people, collectively or propriate or adapted to, or in reference 
distributively : a nation or race (rarely to: beneficial to: in quest of: notwith- 
in pi.) : (pi.) those of one's own family, standing, in spite of: in recompense of. 
relations (coll.): — generally used in pi. for, for, conj. the word by which a 

follicle, fol'i-kl, n. (anat.) a gland: reason is introduced: because: on the 
(bot.) a seed-vessel. account that. 

follow, fol'6, v. t. to go after or forage, for'aj, n. fodder, or food for 
behind : to come after, succeed : to horses and cattle : provisions : the act of 
pursue: to attend: to imitate: to obey: foraging. — v. i. to go about and forcibly 
to adopt, as an opinion : to keep the carry off fodder or provisions, 
eye or mind fixed on : to pursue, as an forasmuch, for'az-much, conj. because 
object of desire: to result from, as an that. 

effect from a cause. — v. i. to come after foray, for'a, n. a sudden incursion 
another : to result. into an enemy's country. — v. t. to ravage. 

folly, foil, n. silliness or weakness of forbade, for-bad', pa. t. of forbid. 
mind : a foolish act : criminal weakness . forbear, f or-bar', v. i. to keep oneself 

foment, fo-ment', v. t. to bathe with in check : to abstain. — v. t. to abstain 
warm water : to encourage : to instigate from : to avoid voluntarily : to spare, to 
(usually to evil). — n. fomenta'tion. withhold. — n. forbear'ance, exercise of 

fond, fond, a. foolishly tender and patience : command of temper : clem- 
loving : weakly indulgent : prizing highly ency. — a. forbearing, long-suffering : 
(with of) : very affectionate : kindly dis- patient. 

posed. — v. i. to dote. — v. t. fondle, to forbid, for-bid', v. t. to prohibit: to 
treat with fondness : to caress. — n. fond'- command not to do. — adjs. forbid'den, 
ler. — adv. fondly, in a fond manner. prohibited: unlawful; forbid'ding, re- 
font, font, n. a vessel used in pulsive: raising dislike: unpleasant, 
churches as the repository of the bap- forbore, for-bor', pa. t of forbear. 
tismal water. — pa. p. forborne'. 



force 



mote, move; mute; then. 



foretaste 



187 



force, fors, n. strength, power, energy : 
efficacy : validity : influence : vehemence : 
violence : coercion or compulsion : mili- 
tary or naval strength (often in pi.) : an 
armament: (mech.) any cause which 
changes the direction or speed of the 
motion of a portion of matter. — v. t. to 
draw or push by main strength : to com- 
pel : to constrain : to compel by strength 
of evidence : to take by violence : to 
ravish: (hort.) to cause to grow or ripen 
rapidly. — v. i. to strive : to endeavor. — p. 
and a. forced, accomplished by great 
effort, as a forced march : strained : ex- 
cessive, unnatural. — a. force'ful, full of 
force or might . 

forceps, for'seps, n. a pair of tongs, 
pincers, or pliers for holding anything 
difficult to be held -with the hand. 

ford, ford, n. a place where water 
may be crossed on foot . 

fore, for, a. in front of: advanced in 
position: coming first. — adv. at the front : 
in the first part: previously: (golf) a 
warning cry to any person in the way 
of the ball to be played.- 

forearm^ for'arm, n. the part of the 
arm between the elbow and the wrist. 

forearm, for-arm', v. t. to arm or pre- 
pare beforehand. 

forebear, for-bar', n. an ancestor, esp. 
in pi. 

forebode, for-bod', v. t. to feel a 
secret sense of something future, esp. of 
evil. — n. forebod'ing, a boding or per- 
ception beforehand : apprehension of 
coming evil. — adv. forebod'ingly. 

forecast, for-kast', v. t. to contrive 
or reckon beforehand: to foresee. 

forecastle, for'kas-1, foVsle, fok'sl, 
n. 2l short raised deck at the fore-end 
of a vessel : the forepart of the ship 
under the maindeck, the quarters of the 
crew. 

foreclose, for-kloz', v. t. to preclude: 
to enforce : to stop. — n. foreclos'ure, a 
foreclosing: (lazv) the process by which 
a mortgager, failing to repay the money 
lent on the security of his property, is 
compelled to forfeit his right. 

forefather, for'fa-f/zer, n. an ancestor. 

forego, for-go', v. t. to go before, 
precede : chiefly used in its pr. p. fore- 
go'ing and pa. p. foregone'. 

forego, for-go', v. t. to give up: to 
forbear the use of. 



foreground, for'grownd, n. the part 
of a picture nearest the observer's eye. 

forehand, for'hand, n. the part of a 
horse which is in front of its rider. — a. 
done beforehand. — a. fore'handed, fore- 
hand, as of payment for goods before 
delivery, or for services before rendered : 
seasonable : well-to-do : prosperous . 

forehead, for'hed, n. the fore part of 
the head above the eyes, the brow . 

foreign, for'in, a. belonging to another 
country : from abroad : alien : not appro- 
priate. — n. for'eigner, a native of 
another country. 

forejudge, for-juj', v. t to judge be- 
fore hearing the facts and proof. 

foreknow, f6r-no', v. t. to know be- 
forehand : to foresee.- 

foreland, for'land, n. a point of land 
running forward into the sea, 

foreleg, for'leg, n. one of the front 
legs of a quadruped, chair, etc. 

forelock, for'lok, n. the lock of hair 
on the forehead. 

foreman, for'man, n. the first or chief 
man, one appointed to preside over, or 
act as spokesman for, others . 

foremost, for'most, a. first in place: 
most advanced : first in rank or dignity. 

forenoon, fqr'non, n. the part of the 
day before noon or midday. 

forensic, fo-ren'sik, a. belonging to 
courts of law, held by the Romans in 
the forum : used in law pleading . 

fore-ordain, for-or-dan', v. t. to 
arrange beforehand: to predestinate. 

forerun, for-run', v. t. to run or come 
before : to precede. 

foresail, for'sal, n. a sail attached to 
the foreyard on the foremast. 

foresee, for-se', v. t. or v. i. to see or 
know beforehand. — p. a. foresee'ing. 

foreshadow, for-shad'6, v. t. to 
shadow or typify beforehand. 

foresight, f or'sit, n. act of foreseeing : 
wise forethought, prudence: the sight on 
the muzzle of a gun. — a. fore'sighted. 

forest, for'est, n. a large uncultivated 
tract of land covered with trees and 
underwood. — a. pertaining to a forest : 
sylvan : rustic. — v. t. to cover with trees. 

forestall, for-stawl', v. t. to antici- 
pate: to interfere with. — n. forestall'er. 

forestay, for'sta, n. a rope reaching 
from the foremast-head to the bowsprit 
end to support the mast. 

foretaste, for-tast', v. t. to taste be- 



188 foretell 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



fortune 



fore possession : to anticipate. — n. fore'- 
taste, a taste beforehand : anticipation. 

foretell, for-tel', v. t. to tell before: 
to prophesy. — v. i. to utter prophecy. 

forethink, for-thingk', v. t. to antici- 
pate in the mind. — n. forethought, 
hought or care for the future : provident. 

foretoken, for'to-kn, n. a token or 
sign beforehand. — v. t. foreto'ken. 

forever, for-ev'er, adv. for ever, for 
all time to come : to eternity. 

forewarn, for-wawrn', v. t. to warn 
beforehand : to give previous notice. 

forewoman, f 6r'woom-an, n. a woman 
who oversees the employees in any shop. 

foreword, for'werd, n. a preface. 

forfeit, for'fit, v. t. to lose the right 
to by some fault or crime. — n. that which 
is forfeited: a penalty for a crime, or 
breach of some condition . 

forgave, for-gav', pa. t. of forgive. 

forge, forj, n. the workshop of a 
workman in iron, etc. : a furnace, esp. 
one in which iron is heated : a smithy : a 
place where anything is shaped or made. 
— v. t. to form by heating and hammer- 
ing: to form: to make falsely: to fabri- 
cate : to counterfeit or imitate for pur- 
poses of fraud. — v. i. to commit forgery. 
— ns. forg'er, one who forges : one guilty 
of forgery; forg'ery, the act of fraud- 
ulently making or altering any writing: 
that which is forged or counterfeited. 

forge, forj, v. t. to move steadily on. 

forget, for-get', v. t. to lose or put 
away from the memory : to neglect : — 
pr. p. forgetting; pa. t. forgot'; pa. p. 
forgot', forgot'ten. — a. forget'ful, apt to 
forget: inattentive. — adv. forget'fully. 

forgive, for-giv', v. t. to pardon: to 
overlook, as an offense or debt. — v. i. to 
be merciful or forgiving. — a. forgiv'able, 
capable of being forgiven. — n. forgive'- 
ness, pardon: remission. 

forgot, forgotten. See forget. 

fork, fork, n. an instrument with two 
or more prongs at the end : one of the 
points or divisions of anything fork-like. 
— v. i. to divide into two branches; to 
shoot into blades, as corn. — v. t. to form 
as a fork: to pitch with a fork.- 

forlorn, for-lorn', a. quite lost: for- 
saken : wretched. — adv. forlorn'ly. 

form, form, n. shape of a body: the 
boundary-line of an object: a model: a 
mold: mode of being: mode of arrange- 
ment ; order ; regularity ; system, as of 



government: beauty or elegance: estab- 
lished practice: ceremony: fitness or ef- 
ficiency for any undertaking: a blank 
to be filled in with details : a specimen 
document to be copied or imitated : 
(phil.) the inherent nature of an object: 
(print.) the type from which an im- 
pression _ is to be taken, arranged and 
secured in a chase : a long seat, a bench. 
— v. t. to give form or shape to : to 
make : to contrive : to settle, as an 
opinion : to combine : to go to make up : 
to establish: (gram.) to make by der- 
ivation. — v. i. to assume a form. — a. 
form'al, according to form or estab- 
lished mode : ceremonious, punctilious, 
methodical: having the form only: es- 
sential : proper. 

former, form'er, a. (comp. of fore) 
before in time or order : past : first 
mentioned. — adv. form'erly, in former 
times : heretofore. 

formidable, for'mi-da-bl, a. causing 
fear: adapted to excite fear.- 

formula, form'u-la, n. a prescribed 
form : a formal statement of doctrines : 
(math.) a general expression for solv- 
ing problems: (chem.) a set of symbols 
expressing the components of a body . 

forsake, for-sak', v. t. to desert : to 
abandon: — pr. p. forsak'ing; pa. t. for- 
sook'; pa. p. forsak'en. — a. forsak'en. 

fort, fort, n. a small fortress: a for- 
tification : an outlying trading-station. 

forte, fort, n. that in which one excels. 

forte, for'te, adv. (mus.) strongly, 
loudly. — n. a loud passage in music. [It.] 

forth, forth, adv. before or forward 
in place or order : in advance : onward 
in time: abroad: (B.) out. 

fortify, for'ti-fi, v. t. to strengthen 
against attack with forts, etc. : _ to invig- 
orate : to confirm : — pa. p. for'tified.- 

fortitude, for'ti-tud, n. mental power 
of endurance : firmness. 

fortnight, fort'nit, n. two weeks or 
fourteen days. — a. and adv. fort 'nightly. 

fortress, for'tres, n. a fortified place: 
a defense. [O. Fr. forteresse.] 

fortuitous, for-tu'i-tus, a. happening 
by chance. — adv. fortuitously. 

fortune, for'tun, n. whatever comes by 
lot or chance : luck : the arbitrary order- 
ing of events: the lot that falls to one 
in life : success : wealth. — a. for'tunate, 
happening by good fortune: lucky; 



forty 



mote, move; mute; then. 



Frank 



189 



forty, for'ti, a. and n. four times ten. 
— a. for'tieth. — n. a fortieth part. 

forum, fo'rum, n. a market-place, esp. 
the market-place in Rome : the courts 
of law as opposed to the legislature. 

forward, for'ward, a. near or at the 
fore part : in advance of something else : 
ready : too ready : presumptuous : of- 
ficious : earnest : early ripe. — v. t. to 
help on, to quicken : to send on. — advs. 
for'ward, for'wards, towards what is 
before or in front : onward . 

fossil, fos'il, n. the petrified remains 
of an animal or vegetable found em- 
bedded in the strata of the earth's crust : 
anything antiquated. 

foster, fos'ter, v. t. to bring up or 
nurse: to encourage. 

fought, fawt, pa. t. and pa. p. of 
fight. 

foul, fowl, a. filthy: loathsome: ob- 
scene : impure : stormy : unfair : run- 
ning against: distressing, pernicious: 
choked up, entangled. — v. t. to make 
foul : to soil : to effect a collision, — v. i. 
to come into collision. — n. act of foul- 
ing : any breach of the rules in games. 

foulard, fol'ard, n. a soft untwilled 
silk fabric. [Fr.] 

found, pa. t. and pa. p. of find. — n. 
foundling, a little child found deserted. 

found, fownd, v. t. to lay the bottom 
or foundation of: to establish on a 
basis : to originate : to endow. 

found, fownd, v. t. to form by melting 
and pouring into a mold: to cast. 

founder, fownd'er, v. i. to go to the 
bottom: to fill with water and sink. — 
v. t. to cause to sink: to disable. 

fountain, fownt'an, n. a spring of 
water, natural or artificial : the structure 
for a jet of water: the source of any- 
thing : a reservoir or supply-chamber. — 
n. fount, a spring of water : a source. 

four, for, a. and n. two and two, a 
cardinal number. — adjs. four'fold, folded 
four times : multiplied four times ; four'- 
f oot'ed, having four feet ; four'-hand'ed, 
having four hands : of a game, played by 
four people. — adjs. four'score, four times 
a score = 80; four'some, by fours. — n. 
anything in which four act together. — a. 
four'square, having four equal sides and 
angles : square. — adjs. and ns. four'teen, 
four and ten ; f our'teenth, four or the 
fourth after the tenth. — a. fourth, next 



after the third. — n. one of four equal 
parts. — adv. fourthly. 

fowl, fowl, n. a bird : a bird of the 
barn-door or poultry kind, a cock or 
hen: the flesh of fowl: — pi. fowls, fowl. 
— v. i. to kill fowls by shooting or 
snaring. 

fox, foks, n. an animal of the family 
Canidce, genus Vulpes, of proverbial 
cunning . 

foyer, fwo-ya', n. in theaters, a public 
room opening on the lobby. 

fracas, fra'kas, n. uproar: a noisy 
quarrel. 

fraction, frak'shun, n. a fragment or 
very small piece: (arith.) any part of 
a unit : the breaking of bread in the 
eucharist. — adjs. frac'tional, belonging 
to or containing a fraction or fractions ; 
frac'tious, ready to quarrel : cross. — 
adv. frac'tiously. — ns. frac'tiousness; 
frac'ture, the breaking of any hard 
body : the breach or part broken : the 
breaking of a bone. — v. t. to break 
through. 

fragile, f raj 11, a. easily broken: frail: 
delicate. 

fragment, frag'ment, n. a piece 
broken off : an unfinished portion.- 

fragrant, fra'grant, a. sweet-scented. 

frail, fral, a. wanting in strength or 
firmness : weak : unchaste. — adv. frailly. 

frail, fral, n. a rush: a basket made 
of rushes. [O. Fr. frayel.] 

frame, fram, v. t. to form : to shape : 
to construct by fitting the parts to each 
other: to plan, adjust, or adapt to an 
end: to contrive or devise: to consti- 
tute : to put a frame or border round, 
as a picture : to put into a frame. — n. the 
form : a putting together of parts : a 
case made to inclose or support any- 
thing: the skeleton of anything: state of 
mind. 

franc, frangk, n. a French silver coin, 
the unit of the French monetary system, 
equal to about 19 cents. 

franchise, fran'chiz, or -chiz, n. 
liberty : a right or privilege belonging 
to the people, esp. the right to vote : a 
particular privilege granted to an indi- 
vidual or corporation.- 

frank, frangk, a. free, open : open or 
candid in expression. — v. t. to send free 
of expense, as a letter.- 

Frank, frangk, n. one of the German 
tribes from Franconia who conquered 



190 



franklin 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



fright 



Gaul in the 5th century, and founded 
France . 

franklin, frangk'lin, n. an old English 
freeholder. [Low L. francus, frank.] 

frantic, fran'tik, a. mad, furious : wild. 

frappe, fra-pa', a. iced, cooled. [Fr.] 

fraternal, fra-ter'nal, a. belonging to 
a brother or brethren : becoming brothers. 

fratricide, frat'ri-sid, n. one who kills 
his brother : the murder of a brother. 

frau, frow, n. a married woman, a 
wife. — n. frau'lein, a young lady, miss. 

fraud, frawd, n. deceit: imposture: a 
deceptive trick: (coll.) a cheat: a fraud- 
ulent production. 

fraught, frawt, v. t. to fill, store. — p. a. 
freighted, laden : filled. 

fray, fra, n. an affray, a brawl. 

fray, fra, v. t. to wear off by rubbing: 
to ravel out the edge of a stuff. 

frazzle, fraz'l, v. t. to fray, wear out. 
— n. state of being worn out. 

freak, frek, n. a sudden caprice or 
fancy : sport : an abnormal production of 
nature, a monstrosity. 

freckle, frek'l, v. t. to spot : to color 
with spots. — n. a yellowish or brownish- 
yellow spot on the skin, esp. of fair- 
haired persons : any small spot. 

free, f re, a. not bound : at liberty : not 
under arbitrary government : unimpeded : 
set at liberty : guiltless : frank : lavish : 
not attached : exempt (with from) : hav- 
ing a franchise (with of) : gratuitous : 
bold, indecent: idiomatic, as a transla- 
tion. — v. t. to set at liberty : to deliver 
from what confines: to rid (with from, 
of) : — pr. p. free'ing; pa. p. freed. 
— n. free'booty. — a. free'born, born of 
free parents. — ns. freed'man, a man who 
has been a slave, and has been freed or 
set free ; free'dom, liberty : frankness : 
separation : privileges connected with a 
city : improper familiarity : license. 

freeze, frez, v. i. to become ice or 
like a solid body. — v. t. to harden into 
ice : to cause to shiver, as with terror : — 
pr. p. freez'ing; pa. t. froze; pa. p. 
froz'en. 

freight, frat, n. the lading or cargo, 
esp. of a ship : the charge for transport- 
ing goods by water. — v. t. to load a ship. 

frenzy, fren'zi, n. a violent excite- 
ment: mania. — v. t. to render frenzied. 

frequent, fre'kwent, a. coming or 
occurring often. — n. fre'quency, repeated 



occurrence of anything. — v. t. frequent', 
to visit often. 

fresco, fres'ko, n. a painting executed 
with colors upon walls covered with 
damp freshly-laid plaster. 

fresh, fresh, a. in a state of activity 
and health : new and strong, not stale or 
faded: recently produced or obtained: 
untried : having renewed vigor : healthy, 
refreshing, invigorating: brisk: not salt. 
— v. t. fresh'en, to make fresh: to take 
the saltness from. — v. i. to grow fresh : 
to grow brisk or strong. — n. fresh'et, a 
pool or stream of fresh water : the sud- 
den overflow of a river. — adv. fresh'ly. 

fret, fret, v. t. to wear away by rub- 
bing, to rub, chafe, ripple, disturb: to 
eat into : to vex, to irritate. — v. i. to 
wear away: to vex oneself : to be peevish. 
— n. agitation of the surface of a liquid . 

fret, fret, v. t. to ornament with raised 
work : to variegate. [O. Fr. freter.] 

fret, fret, n. a piece of interlaced orna- 
mental work: (archit.) an ornament 
consisting of small fillets intersecting 
each other at right angles.- 

friable, fri'a-bl, a. apt to crumble. 

fricassee, frik-as-se', n. a dish of 
chicken, rabbit, etc.,* cut into pieces and 
cooked in sauce.- 

friction, frik'shun, n. the act of rub- 
bing: (statics) a force acting in the 
tangent plane of two bodies, when one 
slides or rolls upon another. 

fried, frid, pa. t. and pa. p. of fry. 

friend, frend, n. one loving or attached 
to another: an intimate acquaintance: a 
favorer: one of a society so called. — a. 
friendly, like a friend: having the dis- 
position of a friend: favorable: pertain- 
ing to the Society of Friends or Quakers. 
— n. friend'ship, attachment from mutual 
esteem : friendly assistance. 

frieze, frez, n. a coarse woolen cloth 
with a nap on one side. [Fr. frise.] 

frieze, frez, n. (archit.) the part of 
the entablature between the architrave 
and cornice. 

frigate, frig'at, n. formerly a naval 
vessel in the class next to ships of the 
line. 

fright, frit, n. sudden fear: terror: 
anything inspiring terror or alarm, a 
figure of grotesque or ridiculous appear- 
ance. — vs. t. fright, fright'en, to make 
afraid: to alarm. — a. fright'ful, terrible: 
shocking. — adv. fright'fully. 



frigid 



mote, move; mute; then. 



frustum 191 



frigid, frij'id, a. frozen or stiffened 
with cold : cold : without spirit or feel- 
ing : unanimated. — n. frigidity, coldness : 
coldness o-f affection : want of anima- 
tion. — adv. frig'idly. — n. frig'idness. 

frill, fril, v. i. to ruffle, as a hawk its 
feathers, when shivering. — v. t. to furnish 
with a frill. — n. a ruffle : a ruffled or 
crimped edging of linen. 

fringe, frinj, n. loose threads forming 
an ornamental border: anything like a 
fringe : the extremity .- 

frippery, frip'er-i, n. worn-out clothes : 
useless trifles. — a. useless : trifling. 

frisk, frisk, v. i. to gambol: to leap 
playfully. — n. a frolic. — adz', frisk'ily. — n. 
frisk'iness. — a. frisk'y, lively: jumping 
with gaiety : frolicsome. 

frith, frith, firth, ferth, n. a narrow 
inlet of the sea, esp. at a river-mouth. 

fritter, frit'er, n. a kind of pancake: 
a slice of some fruit sweetened, fried, 
and served hot : a fragment. — v. t. to 
break into fragments : to waste little by 
little. 

frivolous, friv'ol-us, a. trifling: silly. 

frizz, friz, friz, v. t. to curl : to render 
rough and tangled. — n. a curl. 

frizzle, friz'l, v. t. to form in small 
short curls. — v. i. to go into curls. — n. a, 
curl. — a. frizzly. 

fro, fro, adv. from : back or backward. 

frock, frok, n. the dress or gown of 
a woman or girl : the robe of a monk . 
— v. t. to furnish with a frock : to invest 
with priestly office. — n. frock'-coat, a 
double-breasted full-skirted coat for men. 

frog, frog, 11. a tailless amphibian, with 
webbed feet, remarkable for its rapid 
swimming and leaping: a soft horny 
substance in the middle of the sole of a 
horse's foot : a section of a rail or rails 
at a point where two lines cross, or at 
a switch. 

frog, frog, n. an ornamental fasten- 
ing or tasseled button for a frock or 
cloak: a scabbard loop. — a. frogged. 

frolic, frol'ik, a. merry: pranky. — n. 
gaiety : a wild prank : a merry-making. — 
v. i. to play wild pranks or merry tricks . 

from, from, prep, forth: out of, as 
from a source: away, at a distance: 
springing out of : by reason of. 

front, frunt, n. the forehead : the whole 
face : the fore part of anything : the 
most conspicuous part : boldness : im- 
pudence.— a. of, relating to, or in the 



front. — v. t. to stand in front of or 
opposite : to oppose face to face. — v. i. to 
turn or have the front or face in any 
direction. — n. front'age, the front part of 
a building. — a. front'al, of or belonging 
to the front or forehead. — n. a front- 
piece : something worn on the forehead 
or face: (archit.) a pediment over a 
door or window : a hanging of some 
fabric for an altar. 

frontier, frontier, n. the boundary of 
a territory. — a. lying on the frontier: 
bordering. 

frontispiece, froivtis-pes, n. a figure 
or engraving in front of a book. 

frost, frost, n. the state of the atmos- 
phere in which water . freezes : state of 
being frozen: frozen dew, also called 
hoar-frost: (slang) a disappointment, 
a failure. — v. t. to cover with hoar-frost 
or with anything resembling hoar-frost. 

froth, froth, n. the foam on liquids 
caused by boiling, or any agitation : any 
light matter. — v. t. to cause froth on. 

frown, frown, v. i. to wrinkle the brow 
as in anger : to look angry. — v. t. to 
repel by a frown. — n. a wrinkling or 
contraction of the brow in displeasure, 
etc. : a stern look. — a. frown'ing, gloomy. 

frozen, froz 'n, pa. p. of freeze. 

fructify, fruk'ti-fi, v. t. to make fruit- 
ful : to fertilize. — v. i. to bear fruit. 

frugal, fro'gal, a. economical in the 
use of means : thrifty. — n. frugality, 
economy : thrift. — adv. fru'gally. 

frugiferous, fro-jif'er-us, a. fruit- 
bearing. — a. frugiv'orous, feeding on 
fruits or seeds. 

fruit, frot, n. the produce of the earth, 
which supplies the wants of men and 
animals : the part of a plant which con- 
tains the seed : the offspring of animals : 
product, consequence, effect, advantage. 
— n s. fruit'age, fruit collectively: fruits; 
fruit'erer, one who deals in fruit. — a. 
fruit'ful, producing fruit abundantly: 
productive. — adv. fruitfully. — ns. fruit'- 
fulness; fruit'ing, process of bearing 
fruit. — a. fruitless, barren. 

fruition^ fro-ish'un, n. enjoyment: use 
or possession of anything. 

frustrate, frus'trat, v. t. to make vain 
or of no effect: to bring to nothing: to 
defeat. 

frustum, frus'tum, n. a slice of a solid 
body: the part of a cone which remains 



192 fry 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



furious 



► 



when the top is cut off by a plane 
parallel to the base. [L. frustum, a bit.] 

fry, fri, v. t. to dress food with oil or 
fat in a pan over the fire : to vex. 

fry, fri, n. a swarm of fishes just 
spawned : a number of small things. 

fuel, fu'el, n. anything that feeds a 
fire, supplies energy, etc. 

fugitive, fu'ji-tiv, a. apt to flee away: 
uncertain: volatile: perishable: tempo- 
rary: occasional. — n. one who flees or 
has fled fror. nis station or country. 

fulcrum, .ful'krum, n. {mech.) the 
prop or fixed point on which a, "-p 

a lever moves : a prop : — pi. jjj r Q 
ful'crums, ful'cra. [L. ful- ft 
crum, a prop, fulcire, to f, Fulcrum, 
prop.] 

fulfil, fulfill, fool-fil', v. t. to complete : 
to accomplish : to carry into effect. — n. 
fulnTment, full performance: comple- 
tion : accomplishment. 

fulgent, ful'jent, a. shining: bright. 

full, fool, a. having all it can contain : 
having no empty space : abundantly sup- 
plied or furnished: abounding: contain- 
ing the whole matter : complete : perfect : 
strong: clear: {coll.) drunk: at poker, 
consisting of three of a kind and a pair. 
— n. completest extent, as of the moon : 
highest degree : the whole : time of full- 
moon. — adv. quite : to the same degree : 
with the whole effect : completely. — a. 
full'-blown, blown or fully expanded, as 
a flower. — n. full'-dress. — ns. full'ness, 
ful'ness, the state of being filled so as 
to have no part vacant : the state of 
abounding in anything : completeness : 
satiety : largeness . 

full, fool, v. t. to press or pound 
(cloth) in a mill: to scour and thicken 
in a mill. 

fulminate, ful'mi-nat, v. i. to thunder 
or make a loud noise : to issue decrees 
with violence, or with menaces of grave 
censure. — v. t. to cause to explode: to 
send forth, as a denunciation. — n. a com- 
pound of fulminic acid with mercury, 

fulsome, fool'sum, a. cloying: nau- 
seous : offensive : gross : disgustingly 
fawning. — a. ful'somely. 

fumble, fum'bl, v. i. to grope about 
awkwardly : to handle awkwardly : to 
stammer in speech : to find by groping. 

fume, fum, n. smoke or vapor : any 
volatile matter: heat of mind, rage, a 
passion, angry mood: anything unsub- 



stantial, vain conceit. — v. i. to smoke: to 
throw off vapor: to be in a rage. 

fumigate, fum'i-gat, v. t. to expose to 
smoke, gas, or fumes, as of Sulphur, for 
purposes of disinfecting: to perfume. 

fUn, fun, n. merriment: sport. 

function, fungk'shun, n. the doing of 
a thing: duty peculiar to any office: 
faculty, exercise of faculty : power : a 
formal event: {math.) a quantity so 
connected with another that any change 
in the one produces a corresponding 
change in the other. 

fund, fund, n. a sum of money on 
which some enterprise is founded or ex- 
pense supported: a supply or source of 
money: a store laid up: supply: {pi.) 
permanent debts due by a government 
and paying interest. — v. t. to form (a 
debt) into a stock charged with interest. 

fundamental, fun-da-ment'al, a. es- 
sential, basal, primary: important. — n. 
that which serves as a groundwork. 

funeral, fu'ner-al, n. burial: the cere- 
mony, etc., connected with burial. 

fungus, fung'gus, n. one of the lowest 
of the great groups of cellular crypto- 
gams, including mushrooms, toadstools, 
mold, etc.: — pi. fungi (fun'ji), or fun- 
guses (fung'gus-ez).- 

funicle, fu'ni-kl, n. a small cord or 
ligature: a fiber. — a. fiinic'ular. 

funk, fungk, n. {coll.) abject terror or 
fright. — v. i. and v. t. to shrink through 
fear: to shirk. 

funnel, fun'el, n. a tube or passage 
for the escape of smoke, etc. : a smoke- 
stack: an instrument for pouring fluids 
into close vessels, as bottles, etc. 

funny, fun'i, a. full of fun: droll: 
perplexing, odd. — adv. funn'ily. 

fur, fer, n. the short, fine hair of 
certain animals : their skins with the fur 
prepared for garments : collectively, 
animals yielding fur: any fur-like coat- 
ing. 

furbelow, fer'be-lo, n. the plaited 
border of a gown or petticoat, a flounce . 

furbish, fer'bish, v. t. to purify or 
polish : to renovate. 

furcate, fer-kat, a. forked: branching 
like the prongs of a fork — also fur'- 
cated. — ns. furca'tion; fur'cula. 

furious, fii'ri-us, a. full of fury: 
violent. — ns. furios'ity, madness; furio'- 
so, a furious person. — adv. fu'riously. 



furl 



mote, move; mute; then. 



gag 193 



furl, ferl, v. i. to draw or roll up, 
as a sail. 

furlong, fer'long, n. one-eighth of a 
mile. 

furlough, fer'lo, n. leave of absence. 
— V. t. to grant leave of absence. 

furnace, fer'nas, n. an inclosed fire- 
place for melting ores, raising steam, 
heating houses, and other purposes. 

furnish, fer'nish, v. t. to fit up or 
supply completely, or with what is nec- 
essary: to equip (with). 

furniture, fer'ni-tur, n. movables, 
either for use or ornament, with which 
a house is equipped: equipage, the trap- 
pings of a horse, etc. : decorations . 

furor, fii'ior, n. fury: excitement, en- 
thusiasm. — Also furo're. [L.] 

furrow, fur'6, n. the trench made by 
a plough : any groove : a wrinkle on the 
face. — v. i. to form furrows in . 

further, fer'/Aer, adv. to a greater 
distance or degree : in addition : more- 
over. — a. more distant: additional. — The 
word farther is preferred in speaking of 
distance. — adv. fur'thermore, in ad- 
dition to what has been said, moreover, 
besides. — a. fur'thermost, most remote. 
— adv. fur'thest, at the greatest distance. 

further, ier'ther, v. t. to help forward, 
promote. — n. furtherance, a helping for- 
ward. [A. S. furthran.] 

furtive, fer'tiv, a. stealthy: secret— 
adv. fur'tively. 



furuncle, fu'rung-kl, n. an inflamma- 
tory tumor. [L. furunculus.] 

fury, fu'ri, n. rage: violent passion: 
madness: (myth.) one of the three god- 
desses of fate and vengeance. 

fuse, fuz, v. t. to melt : to liquefy by 
heat. — v. i. to be melted : to be reduced 
to a liquid. — n. fusibil'ity. — a. fu'sible, 
that may be melted.— n. fu'sing-point, 
the temperature at which any solid sub- 
stance becomes liquid ; x^'sion, act of 
melting: the state of fluidity from heat. 

fuse, fuz, n. a tube filled .with com- 
bustible matter, or any similar device, 
for firing explosives : (elec.) a safety wire. 

fuselage, fu'sel-aj, n. the framework 
of an aerial vehicle, esp. of an aeroplane. 

fusillade, fuz'il-ad, n. a simultaneous 
or continuous discharge of firearms. 

fuss, fus, n. a bustle or tumult : haste, 
flurry. — v. i. to be in a bustle. 

fustian, fust'yan, n. a kind of coarse, 
twilled cotton fabric: a pompous and 
unnatural style of writing or speaking : 
bombast. — a. made of fustian : bombastic. 

futile, fu'til, a. useless : unavailing : 
trifling. — adv. fu'tilely. 

future, f ut'iir, a. about to be : that is 
to come: (gram.) expressing what will 
be. — n. time to come. — n. futur'ity, time 
to come. 

fuzz, fuz, v. i. to fly off in minute 
particles with a fizzing sound like water 
from hot iron. — n. fine light particles, 
as dust, down, etc. 



Hg, je, the seventh letter of our 
alphabet: (mus.) the fifth note 
of the diatonic scale of C minor 

— also sol. 
gab, gab, v. i. (coll.) to chatter, prate. 
gabble, gab'l, v. i. to talk inarticu- 
lately: to chatter: to cackle like geese. 
gabion, ga'bi-un, n. (fort.) a bottom- 
less basket of wickerwork filled with 
earth, used for shelter, etc. 

gable, ga'bl, n. (archit.) the trian- 
gular part of an exterior 
wall of a building be- 
tween the top of the 
i side-walls and the slopes 
j of the roof. [O. Fr. 
gable; Low L. gabulum.] 
gaby, ga'bi, n. a sim- 
pleton. 

gad, gad, n. a pointed Gable. 

13 




bar of steel: a tool used in mining: a 
graver: a rod or stick, a goad. 

gad, gad, v. i. to rove about restlessly. 
— n. gadabout, one who wanders idly. 

Gael, gal, n. a. Scotch Highlander. — a. 
Gaelic (gal'ik), pertaining to the Gaels. 
— n. the Scottish-Highland dialect : the 
Celtic family of languages, including the 
ancient languages of Ireland, the Scot- 
tish Highlands, and the Isle of Man. 

gaff, gaf, n. a hook used esp. for land- 
ing large fish: (naut.) the spar to which 
the head of a fore-and-aft sail is bent. 

gag, gag, v. t. to forcibly stop the 
mouth : to silence : to choke up : to intro- 
duce unexpected jokes, etc., into (a play 
or part). — n. something thrust into the 
mouth or put over it to enforce silence 
or distend the jaws : the closure applied 
in a debate: a mouthful which produces 



194 gag 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



gambol 



nausea : (slang) an actor's interpolation : 
a joke or hoax. 

gag, gag, v. t. (slang) to deceive. — 
v. i. to practise imposture. — n. a made- 
up story, lie: a laughing-stock. 

gage, gaj, n. a pledge: something 
thrown down as a challenge, as a glove. 
— v. t. to bind by pledge or security, 
offer as a guarantee: to stake, wager. 

gaiety, gaily. See gay. 

gain, gan, v. t. to obtain by effort : to 
earn : to be successful in : to draw to 
one's own party, bribe : to reach : to 
make advance. — n. that which is gained: 
profit. — a. gain'ful, advantageous. 

gainsay, gan'sa, v. t. to contradict. 

gait, gat, ft. way or manner of walk- 
ing, step, pace. 

gaiter, gat'er, n. a covering of cloth, 
etc., for the ankle, fitting down upon the 
shoe : a shoe covering the ankles. 

gala, ga'la, n. festivity. — n. ga'la- 
dress, gay costume for a gala-day. 

galactic, ga-lak'tik, a. pertaining to or 
obtained from milk. 

galalite, gal'a-lit, n. a horn-like 
material somewhat resembling celluloid 
and used for similar purposes — manu- 
factured from skimmed cow's milk. 

galantine, gal'an-tin, n. a dish of 
poultry or veal, boned, tied up tight, 
cooked, and served cold. 

galaxy, gal'ak-si, n. the Milky Way, 
or the luminous band of stars stretching 
across the heavens: any splendid assem- 
blage. 

gale, gal, n. a strong wind between 
a stiff breeze and a hurricane. 

gall, gawl, n. the greenish-yellow fluid 
secreted from the liver, called bile: bit- 
terness : malignity. 

gall, gawl, n. a light nut-like ball 
which certain insects produce on the oak- 
tree, used in dyeing — also gall'-nut. — 
v. t. to fret or hurt the skin by rubbing : 
to annoy : to enrage. — n. a sore caused 
by rubbing. — a. gall'ing, irritating. 

gallant, gal'ant, a. brave: noble: gay, 
splendid : courteous or attentive to 
ladies: amorous, erotic (sometimes gal- 
ant')- — w. a gay, dashing person: a man 
of fashion: suitor, seducer. — adv. gall'- 
antly. — n. gall'antry, bravery: intre- 
pidity: attention or devotion to ladies. 

galleon, gal'i-un, n. a large Spanish 
vessel with lofty stem and stern. 

gallery, gal'er-i, n. a balcony sur- 



rounded by rails: a long passage: the 
upper floor of seats in a church or 
theater: a room for the exhibition of 
works of art. 

galley, gal'i, n. a long, low-built ves- 
sel, propelled by oars : a state barge : 
the place where the cooking is done on 
board ship : a kind of boat attached to 
a ship-of-war: (print.) a flat oblong 
tray in which the compositor places the 
type he has set up. 

gallium, gal'i-um, n. a rare malleable 
metal. 

gallivant, gal-i-vant', v. i. to spend 
time frivolously, esp. in flirting. 

gallon, gal'un, n. the standard measure 
of capacity = 4 quarts. 

galloon, ga-16n', n. a kind of lace: a 
narrow ribbon made of silk or worsted. 

gallop, gal'up, v. i. to move by leaps, 
as a horse : to ride a galloping horse : to 
move very fast. — v. t. to cause to gallop. 
■ — n. the pace at which a horse runs when 
the forefeet are lifted together and the 
hindfeet together : a ride at a gallop. 

gallows, gal'oz, n. a wooden frame 
on which criminals are executed by 
hanging : any contrivance with posts and 
cross-beam for suspending objects. 

galoot, ga-16t', n. a recruit, a clumsy 
fellow. 

galop, gal'op, n. a lively round dance : 
music for such a dance. [Fr. ; cf. gallop.'] 

galore, ga-lor', adv. in abundance, 
plentifully. — n. abundance. 

galvanism, gal'van-izm, n. a branch of 
the science of electricity which treats of 
electric currents produced by chemical 
agents. — a. galvan'ic, belonging to or 
exhibiting galvanism. — v. t. gal'vanize, 
to subject to the action of a galvanic 
current : to confer a false vitality upon. 

gambado, gam-ba'do, n. a bound or 
spring of a horse : a fantastic movement, 
a caper. 

gamble, gam'bl, v. i. to play for money 
in games of chance or skill : to engage 
in wild financial speculations. — v. t. to 
squander away. — n. a gambling trans- 
action. — n. gam'bler, one who gambles, 
esp. who makes it his business. 

gamboge, gam-bo j', or gam-bo j', n. 
a yellow gum-resin used as a pigment 
and in medicine.- 

gambol, gam'bol, v. i. to leap, skip: 
to frisk in sport. — n. a skipping. 



gambrcl mote, move; mute; then. garrison 195 

gambrel, gam'brel, n. the hock of a gap, gap, n, an opening made by 

horse . rupture or parting : a cleft : a passage : 

game, gam, n. sport of any kind: an a deep ravine in a mountain-ridge: any 
exercise or contest for recreation or breach of continuity, 
amusement, esp. an athletic contest : the gape, gap, v. i. to open the mouth 
stake at a game: the manner of playing wide: to yawn: to stare with open 
a game : the requisite number of points mouth : to be open, like a gap. 
to be gained to win a game: jest, sport, garage, ga-razh', n. a repository for 
trick, artifice: any object of pursuit or automobiles: an automobile livery. [Fr.] 
desire: the spoil of the chase: wild garb, garb, n. fashion of dress: ex- 
animals protected by law and hunted by ternal appearance. — v. t. to clothe, array, 
sportsmen, also the flesh of such. — a. of garbage, gar'baj, n. refuse, as the 
or belonging to such animals as are bowels of an animal : any worthless matter, 
hunted as game : plucky, courageous : garble, gar'bl, v. t. to select what may 
(slang) having the spirit to do some- serve our own purpose, in a bad sense : 
thing. — v. i. to gamble. — ns. game'cock, to mutilate, corrupt, or falsify, 
a cock trained to fight; game'keeper. — gargon, gar-son', n. a boy: a waiter. 
adv. game'ly. — n. game'ness. — a. game'- garden, gar'dn, n. a piece of ground 
some, playful. — ns. game'ster, one on which flowers, fruits, or vegetables 
viciously addicted to gambling: a gam- 'are cultivated: a pleasant spot, 
bier ; gam'ing, gambling. — a. gam'y, gargle, gar'gl, v. t. to wash the throat, 
having the flavor of dead game kept till preventing the liquid from going down 
tainted: (coll.) spirited, plucky. by expelling air against it. — n. a prep- 
gamin, gam'in, n. a street arab. [Fr.] aration for washing the throat. 

gammon, gam'un, n. (mostly coll.) a gargoyle, gar'goil, n. a projecting 

hoax : nonsense, humbug. spout, conveying the^ 

gammon, gam'un, n. (naui.) the lash- water from the roof-_- 

ing of the bowsprit. — v. t. to lash the gutters of buildings, 

bowsprit with ropes. often representing. 

gamut, gam'ut, n. the musical scale : human or other ZL 

the whole extent of a thing. figures. [O. Fr. gar- Gargoyle. 

gander, gan'der, n. the male of the gouille — L. gurgulio, throat.] 

goose : a simpleton. garish, gar'ish, a. showy : gaudy .- 

gang, gang, n. a number of persons garland, gar'land, n. a wreath of 

or animals associated for a certain pur- flowers or leaves. — v. t. to deck with a 

pose, usually in a bad sense : a number garland. 

of laborers working together during garlick, gar'lik, n. a bulbous-rooted 

the same hours. plant of genus Allium, having a pungent 

ganglion, gang'gli-on, n. a tumor in taste and very strong smell. 

the sheath of a tendon : an enlargement garment, gar'ment, n. any article of 

in the course of a nerve: any special clothing, as a coat or gown. 

center of nervous action . garner, gar'ner, n. a granary or place 

gangrene, gang'gren, n. loss of where grain is stored up : a store of 

vitality in some part of the body : the anything. — v. t. to store as in a garner, 

first stage in mortification. garnet, gar'net, n. a precious stone : a 

gangue, gang; gang, n. in mining, the deep red color, 

stony matrix in which metallic ores garnish, gar'nish, v. t. to adorn : to 

occur. furnish : to surround with ornaments, as 

gangway, gangVa, n. a passage or a dish. — n. something placed round a 

way by which to go into or out of any dish for embellishment or relish. — n. 

place, esp. a ship . gar'nishee, a person warned not to pay 

gantlet, gant'let, n. a punishment con- money owed to another, because the 

listing in driving an offender through latter is indebted to the garnisher who 

a lane formed by two files of men, who gives the warning. 

each strike him as he passes. — run the garret, gar'et, n. a room next the roof 

gantlet, to undergo the punishment of of a house, 

the gantlet. garrison, gar'i-sn, ;;. a supply of 




196 garrote fate, far; me, her; mine; gemel-ring 

soldiers for guarding a fortress: a for- gaunt, gant, a. thin: of a pinched ap- 

tihed place. — v. t. to furnish with troops . pearance : causing emaciation. 

garrote, garote, gar-rot', n. a Spanish gauntlet, gant'let, gantlet, gant'let, 

mode' of strangling criminals. — v. t. to n. the iron glove of armor, formerly 

strangle by a metal collar tightened by throv/n down in challenge : a long glove 

a screw, whose point enters the spinal covering the wrist. 

marrow : to suddenly render insensible gauze, gawz, n. a thin transparent 
by semi-strangulation, and then to rob.- i fabric, of any fine hard-spun fiber : 

garrulous, gar'u-lus, a. talkative. ' material slight and open like gauze. 

garter, gar'ter, n. a band used to hold gave, gav, pa. t. of give. 

up the stocking : the badge of the highest gavel, gav'l, n. the mallet used by 

order of knighthood in Great Britain, a presiding officer to rap for order. 

gas, gas, n. a vaporous substance not gawk, gawk, n. an awkward or stupid 

condensed into a liquid at ordinary ter- person. — a. gawk'y, awkward, stupid, 

restrial temperatures and pressures — esp. gay, ga, a. lively : bright : sportive, 

that obtained from coal, etc., used as an merry : wanton, dissipated, of loose life : 

illuminant : {coll.) frothy talk: — pi. showy. — ns. gai'ety; gay'ety; gay'ness, 

gas'es. — v. i. to vapor, talk boastfully. gaze, gaz, v. i. to look fixedly. — n. 

gash, gash, v. t. to cut into deeply, a fixed look: the object gazed at. 

esp. into flesh. — n. a. deep, open wound. gazel, gazelle, ga-zel', n. a small 

gasket, gas'ket, n. (naut.) a canvas species of antelope 

band used to bind the sails to the yards with beautiful dark 

when furled : a strip of tow, etc., for eyes, found in North 

packing a piston, etc. Africa. [Fr., — Ar. 

gasp, gasp, v. i. to gape in order to ghazal, a wild-goat.] 
catch breath : to desire eagerly. — n. the gazette, ga-zet', n. 
act of opening the mouth to catch the a newspaper: one of 
breath. the three official news- 
gastric, gas'trik, a. belonging to the papers of Great Brit- 
stomach. — n. gastri'tis, inflammation of ain that record every Gazelle, 
the stomach. appointment in the public service. — v. t. 

gastronome, gas'tro-ndm, n. one who to publish in a gazette. — n. gazetteer', 

pays great attention to his diet, an epi- a geographical dictionary, 

cure — also gastron'omer, gastron'omist. gazogene, gaz'o-jen, n, an instrument 

gate, gat, n. a passage into a city, for manufacturing aerated waters, usually 

inclosure, or any large building : a for domestic use. 

narrow opening or defile: a frame in the geal, je'al, a. pertaining to the earth, 

entrance into any inclosure : an entrance. gear, ger, n. a state of preparation : 

gate, gat, n. (Scot.) a way, path; dress: harness: tackle: (mech.) connec- 

manner of doing. tion by means of toothed wheels. 

gather, gath'er, v. t. to collect: to ac- geese, pi. of goose. 

quire: in sewing, to plait: to learn by Gehenna, ge-hen'a, n. the valley of 

inference. — v. i. to assemble or muster: Hinnom, near Jerusalem, in which the 

to increase : to suppurate. — n. a plait or Israelites sacrificed their children to 

fold in cloth, made by drawing the thread Moloch — hence (AT. T.) hell, 

through. gelatin, gelatine, jel'a-tin, n. an animal 

gauche, gosh, a. left-handed: clumsy, substance which dissolves in hot water 

gaud, gawd, n, an ornament: a piece and forms a jelly when cold, 

of finery : — pi. showy ceremonies, gaieties. geld, geld, gelt, gelt, n. a historical 

— n. gaud'ery, finery. — adv. gaud'ily. — ■ term for money: tribute. 

n. gaud'iness, showiness. — a. gaud'y, geld, geld, v. t. to emasculate, castrate : 

showy : gay. to spay : to deprive of anything essential. 

gauge, gage, gaj, n. a measuring-rod: gem, jem, n. any precious stone, esp. 

a standard of measure: estimate. — v. t. whencut: anything extremely valuable or 

to measure the contents of: to appraise: attractive, a treasure, 

to estimate.- gemel-ring, jem'el-ring, n. a ring with 

gaum, gawm, v. t. to smear. two or more links. — n. gem'el, a twin. 




FAMOUS GEMS 



AND PRECIOUS STONES. 




The Kohinoor, After 
Remitting, 103 3 /<t Carats. 



Turquoise ^ e Star of the South. 
124 Carats. 



> 



geminate 



mote, move; mute; then. 



geonomy 



197 



geminate, jem'in-at, a. (bot.) in pairs. 
— n. gemina'tion, a doubling: repetition 
of a word to add emphasis : (philol.) the 
doubling of a consonant originally single. 

gemmation, jem-ma'shun, n. (bot.) 
act or time of budding: arrangement of 
buds on the stalk. — n. gem'ma, a bud . 

gendarme, jan-darm', n. one of a 
corps of military police. — n. gendar'- 
merie, the armed police of France. 

gender, jen'der, n. kind, esp. with re- 
gard to sex: (gram.) the distinction of 
nouns according to sex ;> 

genealogy, jen-e-al'o-ji, n. history of 
the descent of families : the pedigree of 
a particular person or family. 

genera. See genus. 

general, jen'er-al, a. relating to a 
genus or whole class : including many 
species : not special : not restricted : com- 
mon : prevalent : public : loose : vague. 

generate, jen'er-at, v. t. to produce: 
to bring into life: to originate. — n. gen- 
eration, a producing or originating: a 
single stage in natural descent : the 
people of the same age or period : off- 
spring, progeny, race. — a. generative, 
having the power of generating. 

generic, -al, generically. See genus. 
— generic term (law), see genus. 

generous, jen'er-us, a. of a noble 
nature : courageous : liberal : bountiful : 
invigorating in its nature, as wine. — adv. 
gen'erously. ' ^ 

genesis, jen'e-sis, n. generation, crea- 
tion, or production. 

genial, je'ni-al, a. cheering: kindly: 
sympathetic: healthful. — ns. genial'ity; 
ge'nialness. — adv. ge'nially. 

genital, jen'i-tal, a. belonging to gen- 
eration or the act of producing. 

genitive, jen'i-tiv, a. (gram.) applied 
to a case properly denoting the class or 
kind to which a thing belongs, repre- 
sented in modern English by the posses- 
sive case. 

genius, jen'yus, or je'ni-us, n. the 
special inborn faculty of any individual : 
special taste or disposition qualifying for 
a particular employment: a man having 
such power of mind . 

genteel, jen-teT, a. well-bred: grace- 
ful in manners or in form : fashionable. 

gentian, jen'shan, n. a plant the root 
of which is used in medicine. 

Gentile, jen'til, n. (B.) any one not 
a Tew : any one not a Christian. — a. be- 



longing to any nation but the Jews. 

gentle, jen'tl, a. well-born: mild and 
refined in manners : mild in disposition : 
amiable : soothing : moderate : gradual. — 
n. the larva of the flesh-fly, used as a 
bait in angling. — n. gentil'ity, good birth 
or extraction : good breeding : politeness 
of manners : genteel people : marks of 
breeding. 

gentleman, jen'tl-man, n. a man of re- 
fined manners : a polite term used for 
man in general. 

gentry, jen'tri, n. (Eng.)- the class of 
people below the rank of nobility : (coll.) 
people of a particular, esp. an inferior, 
stamp. 

genuflect, jen-u-flekt', v. i. to bend the 
knee in worship or respect. 

genuine, jen'u-in, a. natural, not 
spurious or adulterated: real: pure: 
(biol.) conformable to type.- 

genus, je'nus, n. (biol.) a group con- 
sisting of a number of species closely 
connected by common characters or 
natural affinity: (log.) a class of objects 
comprehending several subordinate spe- 
cies : — pi. genera (jen'era). — adjs. ge- 
neric, -al, pertaining to a genus : re- 
lating to gender: of a general nature, 
not special : distinctly characteristic. — adv. 
gener'ically. — generic term, (law) 'a 
term which may not be appropriated as 
a trademark, because it is too general 
and comprehensive in its meaning to be- 
come the monopoly of an individual in 
application to merchandise. The word 
in its proper signification includes the use 
of geographical and proper names, and 
descriptive words used in commerce' 
(George F. Bean, Boston). 

geodesy, je-od'e-si, n. a science whose 
object is to measure the earth and its 
parts on a large scale. 

geography, je-og'ra-fi, n. the science 
which describes the surface of the earth 
and its inhabitants : a book containing a 
description of the earth. — n. geog'rapher. 

geology, je-ol'o-ji, n. the science re- 
lating to the history and development of 
the earth's crust, together with the 
several floras and faunas which have 
successively clothed and peopled it. 

geometry, je-om'e-tri, n. that branch 
of mathematics which treats of magni- 
tude and its relations: a text-book of 
geometry. 

geonomy, je-on'o-mi, n. the science 



198 



Georgian 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



gild 



of the physical laws relating to the 
earth. [Gr. ge, earth, nomos, law.] 

Georgian, jorj'i-an, a. relating to the 
reigns of the four Georges, kings of 
Great Britain. 

Geranium, je-ra'ni-um, n. a genus of 
plants with seed-vessels like a crane's 
bill. 

gerent, je'rent, n. one who holds an 
office, a manager, ruler. — a. (obs.) man- 
aging. 

gerfalcon, gyrfalcon, jer'fawk'n, n. 
a large falcon, found in northern regions. 

germ, jerm, n. a rudimentary form of 
a living thing, whether a plant or 
animal: {hot.) the seed-bud of a plant: 
a shoot : that from which anything 
springs, the origin : a first principle : a 
microbe. — v. i. to put forth buds, sprout. 
— n. germ'icide, that which destroys 
germs. 

german, jer'man, a. of the first degree, 
as cousins german: closely allied. — n. 
one from the same stock or closely 
allied. — a. germane', nearly related. 

germinate, jerm'in-at, v. i. to spring 
from a germ : to begin to grow. — v. t. 
to produce. — a. germ'inant, sprouting. 

gerrymander, ger-i-man'der, v. t. to 
rearrange (voting districts) in the 
interests of a particular party or candi- 
date : to manipulate facts, arguments, 
etc., so as to reach undue conclusions. 

gerund, jer'und, n. a part of the Latin 
verb which has the value of a verbal 
noun — e. g. amandum, loving. 

gestation, jes-ta'shun, n. the act of 
carrying the young in the womb, preg- 
nancy. 

gesticulate, jes-tik'u-lat, v. i. to make 
gestures when speaking : to play antic 
tricks. — n. gesticulation, act of making 
gestures in speaking: a gesture. 

gesture, jes'tur, n. a posture, or move- 
ment of the body: an action expressive 
of sentiment or passion. 

get, get, v. t. to obtain : to seize : to 
procure or cause to be : to beget off- 
spring: to learn: to persuade: (B.) to 
betake, to carry. — v. i. to arrive or put 
oneself in any place, state, or condition : 
to become: — pr. p. get'ting; pa. t. got; 
pa. p. got or got'ten. — ns. get'ting, a 
gaining : anything gained : procreation ; 
get'-up, equipment: general appearance. 

gewgaw, gu'gaw, n. a toy: a bauble. 
— a. showy without value. 



geyser, gi'ser, n. a hot spring, as in 
Iceland, which spouts water into the air. 

ghast, gast, v. t. (Shak.) to strike 
aghast: to affright. — n. ghast'liness— a. 
ghastly, death-like : hideous. 

ghazi, ga'ze, n. a veteran Moham- 
medan soldier. [Ar., 'a warrior'.] 

gherkin, ger'kin, n. a small cucumber 
used for pickling. 

Ghetto, get'6, n. the Jews' quarter in 
any city: formerly a section of Italian 
towns set apart for Jews. [It.] 

ghost, gost, n. the soul of man: a 
spirit appearing after death. — n. ghost'- 
liness— a. ghost'ly, spiritual, religious: 
pertaining to apparitions. 

ghoul, gol, n. an Eastern demon 
which devours the dead : a grave-robber. 

giant, ji'ant, n. an individual whose 
stature and bulk exceed those of his 
species or race generally : a person of 
extraordinary powers : — fern, gi'antess. 

gibberish, gib'er-ish, n. rapid, gab- 
bling talk : unmeaning words. 

gibbet, jib'et, n. a gallows on which 
criminals were suspended after execu- 
tion: the projecting beam of a crane. 

gibe, jibe, jib, v. t. to sneer at: to 
taunt. — n. a taunt: contempt. — n. gib'er. 

giblets, jib'lets, n. pi. the internal 
eatable parts of a fowl, taken out before 
cooking it. — a. gib'let, made -of giblets. 

giddy, gid'i, a. unsteady, dizzy : that 
causes giddiness: whirling: inconstant: 
thoughtless. 

gift, gift, n. a thing given : a bribe : a 
quality bestowed by nature : the act of 
giving. — v. t. to endow with any power 
or faculty. — a. gift'ed, endowed by 
nature : intellectual. 

gig> gig> n. a light two-wheeled car- 
riage: a long, light 
boat : anything whirled 
or moved quickly in 
play: a dart or har- 
poon. — v. t. to move 
up and down quickly. 
— v. i. to catch fish Gig. 

with a gig. 

gigantic, ji-gan'tik, n. suitable to a 
giant : enormous. 

giggle, gig'l, v. i. to laugh with short 
catches of the breath, or in a silly man- 
ner. — n. a laugh of this kind. 

gild, gild, v. t. to cover or overlay with 
gold or with any gold-like substance : to 
gloss over: to adorn with luster: — pr. p. 




gill • mote, move ; mute ; then. gland 199 

gild'ing ; pa. t. and pa. p. gild'ed or gilt, others together : in engineering, any 

gill, gil, n. one of the breathing simple or compound beam used. to sup- 
organs in fishes and certain other aquatic port joisting, walls, arches, etc. 
animals. girdle, gerd'l, n. that which encircles, 

gill, jil, n. 2l measure =54 pi nt - es P- a Dar >d or belt for the waist: an 

gillyflower, jil'i-flow-er, n. popular inclosure, compass, limit, 

name for stock, wallflower, etc. girl, gerl, n. a female child : a young 

gilt, gilt, pa. t. and pa. p. of gild. — n. unmarried woman : a maid-servant, 

that which is used for gilding. — adjs. girt, gert, v. t. to gird, to surround. 

gild'ed; gilt'-edged, having the edges girth, gerth, n. belly-band of a saddle: 

gilt : of the highest quality. measure round the waist. — Also girt. 

gimcrack, jim'krak, n. a toy: a gew- gist, jist, n. the main point or pith of 

gaw : a trivial mechanism. a matter. 

gimlet, gim'let, n. a small tool for give, giv, v. t. to bestow: to impart: 

boring holes by turning it with the hand, to yield: to grant: to permit: to afford: 

gimp, gimp, n. a kind of trimming, to furnish : to pay or render, as thanks : 

etc., of silk, woolen, or cotton twist. to pronounce, as a decision : to show, as 

gin, jin, 11. contr. of geneva, a a result: to apply, as oneself: to allow 

spirituous liquor flavored with juniper or admit. — v. i. to yield to pressure: to 

berries.- begin to melt: to grow soft: to open, or 

gin, jin, n. the name of a variety of give an opening or view, to lead (with 

machines, esp. one with pulleys for rais- upon, on, into) : — pr. p. giv'ing; pa. t. 

ing weights, etc.: a pump worked by gave; pa. p. given (giv'n). — p. a. giv'en, 

rotary sails: (B.) a trap or snare. — v.t. bestowed: specified: addicted, disposed 

to trap or snare: to clear (cotton) of its to: admitted, supposed. — n. giv'er. 

seeds by a machine. . gizzard, giz'ard, n. the muscular 

ginger, jin'jer, n. the root of a plant stomach of a bird. 

in the East and West Indies, with a glacial, gla'shal, a. icy: frozen: per- 

hot and spicy taste, taining to ice or its action, esp. to 

gingerly, jin'jer-li, adv. with soft glaciers. [Fr., — L. glacialis — glacies, ice.] 

steps : cautiously. glacier, gla'sher, or glas'i-er, n. a field 

gingham, ging'ham, n. a kind of or, more properly, a slowly moving river 

cotton cloth. of ice. 

gingival, jin-ji'val, a. pertaining to glad, glad, a. pleased: cheerful: 

the gums. bright : giving pleasure. — v. t. to make 

ginseng, jin'seng, n. a plant of genu? glad. — v. t. glad'den, to make glad: to 

Aralia, and its root, a Chinese panacea cheer: to animate. 

for exhaustion. [Chin, jin-tsan.] glade, glad, n. an open space in a 

Gipsy, Gypsey, Gypsy, jip'si, n one wood, 

of a wandering race. gladiator, glad'i-a-tor, n. in ancient 

giraffe, ji-raf, n. the camelopard, an Rome, a professional combatant with 

African quadruped with re- »», men or beasts in the arena, 

markably long neck and legs. /$%£ gladiolus, gla-di'o-lus, n. the plant 

[Fr., — Sp. girafa — Ar. ■ zaraf.] flL/* sword-lily. [L. gladiolus, dim. of gladius.] 

girandole, jir'an-dol, n. a JHffl|w. glamour, glam'er, n. the supposed in- 
branched chandelier: a rotat- fi|lpl|k fluence of a charm on the eyes: fascina- 
ing firework, [Fr., — It giran- vin^iw t * on ' enchantment. 

dola — girare — L. gyrare, to W WwL glance, glans, n. a sudden shoot of 

turn round — gyrus — Gr. Sy ros >^M^wf\ light : a darting of the eye : a momentary 

a circle.] ^Bgras^J view. — v. i: to dart a ray of light or 

girasol, jir'a-sol, n. a bluish- ' splendor: to snatch a momentary view: 

white translucent opal. Giraffe. to fjy Q ^ obliquely : to make a passing 

gird, gerd, v. t. to bind round: to allusion. — v. t. to dart suddenly or ob- 

make fast by binding : to surround : to liquely : to hint. 

clothe, furnish: — pa. t. and pa. p. gird'ed gland, gland, n. (anat.) a secreting 

or girt. — n. gird'er, one of the principal structure, which in various ways alters 

pieces of timber in a floor binding the the material brought to it by the blood . 



200 glanders fate, far; me, her; mine; glue 

glanders, gland'erz, n. a malignant, with light: to shine.— n. glitter. 
contagious, and fatal disease of the glitter, glit'er, v. i to glisten, to 
horse or ass. [Fr. glande, a gland.] sparkle with light: to be splendid: to be 

glare, glar, n. a clear, dazzling light: showy. — n. luster: brilliancy. — a. glitt'- 
overpowering luster: a piercing look. — ering, shining: splendid: brilliant. 
v. i. to shine with a clear, dazzling light : gloaming, glom'ing, n. twilight, dusk. 
to be ostentatiously splendid: to look gloat, glot, v. i. to look eagerly, in a 
with piercing eyes. — a. glar 'ing, bright bad sense: to view with a wicked joy. 
and dazzling : barefaced : notorious.- globate, -d, glob'at, -ed, a. like a 

glass, glas, n. a combination of silica globe: circular, 
with some alkali or alkaline earth, such as globe, glob, n. a ball : a round body, 
lime, etc., used for window panes, mirrors, a sphere: the earth: a sphere represent- 
lenses, etc. : anything made of glass, esp. ing the earth (terrestrial globe) or the 
a drinking-vessel, a mirror, etc.: the heavens (celestial globe), 
quantity of liquid a glass holds: (pi.) gloom, glom, n. partial darkness: 
spectacles. — a. made of glass.- cloudiness : heaviness of mind, sadness : 

glauberite, glaw'ber-it, n. a grayish- hopelessness: sullenness. 
white mineral, found chiefly in rock-salt. gloria, glo'ri-a, n. a doxology. 

glaze, glaz, v. t. to furnish or set with glorify, glo'ri-fi, v. t. to make glorious : 
glass : to cover with a thin surface of t0 honor : to exalt to glory or happiness : 
glass or something glassy: to give a t0 ascribe honor to, to worship :—-/>«. p. 
glassy surface to.— n. the glassy coating glorified.— n. glorification. 
put upon pottery: any shining exterior. glory> gl5 ' rij ^ ren own: honor: the 

gleam, glem, v. % to glow or shine: occasion of praise: an object of pride: 
to flash u-yw a small stream of light: a excellency: splendor: brightness: (B.) 
beam: brightness.- t h e pre sence of God: heaven. — v. i. to 

glean, glen, v. t. to gather m hand- boast : to be proud of anything : to exult : 
fuls after the reapers: to collect (what __ M p% gia'ried.— n. gld'riole, a halo or 
is thinly scattered).—?/. *. to gather the giory.^. glo'rious, noble, splendid: 
corn left by a reaper.— n. that which is con f err j ng renown.— adv. glo'riously. 
gleaned: the act of gleaning. # j { ^ brightness or luster as 

glee gle, n. joy: mirth and gaiety: from a lished surface . externa l sh ow. 
(mus\ a song or catch in parts.-a. _^ f tQ giye a superficial luster t0: 

glee ful, merry. ..... , to render plausible: to palliate. 

gleet, glet, n. a glairy discharge from j j remark ^ 

a gleHkn f r a narrow valley worn ^ject : a comment.-, i, to comment 

& tA1 ». s » •"■ a j- or ma k e explanatory remarks. — a. glos- 

by a river: a depression between hills. S a' r ial, relating to a glossary : containing 

ghb glib, a. moving easy: voluble.- lan ' ation ._$. g l 0S s'ary, a vocabulary 
v. i to move freely.-a^ glib ly of P words requiri °g special explanation: 

glide, ghd, v. i. to slide smoothly and dl v t i ori o rv 
easily: to flow gently: to pass rapidly. a aictlonar y- . . 

-n. act of gliding: the joining of two S^^V' a ' S T°* and shmil ^ : 
sounds without.a break: a smooth, slid- hl ^ly polished.-*., glossiness 
ing waltz-step.— glider, glid'er, n. an glove, gluy, n. a covering for the hand, 
aeroplane without a motor. Wlth a shealh for each nnger: a boxmg- 

glim, glim, n. (coll) a light: (slang) gjove.— w. Uo cover with, or as with, a 
an eye. [A. S. gleomu.] glove.— a. gloved, covered with a glove. 

glimmer, glim'er, v. i. to burn or ap- glow, glo, v. i. to shine with an in- 
pear faintly.— n. a faint light : feeble rays tense heat : to feel great heat of body : to 
of light: (min.) mica.— n. glimm'ering, be flushed: to feel the heat of passion: 
a glimmer: an inkling. to be ardent.— n. shmmg or white heat: 

glimpse, glimps, n. 2l short gleam: a unusual warmth: brightness of color: 
weak light: transient luster: a hurried vehemence of passion, 
view: fleeting enjoyment. glucose, glo-kos', n. the peculiar kind 

glint, glint, v. i. to shine, gleam. of sugar in the juice of fruits . 

glisten, glis'n, v. i. to glitter or sparkle glue, glo, n. an adhesive substance ob- 




glum mote, move; mute; then. golf 201 

tained by boiling the skins, hoofs, etc., matter, as in 'a pretty go' : fashion, as 
of animals. — v. t. to join with glue.- in 'all the go': energy, activity. 

glum, glum, a. frowning: sullen: goad, god, n. a sharp-pointed stick, 
gloomy. — adv. glum'ly. — n. glum'ness. often shod with iron, for driving oxen': 

glut, glut, v. t. to swallow ^ greedily : a stimulus. — v. t. to drive with a goad, 
to feast to satiety : to supply in excess. goal, gol, n. a mark set up to bound a 
— n. an over-supply. race: the winning-post: the end aimed 

gluten, glo'ten, n. the nitrogenous at: the two upright posts between which 
part of the flour of wheat and other the ball is kicked in the game of foot- 
grains, insoluble in water. [L., glue.] ball ; 

glutton, glut'n, n. one who eats to goat, got, n. a well-known quadruped, 
excess: a popular name for the wolverene, allied to the sheep. — 

glycerin, glycerine, glis'er-in, n. a ns. goatee', a beard 
colorless, viscid, neutral, inodorous fluid, left on the chin, while 

glycogen, gli'ko-jen, n. animal starch, the rest of the face 

glycol, gli'kol, n. the type of a class of is shaven ; goat'herd, 
artificial compounds forming chemically one who tends goats. 
a link between alcohol and glycerin, —a. goat'ish, resem- 

glyph, glif, n. (archit.) an ornamental bling a goat, esp. 
channel or fluting, usually vertical. in smell : lustful : Goat's Head. 

gnarl, narl, n. a twisted knot in wood, wanton. — n. goat'ishness. [A. S. gat.] 
—-a. gnarled, knotty, twisted. [From a gob, gob, n. the mouth: a mouthful. 
Teut. root as in Ger. knurren, Dan. gobble, gob'l, v. t. to swallow in 
knort, a knot, gnarl.] lumps: to swallow hastily. — v. i. to make 

gnash, nash, v. t. to strike the teeth a noise in the throat, as a turkey, 
together in rage or pain. — v. i. to grind goblet, gob'let, n. a large drinking- 
the teeth. — n. a sudden snap. cup without a handle. 

gnat, nat, n. a dipterous insect of goblin, gob'lin, n. a frightful phantom : 
numerous species, as the mosquito, a fairy: a mischievous sprite, 
midge, etc. [A. S. gnat.] go-cart, go'-kart, n. a wheeled ap- 

gnaw, naw, v. t. to bite off by degrees : paratus for teaching children to walk . 
to corrode or wear away: to bite in agony God, god, n. the Supreme Being: the 
or rage: {Jig.) to torment. — v. i. to use Creator and Preserver of the world: 
the teeth in biting. (g-) an object of worship, an idol. 

gneiss, nis, n. (geol.) a species of —a. god'ly, like God in character : 
stratified rock composed of quartz, feld- pious : according to God's law.- 
spar^and mica. goer, go'er, n. one who or that which 

gnome, nom, n. a sprite guarding the goes : a horse, considered in reference to 
inner part of the earth and its treasures . his gait. 

gnomon, no'mon, n. the pin of a dial, goggle, gog'l,_ v. i. to strain or roll 
whose shadow points to the hour : the the eyes. — a. rolling : staring : prominent, 
index of the hour-circle of a globe; — n. a stare or affected rolling of the 

Gnostic, nos'tik, n. (theol.) one of an eye: (pi.) spectacles with projecting eye- 
early sect of rationalists.— n. Gnos'ti- tubes : blinds for shying horses. 
cism, the eclectic doctrines of the going, go'ing, n. the act of moving: 
Gnostics. departure. — goings on, behavior. 

gnu, nu, n. a South African antelope. goiter, goitre, goi'ter, n. a tumor on 

go, go, v. i. to pass from one place tne f° re part of the throat, being an 
to another : to be in motion : to proceed : enlargement of one of the glands, 
to walk: to depart from: to lead in any gold, gold, n. one of the precious 
direction: to extend: to tend: to be metals much used for coin: money: 
about to do : to pass in repute : to pass, riches : anything very precious : yellow, 
as in payment: to be accounted in value: gold color. — a. made of or like gold, 
to happen in a particular way : to turn golf, golf, n. a game played with clubs 
out: to fare: to give way :—pr. p. go'ing; and a ball, in which he who drives the 
pa. t. went; pa. p. gone (gon). — n. affair, ball into a series of small holes in the 



202 Golgotha fate, far; me, her; mine; govern 

ground with fewest strokes is the pass among hills: {fort.) the entrance 

winner. — ns. golfer; golfing. to an outwork. — v. t. to swallow greedily . 

Golgotha, gol'go-tha, n. the scene of gorgeous, gor'j us, a. showy: splendid: 

Christ's crucifixion, near Jerusalem: a magnificent. — adv. gor'geously. 

charnel-house. [Heb.] gorilla, gor-il'a, n. a great African 

gondola, gon' do-la, n. a long, narrow ape, the largest known anthropoid, 

boat used chiefly on the canals of Venice. gormand, older form of gourmand. 

gone, gon, pa. p. of go, lost, passed — v. i. gor'mandize, to eat hastily or 

beyond help: weak, faint, feeling a sink- voraciously. — ns. gor'mandizer; gor'- 

ing sensation: wide of the mark, of an mandlzing, the act or habit of eating 

arrow: (slang) entirely given up to voraciously; gor'mandism, gluttony, 

(with on). — ns. gone'ness, a sinking gosling, goz'ling, n. a young goose, 

sensation; gon'er (slang), one ruined gospel, gos'pel, n. the Christian reve- 

beyond recovery. lation : the narrative of the life of Christ, 

gong, gong, n. a Chinese instrument as related by Matthew, Mark, Luke, or 

of percussion : a form of bell. [Malay.] John : the stated portion of these read 

goniometer, go-ni-om'e-ter, n. an in- at service : the teaching of Christ : a 

strument for measuring solid angles, system of religious truth : absolute truth. 

good, good, a. having qualities, gossamer, gos'a-mer, n. very fine 

whether physical or moral, desirable or spider-threads which float in the air or 

suitable to the end proposed : promot- any thin material : a thin waterproof 

ing success, welfare, or happiness : garment. — a. light, flimsy, 

virtuous: pious: kind: benevolent: gossip, gos'ip, n. one who goes about 

proper : fit : competent : satisfactory : telling and hearing news : idle talk : a 

sufficient: valid: sound: serviceable: familiar acquaintance: a boon-com- 

beneficial : real : serious : not small, con- panion. — v. i. to go about telling idle 

siderable: full, complete: unblemished, tales: to talk much: to chat. — n. goss'- 

honorable. — comp. bett'er; superl. best. — iping, the act or practice of one who 

n. that which promotes happiness, sue- gossips or tattles. — p. a. having the 

cess, etc. — opp. to evil: prosperity: wel- character of one who gossips: tattling, 

fare: advantage, temporal or spiritual: got, gotten. See under get. 

moral qualities: virtue: (pi.) household Goth, goth, n. one of an ancient 

furniture : movable property : merchan- Teutonic nation : a rude or uncivilized 

dise: freight. — inter /. well! right! — adv. person, a barbarian, 

well. — ns. or inter js. good'-by, good'- gouge, gowj, n. a chisel, with a hollow 

bye, contracted from 'God be with you' . blade, for cutting grooves or holes. — 

goose, gos, n. (pi. geese) a web- v. t. to scoop out, as with a gouge: to 

footed bird like a duck, but larger and force out, as the eye with the thumb. 

stronger: a tailor's smoothing-iron: a gourd, gord, n. a large fleshy fruit: 

stupid, silly person. rind of a gourd used as a drinking-cup : 

gooseberry, goz'ber-i, n. the berry the gourd plant. 

or fruit of a shrub of the same name. gourmand, gor'mand, n. one who eats 

gopher, go'fer, n. a name applied to greedily: a glutton. — a. voracious: glut- 
many burrowing animals, as several tonous — also gor'mand. — n. gourmet 
species of squirrel, the prairie dog, the (gor-ma/, or -met'), an epicure, 
pouched rat, etc. [Fr. ganfre.] gout, gowt, n. an acute inflammation 

Gordian, gord'yan, a. intricate : dif- of the smaller joints, and esp. of the 

ficult. — cut the Gordian knot, to over- great toe. 

come a difficulty by violent measures. govern, guv'ern, v. t. to direct: to 

gore, gor, n. clotted blood: blood. — control: to rule with authority: (gram.) 

a. gor'y, covered with gore: bloody. to determine the mood, tense, or case 

gore, gor, n. a triangular piece let of. — v. i. to exercise authority: to ad- 

into a garment to widen it : a triangular minister the laws. — ns. gov'ernance, 

piece of land. — v. t. to shape like or government : control : direction : be- 

furnish with gores: to pierce with any- havior; gov'erness, a woman who has 

thing pointed, as a spear or horns. charge of the instruction of children : a 

gorge, gorj, n. the throat: a narrow tutoress. — a. gov'erning, having control, 



gown 



mote, move; mute; then. graph 203 



gown, gown, 11. a woman's upper seed: the seeds of certain plants which 

garment: a long loose robe. — v, t. to form the chief food of man: wheat, or 

invest with the gown. — a. gowned, cereals in general : a minute particle : a 

grab, grab, v. t. (coll.) to seize or very small quantity: the smallest weight 

grasp suddenly: to lay hands on. in the English and United States 

grace, gras, n. easy elegance in form systems : the arrangement of the particles 

or manner : what adorns and commends or fibers of anything, as stone or wood . 

to favor: embellishment: favor: pardon: gram, gramme, gram, n. the unit of 

(pi.) favor, friendship (with good) : mass in the metric system, equal to 

{myth.) the three sister goddesses in 15432 troy grains. 

whom beauty was deified. — v. t. to mark grammar, gram'ar, n. the science of 

with favor: to adorn. — a. grace'ful, the right use of language: a book which 

elegant and easy: marked by propriety teaches grammar. — n. gramma'rian, one 

or fitness, becoming. — adv. grace'fully. versed in or who teaches grammar. 

grade, grad, n. a degree or step in grand, grand, a. of great size, extent, 
rank or dignity : the degree of slope on power, or dignity : splendid : illustrious : 
a road as compared with the horizontal: noble: sublime: chief: covering the 
a group of animals branching off from whole field, or including all details. — ns. 
a common stem. — v. t. to arrange in grandee', the most highly privileged 
degrees, ranks, or steps : to reduce to a class of nobility in Spain : a man of high 
standard level: to improve the blood or rank; grandeur (grand'ur), vastness : 
quality of. — n. grada'tion, a rising step splendor of appearance: loftiness of 
by step : progress from one degree or thought or deportment ; grandil'o- 
state to another : position attained : state quence. — a. grandiloquent, speaking 
of being arranged in ranks : (paint.) the grandly or bombastically: pompous.- 
gradual blending of tints. — a. gra'dient, grange, granj, n. a farm-house with 
gradually rising: rising with a regular its stables and other buildings. 
slope. — n. the degree of slope on a road granite, gran'it, n. an igneous crystal- 
or railway: the difference in the height line rock, composed of grains of quartz, 
of the barometer at two places : an feldspar, and mica, 
incline. — a. grad'ual, advancing by grant, grant, v. t. to bestow or give 
grades or degrees: regular and slow. — over: to give possession of: to admit as 
adv. grad'uaily. — v. t. grad'uate, to true : to concede. — n. a bestowing : some- 
divide into regular intervals : to mark thing bestowed, an allowance : a gift : 
with degrees: to proportion. — v. i. to (law) conveyance of property by deed, 
pass by grades or degrees: to pass — a. grant'able. — ns. grantee' (laze), 
through a university course and re- the person to whom a grant, gift, or 
ceive a degree. — 11. one admitted to a conveyance is made ; grant'er, grant'or 
degree in a college, university, or society, (lazv) , the person who grants. 
— p. a. grad'uated, marked with degrees, granule, gran'iil, n. a little grain : a 
as a thermometer. — ns. graduation ; fine particle. — adjs. gran'ular, gran'u- 
grad'uator, an instrument for graduat- lous, consisting of or like grains or 
ing. granules. — v. t. gran'ulate, to form or 

graft, graft, v. t. to insert (a scion or break into grains or small masses. 
cutting) into a tree or plant for the pur- grape, grap, n. the fruit of the grape- 
pose of propagation : to insert in some- vine, or of any of the many species of 
thing anything not belonging to it: to the genus Vitis: grapeshot. — ns. grape'- 
incorporate : to transplant, as a piece of fruit, a small variety of the shaddock; 
tissue, from one part to another. grape'shot, shot or small iron balls 

graft, graft, v. i. to accept bribes : to clustered or piled on circular plates 

use public office for private gain. — n. the round an iron pin, which scatter on 

act of any one, esp. a public officer, in being fired ; grape'-su'gar, dextrose, 

accepting or procuring money surrep- graph, graf, n. a representation by 

titiously for his official services : the means of lines. — adjs. graphic, -al, per- 

money thus obtained: boodle. — n. taining to writing, describing, or de- 

graft'er, one who grafts, a boodler. lineating: picturesquely described: vivid. 

grain, gran, n. a single small hard — a. graphit'ic. — n. graph'ophon^ an 



204 grapnel fate, far; me, her; mine; Greek 

instrument for recording sounds, based weighty: (mus.) not acute : low. — n. the 
on the principle of the phonograph, grave accent, or its sign ('). 

grapnel, grap'nel, n. a small anchor gravel, grav'el, n. small stones often 
with several claws or arms . intermixed with sand : small collections 

grapple, grap'l, v. t. to seize: to lay of gravelly matter in the kidneys or 
fast hold of. — v. i. to contend in close bladder. — v. t. to cover with gravel : to 
fight. puzzle, perplex. — a. grav'elly. 

grasp, grasp, v. t. to seize and hold graven, grav'n, pa. p. of grave. 
by clasping with the finsrers or arms : graving, grav'ing, n. act of cleaning 
to catch at: to comprehend. — v. i. to a ship's bottom. — n. grav'ing-dock. 
endeavor to seize: to catch (with at). — gravity, grav'i-ti, n. weightiness : that 
n. grip of the hand: reach of the arms: attraction between bodies, or accelera- 
power of seizing: mental power of tion of one toward another, of which 
apprehension. — p. a. grasp'ing, seiz- the fall of a body to the ground is an 
ing: avaricious: encroaching. example: state of being grave or sober: 

grass, gras, n. common herbage: an relative importance : (mus.) lowness of a 
order of plants (Graminece), the most note. — v. i. grav'itate, to be acted on 
important in the whole vegetable king- by gravity: to tend towards the earth: 
dom, with long, narrow leaves and tubu- to be strongly ^ attracted towards any- 
lar stem, including wheat, rye, oats, rice, thing. — n. gravita'tion, act of gravitat- 
millet, and all fodder plants.— v. t. to ing : the tendency of all bodies to attract 
cover with grass : to bring to the grass each other. 
or ground, as a bird or a fish. gravy, grav'i, n. the juices from meat 

grate, grat, n. a framework composed while cooking, 
of bars with interstices, esp. one of iron gray, grey, gra, a. of a white color 
bars for holding fuel while burning. mixed with black: ash-colored: (fig.) 

grate, grat, v. t. to rub hard or wear a S ed > gray-haired, mature.— n. a gray 
away with anything rough: to make a C0 J° r: an animal of a grayish color, as 
harsh sound: to irritate or offend. a horse, etc. 

grateful, grat'fool, a. causing pleasure: S raze ' & raz » v - '■ to eat or feed on 
acceptable: delightful: thankful: having S ra ? s ; to feed or su PP!y Wlth grass.— 
a due sense of benefits.— adv. grate'- v - *• . to e a t _grass : to supply grass.— n. 
fully.— ns. gratefulness; gratification, S razler < (gra zher), one who grazes or 
a pleasing or indulging: that which grati- P astures cat _ tle and rears them ■ 

fies: delight; grat'ifier.— v. t. grat'ify, to ,, graz ^ 2 raz ' v - *' to P ass h * htl y alon S 



do what is agreeable to : to please : to 



the surface of. 



soothe: to indulge.—/;, a. grat'ifying. grease, gres, n soft thick animal fat : 

gratis, gra'tis, adv. for nothing: with- ? lly , ma i tte [ of * n i kmd: an inflammation 

ou? payment or recompense. ? n the f heels °J ? hor 5 e ' marked by . s ^ e11 " 

... j ,/• ,-j -j ing, etc. — v. t. (sometimes pron. erez) to 

gratitude, grat i-tud n. warm and sm ° ear with ^ reas f ub ricate-also 

friendly feeling towards a benefactor. use d figuratively, to cause to go easily.- 

gratuity, gra-tu i-ti, n. a present: an t §t a ] . j con tinued : 

acknowledgment of service, generally super i r : distinguished: highly gifted: 

pecuniary.-^, gratu ltous, done or given noble . mightv: su blime: of high rank: 

for nothing: voluntary: without reason, chief: proud arr0 gant: weighty: diffi- 

ground, or proof.— adv. gratuitously. cnlt . important . pregn ant, teeming: in- 

gravamen, grav-a men, n. grievance: dicating one degree more remote in the 

the substantial or chief ground of com- direct line of descent, 

plaint or accusation. [L,— gravis, heavy.] Grecian, gre'shan,' a. pertaining to 

grave, grav, v. t. to carve or cut on Greece.— n. a native of Greece, 

a hard substance: to engrave.— v. i. to greedy, gred'i, a. having a voracious 

engrave :— pa. p. graved or grav'en.— n. a appetite : covetous : eagerly desirous.— n. 

pit graved or dug out, esp. one in which greed, an eager desire or longing, 

to bury the dead : any place of burial . Greek, grek, a. Grecian.—;?, a Grecian : 

grave, grav, a. of importance: serious: the language of Greece: a cunning rogue, 

not gay or showy: sober: solemn: a merry fellow: any language of which 



green 



mote, move ; mute ; then. 



grip 



205 



one is ignorant, jargon, anything unin- 
telligible. 

green, gren, a. of the color of grow- 
ing plants : growing : vigorous : new : un- 
ripe: inexpeiienced, simple, raw, easily 
imposed on : young. — n. the color of 
growing plants : a small green or grassy 
plat: (golf) the putting-ground round 
the individual holes: (pi.) fresh leaves: 
wreaths : the leaves and stems of green 
vegetables for food.- 

greengage, gren'gaj, n. a green and 
very sweet variety of plum. 

greet, gret, v. t. to salute or address 
with contempt, derision or kindness: to 
send kind wishes to : to congratulate. — 
v. i. to meet and salute. — n. greet'ing, 
expression of kindness or ioy : salutation. 

gregarious, gre-gari-us, a. associat- 
ing or living in flocks and herds. 

grenade, gre-nad', n. a small shell of 
iron o r annealed 
glass, filled with 
powder and bits of 
iron, and thrown from 
the hand, or with a 
shovel over a parapet. 
[Fr., — Sp. granada — ■ 
L. granatus, full of 
seeds — g r anum, a 
grain, seed.] 

grenadier, gren-a-der', n. (orig.) _ a 
soldier who threw grenades: a British 
foot-guard. 

grenadine, gren-a-den', n. a thin kind 
of silk used for ladies' dresses. 

grew, gro, pa. t. of grow. 

greyhound, gra'hownd, n. a tall and 
slender dog, with great 
powers of speed. [M. E. 
greihund; Ice. greyhundr 
— Ice. grey, a dog, hundr, 
a hound.] 

griddle, grid'l, n. a 
flat iron pan for frying 
cakes. Greyhound. 

gride, grid, v. t. to cut with a grating 
sound, to pierce harshly: to grate, jar 
upon. — n. a harsh grating sound. 

gridiron, grid'i-ern, n. a frame of 
iron bars for broiling flesh or fish over 
the fire : a frame to support a ship during 
repairs : a football field. 

grief, gref, n. heaviness of heart : 
sorrow: regret: mourning: cause of sor- 
row: affliction. 

grieve, grev, v. t. to cause grief or 




Grenade and Fuse. 




pain of mind to: to make sorrowful: to 
vex. — v. i. to feel grief: to mourn. — n. 
griev'ance, cause of grief : burden : 
hardship: injury: grief. — a. griev'ous, 
causing grief : burdensome : painful : 
atrocious, hurtful. — adv. griev'ously, in 
a grievous manner ; 

griffin, grif'in, griffon, grif'un, n. an 
imaginary animal, with the body and 
legs of a lion, and the crooked beak and 
wings of an eagle : a watchful guardian. 

grill, gril, v. t. to broil on a gridiron : 
to torment. — v. i. to undergo torment, to 
be in a broil. — n. a grated appliance for 
broiling meat, etc., a gridiron. 

grille, gril, n. a lattice, or grating, or 
screen, or openwork of metal : a grating 
in a convent or jail door. [Fr.] 

grim, grim, a. of forbidding aspect : 
ferocious : ghastly : sullen : stern, un- 
yielding. — adv. grim'ly. — n. grim'ness. 

grimace, gri-mas', n. a distortion of 
the face, in j est, etc. : a smirk. — v. i. to 
make grimaces. 

grime, grim, n. ingrained dirt. — v. t. 
to soil deeply. — adv. grim'ily. — n. grim'- 
iness. — a. grirn'y, foul, dirty. 

grin, grin, v. i. to set the teeth to- 
gether and withdraw the lips : to smile 
with some distortion of the features, ex- 
pressive of derision, stupid admiration, 
etc. — v. t. to express by grinning. — n. act 
of grinning: a forced or sardonic smile. 

grind, grind, v. t. to reduce to powder 
by friction : to wear down or sharpen by 
rubbing : to rub together : to oppress or 
harass : to set in motion by a crank. — 
v. i. to be moved or rubbed together: 
to drudge at any tedious task: to read 
hard : — pa. t. and pa. p. ground. — n. hard 
or distasteful work, etc. 

grip, grip, n. grasp or firm hold with 
the hand, etc. : the handle or part by 
which anything is grasped : a mode of 
grasping, a particular mode of grasping 
hands for mutual recognition, as by 
Freemasons : a clutching device connect- 
ing a car with a moving traction-cable : 
oppression : pinching distress. — v. t. to 
take fast hold of, to grasp or gripe. — 
v. t. gripe, to grasp with the hand: to 
seize and hold fast : to squeeze : to give 
pain to the bowels. — n. fast hold, grasp : 
forcible retention : (pi.) severe spasmodic 
pain in the intestines. — p. a. grip'ing, 
avaricious : of a pain that catches or 
seizes acutely. — adv. grip'ingly, in a 



206 grisly fate, far; me, her; mine; grub 

griping or^ oppressive manner. — ns. grotesque, gro-tesk', a. extravagantly 

grippe, grip, influenza or epidemic formed : ludicrous. — n. {art) extrava- 

catarrh; grip'sack, a hand-satchel. gant ornament. — adv. grotesquely. 

grisly, griz'li, a. frightful: hideous. grotto, grot'6, n. a cave: a place of 

grist, grist, n. corn for grinding at shade, for pleasure— also grot, 

one time: supply: profit. _ grouch, growch, n. a sulky condition. 

gristle, gns 1, n. a soft elastic sub- __ a grouch'y, sulky 

stance in^ animal bodies, cartilage. ground, grownd, n. the surface of the 

grit, grit, n the coarse part of meal: earth . a portion of the earth > s surface : 

gravel: a kind of hard sandstone : firm- knd field soil . the floorj etc . position . 

ness of character, spirit: (/»/•). oats field or place of action . (/l7> or ^j that 

coarsely ground, groats.—;*, grit tmess. on which somet hing is raised: founda- 

grizzle, gnzl, n. a gray color.— adjs. tion . su ffi c i en t reason: (art) the surface 

grizzled, gray, or mixed with gray; on which the fi are represented.— 

grizzly of a gray color.— tf. the grizzly Vm t t0 fix on a foundation or principle: 

bear (Ursus hombihs) of the Rocky to instruct - m nrst principles: to cover 

Mountains. _ _ with a j a of p i aster , e tc, as a basis 

groan, gron, v. i to utter a moaning for pa i nt i ng: to coat with a composition, 

sound in distress: {fig.) to be afflicted: as a surface to be etched.-*/, i. to strike 

to express disapprobation by means of the bottom and remain fixed 

groans.-n. a deep moaning sound as of 6 n _ number of ns 

distress: a sound of disapprobation.-,*. or 5 thil ^ s together: a number of indi- 

groan ing, a deep moan as of pain vidual thi rdated in some definite 

grocer, gros er, n a dealer m tea, differentiating them from others, 

sugar, etc and household supplies gen- £ grows, *. the heathcock or 



erally. — n. groc ery. 



moorfowl, also called red grouse: the 



grog, grog, n. a mixture of spirits and sacre _ cock ' etc 
cold water, without sugar. — ns. grog'- ° ,_ '' . i1 . 

gery, a low public-house; grog'giness, S rout ' & r i owt ' \ coarse meal : a thin 
state of being groggy.-?. grog ' gy , coarse mor L ar : a fine plaster for finish- 
affected by grog, partially intoxicated: m % ceilings.-*, grouty, thick, muddy: 



(boxing) weak and staggering. 



sulky. 



groin, groin, n. the part of the body S r °vf> grov, n a wood of small size 

on either side of the belly where the generally of a pleasant or ornamental 

thigh joins the trunk: (archit.) the character: an avenue of trees 
angular curve formed by the crossing of grovel, grov el, v i. to crawl on the 

two arches.— v. t. to form into groins, earth > es P- m ab J ect fear » etc - : to be base 

to build in groins. or mean.— ». grov eler.— a. grov eling. 

groom, grom, n. one who has the grow, gro, v. i. to become enlarged by 

charge of horses : a bridegroom.— z/. t. to a natural process : to advance towards 

tend, as a horse.— n. groomsman, the maturity : to increase in size : to develop : 

attendant on a bridegroom at his mar- to become greater in any way : to extend : 

riage. to improve : to pass from one state to 

groove, grov, n. a furrow, or long another: to become.— v. L to cause to 

hollow. — v. t. to grave or cut a groove grow: to cultivate :— pa. t. grew (gro); 

or furrow in. pa. p. grown.— ns. grow'er; grow'ing; 

grope, grop, v. i. to search for some- growth, a growing: gradual increase: 

thing, as if blind or in the dark.— v. t. progress: development: that which has 

to search by feeling.— adv. grop'ingly. grown: product. 

grosbeak, gros'bek, n. a name applied growl, growl, v. i. to utter a deep, 

to many birds having large, thick bills, murmuring sound like a dog : to grumble 

gross, gros, a. coarse : rough : dense : surlily. — v. t. to express by growling. — n. 

palpable, glaring, shameful: whole: a murmuring, snarling pound, 
coarse in mind : stupid : sensual : obscene. grub, grub, v. i. to dig in the dirt : 

— n. the main bulk : the whole taken to be occupied meanly : (slang) to eat. — 

together: a great hundred — i. e. twelve v. t. to dig or root out of the ground 

dozen. — adv. grossly. — n. gross'ness. (generally followed by up) : (slang) to 



grudge mote, move; mute; then. guipure 207 

supply with victuals. — n. the larva of the fitting knitted woolen shirt : one of a 

beetle, moth, etc. breed of dairy cattle. 

grudge, gruj, v. t. to murmur at: to guerrilla, guerilla, ger-nl'a, n. a mode 

look upon with envy : to give or take un- of harassing an army by small bands : 

willingly. — v. i. to show discontent. — n. a member of such a band. — a. conducted 

secret enmity or envy: an old cause of by or conducting petty warfare, 

quarrel. — a. grudging, given to grudge. guess, ges, v. t. to form an opinion 

— adv. grudgingly, unwillingly. of on uncertain knowledge : to conjecture, 

gruel, gro'el, n. a thin food made by to think. — v. i. to judge on uncertain 

boiling oatmeal in water. knowledge: to conjecture rightly. — n. 

gruesome, gro'sum, a. horrible: fear- judgment or opinion without sufficient 

ful : dismal, depressing. evidence or grounds. — n. guess'work, 

gruff, gruf, a. rough, stern, or abrupt work done by guess : random action, 

in manner: churlish.— adv. gruffly. guest, gest, n. a visitor received and 

grumble, grum'bl, v. i. to murmur entertained. 

with discontent : to growl : to rumble. — n. guffaw, guf-faw', v. I to laugh loudly, 

the act of grumbling.— n. grum'bler.- — w . a l ou d laugh. 

grume, grom, n. a thick consistence guide, gid, v. t. to lead or direct: to 

of fluid: a clot, as of blood. — adjs. regulate : to influence. — n. he who or that 

grum'ous, grum'ose, thick : clotted. which guides : one who directs another 

grumpy, grum'pi, a. surly: dissatis- in his course: a guide-book: anything 

fied: melancholic. — adv. grum'pily. calculated to maintain in a certain direc- 

grunt, grunt, v. i. to make a sound like tion or position. — ns. guid'ance, direc- 

a pig: to utter guttural sounds. — n. a tion: government, 

short, guttural sound, as of a hog. guild, gild, gild, n. an association of 

guano, gwa'no, n. the long-accumu- men for mutual aid: a corporation, 

lated excrement of certain sea-fowl. guilder, gild'er, n. an old Dutch and 

guarantee, gar-an-te', guaranty, gar'- German gold coin : now a silver coin = 

an-ti, n. a warrant or surety : a contract 40 cents. 

to see performed what another has guile, gil, 11. wile, jugglery : cunning : 

undertaken : the person who makes such deceit. — a. guile'ful, crafty : deceitful. — 

a contract: one responsible for the per- adv. guile'fully. — n. guile'fulness. — a. 

formance of some action, the truth of guileless, without deceit: artless.- 

some statement, etc.— v. t. to undertake guillotine, gil'6-ten, n. an instrument 

that another shall perform : to make sure, for beheading : a machine 

— n. guar'antor, one who makes a f or cutting paper, straw, 

guarantee. etc.— v. t. to behead with 

guard, gard, v. t. to ward, watch, or, the guillotine. [Named 

take care of: to protect from danger or after Joseph * Ignace 

attack. — v. i. to watch: to be wary. — n. Guillotin (173S-1814), a 

that which guards from danger: a man physician, who first pro- 

or body of men stationed to protect: posed its adoption.] 

(Eng.) a railway conductor: state of guilt, gilt, n. punish- Guillotine, 

caution : posture of defense : part of the able conduct : the state of having broken 

hilt of a sword: a watch-chain: (pi.) a law: crime: wickedness. — adv. guilt'- 

troops attached to the person of a sov- ily. — n. guiltiness. — a. guiltless, free 

ereign. — a. guard'ed. from crime: innocent. — adv. guiltlessly. 

gubernation, gu-ber-na'shun, n. gov- — n. guiltlessness. — a. guilt'y, justly 

ernment, rule. — a. gubernatd'rial. chargeable with a crime: wicked: per- 

gudgeon, guj'un, n. a small, carp-like taming to guilt, 

fish common in the fresh waters of guinea, gin'i, n. an English gold coin, 

Europe — easily caught: a person easily no longer used = 21 shillings or about 

cheated. $5-ii, so called because first made of 

guerdon, ger'dun, n. a reward or gold brought from Guinea in Africa, 

recompense. — v. t. to reward. guipure, ge-por', n. a kind of lace: 

guernsey, gern'zi, n. a sailor's closely- a species of gimp. 




208 guise fate, far; me, her; mine; gymnasium 

guise, giz, n. manner, behavior: ex- from a gun. — a. caused by the shot of 
ternal appearance: dress. a gun. 

guitar, gi-tar', n. a six-stringed musi- gunwale, gunnel, gun'el, n. the wale 
cal instrument. or upper edge of a ship's side next to 

gular, gu'ler, a. pertaining to the the bulwarks, 
throat. m gurgle, ger'gl, v. i. to flow in an 

gulch, gulch, n. a ravine or narrow irregular noisy current: to make a bub- 
rocky valley, a gully. bling sound. 

gules, gulz, n. (her.) a red color, gurnard, ger'nard, n. a marine fish of 
marked in engraved figures by perpen- several species — also gurnet. 
dicular lines. gush, gush, v. i. to flow out with 

gulf, gulf, 11. a hollow or indentation violence or copiously: to be effusive, or 
in the, sea-coast: a deep place in the highly sentimental. — n. that which flows 
earth : an abyss : anything insatiable. out : a violent issue of a fluid. 

gull, gul, n. a web-footed swimming gusset, gus'et, n. an angular piece of 
bird, of various species. cloth inserted in a garment to strengthen 

gull, gul, v. t. to beguile : to deceive, or enlarge some part of it. 
— n. a trick: one easily cheated. — ns. gust, gust, n. a sudden blast of wind: 
gull'ery, imposture; gullibility. — a. a violent burst of passion. — a. gust'y, 
gull'ible, easily deceived. stormy: irritable. — n. gust'iness. 

gullet, gul'et, n. the throat : the pas- gust^ gust, n. relish : gratification. — n. 
sage in the neck by which food is taken gusta'tion, the act of tasting: the sense 
into the stomach. ^ of taste. — adjs. gust'ative, gus'tatory, 

gully, gul^, n. a channel worn by of or pertaining to gustation. — n. gust'o, 
running water : a ditch : a ravine. taste : zest. 

gulp, gulp, v. t. to swallow eagerly or gut, gut, n. the alimentary canal: a 
in large draughts. — n. a swallow : as preparation of animal intestines, used 
much as is swallowed at once. for violin-strings, fishing-lines, etc. : (pi.) 

gum, gum, 11. the firm fleshy tissue the bowels. — v. t. to take out the bowels 
which surrounds the teeth. — n. gum'boil, of: to plunder, 
a boil or small abscess on the gum. gutta-percha, gut'a-perch'a, n. the 

gum, gum, n. a substance which elastic solidified juice of various trees, 
exudes from certain trees and plants, gutter, gut'er, n. a channel at the 
and hardens on the surface: mucilage. — eaves of a roof for conveying away 
V. t. to smear or unite with gum. water : a channel for water. — v. t. to cut 

gumbo, gum'bo, n. the okra or its or form into small hollows.- 
mucilaginous pods. guttural, gut'ur-al, a. pertaining to the 

gumption, gump'shun, it. sense: throat: formed in the throat: harsh or 
shrewdness: common sense. rasping in sound. — n. (gram.) a letter 

gun, gun, n. a firearm or weapon from pronounced in the throat or the back 
which balls or other projectiles are dis- part of the mouth (k, c hard, q, g, ng). 
charged, usually by means of gunpowder guy, gi, n. (naut.) a rope to steady 
— now generally applied to cannon: one any suspended weight, 
who carries a gun, a member of a shoot- guy, gi, n. an odd figure : (slang) a 
ing-party. — v. i. to shoot or go after with term loosely and flippantly applied to a 
a gun. — ns. gun'boat, a boat or small stranger. 

vessel of light draft, fitted to carry guzzle, guz'l, v. i. to eat and drink 
one or more guns ; gun'cott'on, an ex- with haste and greediness. — v. t. to 
plosive prepared by saturating cotton swallow with exceeding relish, 
with nitric acid ; gun'ner, one who works gymnasium, jim-na'zi-um, n. a school 
a gun or cannon: (naut.) a petty officer for gymnastics: a school for the higher 
who has charge of the ordnance on branches of literature and science: — pi. 
board ship ; gun'nery, the art of manag- gymna'sia. — n. gym'nast, one who 
ing guns, or the science of artillery; teaches or practises gymnastics. — adjs. 
gun'powder, an explosive powder used gymnas'tic, -al, pertaining to athletic 
for guns and firearms ; gun'shot, the exercises : athletic, vigorous. — adv. gym- 
distance to which shot can be thrown nas'tically. — n. pi. used as sing, gym- 



gynecology mote, move; mute; then. haggle 209 

nas'tics, athletic exercises, devised to causes a fall towards one direction or 

strengthen the muscles and bones. another. 

gynecology, gynaecology, jin-e-kol'- gyroscope, ji'ro-skop, n. an instru- 
o-ji, n. that branch of medicine which ment for the exhibition of various prop- 
treats of the diseases and affections erties of rotation and the composition 
peculiar to woman. of rotations. — a. gyroscop'ic. 

gypsum, jip'sum, n. a mineral burned gyrose, ji'ros, a. (bot.) turned round 

in kilns, and afterwards ground to a fine like a crook, 

powder, called plaster of Paris. gyrostat, ji'ro-stat, n. an instrument 

gyrate, ji'rat, v. i. to whirl round a contrived for illustrating the dynamics 

central point: to move round. of rotating rigid bodies. — a. gyrostat'ic. 

gyre, jir, n. a circular motion. — adjs. gyrus, ji'rus, n. a convolution of the 

gy'ral, whirling, rotating. brain. 

s gyromancy, ji'ro-man-si, n. divination gyve, jiv, v. t. to fetter. — n. pi. gyves, 

by walking in a circle till dizziness shackles, fetters. 



[ml h, ach, the eighth letter in our act of inhabiting: a dwelling or resi- 

j alphabet. In Old English it was dence. 

mJl a guttural, or throat sound, but hack, hak, v. t. to cut: to chop or 

it gradually softened down to a mangle : to notch : to kick (another) at 

spirant, and has now become almost a football. — n. a cut made by hacking: a 

vowel. kick on the shin. — a. hack'ing, short and 

ha, ha, interj. denoting surprise, joy, interrupted, as a broken, troublesome 

or grief; and, when repeated, laughter, cough. 

habeas-corpus, ha'be-as-kor'pus, n. a hack, hak, n. a horse kept for hire, 

writ to a jailer to produce the body of esp. a poor one: any person overworked 

one detained in prison. on hire : a literary drudge. — a. hired, 

haberdasher, hab'er-dash-er, n. a mercenary: used up. — v. t. to offer for 

seller of small wares, as ribbons, tape, hire: to use roughly, 

etc. : a dealer in men's furnishings. hackberry, hak'ber-i, n. a tree allied 

habiliment, ha-bil'i-ment, n. a gar- to the elm. 

ment: (pi.) clothing, dress. hackee, hak'e, n. the chipmunk. 

habit, hab'it, n. ordinary course of hackney, hak 'ni, n. a horse for gen- 
conduct: tendency to perform certain eral use, esp. for hire. — adjs. hack'ney, 
actions : general condition or tendency, hack'neyed, let out for hire : devoted 
as of the body : practice : custom : out- to common use : much used, 
ward appearance : dress, esp. any official had, pa. t. and pa. p. of have. 
or customary costume : a garment, esp. haddock, had'uk, n. a sea-fish of the 
a tight-fitting dress, with a skirt, worn cod family — (Scot.) hadd'ie. 
by ladies on horseback. — v. t. to dress. — hades, ha'dez, n. the unseen world : 
adjs. hab'ited, clothed, dressed; habit'- the abode of the dead indefinitely, hell. 
ual, formed or acquired by frequent use : haematozoa, hem-, he-ma-to-zo'a, n. 
customary. — adv. habit'ually. — v. t. parasites occurring in the blood. 
habit'uate, to cause to acquire a habit: haemoglobin, hem-, he-mo-glo'bin, n. 
to accustom. — ns. habituation ; hab'i- the red substance in the red blood- 
tude, tendency from acquiring a habit: corpuscles. 

usual manner; habitue (hab-it'u-a), a haft, haft, n. a handle. — v. t. to set 

habitual frequenter of any place of en- in a haft : to establish firmly, 

tertainment, etc. hag, hag, n. an ugly old woman, orig- 

habitable, hab'it-a-bl, a. that may be inally a witch: a fish allied to the lam- 
dwelt in. — ns. habitabil'ity; hab'itable- prey. 

ness. — adv. hab'itably. — ns. hab'itant, haggard, hag'ard, a. lean: hollow- 

an inhabitant; hab'itat, the natural eyed. — adv. hagg'ardly. 

abode or locality of an animal or plant: haggis, hag'is, n. a Scotch dish, 

place of abode generally; habitation, haggle, hag'l, v. t. to cut unskilfully: 

14 



210 hagioscope fate, far; me, her; mine; hammer 

to mangle. — v. i. to be slow and hard in any mark of genuineness or good qual- 

making a bargain : to stick at trifles, to ity. 

cavil. — n. hagg'ler. halloo, hal-16', n. a hunting cry : a 

hagioscope, hag'-, or ha'ji-o-skop, n. cry to draw attention. — v. i. to cry after 
an oblique opening in the screen or dogs : to raise an outcry. — v. t. to en- 
chancel wall of a church to afford a courage or chase with shouts. — inter j. 
view of the chief altar to those in a hallo'! used to call attention or in 
side chapel or aisle, a squint. salutation. 

hah, ha, inter j. Same as ha. hallow, hal'6, v. t. to make holy: to 

ha-ha, imitation of the sound of set apart for religious use: to reverence, 

laughter. hallucination, hal-lu-sin-a'shun, n. 

hail, hal, v. t. to greet: to call to, at error: delusion: the perception of things 

a distance: to address one passing. that do not externally exist. 

hail, hal, n. frozen rain or particles hallux, hal'iiks, n. the first digit of 

of ice falling from the clouds. — v. i. to the foot, the great toe. 

rain hail. — v. t. to pour down in rapid halo, ha/16, n. a luminous circle round 

succession.- the sun or moon: (paint.) the bright 

hair, har, n. a filament growing from ring round the heads of saints, hence 

the skin of an animal : the whole mass any ideal or sentimental glory attaching 

of hairs which forms a covering for the to a thing:— pi. halos (ha'loz). 

head or the whole body: (bot/) minute halogen, hal'o-jen, ». a substance 

hair-like processes on the cuticle of which by combination with a metal 

plants : anything very small and fine. forms a saline compound. 

hake, hak, n. a gadoid fish resembling halt, hawlt, v. i. to stop from going 

the cod. [Prob. Scand.; cf. Norw. hake- on: (mil.) to stop in a march.— v. t. to 

fisk, lit. hook-fish.] stop.— n. (mil.) a stop in marching. 

halberd, hal'berd, n. an ancient mili- ha ]^ ha wlt, n - a halting or limping, 

tary weapon, a long-handled battle-ax -~ a - lame crippled, limping.—*/, j to be 

and spear lame, to limp : to walk unsteadily : to 

halcyon, hal'si-un, n. the kingfisher, vacillate: to proceed lamely _ or im- 

-a. calm: peaceful: happy—hence hal- periectly, to be at fault, as in logic, 

cyon-days, a time of peace and happi- rn yinm, etc. 

n g SS halter, hawlt er, n. a head-rope for 

hale, hal, a. healthy: robust: sound of . holdi . n S and . le M\^ a ho / se f : a r °P, e for 

body.-n. hale'ness. hanging criminals.-^, t. to catch or 

. , ,-1 . , i bind with a rope. 

ha e, hal v. t. to drag. halv ha % f tQ diyide intQ halye? 

half, haf, n. one of two equal parts: or two { ts 

a contraction of half-year, as in a school halyard halliard, hal'yard, n. (naut.) 

session:-/-/, halves (havz). -a. having a ro for hoisti or i owering a s^i, 

or consisting of > one of two equal parts: d or fl [Haul and d] 

being m part: incomplete, as measures. h h M the back of the m h . 

—adv.m an equal part or degree: in the thi h of an animal of a ho 

part : imperfectly.—^, t. to divide into salted and dried 

two equal parts hame, ham, n. one of the two curved 

halibut, hoi i-but, n. the largest kind bars to which the traces are att ached 

of flat-fish.— Also hoi lbut. in the harness of a draft-horse. 

hall, hawl, n. a room or passage at Hamitic, ham-it'ik, a. pertaining to 

the entrance of a house : a large chamber Ham, a son of Noah : pertaining to 

for public business : an edifice of a pub- negroes. 

lie character, as a city-hall: a dining or hamlet, hamlet, n. a cluster of houses 

living room. ^ m the country : a small village. 

halleluiah, hallelujah, hal-e-16'ya, n. hammer, ham'er, n. a tool for beating 

an exclamation or song of praise to God. metal or driving nails : a striking-piece 

hall-mark, hawl'-mark, n. (Eng.) an in the mechanism of a clock or piano : 

official mark certifying the genuineness that part of the lock of a firearm which 

and fineness of gold and silver plate : falls with a sharp blow and causes the 



hammock 



mote, move; mute; then. 



harass 



211 




discharge of the piece : the mallet of an 
auctioneer : a small bone of the ear, the 
malleus. — v. t. to drive, shape, or fashion 
with a hammer : to contrive by intel- 
lectual labor, to excogitate (with out) : 
to beat down the price of (a stock), to 
depress (a market). 

hammock, ham'uk, 
strong cloth or net- 
ting suspended by 
the corners or ends, 
and used as a bed 
or lounge. [Sp. ham- 
aca, of Carib origin.] 

hamose, ha'mos, a. hooked. 

hamper, ham'per, v. t. to impede or 
perplex : to shackle. — n. a chain or fetter. 

hamper, ham'per, n. a large basket 
for conveying goods. — v. t. to put in a 
hamper. 

hamstring, ham'string, n. the great 
tendon at the back of the knee or hock 
of the hind leg of a quadruped. — v. t. 
to lame by cutting the hamstring. 

hand, hand, n. the extremity of the 
arm below the wrist: that which does 
the duty of a hand by pointing, as the 
hand of a clock : a measure of four 
inches: an agent or workman: (pi.) 
workpeople in a factory: performance, 
agency, cooperation : power or manner 
of performing: skill: possession: style 
of handwriting, sign-manual: side: direc- 
tion: the set of cards held by a single 
player : a single round at a game. — v. t. 
to give with the hand: to lead or con- 
duct: (naut.) to furl, as sails. 

handcuff, hand'kuf, n. esp. in pi. 
hand'cuffs, shackles for the hand locked 
upon the wrists of a prisoner. — v. t. to 
put handcuffs on. 

handicap, hand'i-kap, v. t. to impose 
special disadvantages or impediments 
upon in order to offset advantages, and 
make a better contest: (fig.) to place 
at a disadvantage by some burden or 
disability. — n. any contest so adjusted, or 
the condition imposed. 

handiwork, hand'i-werk, n. work done 
by the hands, performance generally. 

handkerchief, hang'ker-chif, n. a piece 
of linen, silk, or cotton cloth for wiping 
the nose, etc. : a neckerchief. 

handle, hand'l, v. t. to touch, hold, 
or use with the hand: to make familiar 
by frequent touching : to manage : to 
discuss: to practise: to trade or do 



business in. — v. i. to use the hands. — n. 
that part of anything held in the hand. 

handsel, hansel, hand'sel, han'sel, n. 
the first sale or using of anything : 
earnest-money: a New-year's gift. — v. t. 
to give a handsel : to use or do any- 
thing the first time. 

handsome, han'sum, a. good-looking, 
well-proportioned, graceful: liberal or 
noble: generous: ample. 

handy, hand'i, a. dexterous : ready to 
the hand: convenient: near. 

hang, hang, v. t. to hook or fix to 
some high point : to suspend : to dec- 
orate with pictures, etc., as a wall : to 
put to death by suspending. — v. i. to be 
hanging, so as to allow of free motion : 
to lean, or rest for support: to drag: to 
hover or impend : to be in suspense : to 
linger: — pr. p. hang'ing; pa. t. and pa. p. 
hanged or hung. — n. mode in which any- 
thing hangs : a slackening of motion : a 
hanging mass. — ns. hang'er, that on 
which anything is hung: that which 
hangs : a short sword, curved near the 
point; hang'ing, death by the halter: 
that which is hung, as drapery, etc. 

hangar, han'gar, n. a shed for housing 
vehicles or air-ships. 

hank, hangk, n. two or more skeins 
of thread tied together : a string, clasp. 

hanker, hangk'er, v. i. to long for 
with eagerness. — n. hank'ering. 

hansom-cab, han'sum-kab, n. a light 
two-wheeled cab with the driver's seat 
raised behind. 

hap, hap, n. chance : fortune : accident. 
— v. i. to befall. — n. hap-haz'ard, that 
which happens by hazard: chance, acci- 
dent. — a. chance, accidental. — adv. at 
random. — a. hapless, unlucky: unhappy. 
— advs. hap'lessly; hap'ly, _ by hap, 
chance, or accident : perhaps : it may be. 
— n. hap'lessness. — v. i. happ'en, to fall 
out: to take place: to chance to be. 

happy, hap'i, a. lucky, successful : pos- 
sessing or enjoying pleasure or good: 
furnishing enjoyment: dexterous, felic- 
itous. — adv. happ'ily.— n. happ'iness, 

hara-kiri, har'a-kir'e, n. suicide by 
disembowelment, in accordance with a 
code of honor in Japan. 

harangue, ha-rang', n. a loud speech 
addressed to a multitude: a popular, 
pompous address. 

harass, har'as, v. t. to fatigue : to an- 
noy or torment. — p. a, har'assing. 



212 harbinger fate, far; me, her; mine; harvest 

harbinger, har'bin-jer, n. a forerunner, mon'ically. — n. pi. harmon'ics, used as 
pioneer. — v. t. to precede, as a harbinger, sing, the science of harmony or of mu- 

har.bor, harbour, har'ber, n. any sical sounds. — a. harmo'nious, having 
refuge or shelter: a port for ships. — harmony: symmetrical, congruous: con- 
v. t. to lodge or entertain : to protect : cordant. — adv. harmo'niously. — n. har- 
to possess or indulge, as thoughts. — v. i. mo'niousness. — v. i. har'monize, to be 
to take shelter. in harmony : to agree. — v. t. to make in 

hard, hard, a. not easily penetrated, harmony: to cause to agree, 
firm, solid: difficult to understand or harmonium, har-mo'ni-um, n. a reed- 
accomplish : violent, vehement : rigorous : organ, esp. one supplied with air by foot- 
close, earnest, industrious : coarse, bellows. — n. harmon'ica, the musical 
scanty : stingy, niggardly : difficult to glasses : a musical instrument consisting 
bear, painful: unjust: difficult to please: of a series of glass or metal plates played 
unfeeling : severe : stiff : constrained : in- by striking with a small mallet : a mouth- 
tractable, resistant in some use, as water, organ or harmonicon. [Gr. harmonion, 
etc.: strong, spirituous : surd or breathed, from harmonia, harmony.] 
as opposed to sonant or voiced. — adv. harmony, har'mo-ni, n. a fitting to- 
Vvith urgency, vigor, etc. : earnestly, for- gether of parts so as to form a con- 
cibly : with difficulty : close, near, as in nected whole, agreement in relation : 
hard by. — v. t. hard'en, to make hard (mus.) a simultaneous combination of 
or harder : to make firm : to strengthen : accordant sounds : chordal structure : 
to confirm in wickedness : to make in- concord, music in general : a collation of 
sensible. — v. i. to become hard or parallel passages, 
harder, either lit. or fig. harness, har'nes, n. the equipments of 

hardy, hard'i, a. daring, brave, reso- a horse: formerly, the armor of a man 
lute : confident : impudent : able to bear or horse. — v. t. to equip with armor, 
cold, exposure, or fatigue. harp, harp, n. a musical stringed in- 

hare, har, n. a common and timid strument. — v. i. to play on the harp: to 
animal, with a divided upper lip and dwell tediously upon anything, 
long hind-legs, which runs swiftly by harpoon, har-pon', n. a dart for strik- 
leaps. ing and killing whales. — v. t. to strike 

harem, ha'rem, n. the portion of a with the harpoon. 
Mohammedan house allotted to females : harpsichord, harp'si-kord, n. an old- 
the wives and concubines in a Mussul- fashioned keyed musical instrument, 
man household. harpy, har'pi, n. (myth.) a rapacious 

haricot, har'i-ko, -kot, n. a kind of and filthy monster, with the body of a 
ragout or. stew of mutton and beans, woman and the wings, feet, and claws 
etc. : the kidney-bean or French bean, of a bird of prey : a South American 

hari-kari, an incorrect form of hara- eagle of great strength and rapacity: a 
kiri. rapacious person. 

hark, hark, interj. or imper. listen. — harquebus, har'kwi-bus, n. a hand- 
it. a whisper. — hark back, to revert to gun: a species of musket. 
the original point. [Hearken.] harrow, har'6, n. a frame of wood or 

harlequin, har'le-kwin, or -kin, n. iron toothed with spikes for smoothing 
the leading character in a pantomime: ploughed land. — v. t. to draw a harrow 
a buffoon. . over : to harass : to tear. — a. harr'ow- 

harm, harm, n. injury: moral wrong, ing, acutely distressing to the mind. 
— v. t. to injure. — a. harm'ful, hurtful. — harry, har'i, v. t. to plunder: to 
adv. harm'fully. — n. harm'fulness. — a. ravage : to destroy : to harass. — n. harr'- 
harm'less, not injurious, innocent : un- ier, one who or that which harries . 
harmed. — adv. harmlessly. — n. harm'- harsh, harsh, a. rough: bitter : jarring: 
lessness. [A. S. hearm; Ger. harm.] abusive: severe: unkind. — adv. harsh'ly. 

harmonic, -al, har-mon'ik, -al, a. per- hart, hart, n. the stag or male deer 
taining to harmony : musical : concord- from the age of six years : — fern. hind. 
ant: recurring periodically. — n. a sec- harum-scarum, ha'rum-ska'rum, a. 
ondary tone, overtone: (math.) one of flighty: rash, 
several classes of functions. — adv. har- harvest, har'vest, n. the time of 



has mote, move; mute; thtn. hawthorn 213 

gathering in the ripened crops : the crops haunch, hansh, n. the fleshy part of 

gathered in : fruits : the product of any the hip and buttock, 

labor: consequences. — v. t. to reap and haunt, hant or hawnt, v. t. to frequent : 

gather in. to follow importunately : to intrude upon 

has, haz, 3d pers. sing. pres. ind. of continually : to inhabit or visit as a 

have. ghost. — v. i. to be much about : to appear 

hash, hash, v. t. to hack: to mince: or visit frequently. — n. a place much 

to <:hop small. — n. that which is hashed : resorted to. — p. a. haunt'ed, frequented, 

a mixed dish of meat and vegetables infested, esp. by ghosts or apparitions. 

in small pieces : a mixture and prepara- hauteur, ho-ter', n. haughtiness : ar- 

tion of old matter. rogance. [Fr.] 

haslet, has'let, n. the edible entrails have, hav, v. t. to own or possess: 

of an animal, esp. the hog. to hold, contain: to hold control of: to 

hasp, hasp, n. a clasp : the clasp of grasp the meaning of : to allow to be 

a padlock. — v. t. to fasten with a hasp, done, to cause : to regard, hold in 

hassock, has'uk, n. a thick cushion opinion, esteem: to obtain: to enjoy: to 

used as a footstool, or for kneeling on. bear or beget : to effect : to be affected 

hast, hast, 26. pers. sing. pres. ind. by: to get the better of, outwit, to have 

of have. hold upon : — pr. p. hav'ing ; pa. t. and 

haste, hast, n. speed, quickness, a pa. p. had. 

hurry : rashness : vehemence. — vs. t. havelock, hav'lok, n. a white cover 

haste, hasten (has'n), to put to speed: for a military cap, with a long rear flap, 

to hurry on : to drive forward. — vs. i. haven, ha'vn, an inlet of the sea, or 

to move with speed : to be in a hurry, mouth of a river, where ships can get 

— adv. hast'ily. — n. hast'iness, hurry : good and safe anchorage : any place of 

rashness : irritability. — a. hast'y, speedy : safety : an asylum. — v. t. to shelter, 

quick : rash : eager : passionate. haversack, hav'er-sak, n. a soldier's 

hat, hat, n. a covering for the head, bag for rations: a knapsack, 

generally with crown and brim: the havoc, hav'ok, n. general waste or 

dignity of a cardinal, from his red hat. destruction: devastation. 

hatch, hach, n. a door with an open- haw, haw, n. a hedge or inclosure: a 

ing over it, a wicket or door made of ne ld: the berry of the hawthorn.— n. 

cross-bars : the covering of a hatchway, haw'thorn, a shrub or small tree with 

— v. t. to close as with a hatch. white flowers. 

hatch, hach, v. t. to produce, especially haw? haw> ° v% L to speak wIth hesita _ 

from eggs, by incubation: to originate: tion or a drawling manner. [Imit.] 

to plot.—*/ . 1. to produce young: to be h h v% f and R • to Me or 

advancing towards maturity.-**, act of tum tQ the kft as horse Qr ox - 

hatching: brood hatched. driving- 
hatch, hach, v. t. to shade by minute. t,««!L u n „i, „ +1^ «„«,« ^^ aAm ^i 

lines crossing each other, in drawing and v h / wk 5 hawk ' '• ? e f "T ?*, SGVeial 

engraving.-^. hatching. birds , of prey allied to the •falcons : a 

£_^„uil i.„ 1 /„i. . -. „ 11 ^ j rapacious person. — v. 1. to hunt birds 



hatchet, hach'et, n. a small ax used 

with one hand. with hawks trained for the purpose: to 

hate, hat, v. t. to dislike intensely: attack on the wing, 

to dislike: to despise relatively to some- : haw £' hawk ' v - l ' to J orc %W matter 

thing else.— m. extreme dislike: hatred. ir< ? m the throat.— M. the effort to do 

— a. hate'ful, exciting hate: odious: de- , s - U mit -J % 

testable : feeling or manifesting hate.— n. , hawker, hawk er, n. one who carries 

hat'red, extreme dislike: enmity: ma- ab out goods for sale on his back a 

lignity. ( peddler. — v. t. hawk, to carry about for 

"haughty, haw'ti, a. proud: arrogant: sale: to cry for sale, 

contemptuous. — adv. haught'ily. hawse, hawz, n. the part of a vessel's 

haul, hawl, v. t. to drag : to pull with bow in which the hawse-holes are cut. 

violence. — v. i. to tug, to try to draw hawser, hawz'er, n. a small cable, a 

something: to alter a ship's course, to large rope used in warping, 

sail generally. — 11. a pulling: a draft hawthorn. See haw. 



214 hay 



f&te, far; me, her; mine; 



heathen 



hay, ha, n. grass cut down and dried 
for fodder.- 

hazard, haz'ard, n. a game played 
with a dice-box and two dice by any 
number of players : chance : accident : 
risk: (golf) a general term for all dif- 
ficulties on a golf-links. — v. t. to expose 
to chance : to risk : to venture. — v. i. 
to run a risk. — a. haz'ardous, dangerous : 

haze, haz, n. vapor which renders the 
air thick: obscurity. — v. i. to form a 
haze. — adv. haz'ily. — n. haz'iness. — a. 
haz'y, thick with haze : obscure : con- 
fused (of the mind). 

haze, haz, v. t. to vex with needless 
tasks : to play tricks upon, to bully. — n. 
haz'ing, brutal horse-play: the playing 
of tricks upon a comrade. 

hazel, ha'zl, n. a bush or small tree 
of the oak family, yielding an ovoid 
bony nut. — a. pertaining to the hazel : 
of a light-brown color, like a hazel-nut. 

he, he, pron. of the third person: the 
male person named before : a male 
person or animal. — a. male. 

head, hed, n. the uppermost or fore- 
most part of an animal's body: the 
brain : the understanding : a chief or 
leader : the place of honor or command : 
the front or top of anything: an indi- 
vidual animal or person : a topic or chief 
point of a discourse: a title, heading: 
the source or spring: height of the 
source of water : highest point of any- 
thing: culmination: a cape: strength: a 
froth on beer, porter, etc., when poured. 
— v. t. to act as a head to, to lead or 
govern : to go in front of : to commence : 
to check: (naut.) to be contrary. — v. i. 
to grow to a head : to originate : to go 
head foremost. 

heal, hel, v. t. to make whole and 
healthy: to cure: to remove or subdue 
what is evil : to restore to soundness, 
to remedy, repair. — v. i. to grow sound. 

health, helth, n. wholeness or sound- 
ness of body: general state of the body: 
soundness and vigor of mind : a toast. 

heap, hep, n. a pile or mass heaved 
or thrown together : a great number of 
things, a great deal, a collection. — v. t. 
to throw in a heap or pile : to amass : 
to pile above the top. 

hear, her, v. t. to perceive by the ear: 
to comprehend : to listen to : to grant or 
obey : to answer favorably : to attend to : 
to try judicially: to be a hearer of. — 



v. i. to have the sense of hearing: to 
listen: to be told: — pa. t. and pa. p. 
heard (herd). — ns. hear'er; hear'ing, 
act of perceiving by the ear : the sense of 
perceiving sound: opportunity to be 
heard : audience : judicial investigation. 

hearken, hark'n, v. i. to hear atten- 
tively: to listen. 

hearse, hers, n. a carriage in which 
the dead are conveyed to the grave. 

heart, hart, n. the organ in animal 



°s& 



systems that circulates a.b 

the blood: the vital, 

inner, or chief part of °< 

anything: the seat of 

the affections, etc., esp. 71 

love: the affections : ^ 

courage : vigor : secret *' 

meaning or design : 

that which resembles 

a heart : a person, esp. 

as implying courage 

or affectionateness— a Section of Heart. 

r , , a, superior vena cava; b, 

term Of endearment pulmonary artery; o, 
aorta; d, pulmonary 
artery; e, pulmonary 
veins ;/, left auricle ; g, 
mitral valve; h, left 




or encouragement : 
anything heart-shaped, 

esp. that One of the ventricle;*,* septum;"}) 

r '. i r right ventricle; fc, vena 

fOUr SUltS 111 a pack Of cava inferior; m, tri- 

cards bearing a heart ^J***&*** 

in red. — V. t. tO en- veins. (See Lung.) 

courage, hearten. — v. i. to form a com- 
pact head, as a plant. 

hearth, harth, n. the part of the floor 
on which the fire is made: the fireside: 
the house itself: the home-circle: the 
lowest part of a blast-furnace. 

heat, het, n. that which excites the 
sensation of warmth : sensation of 
warmth : a heating : exposure to intense 
heat : a warm temperature : the warmest 
period, as the heat of the day: indica- 
tion of warmth, flush, redness : vehe- 
mence, passion : sexual excitement, or 
its periods, esp. of the female : a single 
course in a race : animation. — v. t. to 
make hot: to agitate. — v. L to become 
hot. — p. a. heat'ed. — n. heat'er, one who 
or that which heats. — a. heat'ing, caus- 
ing or imparting heat. — n. heat'-unit, the 
amount of heat required to raise a pound 
of water one degree. 

heath, heth, n. a barren open country: 
a hardy evergreen under-shrub. 

heathen, hethn, n. an inhabitant of 
an unchristian country, one neither 
Christian, Jewish, nor Mohammedan : 



heather mote, move; mute; then. held 215 

(B.) the Gentiles: a pagan: an irre- hector, hek'tor, n. a bully, a street 

ligious person. — a. pagan, irreligious. brawler : one who annoys. — v. t. to treat 

heather, he//i'er, n. a low evergreen insolently: to annoy, 

shrub, Erica or Calluna vulgaris. hedge, hej, n. a thicket of bushes: a 

heave, hev, v. t. to lift up: to throw fence of small growing trees or bushes 

upward: to draw in any direction, as round a field, etc.: any means of pro- 

by a windlass : to cause to swell : to tection. — v. t. to inclose with a hedge : 

force from the breast: (geol.) to move to obstruct: to surround: to guard: to 

away or displace (a vein or stratum). — protect oneself from loss by betting on 

v. i. to be raised: to rise and fall: to both sides. — v. i. to shuffle: to be shifty: 

try to vomit: — pr. p. heav'ing; pa. t. and to skulk. 

pa. p. heaved or (naut.) hove. — n. an hedonism, he'do-nizm, n. in ethics, 

effort upward: a throw: a swelling: an the doctrine that happiness is the highest 

effort to vomit. good. — adjs. hedon'ie; hedonist'ic. 

heaven, hev'n, n. the arch of sky heed, hed, v. t. to observe: to look 

overhanging the earth : the air : a zone after :_ to attend to. — n. notice : caution : 

or region : a very great and indefinite attention. — a. heed'fui, attentive, cautious, 

height: the dwelling-place of the Deity heehaw, he'haw, v. i. to bray like an 

and the blessed: the Deity as inhabiting ass. 

heaven: supreme happiness. — n. heav'en- _ heel, hel, n. the part of the foot pro- 
liness. — a. heav'enly, of or inhabiting jecting behind: the whole foot (esp. of 
heaven: celestial: pure: supremely beasts): the covering of the heel, as on 
blessed: very excellent. a boot: a spur: the hinder part of any- 
heavy, hev'i, a. weighty : not easy to thing. — v. t. to use the heel : to furnish 
bear: oppressive: afflicted: inactive: with heels: to arm with a steel spur, as 
dull, lacking brightness and interest: a fighting cock: to seize by the heels: 
inclined to slumber: violent: loud: not to supply with money, etc. — v. i. to follow- 
easily digested, as food: miry, as soil: well (of a dog). — p. a. heeled, provided 
having strength, as liquor: dark with with a heel, shod: supplied with money, 
clouds: gloomy: expensive: (B.) sad: etc. — n. heel'er, an unscrupulous hanger- 
(thcat.) pertaining to the representation on of a political party, 
of grave or serious parts. heel, hel, v. i. to incline : to lean on 

hebdomadal, heb-dom'a-dal, a. occur- one side, as a ship. — v. t. to tilt, 

ring every seven days : weekly — also heft, heft, n. heaving : weight : the bulk 

hebdom'adary. of. — v. t. to try the weight of. — a. heft'y, 

Hebrew, he'bro, n. an Israelite, a rather heavy: not easy to lift. 

Jew: the language of the Hebrews: hegemony, he-jem'o-ni, n. leader- 

(coll.) unintelligible speech. — adjs. relat- ship: control. — adjs. hegemon'ic, -al. 

ing to the Hebrews ; Hebraic, -al, relat- heifer, hef'er, n. a young cow. 

ing to the Hebrews or to their language. heigh, hi, inter j. a cry of encourage- 

hecatomb, hek'a-tom, n. among the ment or exultation — also hey, ha. — 

Greeks and Romans, a sacrifice of a interj. heigh'-ho, an exclamation. 

hundred oxen: a great public sacrifice: height, hit, n. the condition of being 

any large number of victims. high : distance upwards : that which is 

heckle, hek'l, v. t. to comb: to put elevated: a hill: elevation in rank or ex- 
Cone) through a series of embarrassing cellence : utmost degree. — v. t. height'en, 
questions. to make higher, to advance or improve . 

hectare, hek'tar, n. a superficial heinous, ha'nus, a. wicked in a high 

measure = 2.471 acres. degree, enormous: atrocious. 

hectic, -al, hek'tik, -al, a. pertaining heir, ar, n. one who inherits anything 
to the constitution or habit of body : after the death of the owner : one en- 
affected with hectic fever. — n. hec'tic, a titled to anything after the present pos- 
habitual or remittent fever, usually as- sessor: a child, offspring, 
sociated with consumption. hejira, hegira, he-jfra, or hej'i-ra, n. 

hectograph, hek'to-graf, n. a gelatine the flight of Mohammed from Mecca, 

pad for receiving a copy and therefrom a. d. 622 : any flight, 

multiplying a writing or drawing. held, pa. t. and pa. p. of hold. 



216 heliac fate, far; me, her; mine; heptad 

heliac, he'li-ak, heliacal, he-li'ak-al, to mitigate: to give means for doing 
a. (astron.) emerging from the light of anything: to provide or supply with: to 
the sun or passing into it. remedy : to prevent, to keep from. — v. i. 

heliograph, he'li-o-graf, n. an appara- to give assistance : _ to contribute. — n. 
tus for signaling by means of the sun's means or strength given to another for 
rays: an apparatus for taking photo- a purpose: assistance: relief: one who 
graphs of the sun. — v. t. to signal to by assists : a hired servant, esp. a domestic, 
means of the sun's rays. — n. help'er, one who helps : an assist- 

heliolatry, he-li-ol'a-tri, n. worship of ant. — a. help'ful, giving help : useful. — 
the sun. n. help'fulness. — a. helpless, without 

heliology, he-li-ol'6-ji, n. the science help or power in one's self, 
of the sun. helter-skelter, hel'ter-skel'ter, adv. in 

helioscope, he'li-o-skop, n. a tele- a confused hurry: tumultuously. 
scope for viewing the sun without injury helve, helv, n. the handle of an ax 
to the eyes. or hatchet. [A. S. hiclfe, helfe, a handle.] 

heliostat, he'li-o-stat, n. an instrument Helvetic, hel-vet'ik, a. pertaining to 
by means of which a beam of sunlight Switzerland — also Helvetian, 
is reflected in an invariable direction. hem, hem, n. the border of a garment 

heliotrope, he'li-o-trop, n. one of doubled down and sewed. — v. t. to form 
several plants with fragrant flowers, esp. a hem on : to edge. 

one with small lilac-blue flowers : a color hem, hem, n. and inter j. a sort of half- 
resembling that of these flowers . cough to draw attention. — v. i. to utter 

heliotypy, he'li-6-ti-pi, n. a photo- the sound hem! — pr. p. hem'ming, 
mechanical process. — n. heliotype, a # hematite, hem'a-tit, n. either of two 
photograph. iron ores, called red and brown hema- 

helium, he'li-um, n. a substance first tite. [Gr. haimatites, blood-like.] 
discovered in the sun's atmosphere and hemi-, a combining form signifying 
found also in the rare mineral cleveite. half, as in hemisphere. 

helix, he'liks, n. a spiral, as of wire hemisphere, hem'i-sfer, n. a half- 
in a coil: (zool.) a. genus of mollusks sphere: half of the globe or a map of it. 
including the land-snails : the external hemlock, hem'lok, n. a poisonous 
part of the ear: a small volute or twist plant furnishing a powerful sedative, 
in the capital of a Corinthian column. hemorrhage, hem'or-aj, n. a dis- 

hell, hel, n. the place or state of pun- charge of blood from the blood-vessels, 
ishment of the wicked after death: the hemorrhoids, hem'or-oidz, %. pi. 
place of the dead indefinitely : the abode dilated veins liable to discharge blood, 
of evil spirits : the powers of hell : any hemp, hemp, n. a plant with a fibrous 
place of vice or misery : a gambling- bark used for cordage, coarse cloth, etc. : 
house. — a. hellish, pertaining to or like the fibrous rind prepared for spinning.- 
hell: very wicked. — adv. hellishly. hen, hen, n. the female of any bird, 

Hellenic, hel-lenlk, or hel-le'nik, Hel- esp. of the domestic fowl, 
lenian, hel-le'ni-an, a. pertaining to the hence, hens, adv. from this place or 
Hellenes or Greeks : Grecian. time : in the future : from this cause or 

helm, helm, n. the instrument by reason: from this origin. — inter j. away! 
which a ship is steered: the station of begone! — advs. hence'forth, hencefor'- 
management or government.- ward, from this time forth or forward. 

helmet, hel'met, n. a covering of henchman, hensh'man, n. a servant: 
armor for the head : a kind ^^^. a follower. 

of modern military head- |Ifl2|||| hendecagon, hen-dek'a-gon, n. a plane 
gear, also a light hat made iKliflPli figure of eleven angles and eleven sides. 
of felt, pith, etc., for use \v^/Jf henna, hen'a, n. a small Oriental 

in warm climates: (hot.) ^^^^m^ shrub: a pigment made from the shrub 
the hooded upper lip of ^pHlll f° r dyeing the nails and hair. [Ar.J 
certain flowers. [A. S. helm ^ss^IS^ henry, hen'ri, n. (electr.) the practical 
— helan, to cover; Ger. Barred Hel- unit of self-induction: — pi. hen'rys. 
helm.] met * heptad, hep'tad, n. the sum or num- 

help, help, v. t. to support: to assist: ber of seven. 



heptagon mote, move; mute; then. heteronym 217 

heptagon, hep'ta-gon, n. a plane figure mission of qualities from parents or an- 

vvith seven angles and seven sides. cestors to their offspring. 

heptahedron, hep-ta-he'dron, n. a heresy, her'e-si, n-. the adoption and 

solid figure with seven faces or sides, maintaining opinions contrary to the 

heptarchy, hep'tar-ki, n. a government authorized teaching of the religious corn- 
by seven persons: the country governed munity to which one naturally belongs: 
by seven. — a. heptar'chic. an opinion adopted for oneself in oppo- 

her, her, pron. objective and posses- sition to the usual belief: heterodoxy. — 

sive case of she. — a. belonging to a ns. her'esiarch, a leader in heresy, a 

female. chief among heretics; her'etic, the up- 

herald, her'ald, n. an officer whose holder of a heresy, 

duty is to read proclamations, to blazon heritable, her'i-ta-bl, a. that may be 

the arms of the nobility, etc.: a pro- inherited. — to. heritabil'ity, 

claimer : a forerunner : a common title heritage, < her'it-aj, n. that which is 

for newspapers. — v. t. to introduce, as inherited: inherited lot, condition of 

by a herald: to proclaim. — a. heral'dic, one's birth, 

of or relating to heralds or heraldry. hermaphrodite, her-maf'rod-it, n. an 

herb, herb, n. a plant the stem of animal or a plant in which the two 

which dies every year, as distinguished sexual characteristics are united . 

from a tree or shrub which has a per- hermetic, -al, her-met'ik, -al, a. be- 

manent stem. — a. herba'ceous, pertain- longing to magic or alchemy, magical: 

ing to or of the nature of herbs. — n. perfectly close! — adv. hermetically. — 

herbage (herb'aj, or erb'aj), green hermetically sealed, closed completely, 

food for cattle : pasture : herbs col- hermit, her'mit, n. one who retires 

lectively. — a. herb'al, pertaining to herbs, from society and lives in solitude : one 

Herculean, her-ku'le-an, a. of or per- of certain animals of solitary habit, 
taining to Hercules: [h-] extremely dif- hernia, her'ni-a, n. a protrusion, 
ficult or dangerous : of extraordinary through an abnormal or accidental open- 
strength and size. ing, of the abdominal viscera, the con- 
herd, herd, n. a number of beasts dition popularly called rupture. 
feeding together, and watched or tended: hero, he'ro, n. a man of distinguished 
any collection of beasts, as distinguished bravery : any illustrious person : the 
from a flock: a company of people, the principal figure in any history or work 
rabble. — v. i. to run in herds. — v. t. to of fiction: — fern, heroine (her'6-in). — ■ 
tend, as a herdsman. a. hero'ic, becoming a hero : courageous . 

herdic, her'dik, n. a low-hung two or heron, her'un, n. a large screaming 

four wheeled carriage with back entrance water-fowl, with long legs and neck, 

and side seats. herpes, her'pez, n. the name of a 

here, her, adv. in this place: in the group of diseases of the skin.- 

present life or state. — advs. here'about, herring, her'ing, n. a common small 

also -abouts, about this place ; here- sea-fish of great commercial value, found 

after, after this, in some future time or moving in great shoals, 

state. — n. a future state. — advs. here'at, hers, herz, pron. possessive of she. 

at or by reason of this ; hereby', not herself, her'self, pron. the emphatic 

far off: by this; herein', in this: in re- form of she in the nominative or ob- 

gard to this; hereinafter, afterwardin jective case: in her real character: hav- 

this (document, etc.) : — opp. to herein- ing the command of her faculties, sane. 

before'; hereof, of this: as a result of hesitate, hez'i-tat, v. i. to stop in 

this ; hereon', on or upon this ; hereto', making a decision : to be in doubt, 

till this time: for this object; hereto- heterodox, het'er-o-doks, a. holding an 

fore', before this time : formerly ; here- opinion other or different from the one 

unto' (also -un'-), to this point or time; generally received, esp. in theology. 

Jiereupon', on this: in consequence of heterogeneous, het-er-o-je'ne-us, a. 

this ; herewith', with this. of another race or kind : dissimilar : 

heredity, he-red'i-ti, n. the organic composed of different kinds or parts . 

relation between generations, esp. be- heteronym, het'er-o-nim, n. a word 

tween parents and offspring: the trans- spelled like another, but with a different 



218 heteroptics fate, far; me, her; mine; Hindu 

sound and meaning, as lead , to guide ; rule in sacred matters : persons that so 

lead, the metal. — a. heteronymous.- rule : the body of the clergy : a gov- 

heteroptics, het-e-rop'tiks, n. perverted ernment by priests, 
vision. hieroglyphic, hi-er-o-glif'ik, also hi'- 

heterotomous, het-er-ot'o-mus, a. eroglyph, n. one of the _ n 

(min.) having a cleavage different from sacred characters of the I | ' ® 

the common variety. ancient Egyptian Ian- 1 Ai i\ t^L 

hew, hu, v. t. to cut with any sharp guage : picture-writing, <& g \\i% 

instrument: to cut in pieces: to shape, or writing in which _m /vwa! l]^ 

— v. i. to deal blows with a cutting in- figures of objects are faf\a&i\ ^[ 

strument: — pa. p. hewed, or hewn. employed instead of con- Lyl^-k^lP; 

hexad, hek'sad, n. a series of six ventional signs, like the 

numbers: (chem.) an element or radical alphabet: any symbolical Hieroglyphics, 

with the combining power of six units, or enigmatical figure. — adjs. hiero- 

hexagon, heks'a-gon, n. a figure with glyph'ic, -al. — adv. hierogiyph'ically. 
six sides and six angles. — a. hexag'onal. higgle, hig'l, v. i. to make difficulty 

hexahedron, heks-a-he'dron, n. a in bargaining: to chaffer. — ns. higg'ler. 
cube having six square sides or faces. high, hi, a. elevated: lofty: tall: 

hexameter, hek-sam'et-er, n. a verse elevated relatively to something, as up- 

of six measures or feet. ward from a base, etc. : eminent in any- 

hey, ha, inter j. expressive of joy or thing: exalted in rank: dignified: chief: 
interrogation. — inter j. hey'day, expres- noble: ostentatious: arrogant: proud: 
sive of frolic, exultation, or wonder. — n. strong, intensified: extreme in opinion: 
exultation of the spirits : the wild gaiety powerful : angry : loud : violent : tem- 
of youth : period of fullest vigor. pestuous : shrill : excellent : far ad- 
hiatus, hi-a'tus, n. a gap : an opening : vanced : difficult : dear : remote in time : 
a chasm : a break in continuity, a defect . slightly tainted (of game, etc.). — adv. 

hibernate, hi'ber-nat, v. i. to winter: aloft: eminently: powerfully: pro- 

to pass the winter in torpor: to live in foundry: of flesh, on the point of begin- 

seclusion. ning to decay. 

hiccup, hik'up, n. the involuntary con- hike, hik, v. i. (coll.) to go afoot: 

traction of the diaphragm, while the to march. — n. a march afoot, 
glottis is spasmodically closed : the sound hilarious, hi-la'ri-us, a. gay : very 

caused by this — also hic'cough. merry. — adv. hila'riously. — n. hilar'ity, 

hickory, hik'or-i, n. a North American gaiety : pleasurable excitement, 
nut-bearing tree, with heavy strong hill, hil, ri. a high mass of land, less 

tenacious wood. than a mountain. 

hid, hidden. See hide. hilt, hilt, n. the handle, esp. of a 

hide, hid, v. t. to conceal: to keep in sword. 
safety. — v. i. to lie concealed: — pa. t. him, him, pron. the objective case of 

hid; pa. p. hid'den, hid. — a. hid'den, con- he. — pron. him'self, the emphatic and 

cealed: unknown. — n. hid'ing, a place of reflective form of he and him: the 

concealment. proper character of a person. 

hide, hid, n. the skin of an animal, hind, hind, n. the female of the stag, 
esp. the larger animals, sometimes used hind, hind, a. placed in the rear: per-- 

derogatorily for human skin. — v. t. to taining to the part behind : backward : — 

flog or whip. — a. hide'bound, having the opp. to fore. — a. hind'er, the older form 

hide closely bound to the body, as in of hind, but used in the same significa- 

animals : stubborn, bigoted, obstinate. tions. — n. hind'er-end, the latter end. 

hideous, hid'e-us, a. frightful : horrible : hinder, hin'der, v. t. to put or keep 

ghastly. — n. hid'eousness. behind : to stop, or prevent progress : 

hie, hi, v. i. to hasten. — v. t. to urge to embarrass. — v. i. to be an obstacle, 

on: pass quickly over: — pr. p. hie'ing; — ns. hin'drance, hin'derance, act of 

pa. p. hied. hindering : that which hinders : obstacle. 

hierarch, hi'er-ark, n. a ruler in Hindu, Hindoo, hin'do, n. a native of 

sacred matters.- — adjs. hi'erarchal, hier- Hindustan: more properly a native 

arch'ical. — ns. hi'erarchism; hi'erarchy, Indian believer in Brahmanism.- 

% 



Hindustani 



mote, move; mute; then. 



hive 



219 



Hindustani, hin-do-stan'e, n. a dialect 
of Hindi, the chief official and com- 
mercial language of India. — Also a. 

hinge, hinj, n. the hook or joint on 
which a door or lid hangs : that on which 
anything depends or turns. — v. t. to 
furnish with hinges : to bend. — v. i. to 
hang or turn as on a hinge : to depend 
on. 

hint, hint, n. a distant or indirect 
allusion: slight mention: insinuation. — 
v. t. to bring to mind by a slight mention 
or remote allusion: to allude to. — v. i. 
to make an indirect or remote allusion: 
to allude. — adv. hint'ingly. 

hip, hip, n. the haunch or fleshy part 
of the thigh: (archit.) the external 
angle formed by the sides of a roof 
when the end slopes backward instead 
of terminating in a gable. 

hip, hip, n. the fruit of the dog-rose. 

hip, hyp, hip, n. hypochondria. — v. t. 
to render melancholy. — a. hipped, ren- 
dered melancholy. 

hip, hip, inter j. an exclamation to 
invoke a united cheer — hip' -hip' -hurr' ah. 

hippiatric, hip-i-at'rik, a. relating to 
the treatment of the diseases of horses. 

hippodrome, hip'o-drom, n. a large 
building used for entertainment pur- 
poses : a racecourse for horses and 
chariots : an equestrian circus : a fraudu- 
lent athletic game : a contest in which 
the result is prearranged.- 

hippophagy, hip-pof'a-ji, n. the act or 
practice of feeding on horseflesh. 

hippopotamus, hip-o-pot'a-mus, n. the 
river-horse — an African quadruped, of 
aquatic habits, having a very thick skin, 
short legs, and a large head and muzzle. 

hire, hir, n. wages for service: the 
price paid for the use of anything. — v. t. 
to procure the use or service of at a 
price : to engage for wages : to grant 
temporary use of for compensation: to 
bribe. — ns. hire'ling, a hired servant: a 
mercenary (also a.) ; hir'er. 

hirsute, her-sut', a. hairy : rough : 
shaggy: {hot.) having long, stiffish hairs. 

his, hiz, pron. possessive form of he. 

hispid, his'pid, a. (bot.) rough with or 
having strong hairs or bristles. 

hiss, his, v. i. to make a sibilant sound 
like that of the letter s, as the goose, 
serpent, etc. : to express contempt, etc., 
by hissing. — v. t. to condemn by hissing. 
— n. the sound of the letter s, an ex- 



pression of disapprobation, contempt, 
etc. — n. hiss'ing. 

hist, hist, inter j. hush ! silence ! 

histology, his-tol'o-ji, n. the science 
dealing with the microscopic structure 
of tissues. [Gr. histos, web.] 

history, his'to-ri, n. an account of an 
event : a systematic account of the origin 
and progress of a nation : the knowledge 
of facts, events, etc. : an eventful life, a 
past of more than common interest : a 
record. — n. his'torian, a writer of 
history. — adjs. histor'ic, -al, pertaining 
to history : containing history : derived 
from history : famous in history : au- 
thentic. — adv. historically. 

histrionic, -al, his-tri-on'ik, -al, a. 
relating to the stage or stage-players : 
befitting a theater: feigned.- 

hit, hit, v. t. to touch or strike : to 
reach: to suit: fit: conform to. — v. i. to 
come in contact : to chance luckily : to 
succeed: — pa. t. and pa. p. hit. — n. a 
lucky chance, a surprising success : a 
stroke : a striking of the ball by a bats- 
man, esp. a base-hit : a happy turn of 
thought or expression. — n. hit'ter. 

hitch, hich, v. i. to move by jerks, as 
if caught by a 
hook: to be 
caught by a 
hook: to be 
caught or fall, 
into. — v. t. to 
hook : to catch : 
to fasten, tether, 
esp. to make fast 
a rope. — w.a jerk: 
a catch or any- 
thing that holds : 
an obstacle : a o, Clove-hitch; b, Timber- 
sudden halt ■ ^ tcii; c > Blackwall-hitch. 
(naut.) a species of knot by which one 
rope is connected with another, or to 
some object. 

hither, hir'er, adv. to this place. — a. 
toward the speaker: nearer. — a. hith'er- 
most, nearest on this side. — n. and a. 
hith'erside, the nearer side. — advs. hith'- 
erto, to this place or time: as yet; 
hith'erward, towards this place. 

hive, hiv, n. a place, artificial or 
natural, where bees live and store up 
honey : a swarm of bees in a box or 
basket : any busy company. — v. t. to col- 
lect into a hive : to lay up in store. — v. t 




220 hives 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



hole 



to take shelter together: to reside in a 
body. [A. S. hyf.] 

hives, hivz, n. a popular term for 
nettle-rash and other similar skin dis- 
eases: laryngitis. 

hoar, hor, a. white or grayish-white, 
esp. with age or frost : moldy. — n. hoar- 
iness : age. — a. hoar'y, white or gray 
with age: (bot.) covered with short, 
dense, whitish hairs. — n. hoar'iness. 

hoard, hord, n. a store : a hidden 
stock : a treasure : a place for hiding 
anything. — v. t. to store : to amass and 
deposit in secret. — v. i. to store up : to 
collect and form a hoard. 

hoarhound, horehound, hor'hownd, 
ft", a plant of a whitish or downy appear- 
ance, used as a tonic, etc. 

hoarse, hors, a. having a harsh, grating 
voice, as from a cold : harsh : discordant. 
■ — adv. hoarse'ly. — n. hoarse'ness. 

hoax, hoks, n. a deceptive trick: a 
practical joke. — v. t. to deceive: to play 
a trick upon for sport, or without malice. 

hob, hob, n. the projecting nave of a 
wheel: a projection on the side of a 
fireplace. — n. hob'nail, a nail with a 
thick, strong head. 

hob, hob, n. a clownish fellow : a 
rustic: a fairy. — n. hobgob'lin, a mis- 
chievous fairy : a frightful apparition.- 

hobble, hob'l, v. i. to walk with a 
limp : to walk awkwardly : to move ir- 
regularly. — v. t. to fasten loosely the legs 
of : to hamper : to perplex. — n. an awk- 
ward limping gait : a difficulty, a scrape : 
anything used to hamper the feet of an 
animal, a clog or fetter. 

hobbledehoy, hob'1-de-hoi, n. an 
awkward youth, a stripling, neither man 
nor boy. 

hobby, hob'i, n. a strong, active horse : 
a favorite subject: a favorite pursuit. 

hobby, hob'i, n. a small species of 
falcon. [0. Fr. hobe, hobet.] 

hobnob, hob'nob, adv. have or not 
have, a familiar invitation to drink. — v. 
i. to associate or drink together famil- 
iarly. — pr. p. hobnob'bing. 

hobo, ho'bo, n. a vagrant workman: 
a tramp. 

hock, hough, hok, n. the joint on the 
hind leg of a quadruped corresponding 
to the ankle-joint in man : in man, the 
back part of the knee-joint: the ham. 

hock, hok, n. a white Rhine wine. 

hockey, hok'i, n. a game at ball played 



with a club or stick curved at one end, 

hocus-pocus, ho'kus-po'kus, n. a jug- 
gler: a juggler's trick. — v. t. ho'cus, to 
cheat: to stupefy with drink: to drug. 

hod, hod, n. a kind of trough borne 
on the shoulder, for carrying bricks and 
mortar : a coal-scuttle. 

hodgepodge, hoj'poj, n. see hotch- 
potch. 

hodiernal, ho-di-ern'al, a. of or per- 
taining to the present day. 

hoe, ho, n. an instrument for hewing 
or digging up weeds and loosening the 
earth. — v. t. to cut or clean with a hoe : to 
weed. — v. i. to use a hoe. — ns. hoe'-cake, 
a thin cake of corn-meal; ho'er. 

hog, hog, n. a general name for 
swine : a castrated boar : a pig : a low 
filthy fellow. — v. t. to cut short the hair 
of: {coll.) to appropriate selfishly, 
monopolize. — ns. hog'-back, hog's'- 
back, a back rising in the middle : a 
ridge of such shape. 

hogshead, hogz'hed, n. a large cask : 
a measure of capacity of different sizes 
for wine, beer, tobacco, sugar, etc. 

hoiden, hoyden, hoi'den, a tomboy, a 
romp. — a. hoi'denish. 

hoist, hoist, v. t. to lift : to raise with 
tackle: to heave. — n. act of lifting: the 
height of a sail : an apparatus for lift- 
ing heavy bodies. 

hoity-toity, hoi'ti-toi'ti, interj. an ex- 
clamation of surprise or disapprobation. 

hold, hold, v. t. to keep possession of 
or authority over : to sustain : to defend : 
to maintain, support: to occupy: to de- 
rive title to : to bind : to confine : to 
restrain : to stop : to continue : to persist 
in : to contain : to celebrate : to esteem : 
(Shak.) to endure. — v. i. to remain 
fixed : to be true or unfailing : to con- 
tinue unbroken or unsubdued : to adhere : 
to derive right. — pr. p. hold'ing; pa. t. 
and pa. p. held. — n. act or manner of 
holding: seizure: power of seizing: 
something for support: a place of con- 
finement : custody : a fortified place.- 

hold, hold, n. the interior cavity of 
a ship between the floor and the lower 
deck, used for the cargo. 

hold-up, hold'-up, n. a highway rob- 
bery : coercion. 

hole, hoi, n. a hollow place: a cavity: 
an opening in a solid body : a pit : a 
subterfuge: a means of escape: a diffi- 
cult situation: a scrape: a place of hid- 



holiday 



mote, move; mute; then. 



homonym 221 



ing, a mean lodging, a secret room for 
some disreputable business : (golf) one 
of the holes, 4 in. in diameter, into which 
the ball is played, also the distance be- 
tween any two holes. — v. t. to form holes 
in: to drive into a hole. — v. i. to go 
into a hole.- 

holiday, hol'i-da, n. a consecrated 
day: a day for the commemoration of 
some event : a day of idleness and 
amusement. [Formerly holy day.] 

hollo, holloa, hol-lo', interj. ho, 
there! attend! (naut.) the usual re- 
sponse to 'Ahoy!' — n. a loud shout — v. i. 
to cry loudly to one at a distance. 

holland, hol'and, n. a coarse linen 
fabric, unbleached or dyed brown : 
(orig.) a fine kind of linen first made in 
Holland. 

hollow, hol'd, a. vacant : not solid : 
containing an empty space : sunken : un- 
sound : insincere. — n. a hole : a cavity : 
any depression or vacuity : a groove : a 
channel. — v. t. to make a hole in : to 
make hollow by digging : to excavate. — 
adv. completely: clean. — n. holl'owness, 
the state of being hollow : cavity : in- 
sincerity : treachery. 

holly, hol'i, n. an evergreen shrub 
having scarlet or yellow berries. 

hollyhock, hol'i-hok, n. a kind of 
mallow. 

holocaust, hol'o-kawst, n. a burnt 
sacrifice: a fatal conflagration. 

holograph, hol'o-graf, n. a document 
wholly written by the person from 
whom it proceeds. — a. holographic. 

holomorphic, hol-o-mor'fik, a. {math.') 
having the properties of an entire func- 
tion, being finite, continuous, and one- 
valued for all finite values of the vari- 
able : showing holohedral symmetty. 

holophote, hol'o-fot, n. an improved 
optical apparatus used in lighthouses, by 
which all the light may be thrown in one 
direction. 

holster, hol'ster, n. a leather case for 
carrying a pistol. 

holus-bolus, hol'us-borus, adv. all at 
a gulp : altogether. 

holy, ho'li, a. perfect in a moral 
sense : pure in heart : religious : set 
apart to a sacred use. — adv. holily, in 
a holy manner : piously. — n. holiness, 
state of being holy : religious goodness . 

homage, hom'aj, n. service: the act 
of fealty: respect paid by external 



action: reverence: devout affection. 

home, horn, n. one's house or country : 
place of constant residence: the resi- 
dence of a family: the seat: in games, 
the base or goal : a charitable institution 
where domestic comforts are given to 
the destitute. — a. pertaining to one's 
dwelling or country: domestic: close: 
severe. — adv. pertaining to one's habita- 
tion or country: close: closely: to the 
point : effectively. — a. homeless, with- 
out a home. — n. homeliness. — adjs. 
homely, pertaining to home : familiar : 
plain; home'-made, made at home. 

homeopathy, ho-me-op'a-thi, n. the 
system of curing diseases by small 
quantities of those drugs which excite 
symptoms similar to those of the dis- 
ease. — ns. ho'meopath, homeop'athist, 
one who believes in or practises home- 
opathy. 

homicide, homl-sid, n. manslaughter : 
one who kills another. — a. homicidal, 
pertaining to homicide : murderous . 

homily, hom'i-li, n. a plain expository 
sermon : a hortatory discourse, essen- 
tially simple, practical, and scriptural. — 
adjs. homiletlc, -al. — n. homiletlcs. 

hominy, homl-ni, n. maize hulled and 
crushed, boiled with water. 

homo, ho'mo, n. generic man. [L.] 

homocercal, ho-mo-ser'kal, a. having 
the upper fork of the tail similar to the 
lower one, as the herring. 

homoeopathy, etc. See homeopathy. 

homogamous, ho-mog'a-mus, a. (hot.) 
having all the florets hermaphrodite.- 

homogeneal, ho-mo-je'ni-al, homo- 
geneous, ho-mo-je'ni-us, a. of the same 
kind or nature: having the constituent 
elements all similar. 

homogenesis, ho-mo-jen'e-sis, n. 
(biol.) a mode of reproduction in which 
the offspring is like the parent, and 
passes through the same cycle of exist- 
ence. — a. homogenetic. 

homograph, hom'o-graf, n. a word of 
the same form as another, but different 
meaning and origin. — Also homonym. 

homologate, ho-mol'o-gat, v. t. to 
say the same : to agree : to approve : to 
allow. — n. homologation. 

homologous, ho-mol'o-gus, a. agree- 
ing: corresponding in relative position, 
proportion, value, or structure. 

homonym, hom'o-nim, n. a word hav- 
ing the same sound as another, but a 



222 



hone 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



horizon 



different meaning. — a. homon'ymous. 

hone, hon, n. a stone of a fine grit 
for sharpening instruments. — v. t. to 
sharpen as on a hone. 

honest, on'est, a. full of honor: just: 
free from fraud : frank, fair-seeming, 
openly shown : chaste. — adv. hon'estly. 
— n. hon'esty, the state of being honest. 

honey, hun'i, n. a sweet, thick fluid 
collected by bees from the flowers of 
plants : anything sweet like honey. — v. t. 
to sweeten : to make agreeable. — n. ■ 
hon'eycomb, a comb or mass of waxy 
cells formed by bees, in which they store 
their honey: anything like a honeycomb. 
— v. t. to fill with cells : to perforate. 
■ — adjs. hon'eycombed (-komd), formed 
like a honeycomb ; hon'eyed, hon'ied, 
covered with honey : sweet : flattering.- 

honorarium, on-or-a'ri-um, n. a vol- 
untary fee paid, esp. to a professional 
man for his services. 

honorary, on'or-ar-i, a. conferring 
honor : holding a title or office without 
performing services. 

honor, honour, on'or, n. the esteem 
due or paid to worth : respect : high esti- 
mation : veneration : exalted rank : dis- 
tinction : excellence of character : noble- 
ness of mind : any special virtue much 
esteemed : any mark of esteem : a title 
of respect: (pi.) privileges of rank or 
birth: civilities paid: at bridge, used of 
the five highest trump cards : academic 
prizes or distinctions. — v. t. to hold in 
high esteem : to respect : to adore : to 
exalt: to accept and pay when due. — a. 
hon'orable, worthy of honor : illus- 
trious : actuated by principles of honor : 
conferring honor : becoming men of ex- 
alted station: a title of distinction. — n. 
hon'orableness, eminence : conformity 
to the principles of honor: fairness. — 
adv. hon'orably. — a. hon'ored. 

hood, hood, n. a covering for the 
head : anything resembling such : a 
folding roof for a carriage. — v. t. to 
cover with a hood : to blind. — a. hood'ed. 

hoodlum, hod'lum, n. a rowdy, street 
bully. 

hoodoo, ho'do, v. t. to give or bring 
bad luck to. — n. anything that brings bad 
luck. — A variant of voodoo. 

hoodwink, hood'wingk, v. t. to blind- 
fold : to deceive, impose on. 

hoof, hof, n. the horny substance on 
the feet of certain animals, as horses. 



hook, hook, n. a piece of metal bent 
into a curve, so as to catch or hold 
anything : a snare : an advantageous 
hold: a curved instrument for cutting 
grain. — v. t. to catch or hold with 
a hook : to draw as with a hook : to 
ensnare. — v. i. to bend : to be curved. 

hookah, hooka, ho'ka, n. the water 
tobacco-pipe of Arabs, Turks, etc. 

hooky, hook'i, n. a truant — only in the 
phrase play hooky. 

hoop, hop, n. a pliant strip of wood 
or metal formed into a ring or band, for 
holding together the staves of casks, 
etc. : something resembling such : a ring. 
— v. t. to bind with hoops : to encircle. 

hoot, hot, v. i. to shout in contempt : 
to cry like an owl. — v. t. to drive with 
cries of contempt. — n. a scornful cry. 

hop, hop, v. i. to leap on one leg : to 
spring : to walk lame : to limp. — n. a 
leap on one leg: a jump: a spring: a 
dance, dancing-party. — ns. hop'per, one 
who hops : a snaking or conveying re- 
ceiver, funnel, or trough in which some- 
thing is placed to be passed or fed, as 
to a mill : a saltatorial insect ; hop'ping, 
the act of one who hops or .leaps. 

hop, hop, n. a plant with a long twin- 
ing stalk, the bitter cones of which are 
much used in brewing and in medicine. 
— v. t. to mix with hops. — v. i. to gather 
hops. 

hope, hop, v. i. to cherish a desire of 
good with expectation of obtaining it : 
to have confidence. — v. t. to desire with 
expectation or with belief in the prospect 
of obtaining. — n. a desire of some good, 
with expectation of obtaining it: con- 
fidence : anticipation : cause of expecta- 
tion : that which is hoped for. — a. hope'- 
ful, full of hope: having qualities which 
excite hope : promising good or success. 

hopple, hop'l, v. t. to tie the feet close 
together to prevent hopping or running. 
— n. (chiefly in pi.) a fetter for horses, 
etc., when left to graze. 

horde, hord, n. a migratory or wan- 
dering tribe or clan. — v. i. to live to- 
gether as a horde. 

horizon, ho-ri'zun, n. the circular line 
formed by the apparent meeting of the 
earth and sky : any level line or surface : 
the limit of one's experience or appre- 
hension. — a. horizon'tal, pertaining to 
the horizon: parallel to the horizon: 



horn 



mote, move; mute; then. 



Hottentot 223 



level : near the horizon : measured in a 
plane of the horizon. — n. horizontal'ity. 

horn, horn, n. the hard substance pro- 
jecting from the heads of certain 
animals, as oxen, etc. : something made 
of or like a horn : a symbol of strength : 
(mus.) a hunting-horn: an orchestral 
wind-instrument of the trumpet class. — ■ 
v. t. to furnish with horns. — a. horned. 

hornblende, horn'blend, n. a mineral 
of various colors, found in granite and 
other igneous rocks that contain quartz. 

hornet, horn'et, n. a species of wasp, 
so called from its antennae or horns : a 
person who pesters with petty but 
ceaseless attacks. 

hornpipe, horn'pip, n. an old Welsh 
musical instrument : a lively air : a lively 
dance. 

horography, hor-og'ra-fi, n. the art o£ 
constructing dials or instruments for in- 
dicating the hours. — n. horog'rapher. 

horologe, hor'o-loj, n. any instrument 
for telling the hours. — ns. horol'oger, 
horol'ogist, a maker of clocks, etc. 

horoscope, hor'o-skop, n. an obser- 
vation of the heavens at the hour of a 
person's birth, by which the astrologer 
predicted the events of his life : a repre- 
sentation of the heavens for this purpose. 

horrible, hor'i-bl, a. causing or tend- 
ing to cause horror : dreadful : awful . 

horrid, hor'id, a, fitted to produce 
horror : shocking : offensive.- 

horrify, hor'i-fi, v. t. to strike with 
horror: — pa. p. horr'ified. — a. horrific, 
exciting horror : frightful. 

horripilation, hor-i-pi-la'shun, n. a 
contraction of. the cutaneous muscles 
causing the erection of the hairs and 
the condition known as goose-flesh. 

horror, hor'er, n. a shudder : exces- 
sive fear : that which excites horror. — 
adjs. horr'or-strick'en, -struck,- struck 
with horror. — the horrors, extreme de- 
pression : delirium tremens. 

horse, hors, n. a well-known quadru- 
ped : (collectively) cavalry: that by 
which something is supported, as 
'clothes-horse,' etc. : a wooden apparatus 
for gymnastic exercises. — v. t. to mount 
on a horse : to provide with a horse : to 
sit astride: to carry on the back: to 
urge at work tyrannically. — v. i. to get 
on horseback: to charge for work before 
it is done. 

hortative, hort'a-tiv, a. inciting : en- 



couraging: giving advice — also hort'a- 
tory. — n. horta'tion. 

horticulture, hor'ti-kul-tur, n. the art 
of cultivating gardens. — a. horticul'- 
tural, pertaining to the culture of 
gardens. — n. horticul'turist, one versed 
in the art of cultivating gardens. 

hosanna, ho-zan'a, n. an exclamation 
of praise to God, or a prayer for bless- 
ings. 

hose, hoz, n. a covering for the legs 
or feet : stockings : socks : a flexible pipe 
for conveying water, so called from its 
shape: — pi. hose, (B.) hos'en. — n. ho'- 
siery, hose in general. 

hospice, hos'pes, n. a house of enter- 
tainment for strangers. 

hospitable, hos'pit-a-bl, a. entertain- 
ing strangers and guests kindly and 
without reward : showing kindness : gen- 
erous : bountiful. — n. hos'pitableness. — 
adv. hos'pitably. — n. hospital'ity, the 
practice of one who is hospitable . 

hospital, hos'pit-al, n. a building for 
the reception and treatment of the old, 
the sick, the wounded, etc. : an institu- 
tion for the care of paupers or the 
insane. 

host, host, n. one who entertains a 
stranger or guest at his house without 
reward : an innkeeper : an organism on 
which another lives as a parasite . 

host, host, n. an army, a large multitude. 

host, host, n. in the R. C. Church, the 
consecrated bread of the Eucharist — a 
thin circular wafer of unleavened bread. 

hostage, hos'taj, n. one remaining 
with the enemy as a pledge for the ful- 
filment of the conditions of a treaty. 

hostel, hos'tel, hostelry, hos'tel-ri, n. 
an inn : a hotel. 

hostile, hos'til, a. belonging to an 
enemy : showing enmity : warlike : ad- 
verse. — adv. hos'tilely. — n. hostil'ity. 

hostler, ostler, hos'ler, or os'-, n. one 
who has the care of horses, a groom : 

hot, hot, a. having heat : very warm : 
fiery : pungent : animated : ardent in 
temper : fervent : vehement : violent : 
passionate : lustful. 

hotchpotch, hoch'poch, hotchpot, 
hoch'pot, hodgepodge, hoj'poj, n. a 
confused mass of ingredients shaken or 
mixed together in the same pot. 

hotel, ho-tel', n. a house for the ac- 
commodation of strangers. 

Hottentot, hot'n-tot, n. a native of 



224 hound fate, far; me, her; mine; hum 

the Cape of Good Hope: a brutish in- hub, hub, n. the projecting nave of a 

dividual. wheel: {fig.) anything in a central or 

hound, hownd, n. a dog used in hunt- important position. [A form of hob.] 

ing: a cur: a caitiff. — v. t. to set on in hubbub, hub'ub, n. a confused sound 

chase : to hunt : to urge, pursue, harass, of many voices : riot : uproar. 

hour, owr, n. 60 min., or the 24th huckaback, huk'a-bak, n. a coarse 

part of a day: the time indicated by a variety of linen for towels, etc. 

clock, etc.: a time or occasion: (pi.) huckleberry, huk'l-ber'ri, n. a North 

set times of prayer, the canonical hours, American shrub and its fruit, a bluish 

the offices or services prescribed for berry. [Corr. of whortleberry.] 

these, or a book containing them. — n. huckster, huk'ster, n. a retailer of 

hour'glass, an instrument for measuring small wares, a hawker or peddler : a 

the hours by the running of sand from mean, trickish fellow. 

one glass vessel into another. — a. huddle, hud'l, v. i. to put up things 

hour'ly, happening or done every hour . confusedly : to hurry in disorder : to 

houri, how'ri, ho'ri, n. a nymph of the crowd. — v. t. to throw or crowd together 

Mohammedan paradise. in confusion : to put on hastily. — n. a 

house, hows, n. a building for dwell- crowd: tumult: confusion, 

ing in: a dwelling-place: a hotel or inn: hue, hu, n. appearance: color: tint: 

household affairs : a family : kindred : a dye. 

trading establishment, a firm : one of the hue, hu, n. a. shouting. — hue and cry, 

twelve divisions of the heavens in astrol- a loud clamor about something, 

ogy : one of the estates of the British huff, huf, n. sudden anger or arro- 

legislature: the lower branch of Con- gance: a fit of disappointment or anger, 

gress, or of a state legislature: any legis- — adjs. huff'ish, huffy, given to huff: 

lative body in session : the audience at insolent : arrogant. — adv. huff'ishly.- 

a place of entertainment, a theater, etc. : hug, hug, v. t. to embrace closely and 

— pi. houses (howz'ez). — v. t. house fondly : to cherish : to congratulate (one- 

(howz), to protect by covering: to self) : (naut.) to keep close to. — n. a 

shelter : to store : to provide houses close and fond embrace : a particular 

for. — v. i. to take shelter : to reside. grip in wrestling. 

housing, howz'ing, n. an ornamental huge, huj, a. having great dimensions, 

covering for a horse : a saddle-cloth . especially height : enormous : monstrous. 

hove, pa. t. and pa. p. of heave. . Huguenot, hu'ge-not, or -no, n. the 

hovel, hov'el, n. a small or mean name formerly given in France to an 

dwelling. [Dim. of A. S. hof, a dwelling.] adherent of the Reformation: a Protes- 

hover, hov'er, v. i. to remain aloft tant. 

flapping the wings : to wait in suspense : hulk, hulk, n. the body of a ship : an 

to move about near. — adv. hov'eringly. old ship unfit for service: a big lubberly 

how, how, adv. in what manner : to fellow : anything unwieldy, 
what extent : for what reason : by what hull, hul, n. the husk or outer cover- 
means : from what cause : in what con- ing of anything. — v. t. to strip off the 
dition. hull : to husk. 

howbeit, how-be'it, conj. be it how hull, hul, n. the frame or body of a 

it may: notwithstanding: yet: however, ship. — v. t. to pierce the hull of (as 

however, how-ev'er, adv. and conj. in with a cannon-ball). — v. i. to -float or 

whatever manner or degree : neverthe- drive on the water, as a mere hull, 

less : at all events. hullabaloo, hul'la-ba-loo', n. an up- 

howitzer, how'its-er, n. a short, light roar, 

cannon. hullo, hul-lo', v., n. and interj. Same 

howl, howl, v. i. to yell or cry, as a as hallo. 

wolf or dog : to utter a long, loud, whin- hum, hum, v. i. to make a buzzing 

ing sound-: to wail : to roar. — v. t. to sound like bees : to utter a low ; droning 

utter with outcry. — n. a loud, prolonged sound : to supply an interval in speak- 

cry of distress : a mournful cry.- ing by an audible sound. — v. t. to sing 

howsoever, how-so-ev'er, adv. in in a low tone. — n. the noise of bees and 

what way soever : although : however. some other insects : any low, dull noise. 



human mote, move; mute; then. hunt 225 

human, hu'man, a. belonging or per- humor, humour, hu'mer, or u'mer, 

taining to man or mankind: having the n. the moisture or fluids of animal 

qualities of a man. — n. (coll.) a human bodies: state of mind: disposition: 

being. — n. hu'mankind, the human caprice: a mental quality which delights 

species. — adv. hu'manly. in ludicrous and mirthful ideas: playful 

humane, hu-man', a. having the feel- fancy. — v. t. to go in with the humor 

ings proper to man: kind: tender: of: to gratify by compliance. — a. hu - 

merciful. — adv. humanely. — n. humane'- moral, pertaining to or proceeding from 

ness, kindness : tenderness. the humors. — n. hu'morist, one whose 

humanize, hu'man-Iz, v. t. to render conduct and conversation are regulated 

human or humane : to soften. — v. i. to by humor or caprice : one who studies 

become humane or civilized. or portrays the humors of people: one 

humanist, hu'man-ist, n. a student of possessed of humor: a writer of comic 

polite literature*, a' student of human stories. — adjs. humoris'tic, humorous; 

nature. hu'morous, governed by humor : capri- 

humanitarian, hu-man'i-ta'ri-an, n. cious : irregular: full of humor: excit- 

one who denies Christ's divinity: a ing laughter. — adv. hu'morously. 

philanthropist. — a. of or belonging to hump, hump, n. a lump or hunch 

humanity, benevolent. upon the back. — v. t. to bend in a hump : 

humanity, hu-man'it-i, n. the nature (slang) to prepare for a great exertion: 

peculiar to a human being : the kind feel- to vex or annoy. — v. i. to put forth 

ings of man: benevolence: tenderness: effort. — n. hump'back, a back with a 

mankind collectively. hump or hunch: a hunchback. 

humble, hum'bl, a. low: meek: humph, humf,_ inter j. an exclamation 

modest. — v. t. to bring down to the expressive of dissatisfaction or incre- 

ground: to lower: to abase: to mortify, dulity. 

humblebee, hum'bl-be, n. the hum- humus, hum'us, humin, hum'in, n. 

ming-bee. — Also bumblebee. a brown or black powder in rich soils. 

humble-pie, hum'bl-pi, n. 2l pie made Hun, hun, n. one of a powerful 

of the umbles or numbles (liver, heart, nomad race of Asia: a shortened form 

etc.) of a deer. of Hungarian. 

humbug, hum'bug, n. an imposition hunch, hunsh, n. a hump, esp. on the 

under fair pretenses : hollowness, pre- back : a lump. — n. hunch'back, one with 

tense : one who so imposes. — v. t. to a hunch or lump on his back.- 

deceive : to hoax. hundred, hun'dred, n. the number of 

humdrum, hum'drum, a. dull : dron- ten times ten : a division of a county in 

ing: monotonous: commonplace. — n. England. — adjs. hun'dredfold, folded a 

monotony. hundred times, multiplied by a hundred; 

humeral, hu'mer-al, a. belonging to hun'dredth, coming last or forming one 

the shoulder. — n. hu'merus, the arm of a hundred. — n. one of a hundred. — n. 

from the shoulder to the elbow. hun'dredweight, a weight the twentieth 

humid, hii'mid, a. moist: damp: part of a ton, orig. a hundred lb., ab- 

rather wet. — adv. hii'midly. — ns. hu'- breviated cwt. 

midness, humid'ity, moisture: a mo der- hung, pa. t. and pa. p. of hang. 

ate degree of wetness. Hungarian, hung-ga'ri-an, a. pertain- 

humiliate, hu-mil'i-at, v. t. to make ing^to Hungary or its inhabitants. — n. a 

humble : to depress : to lower in con- native of Hungary ; 

dition. — a. humil'iating, humbling, morti- hunger, hung'ger, n. desire for food : 

fying. — n. humiliation, the act of humil- strong desire for anything. — v. i. to 

iating : abasement : mortification. crave food : to long for. — adv. hung'rily. 

humility, hu-mil'i-ti, n. the state or — a. hung'ry, having eager desire: 

quality of being humble: lowliness of greedy: lean: poor, 

mind: modesty. hunk, hungk, n. a lump, hunch. 

humming, hum'ing, n. 2l low, mur- hunt, hunt, v. t. to chase, esp. wild 

muring sound, like that made by bees, animals for prey or sport : to search for : 

hummock, hum'uk. n. a hillock: pile to pursue. — v.'i. to go out in pursuit of 

or ridge (of ice)-. game: to search. — n. a chase of wild 

15 



226 hurdle 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



hydrogen 



animals : search : a pack of hunting 
hounds: an association of huntsmen.- 

hurdle, her'dl, n. a frame of twigs or 
sticks interlaced: (agri.) a movable frame 
of timber or iron for gates, etc. — v. t. 
to inclose with hurdles : to leap over. 

hurdy-gurdy, her'di-ger'di, n. a hand- 
organ : an impact-wheel. [Imit.] 

hurl, herl, v. i. to make a noise by- 
throwing : to move rapidly : to dash with 
force : to whirl. — v. t. to throw with 
violence: to utter with vehemence. — n. 
act of hurling, tumult, confusion. 

hurly-burly, her'li-ber'li, n. tumult: 
confusion. 

hurrah, hurra, hoor-ra', inter j. an ex- 
clamation of excitement or joy. — Also n. 
and v. i 

hurricane, hur'ri-kan, n. a storm with 
extreme violence and sudden changes of 
the wind. — hurricane deck, a cross-deck 
about amidships, a bridge-deck or bridge ; 

hurry, hur'i, v. t. to urge forward : to 
hasten. — v. i. to move or act with haste. 
— n. a driving forward : haste : tumult. 

hurt, hert, v. t. to cause bodily pain 
to : to damage : to wound, as the feelings. 
— v. i; to give pain, etc. : — pa. t. and pa. 
p. hurt. — n. a wound: injury. — a. hurt'- 
ful, causing hurt or loss : mischievous. 

hurtle, hert'l, v. t. to dash against: to 
move violently : to clash : to rattle. — v. i. 
to move rapidly with a whirring sound. 
[Freq. of hurt in its original sense.] 

husband, huz'band, n. a married man 
— correlative of wife: one who manages 
affairs with prudence. — v. t. to supply 
with a husband: to manage with econ- 
omy. — ns. hus'bandman, a working 
farmer : one who labors in tillage ; hus'- 
bandry, the business of a farmer: till- 
age: economical management: thrift. 

hush, hush, inter j. or imper. silence! 
be still ! — v. t. to make quiet. — n. silence . 

husk, husk, n. the dry, thin covering 
of certain fruits and seeds: (pi.) refuse, 
waste. — v. t. to remove the husk or 
outer integument from.- 

husky, husk'i, a. hoarse, as the voice: 
rough in sound. — adv. husk'ily. 

hussar, hooz-zar', n. a light-armed 
cavalry soldier. 

hustle, hus'l, v. t. to shake or push 
together : to crowd with violence. — v. i. 
to move or act with energy: to be wide- 
awake and prompt in action. — n. 
hus'tler, an energetic fellow. - 



hut, hut, n. a small or mean house. 

hutch, huch, n. a box, a chest: a coop 
for rabbits: a baker's kneading-trough. 

huzza, hooz-za', inter j. and n. hurrah ! 
a shout of joy or approbation. — v. t. to 
attend with shouts of joy. — v. i. to utter 
shouts of joy or acclamation. 

hyacinth, hi'a-sinth, n. a bulbous- 
rooted flower of a great variety of 
colors : a precious stone, the jacinth.- 

hybrid, hi'brid, or nib'-, n. an animal 
or plant produced from two different 
species: a mongrel: a word formed of 
elements from different languages. 

hydra, hi'dra, n. (myth.) a water- 
serpent with many heads, which when 
cut off were succeeded by others : any 
manifold evil. 

hydrant, hi'drant, n. a machine for 
discharging water: a water-plug. 

hydrate, hl'drat, n. a compound 
formed by the union of water with an 
oxid. [Gr. hydor, water.] 

hydraulic, -al, hi-drawl'ik, -al, a. re- 
lating to hydraulics : conveying water : 
worked by water. — adv. hydraul'ically. 
— n. hydraul'ics, the science of hydro- 
dynamics in its practical application to. 
water-pipes, etc. — hydraulic cement, 
lime, a cement that sets or hardens 
under water; hydraulic mining, a 
method of mining by which the aurif- 
erous detritus is washed down by a 
powerful jet of water into a sluice. 

hydrocarbon, hi-dro-kar'bon, n. a 
compound of hydrogen and carbon. 

hydrocephalus, hl-dro-sef'a-lus, n. 
water in the head : dropsy of the brain. 

hydrochloric, hi-dro-klo'rik, a. com- 
pounded of hydrogen and chlorin. — n. 
hydrochlo'rate, a salt of hydrochloric 
acid. 

hydrocyanic, hl-dro-sl-an'ik, a. not- 
ing an acid formed by the combination 
of hydrogen and cyanogen — also prussic 
acid. 

hydrodynamics, hi-dro-di-nam'iks, n. 
the science that treats of the motions 
and equilibrium of fluids, called hydro- 
statics when the fluid is in equilibrium, 
hydrokinetics when it is not. 

hydrogen, hi'dro-jen, n. a gas which 
in combination with oxygen produces 
water, an elementary gaseous substance, 
the lightest of all known substances, and 
very inflammable. — adjs. hy'dric, con- 
taining hydrogen; hydrog'enous, con- 



hydrography 



mote, move; mute; then. 



hypothesis 227 



taining hydrogen: produced by the 
action of water. 

hydrography, hi-drog'ra-fi, ». the art 
of making sea-charts. 

hydrometer, hi-drom'et-er, n. an in- 
strument for measuring the density or 
specific gravity of liquids by flotation: 
a current-gauge.- 

hydropathy, hi-drop'a-thi, n. the 
treatment of disease by cold water.- 

hydrophobia, hi-dro-fo'bi-a, n. an 
unnatural dread of water, a symptom of 
a disease known as rabies, usually re- 
sulting from the bite of a mad dog. 

hy'drostat, an electrical contrivance 
for detecting a leakage or overflow of 
water.- 

hydrous, hi'drus, a. watery, contain- 
ing hydrogen. 

hydroxid, hi-droks'id, n. a metallic or 
basic radical combined with one or more 
hydroxyl groups. 

hyena, hyaena, hi-e'na, n. a bristly 
maned quadruped of the dog kind. 

hygeian, hi-je'an, a. relating to health 
and its preservation. — ns. Hygeia 
(hi-je'a), goddess of health; hy'giene, 
hygien'ics, hy'gienism, the science 
which treats of the preservation of 
health. — a. hygien'ic. — adv. hygien'- 
ically. — n. hy'gienist, one skilled in 
hygiene. [Gr. hygieia — hygies, healthy.] 

Hymen, hl'men, n. {myth.) the god 
of marriage: (h-) marriage: a thin 
membrane partially closing the virginal 
vagina. — adjs. hymene'al; hymene'an. 

hymn, him, n. a song of praise, a 
metrical formula of public worship. — v. t. 
to celebrate in song: to worship by 
hymns. — ns. hym'nal, a hymn-book. 

hyper-, prefix, over, above, beyond, 
exceedingly. 

hyperbola, hl-per'bo-la, n. (geom.) 
one of the conic sections or curves 
formed when the intersecting plane 
makes a greater angle with the base than 
the side of the cone makes.- 

hyperbole, hi-per'bo-le, n. (rhct.) a 
figure which represents things as much 
greater or less than they really are: an 
obvious exaggeration. 

hyperborean, hl-per-bo're-an, a. be- 
longing to the extreme north. — n. an 
inhabitant of the extreme north. 

hypercritic, hi-per-krit'ik, n. one who 
is over-critical. — adjs. hyper crit'ic, -al. 

hyperemia, hi-per-e'mi-a, n. an ex- 



cessive accumulation of blood in any 
part of the body. — a. hyperem'ic. 

hypermetropia, hl-per-me-tro'pi-a, n. 
long-sightedness, the opposite to myopia. 

hypersensitive, hi-per-sen'si-tiv, a. 
excessively sensitive. 

hypertrophy, hl-per'tro-fi, n. over- 
nourishment : the state of an organ or 
part of the body when it grows too 
large from over-nourishment. 

hyphen, hi'fen, n. a short stroke (-) 
joining two syllables or words. — a, 
hyphen'ic. [Gr. hypo, under, hen, one.] 

hypnotism, hip'no-tizm, n. a sleep- 
like condition induced by artificial 
means : a nervous sleep like the con- 
dition under mesmerism. 

hypochondria, hip-o-kon'dri-a, n. a 
nervous malady, often arising from indi- 
gestion and tormenting the patient with 
imaginary fears. 

hypocrisy, hi-pok'ri-si, n. a. feigning 
to be what one is not : concealment of 
true character. ) 

hypocrite, hip'o-krit, n. one who 
practises hypocrisy. 

hypodermic, hl-po-der'mik, a. relat- 
ing to the parts under the skin. 

hypogastric, hip-o-gas'trik, a. belong- 
ing to the lower part of the abdomen. 

hypogene, hi'po-jen, a. (geol) of or 
pertaining to rocks which have assumed 
their present structure under the surface, 
plutonic: — opp. to epigene. 

hypoglossal, hi-po-glos'al, a. situated 
under the tongue. 

hypostrophe, hi-pos'tro-fe, n. return 
of a disease, relapse: (rhet.) use of in- 
sertion or parenthesis. 

hypostyle, hi'po-stil, a. (archit.) hav- 
ing the roof supported by pillars. 

hypotenuse, hi-pot'en-us, hypoth- 
enuse, hi-poth'en-us, n. the side of a 
right-angled triangle opposite to the 
right angle. 

hypothec, hl-poth'ek, n. in Scotch 
law, a lien or security over goods in 
respect of a debt due by the owner. — 
v. t. hypothecate, to place or assign 
anything as security under an arrange- 
ment: to mortgage. 

hypothesis, hl-poth'e-sis, n. a sup- 
position : a proposition assumed for the 
sake of argument : a theory to be proved 
or disproved by reference to facts : a 
provisional explanation of anything. — 
adjs. hypothetic, -al, belonging to a 



228 hyson 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



Tdentify 



hypothesis : conditional. — adv. hypothet'- reversal of magnetism in the iron causes 

ically. dissipation of energy. 

hyson, hf son, n. a very fine sort of hysteric, -al, his-ter'ik, -al, a. pertain- 

green tea. [Chinese.] ing to, or of the nature of, or affected 

hyssop, liis'up, n. an aromatic plant, with hysterics or hysteria : like hysterics, 

hysteresis, his-te-re'sis, n. magnetic fitfully and violently emotional. — adv. 

friction in dynamos, by which every hysterically. — ns. hyster'ics, hyster'ia. 



> 



Mi, I, the ninth letter in our al- 
phabet, called iota by the 
Greeks. The normal sound in 
English is that heard in bit, 
dip, sit, which is the short Latin i. 

I, 1, pron. the nominative case singu- 
far of the first personal pronoun : the 
word used by a speaker or writer in 
mentioning himself: the object of self- 
consciousness, the ego. 

iambus, I-am'bus, n. a metrical foot 
of two syllables, a short or unaccented 
syllable followed by a long or accented 
one. — a. iam'bic, consisting of iambics. 

Iberian, I-be'ri-an, a. Spanish. — n. 
one of the primitive inhabitants of 
Spain, of whom some think the Basques 
a remnant. [L. Iberia, 
Spain.] 

ibex, I'beks, n. a species 
of wild goat inhabiting the 
Alps and other mountain- 
ous regions. [L.] 

ibidem, ib-i'dem, adv. 
in the same place. Ibex - 

Ibis, i'bis, n. a genus of wading birds 
related to the stork. 

ice, Is, n. water congealed by freez- 
ing: concreted sugar: any frozen con- 
fection, as of sweetened cream. — v. t. 
to cover with ice : to freeze : to cover 
with concreted sugar : to cool with ice : 
— ns. ic'iness; ic'ing, a covering of ice 
or concreted sugar. — a. ic'y, composed 
of, abounding in, or like ice: frosty: 
cold : chilling : without warmth of af- 
fection. 

iceberg, is'berg, n. a mountain or 
huge mass of floating ice. 

ichneumon, ik-nu'mun, n. a small 
carnivorous animal in Egypt which de- 
stroys crocodiles' eggs. 

ichthyography, ik-thi-og'ra-fi, n. a 
description of fishes. 

ichthyolite, ik'thi-o-lit, n. a fossil 
fish. [Gr. ichthys, a fish, lithos, a stone.] 

ichthyology, ik-thi-ol'o-ji, n. the 



branch of natural history that treats 
of fishes. — a. ichthyolog'ical. 

ichthyophagy, ik-thi-of'a-ji, n. the 
practice of eating fish. 

ichthyornis, ik-thi-or'nis, n. a. fossil 
bird with vertebrae like those of fishes. 

Ichthyosauria, ik-thi-o-saw'ri-a, n. an 
order of gigantic extinct marine rep- 





Ichthyosaurus. 

tiles. — a. ichthyosaur'ian. — n. ichthy- 
osaurus. 

ichthyotomy, ik-thi-ot'o-mi, n. the 
anatpmy of fishes. — n. ichthyot'omist. 

icicle, Is'i-kl, n. a hanging point of 
ice formed by the freezing of dropping 
water. 

icon, ikon, I'kon, n. a figure, esp. in 
the Greek Church, representing Christ, 
or a saint, in painting, mosaic, etc. 

iconoclasm, I-kon'o-klazm, n. act of 
breaking images. — n. icon'oclast, a 
breaker of images, one opposed to 
idol-worship : any hot antagonist of the 
beliefs of others. — a. iconoclast'ic, per- 
taining to iconoclasm. 

iconology, i-kon-ol'o-ji, n. the doc- 
trine of images, esp. with reference to 
worship. 

idea, I-de'a, n. an image of an external 
object formed by the mind: a notion, 
conception, thought, any product of in- 
tellectual action — of memory and imag- 
ination. — a. ide'al, existing in idea: 
mental : existing in imagination only : 
the highest and best conceivable, the 
perfect, as opposed to the real, the im- 
perfect. — n. the highest conception of 
anything. — n. idealization, act of form- 
ing an idea, or of raising to the highest 
conception. — v. t. ide'alize, to form an 
idea: to raise to the highest concep- 
tion. — v. i. to form ideas. 

identify, i-den'ti-fi, v. t. to make to 



identity mote, move; mute; then. illation 229 

be the same: to ascertain or prove to be consisting of, or like fire: (geol.) pro- 

the same. — n. identification. duced by the action of fire. 

identity, i-den'ti-ti, n. state of being ignis-fatuus, ig'nis-fat'u-us, n. a phos- 

the same: sameness. — a. identical, the phorescent light often seen over marshy 

very same : not different. places, also called will-o'-the-wisp : — 

idecgraphy, i-de-og'ra-fi, n. the rep- pi. ignes-fatui (ig'nez-fat'u-i). 

resentation of things by pictures, and ignite, ig-nit', v. t. to set on fire, to 

not by sound-symbols or letters. kindle: to render luminous with' heat. 

ideology, i-de-ol'o-ji, n. the science of ■ — v. i. to take fire: to burn. — n. igni'tion. 

ideas, metaphysics. ignoble, ig-no'bl, a. of low birth: 

ides, idz, n. sing, in ancient Rome, mean or worthless : dishonorable, 

the 15th day of March, May, July, Oc- ignominy, ig'no-min-i, n. the loss of 

tober, and the 13th of the other months, one's good name: public disgrace: in- 

idiocy. See idiot. famy. — a. ignomin'ious, dishonorable: 

idiograph, id'i-o-graf, n. a private marked with ignominy : contemptible . 

mark or trademark. — a. idiograph'ic. ignoramus, ig-no-ra'mus, n. an igno- 

idiom, id'i-um, n. a mode of expres- rant person, esp. one making a pretense 

sion peculiar to a language, a peculiar to knowledge : — pi. ignora'mtjses. 

variation of any language, a dialect. — ignorant, ig'no-rant, a. without knowl- 

adjs. idiomat'ic, -al, conformed or per- edge: uninstructed : unacquainted with: 

taining to the idioms of a language. — resulting from want of knowledge. — n. 

adv. idiomatically. ^g'norance, state of being ignorant: 

idiosyncrasy, id-i-o-sin'kra-si, ;;. pecu- want of knowledge. — adv. ig 'norantly. 

liarity of temperament or constitution: ignore, ig-nor', v. t. wilfully to disre- 

crotchet or peculiar view : any character- gard : to set aside, 

istic of a person. — a. idiosyncrat'ic. ikon. See icon. 

idiot, id'i-ut, n. one deficient in intel- Iliad, il'i-ad, n. an epic poem by 
lect: a foolish or unwise person. — a. af- Homer, giving an account of the de- 
fected with idiocy : idiotic. — ns. id'iocy, struction of Ilium or ancient Troy. 
id'iotcy, state of being an idiot : im- ilk, ilk, n. the same. — Of that ilk, of 
becility : folly. — adjs. idiot'ic, -al, per- that same, used in connection with a 
taining to or like an idiot: foolish.- man whose name is the same as that 

idle, i'dl, a. vain: trifling: unem- of his ancestral estate. — often used er- 

ployed: averse to labor: not occupied: roneously for 'of that kind', 

useless : unimportant : unedifying. — v. t. ill, il, a. (comp. worse; superl. 

to spend in idleness. — v. i. to be idle or worst) evil, bad : contrary to good : 

unoccupied. — ns. I'dleness; l'dler. wicked: producing evil: unfortunate: 

idol, I'dtil, n. a figure: an image of unfavorable: sick: diseased: improper: 

some object of worship: a person or incorrect: cross, as temper. — adv. not 

thing too much loved or honored: any well: not rightly: with difficulty — (rare) 

false appearance by which men are led ill'y. — n. evil : wickedness : misfortune. 

into error or prejudice: a fallacy. — v. t. — n. ill'-blood, unfriendly feeling: re- 

l'dolize, to make an idol of, for wor- sentment. — adjs. ill'-bred, badly bred or 

ship: to love to excess. educated: uncivil; ill'-fat'ed, bringing 

idolater, i-dol'a-ter, n. a worshiper ill-fortune ; ill'-na'tured, cross, peevish. — 

of idols: a great admirer: — fern, idol'- n. iH'ness, sickness: disease. — adjs. 

atress. — a. idol'atrous, pertaining to ill'-tem'pered, having a bad temper: 

idolatry. — n. idol'atry, the worship of morose: fretful; ill'-timed, said or done 

an image held to be the abode of a at an unsuitable time. — v. t. ill'-treat, 

superhuman personality: excessive to treat ill: to abuse. — n. ill'-turn, an 

love. act of unkindness or enmity. — a. ill'- 

idyl, idyll, l'dil, n. a short pictorial used, badly used or treated. — n. ill'- 

poem, chiefly on pastoral subjects: a will, unkind feeling: enmity, 

narrative poem.— a. idyll'ic. illapse, il-laps', n. a sliding in: the 

if, if, conj. an expression of doubt: entrance of one thing into another.- 

whether: in_ case that: supposing that. illation, il-la'shun, n. act of inferring 

igneous, ig'ne-us, a. pertaining to, from premises or reasons: inference: 



230 illegal 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



imitate 



conclusion. — a. illative, denoting an in- 
ference: that may be inferred. 

illegal, il-le'gal, a. contrary to law. — 
n. illegality, the quality or condition 
of being illegal. — adv. ille'gally. 

illegible, il-lej'i-bl, a. that cannot be 
read : indistinct. — ns. illeg'ibleness, illeg- 
ibility. — adv. illegibly. 

illegitimate, il-le-jit'i-mat, a. not ac- 
cording to law: not born in wedlock: 
not properly inferred or reasoned: not 
genuine. — n. illegitimacy. 

illiberal, il-lib'er-al, a. niggardly: 
mean, narrow in opinion. 

illicit, il-lislt, a. not allowable: un- 
lawful : unlicensed. — adv. illicitly. 

illimitable, il-limlt-a-bl, a. that can- 
not be bounded : infinite. 

illiquation, il-li-kwa'shun, n. the 
melting of one thing into another. 

illiterate, il-lit'erat, a. not learned: 
uninstructed : ignorant. — adv. illiterate- 
ly. — ns. illit'erateness, illit'eracy, state 
of being illiterate : want of learning. 

illogical, il-lojl-kal, a. contrary to the 
rules of logic. — adv. illoglcally. 

illude, il-lud, v. t. to play upon by 
artifice : to deceive. 

illuminate, il-lu'min-at, v. t. to light 
up : to enlighten : to illustrate : to adorn 
with ornamental lettering or illustra- 
tions. — a. and n. illu'minant. — n. illu- 
mina'tion, act of giving light : that 
which gives light: splendor: brightness: 
a display of lights : adorning of books 
with colored lettering or illustrations. 
— a. illii'minative, tending to give light: 
illustrative or explanatory. — n. illu'- 
minator. — vs. t. illu'mine, illume', to 
make luminous or bright : to enlighten . 
illusion, il-lu'zhun, n. a playing upon : 
a mocking : deceptive appearance : false 
show: error. — adjs. illu'sive, illii'sory, 
deceiving by false appearances: false. 
illustrate, il-lus'trat, v. t. to make 
clear to the mind : to explain : to ex- 
plain and adorn by pictures. — n. illus- 
tration, act of making lustrous or 
clear : act of explaining : that which 
illustrates: a picture or diagram. — adjs. 
illustrative, illus'tratory, having the 
quality of making clear or explaining. 
— adv. illustratively. — n. illus'trator. — 
a. illus'trious, morally bright, distin- 
guished: noble: conspicuous: conferring 
honor. — adv. illustriously. 
I'm, Im, a contraction of / am. 



image, im'aj, n. likeness : a statue : 
an idol : a representation in the mind, 
an idea : a picture in the imagination : 
(optics) the figure of any object formed 
by rays of light. — v. t. to form an image 
of: to form a likeness of in the mind. 
imagine, im-ajln, v. t. to form an 
image of in the mind: to conceive: to 
think. — v. i. to form mental images : to 
conceive. — a. imaginable, that may be 
imagined. — adv. imaginably. — a. imag'- 
inary, existing only in the imagination: 
not real. — n. imagination, act of im- 
agining: the faculty of forming images 
in the mind : that which is imagined : 
contrivance. — a. imaginative, full of 
imagination: proceeding from the imag- 
ination. 

imbecile, im'be-sel, a. without 
strength either of body or mind: 
feeble : fatuous. — n. one destitute of 
strength, either of mind or body.— n. 
imbecility, state of being imbecile. 
imbed, im-bed', v. t. See embed, 
imbibe, im-bib', v. t. to drink in: to 
absorb: to receive into the mind. — v. J. 
to drink, absorb. — ns. imbib'er; imbibi'- 
tion. 

imbricate, im'bri-kat, v. t. to 
lay one over another, as tiles on 
a roof. — a. (hot.) overlapping 
each other. — n. imbrica'tion. 
[L. imbricare, -atum — imbrex, 
a gutter-tile — imber, a shower.] 
imbroglio, im-brol'yo, n. an 
intricate plot : a perplexing 
state of matters : a complicated 
misunderstanding. [It., 'con- 
fusion' — imbrogliare, to con- 
fuse, embroil] Imbricate 
imbrue, im-bro', v. t. to wet i5Cales - 
or moisten: to soak: to drench. 

imbue, im-bu", v. t. to moisten: to 
tinge deeply: to cause to imbibe, as the 
mind. 

imitate, iml-tat, v. t. to copy, to strive 
to be the same as : to produce a likeness 
of. — a. imltable, that may be imitated 
or copied: worthy of imitation. — n. 
imita'tion, act of imitating: that which 
is produced as a copy, a likeness. — a. 
imitative, inclined to imitate: formed 
after a model. — adv. imltatively. — ns. 
imltativeness, the quality of being im- 
itative; imitator, one who imitates or 
copies. 




immaculate 



mote, move; mute; then. 



impartial 231 



immaculate, im-mak'u-lat, a. spot- 
less : unstained : pure. 

immanent, im'a-nent, a. remaining 
within : inherent. — ns. imm'anence, imm'- 
anency. 

Immanuel, Emmanuel, i-man'u-el, e-, 
n. a name given to Jesus (Matt. i. 23) 
asthe son of a virgin (Is. vii. 14). 
^ immaterial, im-a-te'ri-al, a. not con- 
sisting of matter ; incorporeal : unim- 
portant. — v. t. immate'rialize, to sep- 
arate from matter. — n. immaterial'ity, 
the quality of being immaterial or of 
not consisting of matter.- 

immature, im-a-tur', a. not ripe: not 
perfect : come before the natural time. 

immeasurable, im-mezh'ur-a-bl, a. 
that cannot be measured: very great- 

immediate, im-me'di-at, a. with noth- 
ing between: not acting by second 
causes : direct : present : without delay. 
— adv. imme'diately. 

immemorial, im-me-morl-al, a. be- 
yond the reach of memory. 

immense, im-mens', a. that cannot be 
measured : vast in extent : very large. — 
adv. immensely. — n. immensity, an 
extent not to be measured: infinity. 

immerge, im-merj', v. t to plunge 
into. 

immerse, im-mers', v. t. to plunge 
into: to dip: to baptize by dipping the 
whole body: to engage deeply: to over- 
whelm. — n. immer'sion, act of immers- 
ing or plunging into: state of being 
dipped into: state of being deeply en- 
gaged. [See immerge.] 

immigrate, im'i-grat, v. i. to migrate 
or remove into a country. — ns. immi- 
grant, one who immigrates; 

imminent, im'i-nent, a. near at hand: 
threatening: impending. — n. imminence. 
— adv. imminently. 

immobility, im-mo-bill-ti, n. the 
character of being immovable- 
immoderate, im-mod'er-at, a. ex- 
ceeding proper bounds : extravagant. 

immodest, im-mod'est, a. wanting re- 
straint : impudent : forward : wanting 
shame or delicacy. — adv. immod'estly. 

immolate, im'6-lat, v. t. to offer in 
sacrifice. — ;?. immola'tion. 

immoral, im-mor'al, a. inconsistent 
with what is right : wicked : licentious. — ■ 
n. immorality, quality of being im- 
moral: an immoral act or practice. 

immortal, im-mor'tal, a. exempt from 



death: imperishable: never to be for- 
gotten (as a name, poem, etc.) — n. one 
who will never cease to exist: one of 
the forty members of the French Acad- 
emy. — v. t. immor'talize, to make im- 
mortal. — ». immortality, condition or 
quality of being immortal: exemption 
from death or oblivion. — adv. immor'- 
tally. 

immortelle, im-mor-tel', n. any one 
of the flowers commonly called ever- 
lasting. 

immovable, im-mov'a-bl, a. stead- 
fast : unalterable : that cannot be im- 
pressed or made to fall: (pi.) fixtures, 
etc., not movable by a tenant. 

immune, im-mim', a. free from ob- 
ligation: not liable to infection. — n. im- 
munity, state of being immune: ex- 
emption: privilege. 

immure, im-mur', v. t. to wall in : to 
shut up: to imprison. [Fr., — L.. in, in, 
mums, a wall.] 

immutable, im-mut'a-bl, a. unchange- 
able. 

imp, imp, n. a. little devil or wicked 
spirit: a mischievous child. — a. impish. 

impact, im-pakt', v. t. to press firmly 
together: to drive close. — n. im'pact, a 
striking against: collision: the blow of 
a body in motion impinging on another 
body: the impulse resulting from col- 
lision. 

impair, im-par', v. t. to diminish in 
quantity, value, or strength: to injure: 
to weaken. — v. i. (obs.) to become 
worse. — n. impairment. 

impale, im-pal', v. t. to fence in with 
stakes: to shut in: to put to death by 
spitting on a stake. 

impalpable, im-pal'pa-bl, a. not per- 
ceivable by touch : not coarse : not easily 
understood. — n. impalpability. 

impanel, im-pan'el, v. t. to enter upon 
a list, or swear in, for jury service. — 
Also empanel. 

imparity, im-par'i-ti, n. want of parity 
or equality: indivisibility into equal 
parts. 

impart, im-part', v. t. to bestow a part 
of: to give: to communicate: to make 
known. — v. i. to give a part. 

impartial, im-par'shal, a. not favoring 
one more than another: just. — n. impar- 
tiality, quality of being impartial: free- 
dom from bias.— adv. impartially. 



f 232 impassable 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



imply 



impassable, im-pas'a-bl, a. not capable 
of being passed. — n. impassabil'ity. 

impassible, im-pasl-bl, a. incapable of 
passion or feeling. — n. impassibility, 

impassion, Im-pash'un, v. t. to move 
with passion. — adjs. impasslonable, 
impasslonate, impassioned, moved by 
strong passion or feeling : animated : ex- 
cited ; impass'ive, not susceptible of pain 
or feeling. — adv. impass'ively. — ns. im- 
pass'iveness , impassivity. 

impatient, im-pa'shent, a. not able to 
endure or to wait: fretful: restless. — n. 
impa'tience, want of patience. — adv. im- 
patiently. 

impeach, im-pech', v. t. to charge 
with a crime: to cite before a court for 
official misconduct: to call in question. 
—a. impeachable, liable to impeach- 
ment: chargeable with a crime. 

impecunious, im-pe-ku'ni-us, a. hav- 
ing no money : .poor. — n. impecunios'ity. 

impede, im-ped', v. t. to hinder or ob- 
struct. — n. impe'dance, hindrance, esp. 
in electricity an apparent increase of re- 
sistance due to induction in a circuit. — 
n. impediment, that which ^ impedes: 
hindrance: a defect preventing fluent 
speech. — n. pi. impediment'a, military 
baggage, baggage generally. 

impel, im-pel', v. t. to urge forward: 
to excite to action: to instigate.- 

impend, im-pend', v. i. to threaten: 
to be about to happen. — n. impend'ence, 
the state of impending: near approach. 

impenetrable, im-pen'e-tra-bl, a. in- 
capable of being pierced: not to be im- 
pressed in mind^or heart. 

impenitent, im-penl-tent, a. not re- 
penting of sin. — n. one who does Hot 
repent: a hardened sinner. 

impennate, im-pen'at, impennous, 
im-pen'us, a. wingless : having very short 
wings useless for flight. 

imperative, im-per'a-tiv, a. expressive 
of command : authoritative : peremptory : 
obligatory. — adv. imperatively. 

imperceptible, im-per-sep'ti-bl, a. not 
discernible: insensible: minute. 

imperfect, im-peYfekt, a. incomplete: 
defective : not fulfilling its design : liable 
to err.— adv. imper'fectly. 

imperial, im-pe'ri-al, a. pertaining to 
an empire or to an emperor: sovereign, 
supreme: commanding, of superior size 
or excellence, as Webster's Imperial 
Dictionary. 



imperil, im-per'il, v. t. to put in peril . 

imperious, im-pe'ri-us, a. assuming 
command: haughty: tyrannical: author- 
itative. — adv. impe'riously.« 

imperishable, im-perlsh-a-bl, a. in- 
destructible : everlasting. 

impermeable, im-per'me-a-bl, a. not 
permitting passage : impenetrable. 

impersonal, im-per'sun-al, a. not hav- 
ing personality: {gram.) not varied 
according to the persons. — n. imperson- 
ate, to ascribe the qualities of a person 
to : to personify : to assume the person or 
character of, esp. on the stage. 

impertinent, im-per'ti-nent, a. not 
pertaining to the matter in hand : trifling : 
intrusive : saucy : impudent. — n. imper'- 
tinence, that which is impertinent: in- 
trusion : impudence. 

imperturbable, im-per-ter'ba-bl, a. 
that cannot be disturbed or agitated: 
permanently quiet. 

_ imperviable, im-per'vi-a-bl, imper- 
vious, im-per'vi-us, a. not to be pene- 
trated. 

impetuous, im-pet'u-us, a. rushing 
upon with impetus or violence: vehe- 
ment in feeling: passionate- 
impetus, im'pe-tus, n. an attack: 
force or quantity of motion: violent 
tendency to any point. 

impinge, im-pinj', v. i. (with on, upon, 
against) to strike or fall against: to 
touch upon. 

impious, im'pi-us, a. irreverent: want- 
ing in veneration for God; profane. 

implacable, im-plak'a-bl, a. not to be 
appeased : inexorable : irreconcilable.- 

implant, im-plant', v. t. to fix into : to 
insert: to infuse. 

implead, im-pled', v. t. to prosecute a 
suit at law. — n. implead'er. 

implement, im'ple-ment, n. a tool or 
instrument of labor. — a. implemen'tal. 

implicate, im'pli-kat, v. t. (with by, 
in, with) to infold: to involve: to en- 
tangle. — n. implication, the act of im- 
plicating: entanglement: that which is 
implied.- 

implore, im-plor', v. t. to ask earn- 
estly: to beg. — n. implora'tion. — a. im- 
plor'atory. — adv. imploringly. 

imply, im-pli', v. t. to include in 
reality, to express indirectly: to mean: 
to signify. — adv. impli'edly. 



impolite 



mote, move; mute; then. 



improve 



233 



impolite, im-po-lit', a. of unpolished 
manners : uncivil. — adv. impolitely. 

impolitic, im-pol'i-tik, a. imprudent: 
unwise : inexpedient. — n. impol'icy. 

imponderable, im-pon'der-a-bl, a. not 
able to be weighed: without sensible 
weight. 

import, im-port', v. i. to carry into : 
to bring from abroad: to convey, as a 
word: to signify: to be of consequence 
to : to interest. — n. im'port, that which 
is brought from abroad: meaning: im- 
portance : tendency. — a. importable, 
that may be imported or brought into 
a country. — n. importance. — a. import- 
ant, of great import or consequence: 
momentous : pompous. — adv. import'- 
antly. — ns. importation, the act of im- 
porting: the commodities imported; im- 
porter, one who brings in goods from 
abroad. 

importune, im-por-tun', v. t. to urge 
with troublesome application: to press 
urgently: to molest, as a beggar,^ etc. — 
n. impor'tunacy. — a. import'unate, 
troublesomely urgent. — adv. import- 
unately. — a. import'une, untimely: im- 
portunate. — adv. importune'ly. — ns. im- 
portun'er; importun'ity. 

impose, im-poz', v. t. to place upon : 
to lay on: to enjoin or command: to put 
over by authority or force: to obtrude 
unfairly : to pass off : (print.) to arrange 
or place in a chase, as pages of type. — 
v. i. (with upon) to mislead or deceive: 
act with constraining effect.— a. impos'- 
ing, commanding : adapted to impress 
forcibly. — adv. impos'ingly. — n. imposi- 
tion, a laying on : laying on of hands in 
ordination : a tax, a burden : a deception. 

impossible, im-pos'i-bl, a. that which 
cannot be done : that cannot exist : ab- 
surd, or excessively odd. 

impost, im'post, n. a tax, esp. on 
imports: (archit.) that 
part of a pillar in vaults , 
and arches on which the 
weight of the building is 
laid. [O. Fr. impost (Fr. 



impot) — L. 
lay on.] 

impostor, 
one who 
position or 
pos'ture. 

impotent, 



imponere, to 

im-pos'ter, n. 
practises im- 
fraud. — n. im- 




Impost. 



im'po-tent, a. powerless 



without sexual power: wanting the 
power of self-restraint- 

impound, im-pownd', v. t. to confine, 
as in a pound : to restrain within limits : 
to take possession of. 

impoverish, im-pov'er-ish, v. t. to 
make poor : to exhaust the resources of, 
as a natron, or the fertility of, 

impracticable, im-prak'tik-a-bl, a. not 
able to be done : unmanageable . 

imprecate, im'pre-kat, v. t. to pray 
for good or evil upon: to curse. — n. im- 
preca'tion, the act of imprecating : a 
curse. — a. im'precatory. 

impregnable, im-preg'na-bl, a. that 
cannot be seized : that cannot be moved. 

impregnate, im-preg'nat, v. t. to 
make pregnant : to impart the particles 
or qualities of another thing to: to 
saturate. — n. impregna'tion. 

impresario, im-pre-sa/ri-6, n. a man- 
ager or conductor of a troupe of concert 
or operatic artists. 

impress, im-pres', v. t. to press upon : 
to mark by pressure : to produce by pres- 
sure : to stamp : to fix deeply in the 
mind. 

impress, im-pres', v. t. to force into 
service, esp. the public service. 

imprimatur, im-pri-ma'ter, n. a 
license to print a book, etc. : stamp of 
approval, sanction. 

imprimis, im-pri'mis, adv. in the 
first place. [L., in, in, primus, first.] 

imprint, im-print', v. t. to print: to 
stamp : to impress : to fix in the mind. 
— n. im'print, that which is imprinted: 
the name of the publisher, time and 
place of publication of a book, etc. 

imprison, im-priz'n, v. t. to put in 
prison : to shut up : to confine. 

improbable, im-prob'a-bl, a. unlikely. 
— n. improbability. — adv. improb'ably. 

improbity, im-prob'i-ti, n. want of 
probity. 

impromptu, im-promp'tu, a. prompt, 
ready: offhand. — adv. readily. — n. a 
short witty saying expressed at the 
moment: any composition produced off- 
hand. 

improper, im-prop'er, a. not suitable: 
unfit : unbecoming : incorrect : wrong.- 

improve, im-prov', v. t. to make 
better : to advance in value or excel- 
lence : to correct: to employ to good 
purpose. — v. i. to grow better: to make 
progress : to increase : to rise (as prices). 



234 improvident 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



incapable 



— ns. improve'ment, the act of improv- 
ing : advancement or progress : increase, 
addition ; improv'er, one who improves . 

improvident, im-provl-dent, a. not 
provident or prudent : wanting foresight : 
thoughtless. — n. improvidence. 

improvise, im-pro-vlz', v. t. to com- 
pose and recite, esp. in verse", without 
preparation: to bring about on a sud- 
den: to do anything offhand. 

imprudent, im-pro'dent, a. wanting 
foresight or discretion: incautious: in- 
considerate. — n. impru'dence.' 

impudent, im'pu-dent, a. wanting 
shame or modesty: brazen-faced: bold: 
rude : insolent. — n. im'pudence. 

impugn, im-pun', v. t. to oppose: to 
attack by words or arguments : to call 
in question. — a. impugn'able. 

impulse, im'puls, n. the act of im- 
pelling: effect of an impelling force: 
force suddenly communicated: influence 
on the mind. 

impunity, im-pun'i-ti, n. freedom or 
safety from punishment: exemption. 

impure, im-pur', a. mixed with other 
substances : denied by sin : unholy . 

impute, im-put', v. t. to reckon as 
belonging to (in a bad sense) : to 
charge: (theol.) to attribute vicariously. 

in, in, prep, denotes presence or situ- 
ation in place, time, or circumstances — 
within, during: consisting of: because 
of : by or through. — adv. within : not 
out: in addition to, thrown in: short 
for in pocket. 

inability, in-a-bill-ti, n. want of suf- 
ficient power : incapacity. 

inaccessible, in-ak-ses'i-bl, a. not to 
be reached, obtained, or approached. 

inaccurate, in-ak'kur-at, a. not exact 
or correct: erroneous. — n. inac'curacy, 
want of exactness : mistake- 
inactive, in-akt'iv, a. having no power 
to move: idle: lazy: (chem.) not show- 
ing any action. 

inadequate, in-ad'e-kwat, a. insuf- 
ficient. — ns. inadequacy, inad'equate- 
ness, insufficiency. — adv. inad'equately. 

inadmissible, in-ad-mis'i-bl, a. not 
allowable. — n. inadmissibility.- 

inadvertent, in-ad-vert'ent, a. inat- 
tentive : careless : done without heed.- 

inalienable, in-al'yen-a-bl, a. not 
capable of being transferred. 

inamorata, in-am-o-ra'ta, n. fern, a 
woman with whom one is in love. 



inane, in-an', a. empty, void : void of 
intelligence: useless. — ns. inani'tion, ex- 
haustion from want of food; inanity, 
senselessness : worthlessness : 

inanimate, -d, in-anlm-at, -ed, a. 
without animation or life: dead: spirit- 
less : dull. 

inappeasable, in-ap-pez'a-bl, a. that 
cannot be appeased. 

inapplicable, in-ap'plik-a-bl, a. not 
applicable or suitable.' 

inappreciable, in-ap-pre'shi-a-bl, a. 
not appreciable or able to be valued. — 
a. inappre'eiative, not valuing justly or 
at all. 

inapproachable, in-ap-proch'a-bl, a. 
inaccessible. 

inappropriate, in-ap-pro'pri-at, a. not 
suitable. 

inapt, in-apt', a. not apt^ unfit, or 
unqualified. — ns. inaptitude, inapt'ness, 
unfitness, awkwardness. — adv. inaptly. 

inarching, in-arch'ing, n. a method of 
grafting by uniting, with- 
out separating from the 
original stem. 

inarticulate, in-ar-tik'- 
ul-at, a. not distinct, in- 
capable of speaking dis- 
tinctly : ( biol. ) not j ointed. 
• — adv. inartic'ulately.^ — • 
ns. inarticulateness, in- 
articula'tion. 

inartistic, -al, in-ar-tis'- Arching, 
tik, -al, a. not artistic : deficient in appre- 
ciation of works of art. — adv. inartis'- 
tically. 

inattentive, in-at-tentlv, a. careless, 
not fixing the mind to attention. 

inaugurate, in-aw'gur-at, v. t. to in- 
duct formally into an office. 

inauspicious, in-aw-spish'us, a. not 
auspicious : ill-omened : unlucky. 

inboard, in'bord, adv. within the hull 
or interior of a ship: toward or nearer 
to the center. 

inbreed, in-bred', v. t. to breed or 
generate within: to breed in-and-in, or 
from closely related animals. 

incalculable, in-karku-la-bl, a. not 
calculable or able to be reckoned.- 

incandescent, in-kan-des'ent, a. white 
or glowing with heat: rendered luminous 
by heat.- 

incantation, in-kan-ta'shun, n. a 
magic formula of words said or sung. 

incapable, in-kap'a-bl, a. not capable: 




Incapacitate 



mote, move; mute; then' incomprehensible 235 



insufficient, unable: lacking mental 
capacity : unconscious of ; 

incapacitate, in-kap-as'i-tat, v. t. to 
deprive of capacity: to make incapable. 

incarcerate, in-kar'ser-at, v. t. to im- 
prison: to confine. — n. incarceration. 

incarnate, in-kar'nat, v. t. to embody 
in flesh. — a. invested with flesh. — n. in- 
carna'tion, act of embodying in flesh. 

incase, in-kas', v. t. to inclose in a 
case, or cover with something solid. 

incautious, in-kaw'shus, a. not cautious 
or careful. — adv. incau'tiously. 

incendiary, in-sen'di-ar-i, n. one who 
sets fire to a building, etc., maliciously: 
one who promotes quarrels . 

incense, in-sens', v. t. to inflame with 
anger: to incite, urge: to perfume with 
incense. — n. in'cense, odor of spices 
burned in religious rites : the materials 
so burned: pleasing perfume: (fig.) 
homage, adulation. 

incentive, in-sent'iv, a. inciting, en- 
couraging. — n. that which incites to 
action or moves the mind: motive. 

inception, in-sep'shun, n. a beginning. 
— a. incep'tive, beginning or marking 
the beginning. — adv. incep'tively, in a 
manner denoting beginning.- 

incessant, in-ses'ant, a. uninterrupted: 
continual. — adv. incess'antly. 

inch, insh, n. the twelfth part of a 
•foot: proverbially, a small distance. 

inchoate, in'ko-at, a. only begun: un- 
finished, rudimentary: not established. 

incident, in'si-dent, a. falling upon: 
liable to occur: naturally belonging to 
anything, or following therefrom. — n. 
that which happens: an event: a sub- 
ordinate action: an episode. — n. in- 
cidence, the manner of falling: bearing 
or onus, as of a tax: the falling of a 
ray^ of heat, light, etc., on a body. — a. 
incidental, occurring as a result, con- 
comitant : occasional, casual. 

incinerate, in-sin'er-at, v. t. to burn 
to ashes. — ns. incin'erator, a furnace for 
consuming anything; incinera'tion. 

incipient, in-sip'i-ent, a. beginning. 

incise, in-siz', v. t. to cut into: to cut 
or gash: to engrave. — n. incis'ion, the 
act of cutting into a substance : a cut : a 
gash. — o.mci'sive, having the quality of 
cutting into: trenchant: acute: sar- 
castic. — adv. inci'sively. — ns. inci'sive- 
ness ; inci'sor, a cutting or fore tooth. 

incite, in-slt', v. t. to rouse : to move 



to action : to encourage : to goad. — n. 
incita'tion, the act of inciting or rous- 
ing: an incentive. 

incivil, in-siv'il, a. (Shak.) uncivil. 
— n. incivility, want of civility or 
courtesy : impoliteness : an act of dis- 
courtesy. 

inclement, in-klem'ent, a. unmerciful: 
stormy : very cold : harsh : unpropitious. 

incline, in-klin', v. i. to lean towards 
an object: to be disposed: to have some 
desire. — v. t. to cause to bend towards : 
to give a leaning to : to dispose : to bend. 
— n. an inclined plane : a regular ascent 
or descent. — a. inclin'able, leaning: 
tending: somewhat disposed. — n. in- 
clination, the act of bending towards . 

inclose, in-kloz', v. t. to close or shut 
in: to confine: to surround: to put in 
a case : to fence, esp. used of land.- 

include, in-klod', v. t. to close or shut 
in : to embrace within the limits of : to 
contain : to comprise. — n. inclu'sion, act 
of including: that which is included: 
restriction, limitation. — a. inclu'sive, 
shutting in: inclosing. 

incognito, in-kog'ni-to, a. unknown: 
disguised: under an assumed title. 

incoherent, in-ko-her'ent, a. not con- 
nected: loose: incongruous. 

incombustible, in-kum-bust'i-bl, a. in- 
capable of being consumed by fire.- 

income, in'kum, n. the gain, profit, or 
interest resulting from anything .- 

incommensurable, in-kum-en'su-ra- 
bl, a. having no common measure. — a. 
incommen'surate, not admitting of a 
common measure : not adequate . 

incommode, in-kum-od', v. t. to cause 
trouble or inconvenience to : to annoy : 
to molest. — a. incommo'dious. 

incommunicable, in-kum-un'i-ka-bl, 
a. that cannot be communicated or im- 
parted to others. — adv. ^ incommun'- 
icably. — a. incommunicative, not dis- 
posed to hold communion with, or to 
give information : unsocial. 

incomparable, in-kom'par-a-bl, a. 
matchless. — adv. incom'parably. 

incompatible, in-kum-pat'i-bl, a. not 
consistent : contradictory : incapable of 
existing together in harmony. 

incompetent, in-kom'pe-tent, a. want- 
ing adequate powers : wanting the 
proper legal qualifications : insufficient. 

incomplete, in-kum-plet', a. imperfect. 

incomprehensible, in-kom-pre-hen'- 



236 inconceivable 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



indeed 



si-bl, a. not capable of being understood. 

inconceivable, in-kun-sev'a-bl, a. that 
cannot be conceived by the mind : in- 
comprehensible : physically impossible- 
inconclusive, in-kun-klos'iv, a. not 
settling a point in debate, indeterminate. 

incondite, in-kon'dit, a. not well put 
together, irregular, unfinished. 

incongruous, in-kong'gro-us, a. in- 
consistent : not fitting well together, dis- 
jointed: unsuitable- 
inconsequent, in-kon'se-kwent, a. not 
following from the premises : illogical : 
irrelevant : unreasonable, inconsistent. — 
n. incon'sequence. — a. inconsequen'tial, 
illogical : of no consequence or value. 

inconsiderable, in-kun-sid'er-a-bl, a. 
not worthy of notice : unimportant- 
inconsiderate, in-kun-sid'er-at, a. not 
considerate : thoughtless : inattentive.- 

inconsistent, in-kun-sist'ent, a. not 
consistent : not suitable or agreeing with : 
intrinsically incompatible : self-contra- 
dictory: changeable, fickle. 

inconsolable, in-kun-sol'a-bl, a. not 
to be comforted. — adv. inconsol'ably. 

inconspicuous, in-kun-spik'u-us, a. 
not conspicuous : scarcely discernible.- 

inconstant, in-kon'stant, a. subject to 
change : fickle. — n. incon'stancy. 

incontestable, in-kun-test'a-bl, a. too 
clear to be called in question. 

incontinent, in-kon'ti-nent, a. not 
restraining the passions or appetites : un- 
chaste ; 

incontrovertible, in-kon-tro-vert'i-bl, 
a. too clear to be called in question.- 

inconvenient, in-kun-ven'yent, a. un- 
suitable : causing trouble or uneasiness : 
increasing difficulty : incommodious. 

inconvertible, in-kun-vert'i-bl, a. that 
cannot be changed or exchanged. 

incorporate, in-kor'po-rat, v. t. to 
form into a body: to combine into one 
mass, or embody : to unite : to form into 
a corporation. — v. i. to unite into one 
mass : to become part of another body. 
~-n. incorporation, act of incorporat- 
ing : state of being incorporated . 

incorrect, in-kor-ekt', a. containing 
faults : not accurate : not correct. 

incorrigible, in-kor'i-ji-bl, a. and n. 
bad beyond correction or reform. 

incorrupt, in-kor-upt', a. sound : pure : 
not depraved: not to be tempted by 
bribes. 



incrassate, in-kras'at, v. t. to make 
thick. — v. i. (med.) to become thicker. 
— a. made thick or fat: {hot.) becoming 
thick by degrees. — n. incrassa'tion. 

increase, in-kres', v. i. to grow in 
size : to become greater : to advance. — 
v. t. to make greater: to advance: to 
extend : to aggravate. — n. in'crease, 
growth: addition to the original stock: 
profit : produce : progeny.- 

incredible, in-kred'i-bl, a. surpassing 
belief. — ns. incredibility, quality of be- 
ing incredible ; incred'ibleness. 

incredulous, in-kred'u-lus, a. hard of 
belief. — n. incredu'lity.- 

increment, in'kre-ment, n. act of in- 
creasing or becoming greater : growth : 
that by which anything is increased. 

incriminate, in-krim'in-at, v. t. to 
charge with a crime or fault, to crim- 
inate : to characterize as criminal. 

incrust, in-krust', v. t. to cover with 
a hard coat: to form a crust upon. 

incubate, in'ku-bat, v. i. to sit on 
eggs to hatch them. — v. t. to produce by 
hatching: (fig.) to turn over in the 
mind, ponder over. 

incubus, in'ku-bus, n. the nightmare : 
any oppressive or stupefying influence . 

inculcate, in-kul'kat, v. t. to enforce 
by frequent admonitions or repetitions. 

inculpable, in-kul'pa-bl, a. blameless. 
— v. t. incul'pate, to bring into blame: 
to censure. — n. inculpa'tion. 

incumbent, in-kum'bent, a. lying or 
resting on : lying on as a duty. — n. one 
who holds an ecclesiastical benefice. — n. 
incum'bency, a lying or resting on : the 
holding of an office . 

incur, in-ker', v. t. to become liable 
to : to bring on. 

incurable, in-kiir'a-bl, a. not admit- 
ting of cure or correction. — n. one be- 
yond cure. — adv. incur'ably. 

incursion, in-ker'shun, n. a hostile in- 
road. — a. incur'sive, making an incur- 
sion or inroad. 

indebted, in-det'ed, a. being in debt: 
obliged by something received. 

indecent, in-de'sent, a. offensive to 
common modesty : unbecoming : gross. 

indecision, in-de-sizh'un, n. want of 
decision or resolution : hesitation. 

indecorous, in-de-ko'rus (sometimes 
in-dek'6-rus), a. not becoming: violat- 
ing good manners. — adv. indeco'rously. 

indeed, in-ded', adv. in fact : in truth i 



indefatigable 



mote, move; mute; then. 



indispose 237 



in reality: — used as an inter j., it ex- 
presses surprise or interrogation. 

indefatigable, in-de-fat'i-ga-bl, a. that 
cannot be fatigued or wearied out: un- 
remitting in effort. — adv. indefat'igably. 

indefeasible, in-de-fez'i-bl, a. not to 
be defeated or made void.- 

indefensible, in-de-fens'i-bl, a. un- 
tenable, that cannot be maintained 

indefinable, in-de-fm'a-bl, a. that can- 
not be denned. — adv. indefinably. 

indefinite, in-def'i-nit, a. not limited: 
not precise or certain.- 

indelible, in-del'i-bl, a. that cannot be 
blotted out or effaced. — adv. indel'ibly. 

indelicate, in-del'i-kat, a. offensive to 
good manners or purity of mind : coarse. 

indemnify, in-dem ni-fi, v. t. to secure 
against loss : to repay for damage done : 
to give security against. — ns. indemni- 
fication; indem'nitor, one who indem- 
nifies; indem'nity, security from dam- 
age, loss, or punishment: compensation. 

indemonstrable, in-de-mon'stra-bl, a. 
that cannot be demonstrated or proved. 

indent, in-dent', v. t. to cut into points 
like teeth: to notch: to indenture, ap- 
prentice: (print.) to begin farther in 
from the margin than the rest of a 
paragraph. — n. a cut or notch in the 
margin : a recess like a notch. — n. in- 
dentation, act of indenting or notching . 

independent, in-de-pend'ent, a. not 
dependent or relying on others : not 
subordinate: not subject to bias : afford- 
ing a comfortable livelihood: (I-) be- 
longing to the Independents. 

indescribable, in-de-skrib'a-bl, a. that 
cannot be described. 

indestructible, in-de-struk'ti-bl, a. that 
cannot be destroyed. 

indeterminable, in-de-ter'min-a-bl, a. 
not to be ascertained or fixed: (biol.) 
not to be classified or fixed. — a. inde- 
terminate, not determinate or fixed. 

index, in'deks, n. anything that indi- 
cates or points out : a hand that directs 
to anything, as the hour of the day, 
etc. : the forefinger : a finding list of sub- 
jects treated of in a book. 

Indian, in'di-an, belonging to the In- 
dies, East or West, or to the aborigines 
of America. 

indicate, in'di-kat, v. t. to point out: 
to show : to give as a ground for in- 
ferring. — a. in'dicant, indicating. — n. 



that which indicates. — n. indication, act 
of indicating : mark : token : symptom. 
— a. indic'ative, pointing out : giving in- 
timation of: (gram.) applied to the 
mood of the verb which affirms or 
denies. — adv. indic'atively. — n. indica- 
tor, one who indicates : an instrument 
on a steam-engine to show the pres.sure. 
a. in'dicatory, showing. 

indict, in-dit', v. t. to charge with a 
crime formally or in writing, esp. by a 
grand jury. — a. indict'able. 

indifferent, in-dif'er-ent, a. without 
importance : uninteresting : of a middle 
quality : neutral : unconcerned. — n. one 
who is indifferent or apathetic: that 
which is indifferent. 

indigenous, in-dij'en-us, a. native 
born or originating in: produced nat- 
urally in a country. — n. in'digene* 

indigent, in'di-jent, a. in need of any- 
thing : destitute of means of subsistence : 
poor. — n. in'digence. — adv. in'digently. 

indigested, in-di-jest'ed, a. not di- 
gested: unarranged: not methodized. — 
ns. indigestibil'ity, indigest'ion, want 
of digestion: painful digestion. — a. in- 
digestible, not digestible: not easily 
digested : not to be received or patiently 
endured. 

indignant, in-dig'nant, a. affected 
with anger and disdain. — adv. indig'- 
nantly. — n. indigna'tion, the feeling 
caused by what is unworthy or base : 
anger mixed with contempt: effect of 
indignant feeling. — n. indig'nity, un- 
merited contemptuous treatment . 

indigo, in'di-go, n. a blue dye obtained \| 
from the stalks of the indigo plant: the 
color of indigo. 

indirect, in-di-rekt', a. not direct or 
straight: not lineal or in direct succes- 
sion : not related in the natural way, 
oblique: not straightforward or honest. 

indiscreet, in-dis-kret', a. not dis- 
creet: imprudent: injudicious. — adv. in- 
discreetly. — ns. indiscreet'ness, indis- 
cretion (-kresh'-), want of discretion. 

indiscriminate, in-dis-krim'i-nat, a. 
not distinguishing : promiscuous. 

indispensable, in-dis-pens'a-bl, a. that 
cannot be dispensed with. 

indispose, in-dis-poz', v. t. to render 
indisposed, averse, or unfit. — pa. p. and 
a. indisposed', averse: slightly disor- 
dered in health. 



238 indisputable 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



inelegance 



indisputable, in-dis'pu-ta-bl, a. cer- 
tainly true: certain. — adv. indis'putably. 

indissoluble, in-dis'ol-u-bl, a. that 
cannot be broken or violated : insep- 
arable : binding for ever. 

indistinct, in-dis-tingkt', a. not plain- 
ly marked : confused : not clear to the 
mind : dim, imperfect, as of the senses. 

indistinguishable, in-dis-ting'gwish- 
a-bl, a. that cannot be distinguished. 

indite, in-dit, v. t. to compose or 
write: (B.) to arrange for utterance or 
writing. — v. i. to compose. 

individual, in-di-vid'u-al, a. not divis- 
ible without loss of identity : subsisting 
as one : pertaining to one only, of a 
group where each constituent is dif- 
ferent from the others. — n. a single per- 
son, animal, plant, or thing. — n. individ- 
ualization. — v. t. individualize, to 
stamp with individual character: to 
particularize. — ns. individualism, in- 
dividual character: independent action 
as opposed to cooperation: the doc- 
trine that nothing exists but the indi- 
vidual self; individualist. — n. individ'- 
ual'ity, separate and distinct existence: 
oneness : distinctive character. 

indivisible, in-di-viz'i-bl, a. not divis- 
ible. — n. (math.) an indefinitely small 
quantity. 

indocile, in-do'sil, or in-dos'il, a. not 
docile : not disposed to be instructed. 

indolent, in'do-lent, a. indisposed to 
activity. — n. in'dolence.- 

indomitable, in-dom'it-a-bl, a. that 
cannot be tamed: not to be subdued. 

indoor, in'dor, a. performed indoors. 
i — adv. in'doors, within doors. 

indorse, in-dors', v. t. to write one's 
name on the back of: to assign by writ- 
ing on the back of: to sanction or sup- 
port. — ns. indorsee', the person to whom 
a note, etc., is assigned by indorsement; 
indorse'ment; indors'er. 

indubitable, in-du'bit-a-bl, a. that 
cannot be doubted : certain. 

induce, in-dus', v. t. to prevail on: to 
cause or produce in any way: (physics) 
to cause, as an electric state, by mere 
proximity of surfaces. — ns. induce'ment, 
that which induces or causes : incentive, 
motive : an introductory statement. 

induct, in-dukt', v. t. to introduce: to 
put in _ possession, as of an office. — n. 
induc'tion, introduction to an office, 



esp. of a clergyman: an introduction, a 
prelude: the act or process of reason- 
ing from particular cases to general con- 
clusions : (physics) the production by 
one body of an opposite electric state in 
another by proximity. — adjs. induc'tion- 
al; induc'tive. — n. induc'tion-coil, an 
electricalmachine consisting of two coils 
of wire, in which every variation of the 
primary or inner current induces a cur- 
rent in the outer or secondary circuit. 

indulge, in-dulj', v. t. to yield to the 
wishes of: not to restrain, as the will, 
etc.-— v. i. (with in) to gratify one's ap- 
petites freely.— n. indul'gence, gratifica- 
tion : forbearance of present payment: 
adjs. indul'gent, yielding to the wishes 
of others : compliant : not severe ; in- 
dulgen'tial. — adv. indulgently. 

indurate, in'du-rat, v. t. to harden, ad 
the feelings.— v. i. to grow hard: to 
harden. — n. indura'tion. 

industry, in'dus-tri, n. quality of be- 
ing diligent: assiduity: steady applica- 
tion to labor: habitual diligence: manu- 
facture: trade. — a. indus'trial, relating 
to or^ consisting in industry. — n. in- 
dustrialism, devotion to labor or indus- 
trial ^ pursuits. — adv. industrially. — a. 
indus'trious, diligent or active in 
labor: laborious: diligent. 

indwell, in'dwel, v. i. to dwell or 
abide in.— a. in'dwelling, dwelling 
within, abiding permanently in the 
mind or soul. — n. residence within, or 
in the heart or soul. 

inebriate, in-e'bri-at, v. t. to make 
drunk, to intoxicate: to exhilarate 
greatly. — a. drunk: intoxicated. — n. a 
habitual drunkard. 

ineffable, in-ef'a-bl, a. that cannot be 
described, inexpressible. 

ineffaceable, in-ef-fas'a-bl, a. that 
cannot be rubbed out. 

ineffective, in-ef-fek'tiv, a. not effec- 
tive : useless. — adv. ineffec'tively. — a. 
ineffectual, fruitless. — adv. ineffec'- 
tually. — a. inefnea'cious, not having 
power to produce an effect. — adv. in- 
effica'ciously. — n. inef'neacy, want of 
efficacy. — n. inefficiency. — a. inefnc'- 
ient, effecting, or capable of effecting, 
nothing. — adv. ineffic'iently. 

inelastic, in-e-las'tik, a. not elastic. 

inelegance, in-el'e-gans, n. want of 
elegance : want of beauty or polish. — a 



ineligible 



mote, move; mute; then. 



inel'egant, wanting in beauty, refine- 
ment, or ornament. — adv. inel'egantly. 

ineligible, in-el'i-ji-bl, a. not capable, 
or worthy, of being chosen: unsuitable. 

inept, in-ept', a. not apt or fit : un- 
suitable : foolish : inexpert. 

inequality, in-e-kwol'i-ti, n. want of 
equality : difference : inadequacy : incom- 
petency : unevenness : dissimilarity. 

inequitable/ in-ek'wi-ta-bl, a. unfair, 
unjust. — adv. ineq'uitably. 

inert, in-ert', a. dull: senseless: inac- 
tive : slow : without the power of mov- 
ing itself, or of active resistance to mo- 
tion: powerless. 

inessential, in-es-sen'shal, a. not es- 
sential or necessary: immaterial. 

inestimable, in-es'tim-a-bl, a. not 
able to be estimated or valued. 

inevitable, in-ev'it-a-bl, a. not able to 
be evaded or avoided: that cannot be 
escaped: irresistible.— n. inev'itableness. 

inexact, in-egz-akt', a. not precisely 
correct or true. 

inexcusable, in-eks-kuz'a-bl, a. not 
justifiable : unpardonable. 

inexhausted, in-egz-hawst'ed, a. not 
exhausted or spent. — n. inexhaustibil'- 
ity. — a. inexhaust'ible, not able to be 
exhausted or spent: unfailing.- 

inexorable, in-egz'or-a-bl, a. not to be 
moved by entreaty: unrelenting: unal- 
terable. 

inexpedient, in-eks-pe'di-ent, a. not 
tending to promote any end: unfit: in- 
convenient. — n. inexpediency. 

inexpensive, in-ex-pens'iv, a. of slight 
expense. 

inexperience, in-eks-pe'ri-ens, n. want 
of experience. — a. inexpe'rienced, lack- 
ing experience : unskilled or unpractised. 

inexpert, in-eks-pert', a. unskilled. 

inexpiable, in-eks'pi-a-bl, a. not able 
to be expiated or atoned for, implacable. 

inexplicable, in-eks'pli-ka-bl, a. that 
cannot be explained : unintelligible- 
inexpressible, in-eks-presl-bl, a. that 
cannot be expressed : unutterable : inde- 
scribable. — adv. inexpressibly. — a. inex- 
pressive, not expressive or significant. 

inextinguishable, in-eks-ting'gwish-a- 
bl, a. that cannot be extinguished, 

inextricable, in-eks'tri-ka-bl, a. not 
able to be extricated or disentangled. 

infallible, in-fal'i-bl, a. incapable of 



infiltrate 239 



infalli- 



error: trustworthy: certain.- 
bil'ity. — adv. infallibly. 

infamous, in'fa-mus, a. having a repu- 
tation of the worst kind: publicly brand- 
ed with guilt : notoriously vile : dis- 
graceful. — adv. in'famously. — n. in'- 
famy, ill fame or repute : public dis- 
grace : extreme vileness. 

infant, in'fant, n. a babe: {law) a 
minor. — a. belonging to infants, or to 
infancy: tender. — n. in'fancy, the state 
or time of being an infant: childhood: 
the beginning of anything. — adjs. in'- 
fantile, in'fantine, pertaining to infancy. 

infanticide, in-fantl-sid, n. child 
murder : the murder of an ' infant- 
infantry, in'fant-ri, n. foot-soldiers. 

infatuate, in-fat'u-at, v. t. to make 
foolish: to deprive of judgment: to in- 
spire with foolish passion: to stupefy.- 

infect, in-fekt', v. t. to taint, esp. with 
disease: to corrupt: to poison. — n. in- 
fec'tion, act of infecting: that which 
infects or taints. — adjs. infec'tious, in- 
fective, having the quality of infecting. 

infelicitous, in-fe-lisl-tus, a. not fe- 
licitous or happy: inappropriate, inapt. 

infer, in-fer', v. t. to deduce, to de- 
rive, as a consequence: to prove or im- 
ply. — v. i. to conclude : — pr. p. inf er'ring ; 
pa. p. inferred'. — adjs. infer'able, infer'- 
rible. — n. in'ference, that which is in- 
ferred or deduced: the act of drawing 
a conclusion from premises, conclusion, 
consequence. — a. inferential, deducible 
or deduced by inference. 

inferior, in-fe'ri-er, a. lower in any i 
respect: subordinate: secondary. — n. one 
lower in rank or station : one younger 
than another. — n. inferiority. — adv. in- 
fe'riorly, in an inferior manner. 

infernal, in-fer'nal, a. belonging to 
the lower regions : resembling or suit- 
able to hell, devilish: outrageous.- 

infest, in-fest', v, t. to disturb: to 
harass. 

_ infidel, in'fi-del, a. unbelieving: skep- 
tical : disbelieving Christianity. — n. one 
who rejects Christianity as a divine rev- 
elation. — n. infidelity, want of faith or 
belief: disbelief in Christianity: un- 
faithfulness, esp. to the marriage con- 
tract : treachery. 

infield, in'feld, n. in baseball, the 
space inclosed within the base-lines. 

infiltrate, infiTtrat, v. t. to enter a 



240 infinite 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



Infusoria 



substance by nitration, or through its 
pores. — n. infiltra'tion. 

infinite, in'fin-it, a. without end or 
limit : without bounds. — n. that which 
cannot possibly admit of bound or limit: 
the Absolute, the Infinite Being or God. 
— adv. in'finitely. — n. in'finiteness, the 
state of being infinite : immensity. — a. 
infinites'imal, infinitely small. — adv. 
infinites'imally. — ns. infinitude, infin'- 
ity, boundlessness : immensity : count- 
less or indefinite number. 

infinitive, in-fin'it-iv, a. (lit.) unlim- 
ited, unrestricted: n. (gram.) the mood 
of the verb which expresses the idea 
without person or number. 

infirm, in-ferm', a. feeble: sickly: 
weak : not solid : irresolute : imbecile. — ■ 
ns. infirm'ary, a hospital or place for 
the treatment of the sick : infirm'ity, 
disease: failing: defect: imbecility. 

infix, in-fiks', v. t. to fix in : to drive 
or fasten in : to set in by piercing. 

inflame, in-flam', v. t. to cause to 
flame : to cause to burn : to excite : to 
increase : to exasperate. — v. i. to become 
hot, painful, or angry , — a. inflam'mable, 
that may be burned : combustible : easily 
kindled or excited. — adv. inflam'mably. 
• — n. inflammation, state of being in 
flame : heat of a part of the body, with 
pain, redness, and swelling: violent 
excitement : heat. 

inflate, in-flat', v. t. to swell with air: 
to puff up, elate. — a. inflat'ed, swollen or 
blown out : turgid. — adv. inflatlngly.^ — 
i ns. inflation, state of being puffed up; 
infia'tus, a breathing into: inspira- 
tion. 

inflect, in-flekt', v. t. to bend in: to 
turn from a direct line or course: to 
modulate, as the voice: (gram.) to vary 
in the terminations. — ns. inflection, in- 
flexion, a bending or deviation : modu- 
lation of the voice: (gram.) the varying 
in termination to express the relations 
of case, number, gender, person, tense, 
etc. — adjs. inflec'tional, inflexional, in- 
flect'ive, subject to inflection. — ns. in- 
flexibility, inflex'ibleness. — a. inflex'- 
ible, that cannot be bent: unyielding: 
unbending. — adv. inflexibly. 

inflict, inflikt', v. t. to lay on: to im- 
pose, as punishment. — n. inflic'tion, act 
of inflicting: punishment applied. 

inflorescence, in-flor-es'ens, n. char- 



acter or mode of flowering of a 
plant. 

influence, in'flo-ens, n. power exerted 
on men or things : power in operation : 
authority. — v. t. to affect : to move : to 
direct, — a. influen'tial, having or exert- 
ing influence or power over. 

influenza, in-flo-en'za, n. a severe epi- 
demic catarrh, accompanied with weak- 
ening fever : grip. 

influx, in'fluks, n. a flowing in: in- 
fusion: abundant accession.- 

infold, in'fold, v. t. to wrap up. 

inform, in-form', v. t. to give form 
to : to animate or give life to : to impart 
knowledge to : to tell. — v. i. to give in- 
formation (with against or on).- -a. in- 
form'al, not in proper form: irregular. 
ns. inform'ant, one who informs or 
gives intelligence; informa'tion, intelli- 
gence given: knowledge: an accusation; 
inform'er, one who informs. 

infraction, in-frak'shun, n. violation, 
esp. of law : breach. 

infrangible, in-fran'ji-bl, a. that can- 
not be broken: not to be violated.- 

infrequent, in-fre'kwent, a. seldom 
occurring : rare : uncommon.- 

infringe, in-frinj', v. t. to violate, esp. 
law; to neglect to obey. — n. infringe'- 
ment, breach: violation. 

infumation, in-fum-a'shun, 
n. the act of drying in 
smoke. — v. t. in'fumate. [L. 
infumare, -a turn — in, in, fu- 
mare, to smoke — fumus, 
smoke.] 

infundibular, in-fun-dib'u- 
lar, a. having the form of a 
funnel. [L. in, in, fundere, to 
pour.] 

infuriate, in-fu'ri-at, v. t. 
to enrage : to madden. — a. en- 
raged: mad. 

infuse, in-fuz', v. t. to pour into: 
to inspire with : to introduce : to steep 
in liquor v/ithout boiling. — a. infus'- 
ible. 

infusible, in-fuz'i-bl, a. that_cannot 
be dissolved or 
melted. 

Infusoria, in-fu- 
so'ri-a, n. pi. a 
name given to sev- 
eral classes of 

active Protozoa. — Infusoria (as seen through 
ad]S. infuSO'rial, * microscope). 





ingeminate mote, move; mute; then. inland 241 

infu'sory, composed of or containing In- itance, that which is or may be inher- 

fusoria. — n. and a. infuso'rian. [L.] ited: an estate derived from an 

ingeminate, in-jem'in-at, v. t. to re- ancestor: hereditary descent, 

peat. inhibit, in-hib'it. v. t. to hold in or 

ingenious, in-je'ni-us, a. of good back: to keep back: to check. — n. in- 
natural abilities : skilful in inventing : hibi'tion, the act of inhibiting . 
witty. — adv. inge'niously. — ns. inge'- _ inhospitable, in-hos'pit-a-bl, a. afford- 
niousness, ingenu'ity, power of ready ing no kindness to strangers, 
invention: facility in combining ideas. inhuman, in-hu'man, a. barbarous: 

ingenuous, in-jen'u-us, a. frank: hon- cruel: unfeeling. — n. inhuman'ity. 

orable : free from deception. inimical, in-im'i-kal, a. like an enemy^ 

inglorious, in-glo'ri : us, a. not glori- not friendly: contrary: repugnant, 
ous: without honor: shameful. inimitable, in-im'it-a-bl, a. that can- 
ingot, in'got, n. a mass of unwrought not be imitated: surpassingly excel- 
metal, esp. gold or silver. lent 

ingraft, in-graft', v. t. to graft (a iniquity, in-ik'wi-ti, n. injustice: 

shoot of one tree) into another: to wickedness : a crime. — a. iniq'uitous, un- 

introduce: to fix deeply. just: unreasonable: wicked. 

ingrain, in'gran', v. t. to dye in the initial, in-ish'al, a. commencing : 

grain, or before manufacture.- placed at the beginning. — n. the letter 

ingrate, in'grat, n. one who is un- beginning a word, esp. a name. — v. t. to 

grateful. put the initials of one's name to. — v. t. 

ingratiate, in-gra'shi-at, v. t. to com- init'iate, to make a beginning of: to 

mend to grace or favor (used reflex- instruct in principles: to acquaint with: 

ively, and followed by with) : to secure to introduce into a new state or society, 

the good-will of. — *■ on e who is initiated. — a. fresh: un- 

ingratitude, in-grat'i-tud, n. unthank- practised.— n. initia'tion, act or process 

fulness: the return of evil for good. of initiating: act of admitting to any 

ingredient, in-gre'di-ent, n. that society, by instructing in its rules and 

which enters into a compound: a com- ceremonies.— a initiative, serving to 

ponent part of anything. initiate: introductory.— n. an mtroduc- 

ingress, in'gres, n. entrance: power, tor y . ste P : th . e JPgwer or right of corn- 
right, or means of entrance. mencmg.-a. mit latory, tending to mit- 

ingrowing, in'gro-ing, a. growing in- iat . e: . introductory.-;! introductory rite, 

ward— n in'g-owth m J ect » m -J ekt > v. t. to throw into : 

inguinal, ing'gwin-al, a. relating to to . cast on: to make to pass in. 

the ^-roin injudicious, m-jo-dish us, a. void of 

inhabit,' in-hab'it, v. i. to dwell in: to °™ting in judgment : imprudent 

occupy.-i. inhabitable, that mav be in- ^J^ction, m-jungk shun, n. act of 

t, wFJa J • •l,„k',--^A ^^^ " u~ ,-« enjoining or commanding: an order: a 

S^T^rf^ife^L, m " precept: exhortation: an introductory 

habits: a resident; inhabitation. wrft g whkh a Q ior cQurt £ 

inhale, m-hal , v. t to draw into the prevents some inequitable or illegal 

lungs, as air. — ns. mhala tion, the draw- act 

ing into the lungs, as air, or fumes. injures in ^j 5r) R t to wrong> harm: 

inharmonious, in-har-mo ni-us, a. t0 damage: to annov.— a. injurious, 

discordant, unmusical. tending to injure: unjust: wrongful: 

inhere, in-her', v. i to stick fast : to mischievous : damaging reputation, 

remain firm in.— ns. inherence, inher'- injustice, in-jus'tis, n. violation or 

ency, a sticking fast : existence in some- withholding of another's rights or dues . 

thing else.— a. inher'ent, sticking fast: i n k, ingk, n. a colored fluid used in 

existing in and inseparable from some- writing, printing, etc.— v. t. to daub with 

thing else: innate: natural. ink.— n. ink'iness. — a. ink'y, consisting 

inherit, in-her'it, v. t. to take as heir of or resembling ink. 

or by descent: to possess. — v. i. to enjoy, inkling, ingk'ling, n. a hint or whisper . 

as property.— a. inheritable.— ns. inner'- inland, inland, ». the interior part 

16 



242 inlay 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



inscrutable 



of a country. — a. remote from the sea: 
carried on or produced within a 
country. 

inlay, in-la', v. t. to ornament by lay- 
ing in or inserting pieces of metal, ivory, 
etc. — pa. p. inlaid'. — n. pieces of metal, 
ivory, etc., for inlaying. 

inlet, in'let, n. a passage by which one 
is let in : place of ingress : a small bay. 

inmate, in'mat, n. one who lodges in 
the same house with another : a lodger : 
one received into a hospital, etc. 

inn, in, n. a hotel, tavern. 

innate, in'at, or in-nat', a. inborn: 
natural to the mind, instinctive, in- 
herent. 

inner, in'er, a. (comp. of in) farther 
in: interior. — adjs. inn'ermost, in'most 
(superl. of in), farthest in: most remote 
from the outward part. 

innervate, in-erv'at, v. t. to supply 
with force or nervous energy. 

inning, in'ing, n. turn for using the 
bat in baseball or (pi.) in cricket, etc. : 
the time during which a person or party 
is in possession of anything. 

innocent, in'o-sent, a. not hurtful : in- 
offensive: blameless: pure: lawful: 
simple, imbecile. — n. one free from fault : 
an idiot. — ns. inn'ocence, harmlessness : 
blamelessness : purity: artlessness : in- 
tegrity : imbecility : absence of legal 
guilt; inn'ocency, the quality of being 
innocent. — adv. inn'ocently. 

innocuous, in-nok'u-us, a. not hurt- 
ful: harmless in effects. — adv. innoc'- 
uously. 

innominate, i-nom'i-nat, a. having no 
name. — n. innomina'tum, the hip- 
bone. 

innovate, in'o-vat, v. t to introduce 
something new. — v. i. to introduce 
novelties: to make changes. 

innuendo, in-u-en'do, n. a side-hint : 
an indirect reference or intimation. 

innumerable, in-nu'mer-a-bl, a. that 
cannot be numbered : countless. 

innutrition, in-nu-trish'un, n. want of 
nutrition : failure of nourishment; 

inobservant, in-ob-zer'vant, a. not ob- 
servant : heedless. 

inobtrusive, in-ob-tro'siv, a. not ob- 
trusive. — adv. inobtru'sively. 

inoculate, in-ok'u-lat, v. t. to insert a 
bud in, for propagation: to ingraft: to 
communicate disease to by inserting 



matter in the skin.-^-v. i. to propagate 
by budding: to practise inoculation. 

inodorous, in-6'der-us, a. without smell. 

inoffensive, in-of-fen'siv, a. giving no 
offense : harmless : not unpleasing. 

inofficial, in-of-fish'al, a. not proceed- 
ing from the proper officer. 

inoperative, in-op'er-a-tiv, a. not in 
action : producing no effect. 

inopportune, in-op-por-tun', a. un- 
seasonable in time. — adv. inopportune'ly. 

inordinate, in-or'di-nat, a. beyond 
usual bounds: irregular: immoderate.- 

inorganic, in-or-gan'ik, a. without life 
or^ organization, as minerals, etc. 

inosculate, in-os'ku-lat, v. t. and v. L 
to unite by mouths or ducts, as two 
vessels in an animal body : to blend. 

inquest, in'kwest, n. act of inquiring: 
search: judicial inquiry before a jury 
into any matter, esp. any case of violent 
or sudden death. 

inquietude, in-kwi'et-ud, n. disturb- 
ance or uneasiness of body or mind. 

inquire, in-kwir', v. i. to ask a ques- 
tion: to make an investigation. — v. t. to 
ask about : to make an examination 
regarding. — ns. inquiren'do (law) an 
authority to inquire; inquir'er; inquir'y, 
act of inquiring: search for knowl- 
edge. 

inquisition, in-kwi-zish'un, n. an in- 
quiring or searching for: investigation:* 
judicial inquiry: (I-) a tribunal in the 
R. C. Church, ^ called also 'the Holy 
Office*. — a. inquis'itive, searching into: 
apt to ask questions: curious.- 

inroad, in'rod, n. an incursion into 
an enemy's country: attack; 

insalubrious, in-sa-lu'bri-us, a. not 
healthful : unwholesome.- 

insane, in-san', a. not sane or of 
sound mind: crazy: mad: utterly un- 
wise : senseless. — adv. insanely. — n. in- 
sanity, want of sanity: madness. 

insatiable, in-sa'shi-a-bl, insatiate, in- 
sa'shi-at, a. that cannot be satiated. 

inscribe, in-skrib', v. t. to write 
upon : to engrave, as on a monument : 
to imprint deeply: (geom.) to draw one 
figure within another. — n. inscription, a 
writing upon: that which is in- 
scribed. 

inscrutable, in-skrot'a-bl, a. that can- 
not be scrutinized or searched into and 
understood : inexplicable. 



insect 



mote, move; mute; then. 



instability 243 




insect, in'sekt, n. a word loosely used 
for a small crea- 
ture, as a wasp or 
fly, with a body as 
if cut in the middle, 
or divided into 
sections. — adjs. in- 
sec'tiform, insec'- 
tile, having the 
nature of an in- 
sect. [Fr.,— L. in- 
scctum, pa. p. of 
insecare — in, into, 
secare, to cut.] 

Insectivora, in- 
sek-tiv'or-a, n. an 

Order of mammals aj antennee; b, eyes; c, head; 

— shrews, moles, d, anterior legs or arms; e, 

i_ j u „ „4-~ r, prothorax; /, mesothorax ; 

nedgehOgS, etc.— a. £ me tathorax; ft, middle 

inseCtiv'orOUS, llV- or central legs or arms;/, 

;«rr r>n inc^fc TT central Avings; o, anterior 

mg On insects. L 1 - or first wings; /, posterior 

insectlim, an insect, legs; fc, abdomen; I, tibia; 

vorare, to devour.] ".tarsus. 

insecure, in-se-kur', a. apprehensive 
of danger or loss : exposed to danger 
or loss : uncertain. — adv. insecurely.- 

insensate, in-sen'sat, a. void of sense: 
wanting sensibility : stupid. 

insensible, in-sen'si-bl, a. not having 
feeling: not susceptible of emotion: cal- 
lous : dull : unconscious : imperceptible 
by the senses. — adv. insen'sibly. 

inseparable, in-sep'ar-a-bl, a. that 
cannot be separated. — n. inseparabil'ity. 

insert, in-sert', v. t. to introduce into : 
to put in or among. — n. (irfsert) some- 
thing additional inserted. — n. inser'tion, 
act of inserting: 

inset, in'set, n. something set in. 

inshore, in-shor', adv. on or near the 
shore. 

inside, in'sld, n. the side or part with- 
in : things within. — a. being within : 
interior. — adv. and prep, within the sides 
of: in the interior of: within the limit 
of time or space (with of). — n. insi'der, 
one who is inside : one possessing some 
particular advantage. 

insidious, in-sid'i-us, a. watching an 
opportunity to ensnare : intended to en- 
trap : deceptive : advancing impercep- 
tibly : treacherous. — adv. insidiously. 

insight, in'sit, n. sight into: thorough 
knowledge or skill : . 

insignia, in-sig'ni-a, n. pi. signs or 
badges of office or honor: marks by 
which anything is known. 



insignificant, sig-nif'i-kant, a. des- 
titute of meaning: without effect. 

insincere, in-sin-ser', a. deceitful: 
dissembling : not to be trusted : unsound. 

insinuate, in-sin'u-at, v. t. to intro- 
duce gently or artfully: to hint, esp. a 
fault : to work into favor. — v. i. to creep 
or flow in: to enter gently: to obtain 
access by flattery or stealth. — a. insin- 
uating, tending to insinuate or enter 
gently: insensibly winning confidence.- 

insipid, in-sip'id, a. tasteless : wanting 
spirit or animation : dull.- 

insist, in-sist', v. i. to be emphatic or 
persistent. — n. insist'ence, perseverance 
in pressing any claim, grievance, etc. : 
pertinacity. — a. insist'ent, urgent: prom- 
inent : upright on end. — adv. insist'ently. 

insole, in'sol, n. the inner sole of a 
boot or shoe : an extra sole placed inside 
a shoe for "warmth or dryness. 

insolent, in'so-lent, a. overbearing: 
insulting : rude. — n. in'solence. 

insoluble, in-sol'u-bl, a. not capable 
of being dissolved: not to be solved or 
explained. 

insolvent, in-solv'ent, a. not able to 
pay one's debts : bankrupt : pertaining to 
insolvent persons. 

insomnia, in-som'ni-a, n. sleeplessness. 

insomuch, in-so-much', adv. to such 
a degree : so. 

inspect, in-spekt', v. t. to look into: 
to examine : to look at narrowly : to sup- 
erintend. — adv. inspect'ingly. — n. in- 
spection, the act of inspecting or look- 
ing into : careful or official examination. 
— n. inspec'tor, one who looks into or 
oversees : an examining officer . 

inspire, in-spir', v. t. to breathe into: 
to draw or inhale into the lungs: to 
infuse by breathing, or as if by breath- 
ing: to infuse into the mind: to in- 
struct by divine influence : to instruct or 
affect with a superior influence. — v. i. to 
draw in the breath. — a. inspir'able, able 
to be inhaled. — n. inspiration, the act 
of inspiring or breathing into : a breath : 
divine influence: superior elevating or 
exciting influence. — adjs. inspira'tional, 
inspir'atory, belonging to or aiding in- 
spiration or inhalation. — a. inspired', 
actuated or directed by divine influence: 
influenced by elevated feeling: prompted 
by superior, but not openly declared, 
knowledge or authority . 

instability, in-sta-bil'i-ti, n. want of 



244 install fate, far; me, her ; mine; intaglio 

steadiness or firmness: inconstancy, command: (pi.) special directions, com- 
fickleness: mutability. mands. 

install, in-stawl', v. t. to place in a instrument, in'strd-ment, n. a tool or 
seat: to place in an office: to invest utensil: a machine producing musical 
with any charge or office with the cus- sounds : a writing containing a contract : 
tomary ceremonies. — ns. installation, one who or that which is made a means, 
the act of installing: a general term for — a. instrumental, acting as an instru- 
the complete mechanical apparatus for ment or means : helpful : belonging to 
electric lighting, etc. ; instalment, one or produced by musical instruments. 
of the parts of a sum paid at various insubordinate, in-sub-or'din-at, a. not 
times: that which is produced at stated subordinate or submissive: disobedient, 
periods. insufferable, in-suf'er-a-bl, a. that 

instance, in'stans, n. quality of being cannot be endured: detestable.- 
urgent: solicitation: occurrence: occa- insufficient, in-suf-fish'ent, a. not suf- 
sion : example. — v. t. to mention as an ficient : deficient : unfit : incapable.- 
example. insufflate, in-suf'lat, v. t. to breathe 

instant, in'stant, a. pressing, urgent: on. — n. insuffla'tion. 
immediate : quick : without delay : _ insular, in'su-lar, a. belonging to an 
present, current, as the passing month. — ■ island : surrounded by water : standing 
n. the present moment of time: any or situated alone: narrow, prejudiced. — ■ 
moment or point of time. — a. instantan'- ns. in'sularism, insular'ity. — adv. in'- 
eous, done in an instant: momentary: sularly. — v. t. in'sulate, to place in a 
occurring or acting at once : very quickly, detached situation : to prevent connec- 
— adv. instantan'eously. — u. instantan'- tion or communication: (elec.) to sepa- 
eousness.— advs. instan'ter, immed- rate, esp. from the earth, by a non- 
iately; in'stantly, on the instant or conductor. — ns. insula'tion; in'sulator. 
moment: immediately. _ insult, in-sult', v. t. to treat with 

instead, in-sted', adv. in the stead, indignity or contempt: to abuse: to 
place, or room of. affront.— n. (in'sult) abuse: affront: 

instep, in'step, n. the prominent upper contumely. — a. insult'ing, conveying in- 
part of the human foot near its junction suit: insolent: contemptuous, 
with the leg. insuperable, in-su'per-a-bl, a. that 

instigate, in'sti-gat, v. t. to urge on: cannot be passed over: unconquerable. 
to set on: to foment. — ns. instigation; insupportable, in-sup-port'a-bl, a. 

instil, instill, in-stil', v. t. to drop not supportable or able to be endured: 
into : to infuse slowly into the mind.- unbearable : insufferable.- 

instinct, in'stingkt, n. impulse: an insure, in-shor', v. t. to make sure or 
involuntary prompting to action : in- secure : to contract for a premium to 
tuition : the natural impulse by which make good the loss of, as from fire, etc., 
animals are guided. — a. (in-stingkt') in- or to pay a certain sum on a certain 
stigated or incited : moved : animated. — ■ event, as death. — v. i. to practise making 
a. instinc'tive, prompted by instinct : in- insurance, 
voluntary. insurgent, in-seVjent, a. rising up or 

institute, in'sti-tut, v. t. to set up in: against: rising in opposition to authority: 
to erect : to originate : to establish : to rebellious. — n. one who rises in oppo- 
appoint: to commence. — n. anything in- sition to established authority: a rebel, 
stituted or formally established-: estab- insurmountable, in-ser-mownt'a-bl, a. 
lished law: precept or principle: an in- not surmountable: that cannot be over- 
stitution: an educational, literary, or come. 

philosophical organization. — n. institii'- < insurrection, in-ser-rek'shun, n. a 
tion, the act of instituting or establish- rising up or against: open and active 
ing: that which is instituted or estab- opposition to the execution of the law. 
lished: foundation: established- order. ^ intact, in-takt', a. untouched, unin- 

instruct, in-strukt', v. t. to prepare: jured. 
to inform : to teach : to order or com- intaglio, in-tal'yo, n. a figure cut into 
mand. — n. instruc'tion, the act of in- any substance : a stone or gem in which 
structing or teaching: information: the design is hollowed out. 



intake 



m5te, move; mute; then. 



interfere 245 



intake, in'tak, n. that which is taken 
in : a point of influx. 

intangible, in-tan'ji-bl, a. not tangible 
or perceptible to touch. 

integer, in'te-jer, n. that which is left 
untouched or undiminished, a whole : 
(arith.) a whole number, as opposed to 
a fraction. — a. in'tegral, entire or whole: 
not fractional : unimpaired : intrinsic. 

integrity, in-teg'ri-ti, n. entireness, 
wholeness : the unimpaired state of any- 
thing : uprightness : honesty : purity. 

integument, in-teg'u-ment, n. the 
external protective covering of a plant 
or animal. 

intellect, in'tel-lekt, n. the mind, in 
reference to its rational powers : the 
thinking principle. — a. intellectual, of 
or relating to the intellect : perceived or 
performed by the intellect : having the 
power of understanding. — ns. intellect'- 
ualism, the doctrine which derives all 
knowledge from pure reason. 

intelligent, in-tel'i-jent, a. having 
intellect : endowed with the faculty of 
reason : well informed : bringing intel- 
ligence. — ns. intelligence, intellectual 
skill or knowledge : information com- 
municated . — a. intell'igible, that may 
be understood: clear. — adv. intelligibly. 

intemperance, in-tem'per-ans, n. want 
of due restraint : excess of any kind : 
habitual indulgence in intoxicating 
liquor. — a. intem'perate, indulging to 
excess any appetite or passion . 

intend, in-tend', v. i. to fix the mind 
upon: to design: to purpose. — v. i. to 
have a design : to purpose.- 

intense, in-tens', a. closely strained: 
extreme in degree : very severe : emo- 
tional. — adv. intensely. — n. inten'sity. — 
v. t. inten'sify, to make more intense. 
— v. i. to become intense. — n. inten'sion, 
a straining or bending: increase of in- 
tensity. — a. inten'sive, stretched : admit- 
ting of increase of degree : unremitted : 
serving to intensify: (gram.) _ giving 
force or emphasis. — adv. inten'sively. 

intent, in-tent', a. having the mind 
concentrated : fixed with close attention : 
diligently applied. — n. the thing aimed at 
or intended : a design : meaning. — n. in- 
tension, a fixing of the mind on any 
object: the object aimed at: design: 
purpose. — adjs. inten'tional; inten'- 
tioned, with intention : intended : de- 
signed. — advs. inten'tionally, with in- 



tention; intently, in an intent manner. 

inter, in-ter', v. t. to bury: — pr. p. 
inter'ring; pa. p. interred'.- 

intercede, in-ter-sed', v. i. to act as 
peacemaker between two : to plead for 
another. 

intercept, in-ter-sept', v. t. to stop and 
seize on its passage : to obstruct, check : 
to interrupt communication with : to cut 
off: (math.) to take or comprehend be- 
tween. — n. intercep'tion. 

intercession, in-ter-sesh'uH, ft. act of 
interceding or pleading for another. — n. 
intercess'or, one who goes between : 
one who pleads for another.- 

interchange, in-ter-chanj", v. t. to 
give and take mutually: to exchange. 
— v. i. to succeed alternately. — n. mutual 
exchange : alternate succession.- 

intercipient, in-ter-sip'i-ent, a. inter- 
cepting. — n. the person or thing that 
intercepts. 

interclude, in-ter-klod', v. t. to shut 
out from anything by something coming 
between : to intercept : to cut off.- 

intercollegiate, in-ter-ko-le'ji-at, a. 
between colleges. 

intercommune, in-ter-kom-un', v. i. 
to commune between or together : to 
hold intercourse. — v. t. intercommuni- 
cate, to communicate between or mutu- 
ally. 

intercourse, m'ter-kors, n. connec- 
tion by dealings : communication : com- 
merce : communion : coition. 

interdependence, in-ter-de-pend'ens, 
n. mutual dependence : dependence of 
parts one on another. 

interdict, in-ter-dikt', v. t. to pro- 
hibit : to forbid : to forbid communion. 
— n. (in'ter-dikt) prohibition : a prohib- 
itory decree. 

interest, in'ter-est, n. advantage: 
premium paid for the use of money: 
any increase: concern: special atten- 
tion : influence over others : share : par- 
ticipation. — v. t. to concern deeply. 

interest, in'ter-est, v. t. to engage the 
attention of: to awaken concern in: to 
excite (in behalf of another). — a. in- 
terested, having an interest or concern : 
affected by personal considerations, self- 
interest, etc. — adv. in'terestedly. — n. in'- 
terestedness. — a. in'teresting, engaging 
the attention or regard: exciting emotion 
or passion. — adv. in'terestingly. 

interfere, in-ter-fer', v. i. to come in 



246 interglacial 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



intersect 



collision: to intermeddle: to interpose: 
to act reciprocally — said of waves, rays 
of light, etc. — n. interference. 

interglacial, in-ter-gla'shi-al, a. (geol.) 
occurring between two periods of glacial 
action. 

interim, in'ter-im, n. time between or 
intervening: the meantime. 

interior, in-te'ri-er, a. inner: remote 
from the «fo#ntier or coast: inland. — n. 
the insidei' jm anything : the inland part 
of a covm^f-. 

interjacent, in-ter-ja'sent, a. lying 
between: intervening. — n. interja'cency. 

interject, in-ter-jekt', v. t. to throw 
between: to insert. — n. interjec'tion, a 
throwing between: {gram.) a word 
thrown in to express emotion. 

interlace, in-ter-las', v. t. to lace to- 
gether : to unite. 

interleave, in-ter-lev', v. t to put a 
leaf between: to insert blank leaves in 
(a book). 

interline, in-ter-lln', v. t. to write in 
alternate lines: to write between the 
lines of. — a. interlin'ear, written between 
lines. — n. interlinea'tion. 

interlock, in-ter-lok', v. t. to lock or 
clasp together. — v. i. to be locked to- 
gether. 

interlocution, in-ter-lo-ku'shun, n. 
conference : an intermediate decree be- 
fore final decision. — n. interloc'utor, 
one who speaks between or in dialogue. 

interloper, in-ter-lop'er, n. one who 
trades without license : an intruder. — v. i. 
interlope', to intrude: to meddle. 

interlude, in'ter-lod, n. a short play 
between the chief play and afterpiece, or 
between the acts of a play . 

intermediate, in-ter-me'di-at, a. in 
the middle between : intervening. — n. 
intermediary, an intermediate agent- 
interment, in-ter'ment, n. burial. 

intermezzo, in-ter-med'zo, n. a light 
dramatic entertainment . 

interminable, in-ter'min-a-bl, inter- 
minate, in-ter'min-at, a. without termi- 
nation or limit : boundless : endless. 

intermingle, in-ter-ming'gl, v. t. and 
V. i. to mingle or mix together. 

intermit, in-ter-mit', v. t. to cause to 
cease for a time : to interrupt. — ns. inter- 
mission, act of intermitting: interval: 
pause; intermit'tence, intermit'tency, 
state of being intermittent. — a. inter- 
mittent, intermitting or ceasing at in- 



tervals, as a fever. — adv. intermit'tingly. 

intern, in-tern', a. internal. — n. an in- 
mate of a school, an assistant surgeon or 
physician in a hospital. — Also interne'. 

intern, in-tern', v. t. to send into the 
interior of a country: to immure in an 
interior locality. — n. intern'ment. 

internal, in-ter'nal, a. being in the 
interior : domestic, as opposed to foreign . 

international, in-ter-nash'un-al, a. 
pertaining to the relations between 
nations. 

internecine, in-ter-ne'sin, a. mutually 
destructive : deadly. 

interpellation, in-ter-pel-a'shun, n. a 
question raised during the course of a 
debate : interruption. — v. t. interpellate. 

interplead, in-ter-pled', v. i. (law) to 
discuss adverse claims to property by bill 
of interpleader. — n. interpleader. 

interpolate, in-ter'po-lat, v. t. to in- 
sert unfairly, as a spurious word or pas- 
sage in a book or manuscript, to foist 
in: to corrupt. — n. interpolation. 

interpose, in-ter-poz', v. t. to place be- 
tween : to thrust in: to offer, as aid or 
services. — v. i. to come between : to 
mediate: to put in a remark by way of 
interruption : to interfere. — n. interposi- 
tion, act of interposing: intervention .- 

interpret, in-ter'pret, v. t. to explain 
the meaning of, to elucidate, unfold, 
show the purport of : to translate into 
intelligible or familiar terms. — v. i. to 
practise interpretation. — n. interpreta- 
tion, act of interpreting : the sense given 
by an interpreter . 

interregnum, in-ter-reg'num, n. the 
time between two reigns : any breach 
of continuity in order, etc. 

interrogate, in-ter'o-gat, v. t. to ques- 
tion : to examine by asking questions. — 
v. i. to ask questions : to inquire. — n. in- 
terrogation, act of interrogating: a 
question put : the mark placed after a 
question (?). — a. interrog'ative, denot- 
ing a question: expressed as a ques- 
tion. — n. a word used in asking a ques- 
tion. — adv. interrog'atively. — n. inter- 
rog'atory, a question or inquiry. — a. ex- 
pressing a question. 

interrupt, in-ter-rupt', v. t. to break 
in between : to stop or hinder by break- 
ing in upon : to divide : to break con- 
tinuity. — adv. interrup'tedly. 

intersect, in-ter-sekt', v. t. to cut be- 
tween or asunder : to cut or cross 




intersperse mote, move; mute; then. intuition 247 

mutually: to divide into parts. — v. i. to service) in a singing, recitative man- 
cross each other. ner. 

intersperse, in-ter-spers', v. t. to intoxicate, in-toks'i-kat, v. t. to make 
scatter or set here and there. drunk: to excite to enthusiasm or mad- 

interstate, in'ter-stat, a. existing be- ness. — n. intox'icant, an intoxicating 
tween different states. liquor. — p. a. intoxicating, producing 

. interstice, in-ter'stis, n. a small space intoxication: inebriating. — n. intoxica'- 
between things closely set, or between tion, state of being drunk: high excite- 
the parts which compose a body.- ment or elation. 

intertwine, in-ter-twln', v. t. to twine intra, in'tra, adv. prefix, 
or twisted together. — v. i. to be twisted. intractable, in-trakt'a-bl,. 

interurban, in-ter-erb'an, a. between able: obstinate, 
cities. intramural, in-tra-mu'ral^a. within 

interval, in'ter-val, n. time or space the walls, 
between: (mus.) the difference of pitch intransigent, in-tran'si-jent, a. refus- 
between any two musical tones. ing to come to any understanding. 

intervene, in-ter-ven', v. i. to come intransitive, in-tran'si-tiv, a. not pass- 
or be between : to occur between points ing over or indicating passing over : 
of time: to happen so as to interrupt: to (gram.) representing action confined to 
interpose. — n. intervention, intervening : the agent. — adv. intransitively. 
interference : mediation : interposition. intrench, in-trench', v. t. to fortify 

interview, in'ter-vu, n. a meeting: a with a trench. — n. intrench'ment. 
conference: a visit to a person with a intrepid, in-trep'id, a. without trep- 
view to publishing a report of his con- idation or fear : undaunted : brave. — n. 
versation. intrepid'ity, firm, unshaken courage. 

intestate, in-tes'tat, a. not having intricate, in'tri-kat, a. involved: en- 
made a valid will: not disposed of by tangled: perplexed. — n. in'tricacy. 
will. — n. a person who dies without mak- intrigue, in-treg', n. a complex plot : 
ing a valid will. — n. intes'tacy. a private or party scheme: secret, illicit 

intestine, in-tes'tin, a. internal : con- love. — v. i. to form a plot or scheme : 
tained in the animal body: domestic: to carry on illicit love: — pr. p. intrigu'- 
not foreign.- ing; pa. p. intrigued'.- 

intimate, in'ti-mat, a. innermost: in- intrinsic, -al, in-trin'sik, -al, a. in- 
ternal: close: closely acquainted: ward: genuine: inherent: essential, be- 
familiar. — n. a familiar friend : an asso- longing to the point at issue. 
ciate. — v. t to hint: to announce. — n. introduce, in-tro-dus', v. t. to lead 
in'timacy, state of being intimate: close or bring in: formally to make known 
familiarity. — adv. in'timately. — n. inti- or acquainted : to bring into notice or 
ma'tion, obscure notice : hint : practice : to commence : to preface. — n. 

intimidate, in-tim'i-dat, v. t. to make introduc'tion, act of conducting into . 
timid or fearful: to dispirit. — n. intim- introspect, in-tro-spekt', v. t. to look 
ida'tion, act of intimidating: use of into an}^thing. — v. i. to practise intro- 
violence or threats to influence the con- spection. — n. introspec'tion, the act of 
duct or compel the consent of another, directly observing the processes of one's 

into, in'to, prep, noting passage in- own mind, self-examination.- 
wards : noting the passage of a thing introvert, in-tro-vert', v. t. to turn in- 
from one state to another. ward. — n. introver'sion. 

intolerable, in-tol'er-a-bl, a. that can- intrude, in-trod', v. i. to thrust one- 
not be endured. — adv. intol'erably. — ns. self in : to enter uninvited or unwelcome. 
intol'erance, intolera'tion. — a. intol'- — v. t. to force in. — ns. intrud'er; intru'- 
erant, not able or willing to endure-: sion, act of intruding: encroachment. 

intonate, in'ton-at, v. i. to sound the intrust, in-trust', v. t. to deliver in 
notes of a musical scale: to modulate trust: to confide to the care of. 
the voice.— n. intona'tion. intuition, in-tu-ish'un, n. the power of 

intone, in-ton', v. i. to utter in tones : the mind by which it immediately per- 
to give forth a low protracted sound, ceives the truth of things without reason- 
— v. t. to chant: to read (a church ing or analysis. — a. intuitional. — a. in- 



248 inundate fate, far; me, her; mine; involve 

tu'itive, perceived < or perceiving by brate, in-vert'e-brat, a. without a verte- 

intuition. — adv. intuitively, bral column or backbone: weak, irreso- 

inundate, in-un'dat, or in'-, v. t. to lute, 

flow upon or over in waves (said of invest, in-vest', v. t. to dress : to confer 

water) : to flood: to fill with an over- or give: to place in office or authority: 

flowing abundance. — n. inunda'tion. to adorn : to surround : to block up : to 

inure, in-ur', v. t. to use or practise lay siege to: to place, as property in 

habitually: to accustom: to harden. — v.i. business: to lay out money on. — ns. in-' 

{law) to come into use or effect. ves'titure, the act of giving corporal 

invade, in-vad', v. t. to enter (a possession of an office, or benefice, etc., 

country) as an enemy: to attack: to accompanied by a certain ceremonial; 

encroach upon : to violate : to seize or investment, the act of investing : a 

fall upon. — ns. invad'er; inva'sion.- blockade: the act of surrounding or be- 

invalid, in-val'id, a. without value, sieging: any placing of money to secure 

weight, or cogency : having no effect : income or profit : that in which anything 

void: null. — a. in'valid, deficient in is invested; inves'tor, one who invests, 

health, sick, weak. — n. one who is weak: investigate, in-vest'i-gat, v. t. to 

a sickly person : one disabled for active search into : to inquire into with care 

service. — v. t. to make invalid or affect and accuracy. — ns. investigation, act of 

with disease : to enroll on the list of examining into : research : study , 

invalids. — v. t. invalidate, to render in- inveterate, in-vet'er-at, a. firmly es- 

valid : to weaken or destroy the force tablished by long continuance : deep- 

of. — ns. invalidation, invalidity, in- rooted, confirmed in any habit: violent. 

val'idness, want of cogency: want of invidious, in-vid'i-us, a. likely to incur 

force. or provoke ill-will : likely to excite envy, 

invaluable, in-val'u-a-bl, a. that can- enviable : offensively discriminating, 

not be valued: priceless. invigorate, in-vig'or-at, v. t. to give 

invariable, in-va'ri-a-bl, a. not vari- vigor to : to strengthen : to animate, 

able: without variation or change: un- invincible, in-vin'si-bl, a. that cannot 

alterable : constantly in the same state, be overcome : unconquerable . 

invasion. See invade. inviolable, in-vi'6-la-bl, a. that can- 
invective, in-vek'tiv, n. a severe or not be profaned: that cannot be injured, 
reproachful accusation : an attack with invisible, in-viz'i-bl, a. not visible or 
words : a violent utterance of censure : capable of being seen. — n. invisibil'ity. 
sarcasm or satire. — a. railing: abusive. invite, in-vit', v. t. to ask: to summon: 

inveigh, in-va', v. i. to attack ~ with to allure: to attract. — v. i. to ask in 

words : to rail against : to revile. invitation. — n. invita'tion, the act of in- 

inveigle, in-ve'gl, v. t. to entice: to viting: the written or verbal form with 

seduce : to wheedle. — n. invei'glement. which a person is invited. 

invent, in-vent', v. t. to devise or con- invocate, in'vo-kat, v. t. to invoke: 
trive : to make : to frame : to fabricate : to implore. — n. invocation, the act or 
to forge. — n. inven'tion, that which is the form of addressing in prayer or sup- 
invented : contrivance : a deceit : power plication : a call or summons : an open- 
or faculty of inventing: ability displayed ing prayer in a public religious service. 
by any invention or effort of the imagi- invoice, in'vois, n. a letter of advice 
nation. — a. inven'tive, able to invent, of the despatch of goods, with particu- 

inventory, in'ven-tor-i, n. a list or lars of their price and quantity : a bill 

schedule of articles comprised in a of goods ; also the goods covered by the 

stock, an estate, etc. bill. — v. t. to make an invoice of. 

inverse, in-vers', a. inverted: in the invoke, in-vok', v. t. to call upon 

reverse or contrary order .- earnestly or solemnly : to implore as- 

invert, in-vert', v. t. to turn in or sistance : to address in prayer, 

about: to turn upside down: to re- involuntary, in-vol'un-tar-i, a. not 

verse: to change the customary order voluntary: not having the power of will 

or position of. — a. inver'ted, turned up- or choice: not done willingly, 

side down: reversed. involve, in-volv', v. t. to wrap up: to 

invertebral, in-vert'e-bral, inverte- envelop : to implicate : to include : to 



invulnerable 



mote, move; mute; then. " 



irrigate 



249 



complicate: to overwhelm: to catch. 

invulnerable, in-vul 'ner-a-bl, a. that 
cannot be wounded. — n. invulnerability. 

inward, in'werd, a. placed or _ being 
within : internal : seated in the mind or 
soul, not perceptible to the senses. — adv. 
toward the inside : toward the interior : 
into the mind or thoughts. — adv. in'- 
wardly, in the parts within: in the 
heart : privately : toward the center. 

iodine, i'o-din, n. one of the four non- 
metallic elements, so named from the 
violet color of its vapor. — a. iod'ic, con- 
taining iodine. — n. i'odide, a binary 
compound of iodine. — n. iod'oform, a 
crystalline substance, used as an anti- 
septic. 

ion, I'on, n. one of the components 
into which an electrolyte is broken up 
on electrolysis — the anion, the electro- 
negative component, and the cation, the 
electro-positive component. 

iota, i-6'ta, n. a jot: a very small 
quantity or degree. 

I O U, i'o'u, n. a memorandum of debt 
given by a borrower to a lender. ['I owe 

you'.] ■ m . ., 

irascible, l-ras'i-bl, a. susceptible of 
ire or anger : easily provoked : irritable. 

ire, Ir, n. anger : rage : keen resent- 
ment. — a. irate', enraged : angry. 

iris, i'ris, n. the rainbow : the con- 
tractile curtain perforated by the pupil, 
and forming the colored part of the eye : 
the fleur-de-lis, or flagflower : — pi. 
i'rises. — n. irides'cence. — a. irides'cent, 
colored like the iris or rainbow.- 

irk, erk, v. t. to weary : to trouble : to 
distress (now used only impersonally). 
— a. irk'some, causing uneasiness : 
tedious : unpleasant. — adv. irk'somely. 

iron, l'ern, n. the most common and 
useful of the metals : an instrument or 
utensil made of iron, as a hand-harpoon, 
etc.: a golf-club with an iron head: 
strength: (pi.) fetters: chains. — a. 
formed of iron: resembling iron: rude: 
stern: fast-binding: not to be broken: 
robust. — v. t. to smooth with a smooth- 
ing-iron : to arm with iron : to fetter.- 

irony, i'run-i, n. a mode of speech 
which ridicules or pretends ignorance: 
satire. — a. iron'ical, meaning the opposite 
of what is expressed: satirical. 

irradiate, ir-ra'di-at, v. t to dart rays 
of light upon or into: to adorn with 
luster: to animate with light or heat: 



to illuminate. — v. i. to emit rays: to 
shine. — ns. irra'diance , irra'diancy. — a. 
irra'diant. — n. irradia'tion, act of irra- 
diating or emitting beams of light . 

irrational, ir-rash'un-al, a. void of 
reason or understanding : absurd. 

irreclaimable, ir-re-klam'a-bl, a. that 
cannot be reclaimed or reformed: in- 
corrigible. — adv. irreclaim'ably. 

irreconcilable, ir-rek'-on-si-la-bl, a. 
incapable of being brought back to a 
state of friendship : inconsistent. 

irredeemable, ir-re-dem'a-bl, a. not 
redeemable : not subject to be paid at the 
nominal value. 

irrefragable, ir-ref ra-ga-bl, a. that 
cannot be refuted : unanswerable- 
irrefutable, ir-re-fut'a-bl, a. that can- 
not be refuted. 

irregular, ir-reg'ular, a. not according 
to rufe: unnatural. unsystematic: 
vicious: (gram.) departing from the 
ordinary rules in its inflection: variable: 
not symmetrical, without regular form. 

irreligious, ir-re-lij'us, a. destitute of 
religion. — n. irrelig'ion, want of religion. 

irremediable, ir-re-me'di-a-bl, a. that 
cannot be remedied or redressed. 

irremovable, ir-re-mov'a-bl, a. not re- 
movable : steadfast. 

irreparable, ir-rep'ar-a-bl, a. that can- 
not be repaired or rectified.- 

irrepressible, ir-re-pres'i-bl, a. not to 
be restrained. 

irreproachable, ir-re-proch'a-bl, a. 
free from blame : upright : innocent.- 

irresistible, ir-re-zist'a-bl, a. not to be 
opposed with success. 

irresolute, ir-rez'o-lvit, a. not firm in 
purpose. — adv. irres'olutely. 

irrespective, ir-re-spek'tiv, a. not hav- 
ing regard to (with of). 

irresponsible, ir-re-spons'i-bl, a. not 
responsible (with for). 

irretrievable, ir-re-trev'a-bl, a. not to 
be recovered. — adv. irretrievably. 

irreverent, ir-rev'er-ent, a. not rever- 
ent: proceeding from irreverence. 

irreversible, ir-re-vers'i-bl, a. not re- 
versible: that cannot be recalled. 

irrevocable, ir-rev'o-ka-bl, a. that can- 
not be recalled. — adv. irrevocably. 

irrigate, ir'i-gat, v. t. to water: to 
wet or moisten : to cause water to flow 
upon. — a. irr'igable, capable of being 
irrigated. — n. irrigation, a method of 



> 



250 irritate fate, far; me, her; mine; Jack 

producing or increasing fertility in soils body, children: produce, profits: circu- 
by an artificial supply of water . lation, as of bank-notes : publication, as 

irritate, ir'i-tat, v. t. to make angry : of a newspaper : a giving out for use : 
to provoke: to excite heat and redness ultimate result, consequence: (law) the 
in. — n. irritabil'ity, the quality of being point of fact in dispute which is sub- 
easily irritated. — a. irr'itable, that may mitted to a jury. — ns. iss'uance, act of 
be irritated: easily provoked. — n. irr'- giving out, promulgation; iss'uer, one 
itableness. — adv. irr'itably.— n. irr'- who issues or emits. 
itancy, the state of being irritant. — a. isthmus, ist'mus, n. a narrow neck of 
irr'itant, irritating. — n. that which causes land connecting two larger portions. — a. 
irritation. — n. irrita'tion, act of irritat- isth'mian, pertaining to an isthmus. 
ing or exciting: excitement. it, it, pron. the thing spoken of. 

irruption, ir-rup'shun, n. a breaking Italian, i-tal'yan, Italic, i-tal'ik, a. of 
or bursting in : a sudden invasion. or relating to Italy or its people. — n. 

is, iz, third pers. sing. pres. of be. a native of Italy: the language of Italy. 

Ishmaelite, ish'ma-el-It, n. one like italics, i-tal'iks, n. pi. a kind of types 
Ishmael (Gen. xvi. 12), at war with which slope to the right (as in the last 
society. — a. Ishmaeli'tish. four words). 

Isiam, iz'lam, Islamism, iz'lam-izm, itch, ich, n. an uneasy, irritating 
n. the Mohammedan religion : the whole sensation in the skin : an eruptive dis- 
Mohammedan world. • ease in the skin: a constant teasing 

island, I'land, n. one of the tracts desire.— z/. i. to have an uneasy, irritat- 
of land surrounded^with water: a large ing sensation in the skin: to have a 
floating mass.— n. islander (i'land-er). constant, teasing desire.— n. itchiness.— 

isobar, i'so-bar, n. an imaginary line a . itch'y, pertaining to or affected with 
connecting places on the earth where the itch.— itching palm, a greed for gain, 
mean height of the barometer at sea- i tem) i'tem, adv. likewise: also.— n. 
level is the same.— a. isobaromet nc. a sep arate article or particular. 

isolate, i'so-lat or is'o-lat, v t. to iterate, it'er-at, v. t. to do again: to 
place in a, detached situation, like an repeat _ In mo dern usage replaced by the 
island.— n. isolation. verb reiterate.— n. iteration, repetition. 

isothermal, i-so-ther mal, a. having itinerant T _ t in'er-ant, a. making 
an equal degree of heat.-n. isotherm, jou from lace to lace . traveling, 

an imaginary line connecting places on > ^ who P t ravels P from lace to 

the earth which have the same mean lace . _ fl ^ itin'erantly. - a. itin'- 
annual temperature. traveling: done on a journey.- 

Israelite, izra-el-it.fi. a descendant a Agister of travels: a guide-book, 
of Israel or Jacob : a Tew. — adis. Isra- ., .f . . ,, & . £ .. 

elit'ic, Israelit'ish, pertaining to the * s * **> Possjron. the possessive of tt. 
Israelites or Jews. itself, it-self , /»ron the neuter recip- 

issue, ish'u, v. i. to go, flow, or come r0 ? al P^noun applied to things.^ 
out: to proceed, as from a source: to lvor y> 1 vo-n, n. the hard white sub- 
spring: to be produced: (law) to come stance composing the tusks of the 
to a point in fact or law : to terminate, elephant and of the sea-horse. 
—v. t. to send out : to put into circula- ivy, 1 vi, n. a creeping evergreen plant 
tion: to give out for use.— n. a going on trees and walls. 

or flowing out : act of sending out : that izzard, iz'ard, n. an old name for the 
which flows or passes out: fruit of the last letter of the alphabet (z). 



I 



j, ja, the tenth letter in our al- Jack, jak, n. used as a familiar name 
phabet, developed from I, the or diminutive of John: a sailor: (j-) 
initial form / being specialized any instrument serving to supply the 
to denote the consonantal sound, place of a boy or helper, as a bootjack 
jabber, jab'er, v. i. to gabble or talk for taking off boots : a screw for raising 
rapidly and indistinctly: to chatter.- heavy weights, etc.: the male of some 



jackal mote, move; mute; then. jeer 251 

animals: a flag displayed from the janitor, jan'i-tor, n. a doorkeeper: a 

bowsprit of a ship: a coat of mail: porter: caretaker of a building. 

(coll.) a knave in cards. janizary, jan'i-zar-i, n. a soldier of 

jackal, jak'awl, n. a wild, gregarious the old Turkish foot-guards, 

animal closely allied to the dog: a tool, January, jan'u-ar-i, n. the first month 

a parasite. of the year. 

jackanapes, jak'a-naps, n. an impu- Jap, jap, n. and a. (coll.) for Japan- 
dent fellow : a coxcomb. ese', of or belonging to Japan : the lan- 
jackass, jak'as, n. the male of the guage of Japan : a native of Japan, 
ass: a blockhead. japan, ja-pan', v. t. to varnish after 

jackdaw, jak'daw, n. a species of the manner of the Japanese', or people 

crow. of Japan : to make black and glossy. — n. 

jacket, jak'et, n. a short coat. work japanned: the varnish or lacquer 

Jacobite, jak'o-bit, n. an adherent of used in japanning. 

James II. of England and his descend- jar, jar, v. i. to make a harsh dis- 

ants. cordant sound: to clash: to quarrel: to 

jacqueminot, jak'mi-nd, n. a deep- be inconsistent.—-^, t. to shake. — n. a 

red hybrid perpetual rose.- harsh rattling sound: clash of interests 

jactation, jak-ta'shun, n. act of throw- or opinions: discord. — adv. jar'ringly. 

ing: extreme restlessness in disease: jar, jar, n. an earthen or glass bottle 

boasting. with a wide mouth : a measure. 

jaculation, jak-u-la/shun, n. the act jar, jar, n. a turn, used only in the 

of throwing or hurling, as a dart. — v. t. phrase, 'on the jar', ajar. [See ajar.] 

jac'ulate, to dart, throw. jardiniere, zhar-de-nyar', n. a vessel 

jade, jad, n. a mare, esp. an old and for the display of flowers, 

sorry one: a worthless nag: a woman — jargon, jar'gon, n. confused talk, 

in contempt or irony. — v. t. to tire. jasmine, jasmin, jas'min, jessamine, 

jade, jad, n. a dark-green stone used jes'a-min, n. a genus of plants, many 

for ornamental purposes. species of which have very fragrant 

jag, jag, n. a notch: a ragged pro- flowers, 

tuberance: (hot.) a cleft or division.— jasper, jas'per, n. a precious stone, be- 

v. t. to cut into notches. — adjs. jag'ged, ing a hard silicious mineral of various 

jag'gy, notched, rough-edged, uneven, colors.— adjs. jaspid'ean, jaspid'eous. 

jag, jag, n. a load: a quantity: as jaundice, jan'dis, n. a disease, char- 
much liquor as one can carry. acterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, 

jaguar, jagu-ar, or jag-war, n. a etC) caused by bile.— a. jaundiced, af- 

powerful beast of prey, allied to the f ec ted with jaundice: prejudiced, 

leopard, _ found in South America. jaunt> jantj Vm { to go from place to 

J ah, ja, n. Jehovah. [Web- J place: to make an excursion. — n. an ex- 

jail,jal, n. a prison.— ns. jail -Dird,one cursion . a ramD l e . 

who is or has been confined in jail; ja .-^ ^ a j sh ^j L 

jail er, one who has charge of a jail or / i r * > b 

of prisoners : a turnkey. hurled 

jalap, jal'ap, n. the purgative root of . • . , , , , . 

a plant first brought from Jalapa. . J a ™>. l^ n \ * e bones of the mouth 

jam, jam, n. a conserve of fruit boiled m w ^ich the teeth are set: the mouth: 
with suo-ar anything like a jaw: (slang) talkative- 
jam, & jam, v. t. to press or squeeze ne ? s ' scolding.-^, i. (slang) to scold 
tight.— n. a crush, squeeze. W. J a > n - a bird of . th e crow family 

jamb, jam, n. the sidepiece or post of with gay plumage: an indifferent actor, 

a door, fireplace, etc. a stu P ld chattering fellow. 

jamboree, jam-bo're, n. in euchre, a jealous, jelus, a. suspicious of or m- 

lone hand of the 5 highest cards; censed at rivalry: anxious to defend the 

(slang) a boisterous, frolic, a spree. honor of.— adv. jeal'ously.— n. jeal ousy. 

jangle, jang'l, v. i. to sound discord- jean, jan, n. a twilled cotton cloth, 

antly as in wrangling: to wrangle or jeer, jer, v. t. to make sport of: to 

quarrel. — v. t. to cause to sound harshly, treat with derision. — v. i. to scoff: to de- 



252 Jehovah fate, far ; me, hei ; mine ; job 

ride: to make a mock of. — n. a railing decoration: anything or any one highly 
remark: biting jest: mockery. valued. — v. t. to dress or adorn with 

Jehovah, je-ho'va, n. the eternal or jewels: to fit with a jewel: — pr. p. jew'- 
self-existent Being, the chief Hebrew eling; pa. p. jew'eled, in a watch, having 
name of the Deity. — a. Jehovist'ic. pivot-holes of garnets or any other 

jehu, je'hu, n. (coll.) a hack or cab jewels. 
driver. [A reference to 2 Kings, ix. 20.] Jezebel, jez'e-bel, n. a bold and vicious 

jejune, je-jon, a. empty : void of in- woman, a virago, 
terest: barren. [L. jejunus, hungry.] jib, jib, n. a triangular sail borne in 

jelly, jel'i, n. anything gelatinous: the front of the foremast in a ship. — v. t. 
juice of fruit boiled with sugar. jibe, to shift (a boom sail) from one 

jenny, jen'i, n. a female bird, a wren: tack to the other: (coll.) to agree: to 
a female ass: a spinning-jenny. work together in harmony. — v. i. jib, to 

jeopardy, jep'ard-i, n. hazard, danger, move restively, as a horse. 
— vs. t. jeop'ard, jeopardize, to put in jiffy, jif'fi, n. (coll.) an instant, 
jeopardy. — a. jeop'ardous. jig, jig, n. a quick, lively tune: a 

jeremiad, jer-e-mi'ad, n. a lamenta- quick dance suited to the tune.- 
tion: a tale of grief: a doleful story. jigger, jig'ger, n. a corruption of 

jerk, jerk, v. t. to throw with a quick chigoe. 
effort: to give a sudden movement to.— jigger, jig'ger, n. anything that jigs: 
n. a short, sudden movement : a strik- one of many kinds of subsidiary appli- 
ing against with a sudden motion . ances, as an apparatus for separating 

jerk, jerk, v. t. to cure by drying in ores by jolting in sieves in water, a 
the sun, as meat. — n. meat cut into thin simple potter's wheel, etc. . 
pieces and dried in the sun. Jill, jil, n. a young woman, often asso- 

jersey, jer'zi, n. the finest part of ciated with Jack. 
wool: combed wool: a close-fitting jilt, jilt, n. a woman who encourages 
woolen shirt or vest. a lover and then rejects him. — v. t. to 

jest, jest, n. something ludicrous : a encourage and then discard a lover, 
joke: something uttered in sport: object jingle, jing'l, n. a clinking sound: that 
of laughter. — v. i. to make a jest. — n. which makes a rattling sound: a corres- 
jest'er, one who jests: a buffoon. pondence of sounds.- 

Jesuit, jez'u-it, n. a member of the jingo, jing'go, n. a name used in the 
famous religious order, the Society of expletive, 'By jingo': an advocate of 
Jesus, founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loy- war, esp. in. times of peace. — adjs. jing'o, 
ola: a crafty or insidious person, an jing'oish. — n. _ jing'oism. 
intriguer. — adjs. Jesuit'ic, -al. jinrikisha, jin-rik'i-sha, n. a small 

jet, jet, n. a rich black variety of mm- two-wheeled hooded carriage drawn by 
eral coal, very hard and compact, taking men. . 

a brilliant polish, used for ornaments. jiu-jitsu, ju'-jit'so, n. (lit.) 'muscle- 

jet, jet, n. a spouting stream: a spout breaking', an ancient Japanese system of 
at the end of a gas-pipe emitting the wrestling or conquering with the hands, 
flame. — v. t. to throw out, shoot forth. job, job, n. a sudden stroke or stab 

jetsam, jet'sam, n. the throwing of with a pointed instrument. — v. t. to strike 
goods overboard to lighten a vessel: the or stab suddenly: — pr. p. job'bing; pa. p. 
goods so thrown away, which remain, un- jobbed. 

der water (see flotsam) — Also jet'som, job, job, n. any piece of work, esp. 
jet'son, jet'tison. — v. t. jet'tison, to of a trifling or temporary nature: mis- 
throw overboard, as goods, in time of cellaneous printing- work : any under- 
danger. taking with a view to profit : a mean 

jetty, jet'i, n. a projection: a kind of transaction. — a. of a particular ^ job or 
pier. transaction, assigned to a special use : 

Jew, jo, n. an inhabitant of Judea : a bought or sold lumped together. — v. i. 

Hebrew or Israelite : — fern. Jew'ess. — v. to work at jobs : to buy and sell as a 

t. and v. i. (coll.) to overreach: cheat- broker: to hire or let out by the week 

jewel, jo'el, n. a precious stone: an or month, esp. horses. — ns. job'ber, one 

ornament of precious stones, worn as a who jobs: one who buys and sells, as 



Job mote, move; mute; then. judicious 253 

a broker or middleman: one who en- jot, jot, n. the least quantity assign- 
gages in a mean lucrative affair; job'- able. — v. t. to set down briefly: to make 
bery, jobbing: unfair^ means employed a memorandum of.— n. jot'ting, a memo- 
to procure some private end. randum. 

Job, job, n. a monument of patience. joule, jol, n. the practical unit of 

jockey, jok'i, n. a man or boy who electrical energy, 
rides horses in a race: a horse-dealer: journal, jer'nal, n. a daily register or 
one who takes undue advantage -in busi- diary: a book containing an account of 
ness. — v. t. to jostle by riding against, each day's transactions: a newspaper 
. jocose, jo-kos', a. full of^ jokes: published daily or otherwise, 
humorous: merry.— adv. jocose'ly. journal, jer'nal, n. (mech.) that part 

jocular, joku-lar, a. given to jokes: of a shaft or axle which rests in the 
humorous : droll : laughable.- bearings. 

jocund, jok'und, a. in a jocose humor: journey, jer'ni, n. any travel: tour: 
merry : cheerful : pleasant- excursion.— v. i. jour'ney, to travel. 

jog, jog, v. t to shake: to push with j ovial> j 5 ' v i-al, a. joyous: full of mirth 
the elbow or hand: to stimulate, stir an d happiness.— ns. Jove, Jupiter ; jovial'- 
up, as the memory.— y. i. to move by i ty , jo'vialness, quality of being jovial, 
jogs: to travel slowly-n. a slight shake. j joI ^ gladness . rapture> mirt h : 

joggle, jogl v. t. to jog or shake the cause of • ^ • to rejoic ' e: to be 
slightly : m to jos de.—v.t. to shake. > glad: to exu i t _ a . joy'ful, very glad, 

join, join, v. t. to connect: to unite: haopy) or mer ry.— adv. joy'fully!— n. 
to associate: to add or annex.— v. i to j y'f u lness.-a. joy'less, not giving joy. 
be connected with: to grow, together: __ adv ^ j oy 'lessly.-n. joy'lessness.-i 
to be m close contact: to unite {with). j oy 'ous, full of joy, or merriment.— adv. 



-us. 



join'er, one who joins or unites: joy'ously.— n. joy'ousness.— joy-rid' 

a carpenter ; join ery, the art of the m a reck i eS s automobile driver, 

joiner; joining, the act of joining: a j ubi i ant j6'bi-lant, a. shouting for 

seam: a joint; joint, a joining: the • rejoicing: uttering songs of 

place where or mode m which two or triumph.-atfz/. ju'bilantly.-*;. i. ju'- 

more things join: a knot: a hinge: : a bilate to exuIt re j ice.-n. jubilation. 

seam: a low resort: an opium-den: the . ^ -^^ ^ h cde bration of 

place where two bones are joined: a fiftieth anniversary : any season of 

united, or combined: shared among more bH . £ d f / .^ 

than one. — v. t. to unite by joints: to* & , , r - . J .. •%_,.., - \ . . 

fit closely: to provide with oints : to f ^ dai T c ' " al > J^VV-'it pertam T m F 

cut into joints, as an animal.-., i. to ^ . the Jews.-a^. Juda ically ' ; -ns Ju - 

ntKkejoints.-a joint'ed, having joints.- daism > the , doctrines and rites of the 

n. joint'ure, property joined to or settled ^ S J conformity to the Jewish rues . 

on a woman at marriage to be enjoyed J ud § e > M> v - *• to hear and decide: 

after her husband's death. to P ass . sentence: to compare facts to 

joist, joist, n. the timber to which determine tne truth : to form or pass an 
the boards of a floor or the laths of a opinion: to_ distinguish.— v t. to hear 
ceiling are nailed.— v. t. to fit with joists. and determine authoritatively : to sen- 
joke, jok, n. a jest: a witticism: some- tence:to decme the merits of: to be 
thing witty or sportive. censorious towards : to consider ~n one 

jolly, jol'i, a. merry: expressing or wh f Judges: a civil officer who hears 

exciting mirth, jovial: comely, robust, and settles any cause: an arbitrator 

jolt, jolt, v. i. to shake with sudden .judicature, jo di-ka-tur, ». power of 

jerks.— v. t. to shake with a sudden dispensing justice by legal trial: juns- 

shock.— 11. a sudden jerk. diction: a tribunal. _ _ 

Jonah, jo'na, n. an unlucky passenger judicial, jo-dishal, a. pertaining to a 

on shipboard or elsewhere: a hoodoo, judge or court of justice. 

jonquil, jon'kwil, n. a name given to judiciary, jo-dish'i-ar-i, n. the judges 

certain species of narcissus. taken collectively.— a. pertaining to the 

jostle, jos'l, v. t. to joust or strike courts of law: passing judgment, 

against: to drive against. judicious, jo-dish'us, a. according to 



► 



254 jug fate, far; me, her; mine; juxtaposition 

sound judgment: possessing sound judg- shrub, the berries of which are used in 

ment: discreet. — adv. judic'iously. making gin. 

jug, jug, n. a large vessel with a junk, jungk, n. pieces of old cordage: 
swelling body and narrow mouth, for scraps of all kinds: refuse: salt meat 
liquids: a jail— z/. ^ to boil or stew as supplied to vessels for long voyages, 
in a jug: to put in jail. junket, jung'ket, n. a feast or merry- 
juggle, jug'l, v. i. to joke or jest: to making, a picnic, a spree.— v. i. to feast, 
amuse by sleight-of-hand : to conjure: banquet, take part in a picnic or spree, 
to practise artifice or imposture.— n. a Jupiter, jo'pi-ter, n. the chief god 
trick by sleight-of-hand : an imposture among the Romans— also Jove: the 
jugular, jo gu-lar,. a. pertaining to the largest and> next to V enus, the brightest 
collar-bone, which joins the neck and f tne planets 

shoulders.-w. one of the large veins on jurisdiction, ' jo-ris-dik'shun, n. legal 

each side ot the neck. authority: extent of power: district over 

juice, j os, n. the sap of vegetables : the which authority extends, 

fluid part, of animal bodies. jurisprudence, jo-ris-prd'dens, n. the 

julep, jolep n. a pleasant liquid sdence or knowled of law< 

medicine in which nauseous medicines jurist .g,^ n Qne who j g yersed 

are taken: a drink of spirituous liquor, - n t j ie sc j ence f j aw 

sugar, pounded ice, and mint . -^ b d y f j d 

Julian, jolyan, a. pertaining to Julius J d ^^ ^ prescril > ed by ^ to de _ 

2e . s ^' , .. r , . clare the truth on evidence before them: 

• J ^ h T n ^ Z aI : K 6n ' n ' a ° S ° UP ' a committee for deciding prizes at a 

with shredded herbs. bHc exhibition ._ n ,. j^ one who 

July, job, n the seventh month of J erves Qn • als0 J ju ' ryman . 

the year — from Cams Julius Caesar, who . „. „,•_. •••/ • . J ' . 

was born in it. jurymast, jo n-mast, «. a temporary 

jumble, jum'bl, v. t. to mix con- mast raised instead of one lost, 

fusedly: to throw together without J u f^ J ust > a - law . fu _ 1: "Plight: exact: 

order.-z/. i. to be mixed together con- regular: true: righteous -a^ pre- 

fusedly.— ». a confused mixture. clse i v > al P os t exactly, very lately, barely. 

jumbo, jum'bo, n. a colossus.-a. huge, ~ a . dv - . Just ly.-n. justness, equity: 

colossal justice, jus tis, n. quality of being 

jump! jump, v. i. to spring upward, or J«st= integrity: impartiality: desert: re- 
forward, or both: to bound: to pass to- tnbutlon: a J u , d S e: a magistrate, 

as by a leap: to agree, coincide (with). justify, jus ti-fi, v. t. to make just: 

— v. t. to pass by a leap: to skip over: to prove or show to be just or right: 

to abscond to escape payment of (bail) : to vindicate: to absolve.— a. justifi'- 

to seize without title, as a mining claim, able, that may f be justified or defended. 

junction, jungk'shun, n. a joining, a —adv. justifiably.—;!, justification, 

union or combination : place or point of vindication : absolution : a plea of suf- 

union. ficient reason for. 

juncture, jungk'tur, n. a joining, a jut, jut, z/. i. f to project :—pr. p. jut'- 

union: a critical or important point of ting; pa. p. jut'ted. 

time. jute, jot, n. the fiber of an Indian 

June, jon, n. the sixth month. plant resembling hemp. 

jungle, jung'gl, n. land covered with juvenile, jo've-nil, or -nil, a. young: 

thick brushwood, etc. pertaining or suited to youth : puerile. — 

junior, jonyer, a. younger: less ad- n. a young person: a book written for 

vanced. — n. one younger or less ad- such : an actor who plays youthful parts, 

vanced. — n. -junior'ity. juxtaposition, juks-ta-po-zish'un, n. 

juniper, jo'ni-per, n. an evergreen a placing or being placed near. 



K 



mote, move; mute; thtn. 



key 



255 



Q 



k, ka, the eleventh letter in our 
alphabet, its sound that of the 
sharp guttural mute, formed by 
raising the tongue to the back 
of the palate. It is silent when found 
before n, as in knife, knee. 

kaiser, kl'zer, n. an emperor, esp. of 
the German Empire. 

kale, kail, kal', n. a. cabbage with open 
curled leaves, cabbage generally.- 

kaleidoscope, ka-li'do-skop, n. an 
optical instrument exhibiting an endless 
variety of beautiful colors and forms. 

kalsomine, a form of calcimine, which 
see under calcium. 

kangaroo, kang-gar-6', n. a large 
marsupial mammal of Australia, with 
very long hind-legs and great power of 
leaping. [Native Australian name.] 

kaolin, ka'o-lin, n. white or China 
clay, from which porcelain is made. 

karob, kar'ob, n. among goldsmiths, 
the twenty-fourth part of a grain. 

katydid, ka-ti-did', n. an insect akin 
to the grasshopper. [Imit. of its note.] 

kedge, kej, n. a small anchor for 
keeping a ship steady, and for warping 
the ship. — v. t. to move by means of a 
kedge, to warp. 

keel, kel, n. the part of a ship ex- 
tending along the bottom from stem to 
stern, and supporting the whole frame: 
a ship generally. — v. t. or v. i. to turn 
keel upwards. — a. keeled (hot.), keel- 
shaped: having a prominence on the 
back. — v. t. keel'haul, to punish by haul- 
ing under the keel of a ship by ropes 
from the one side to the other : to repri- 
mand roughly. 

keelson, kelson, kel'sun, n. an inner 
keel placed right over the outer keel of 
a ship. _j 

keen, ken, a. eager: sharp, having a 
fine edge : piercing : acute of mind : pen- 
etrating : intense. — adv. keenly. 

keep, kep, v. t. to have the care of: 
to guard : to maintain : to manage : to 
have in one's service: to hold for one's 
own use or enjoyment : to remain in : to 
adhere to : to practise : not to lose : to 
maintain hold upon : to restrain from de- 
parture : to preserve in a certain state : 
to maintain: to fulfil. — v. i. to remain in 
any position or state: to remain fresh: 
to last or endure: to continue: to 



adhere : — pr. p. keep'ing ; pa. t. and pa. p. 
kept. — n. that which keeps or protects : 
subsistence: food: the innermost and 
strongest part of a castle, the donjon: 
a stronghold. — ns. keep'er, an attendant, 
manager, owner: socket, guard-ring. 

keg, keg, n. a small cask or barrel. 

kennel, ken'el, n. a house for dogs: a 
pack of hounds : the hole of a fox, etc 

keno, ke'no, n. a game of chance. 

kentledge, kent'lej, n. pig-iron laid 
in a ship's hold for ballast- 
kept, pa. t. and pa. p. of keep. 

kerchief, ker'chif, n. any loose cloth 
used in dress: (orig.) a square piece of 
cloth worn by women to cover the 
head. — v. t. to cover or dress with a 
kerchief. 

kermess, ker'mes, n. a wake or fair 
in the Low Countries : an entertainment 
in imitation of this. — Also kirmess. 

kernel, ker'nel, n. anything in a husk 
or shell : the substance in the shell of 
a nut: the important part of anything. 

kerosene, ker'o-sen, n. an oil obtained 
from bituminous coal, used for lamps. 

kersey, ker'zi, n. a coarse woolen 
cloth. 

kerseymere, ker'zi-mer, n. twilled 
cloth of the finest wools. 

kestrel, kes'trel, n. a small species of 
falcon. 

ketch, kech, n. a small two-masted 
vessel. [Corr. from Turk, qaiq, a boat, 
whence Fr. caique.'] 

ketchup, kech'up, n. a sauce flavored 
with mushrooms, tomatoes, etc. — Also 
catch'up, cat'sup. 

kettle, ket'l, n. a vessel of metal, for 
heating or boiling liquids. — n. kettle- 
drum, a musical instrument 
consisting of a hollow brass 
hemisphere with a parch- 
ment head, sounded by 
drumsticks : a tea-party. [A. 
S. cetel; Ger. kessel, Goth. Kettledrum. 
katils; all perh. from L. catillus, dim. of 
catinus, a deep cooking-vessel.] 

key, ke, n. an instrument for shutting 
or opening a lock: that by which some- 
thing is screwed or turned : the middle 
stone of an arch: a piece of wood let 
into another piece crosswise to prevent 
warping: (mus.) one of the small levers 
in musical instruments for producing 




256 key fate, far; me, her; mine; kit 

notes: the fundamental note of a piece in which object-lessons and games 

of music: that which explains a mys- figure. 

tery. kindle, kin'dl, v. t. to set fire to: to 

key, ke, n. a low island near the coast, light : to inflame, as the passions : to 

khaki, ka'ki, a. dust-colored.— n. a provoke: to excite to action. — v. i. to 
light tan or drab cloth. take fire: to begin to be excited. 

khan, kan, n. an Eastern inn, a cara- kindly, kind'li, a. natural: benevolent, 
vansary. kindred, kin'dred, n. relationship by 

khan, kan, n. in North Asia, a prince blood, less properly by marriage: rela- 
or chief : in Persia, a governor. tives. — a. related : congenial. 

khedive, ked-ev', n. the title since kine, kin, n. pi. (B.) cows, 
1867 of the viceroy or ruler of Egypt. kinematograph, kin-e-mat'o-graf, n. 

kick, kik, v. t. to hit with the foot.— an arrangement by which a numerous 
v. i. to thrust out the foot with violence : series of photographs, taken at rapid 
to show opposition or resistance: (of intervals, and representing some mov- 
a gun) to recoil violently. — n. a blow ing scene, is shown on a screen at the 
with the foot: the turn of kicking the same rapid rate at which they were 
ball at football : the recoil of a gun. taken, giving a moving representation of 

kid, kid, n. a young goat : (slang) a the original scene— less correct but corn- 
child, esp. a boy: (pi.) gloves of kid mon form, cinematograph (sin-), 
leather. kinetics, ki-net'iks, n. the science of 

kidnap, kid'nap, v. t. to steal, as a the action of force in producing or 
human being: — pr. p. kid'napping; pa. t. changing motion. — a. kinet'ic. — ns. ki- 
and pa. p. kid'napped. net'ograph, same as kinematograph; 

kidney, kid'ni, n. one of two flattened kinet'oscope, an instrument for illus- 
glands, on each side of the loins, which trating the production of kinematic 
secrete the urine: sort or kind. curves; also same as kinematograph. 

kill, kil, v. t. to put to death, to slay: king, king, n. the chief ruler of a na- 
to nullify or neutralize, to weaken or tion : a monarch: a playing-card having 
dilute, to render inactive: to reject, dis- the picture of a king: the most import- 
card : to fascinate, overcome.— n. the act a nt piece in chess : a crowned man in 
of _ killing, as game.— p. a. kill'ing, de- draughts : one who is pre-eminent among 
priying of life: destructive: deadly, irre- his fellows.— ». king'dom, the territory 
sistible: completely fascinating. of a king . governme nt: a region. " 

kiln, kil, n. a large oven m which 1 ; 1 1 • 1 4. • ^ • 

grain/bricks, hops, etc., are dried: bricks kmk ' f km f' \. * , twlst m a j tnn ^ 
placed for burning. f°P e i etc -also kmk le.-7; *. and v t 

kilogram, kilogramme, kil'o-gram, n. to twist.-* kink y, full of kinks: 



a French measure of weight, equal to 



woolly : crochety. 



1000 grammes, or 2.2 lb. avoirdupois. , .kinsfolk, kmz fok, n. folk or people 

kilometer, kil'o-me-tr, n. a French ^*™<\ or related to one another, > 

measure, being 1000 meters, or nearly k /P> kl P> n > the skm of a y° un S am ° 

% of a mile. mal ; 

kilt, kilt, n. a kind of short petticoat kl PP e ^ kip er, «. a salmon split open, 

or plaited skirt. seasoned, and dried. — v. t. to cure or 

kin, kin, n. persons of the same fam- Preserve, as a salmon or haddock, 

ily: relatives: relationship: affinity. kismet, kis'met, n. fate, destiny. 

kind, kind, n. those of kin, a race: kiss, kis, v. t. to press one's lips to in 

sort or species, a particular variety: na- affection or reverence: to touch gently: 

ture: style, method of action, character: to collide (of two billiard-balls). — v.i. to 

produce, goods as distinguished from salute with the lips. — n. a salute with 

money. — a. disposed to do good to oth- the lips, 

ers: benevolent. kit, kit, n. a small wooden tub: the 

kindergarten, kin'der-gar'tn, n. an in- outfit of necessaries of a soldier, sailor, 

fant school on Froebel's principle (1826), or mechanic. 



kitchen mote, move; mute; then. kudos 257 

kitchen, kich'en, n. a room where knob, nob, n. a hard protuberance. 
food is cooked. - knock, nok, v. i. to strike with some- 
kite, kit, n, a rapacious bird of the thing hard or heavy: to drive or be 
hawk kind : a light frame covered with driven against : to strike for admittance : 
paper for flying in the air : a light and to rap. — v. t. to strike : to drive against : 
lofty sail : a mere paper credit. to oppose, to criticize harshly. — n. a sud- 

kith, kith, n. kindred, acquaintance, ob- den stroke : a rap.— a. knock'-down, 

solete except in the phrase kith and such as to overthrow : made so as to be 

kin, acquaintances and relatives. easily taken apart— ns. knock'er, one 

kitten, kit'n, n. a young cat.— a. kitt'- wh ° knocks : a hammer suspended to a 

enish, frolicsome. do, 01 * * or making a knock. 

kleptomania, klep-to-ma'ni-a, n. a knoll, nol, n. a round hillock: the top 

mania for stealing : a morbid impulse to ot . a ni "* 

secrete things.— ». kleptomaniac. f no P> no P> »• C 5 -) f knob, a bud. 

knack, nak, n. a petty contrivance: a . ./ kno \ not : "• a bunch of threads or the 

toy: a nice trick: dexteritv, adroitness, like entangled or twisted: an mterlace- 

knapsack, nap'sak, ». a provision- J?«* ° f ?"* f ° 'hh T^ ^ f iT3 

sack: a case for necessaries borne by ***;; ? £ ec * °* r ^ b r ° f f' ace '/ tc - folded 

snlHipr* anrl travelers or tied m some P artlcul ar form: any- 

soldiers and travelers thing like a knot in form. 

knave, nay, rc.^a false, deceitful fel- know> n6> ^ fc to be informed of . to 

low: a villain: be assure( j f : to be acquainted with: to 

knead, ned, v. t: to work and press reC ognize.— v. i. to possess knowledge:— 

together into a mass, as flour into pK /F> knowing; />a. /. knew (nu) ; pa. p. 

dough: to operate upon in massage. known (non.)— a. know'ing, intelligent: 

knee, ne, n. the joint between the skilful: cunning.— adv. know'ingly, 

thigh and shin bones: a piece of timber knowledge, nol'ej, n. assured belief: 

or metal like a bent knee.- that which is known : information, in- 

kneel, nel, v. i. to bend the knee : to struction : enlightenment, learning . 

rest or fall on the knee :—pa. t. and pa. knub, nub, n. a knob, a small lump : 

p. kneeled, knelt. the waste or refuse of silk-cocoons. 

knell, nel, n. the stroke of a bell: the knuckle, nuk'l, n. projecting joint of 

sound of a bell at a death or funeral, the fingers: {cook.) the knee-joint of a 

knelt, nelt, pa. t. and pa. p. of kneel. calf or pig.— 1 v. i. to bend the fingers. 

knew, nii, pa. t. of know. kodak, ko'dak, n. a small portable 

knickerbockers, nik-er-bok'erz, n. pi. photographic camera. [Trade name.] 

loose breeches gathered in at the knee. kola > k6 ' la > n - an African tree whose 

knickknack, nik'nak, n. a trifle or nt \ ts °F seeds have stimulant properties 

t kopje, kopje (i) [S. Afr. D.] n. a mil 

i . f -r . , ■ , £ . or hillock with steep sides and flat top. 

knife, nif, n an instrument for cut- k , P h Mohammedan 

ting: a sword or dagger :-pl knives Scd ' g . ^'^^ Koran'ic. 

(nivz) -z;. Uo stab with a knife: to kosh k5 , sh ^ { accord _ 

try to defeat (a political candidate) by a . to the Jewi ^ h ^ rdinances _as of 

treacherous attack. meat killed and prepared by Jews. 

knight, nit, » one of gentle birth and. kotow> k6 _ tow ' Hm the Chinese cere- 
bred to arms, admitted m feudal times moRy of pr0 stration.— v. i. to perform 
to a certain honorable military rank: a that ceremony, to abase oneself, 
champion. kremlin, krem'lin, n. a. citadel, special- 
knit, nit, v. t. to tie together: to unite \ y that of Moscow. [Russ. kremli.] 
into network by needles : to unite closely, kreutzer, kroit'zer, n. a small copper 
to draw together : to contract. — v. i. to coin of Austria. 

interweave with needles: to grow to- krypton, krip'ton, n. a chemical ele- 
gether: — pr. p. knit'ting; pa. t. and pa. ment existing in the atmosphere. 
p. knit'ted or knit- kudos, ku'dos, n. credit, fame, gen- 
knives, pi. of knife. erally used jocularly. [Gr.] 
17 



258 Kuklux 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



lacrymal 



Kuklux, kti'kluks, or Kuklux Klan, a 

secret organization in several South- 
ern states after the Civil War. 

kumiss, koumiss, ko'mis, n. a Kal- 
muck intoxicating beverage made from 
the soured and fermented milk of 
mares : an artificial Western imitation 
of the same. [Russ., — Tartar.] 



kumrnel, kiim'el, n. a liqueur flavored 
with cumin and caraway seeds. [Ger.] 

kymograph, ki'mo-graf, n. an instru- 
ment for measuring the pressure of 
fluids, esp. of blood in a blood-vessel. 

kyriologic, -al, kir-i-o-loj'ik, -al, a. de- 
noting objects by alphabetical characters 
or conventional signs. 



D 



> 



1, el, the twelfth letter in our 

alphabet, correctly designated as 

a front palatal. 

la, la, inter j. lo! see! behold! 

ah! indeed! — n. (mus.) in solmization, 

the syllable used for the sixth tone of the 

scale. 

labarurn, lab'a-rum, n. a Roman 
military standard adopted as the 
imperial standard after Constan- 
tine's conversion. 

labefaction, lab-e-fak'shun, n. a weak- 
ening decay. — v. t. lab'efy, to impair. 

label, la'bel, n. a small slip of writing, 
etc., affixed to anything to denote its 
contents, ownership, etc. — v. t. to affix 
a label to: to describe by or on a 
label: — pr. p. la'beling; pa. t. and pa. p. 
la'beled. 

labial, la'bi-al, a. pertaining to the 
lips : formed by the lips. — n. a sound 
formed by the lips : a letter representing 
a sound formed either by both the lips, 
or by the upper lip and under teeth. 

laboratory, lab'or-a-tor-i, n. a chem- 
ist's workroom. 

labor, labour, la'ber, n. toil or exer- 
tion, esp. when fatiguing : work : pains : 
duties: a task requiring hard work: the 
pangs of childbirth. — v. i. to undergo 
labor : to work : to take pains : to be 
oppressed: to move slowly: to be in 
travail: (naut.) to pitch and roll heav- 
ily. — a. labo'rious, full of labor: toil- 
some : wearisome : devoted to labor : in- 
dustrious. — adv. laboriously. — n. labo'- 
riousness. — a. la'bored, bearing marks 
of labor or effort in the execution. — ns. 
la'borer, one who labors. 

labyrinth, lab'i-rinth, n. a place full of 
inextricable windings: an arrangement 
of tortuous passages in which it is diffi- 
cult to find the way out : an inexplicable 
difficulty, a perplexity. 



lac, lak, n. the term used in India for 
100,000 rupees. — Also lakh. 

lac, lak, n. a dark-red transparent 
resin, produced on the twigs of trees by 
the lac insect, used in dyeing. 

lace, las, n. a string for fastening: an 
ornamental openwork fabric of linen, cot- 
ton, silk, or gold and silver threads. — 
v. t. to fasten with a lace : to adorn with 
lace: to streak: to mark with the lash: 
to intermix, as coffee with brandy, etc. : 
to intertwine. — v. i. to be fastened with 
a lace. 

lacerate, las'er-at, v. t. to tear: to 
rend : to wound : to afflict. — n. lacera'tion, 
act of lacerating: the rent made. 

laches, lach'ez, n. (law) negligence or 
undue delay, such as to disentitle a per- 
son to a certain remedy: any negligence. 

lacing, las'ing, n. a fastening with a 
lace or cord through eyelet holes . 

lack, lak, v. t and v. i. to want : to be 
in want: to be destitute of: to miss.* 

lackadaisical, lak-a-da'zi-kal, a. af- 
fectedly pensive, sentimental.- 

lackey, lak'i, n. a menial attendant: a 
footman or footboy. — v. t. and v. i. to 
pay servile attendance : to act as a foot- 
man. 

laconic, -al, la-kon'ik, -al, a. express- 
ing in few words: concise: pithy. 

lacquer, lacker, lak'er, n. a varnish 
made of lac and alcohol. — v. t. to cover 
with lacquer: to varnish. 

lacrosse, la-kros', n. a Canadian game 
of ball, played by two sets of eleven, 
the ball passed by means of the crosse, 
a bent stick, 5 — 6 ft. long, with a shal- 
low net at one end. [Fr.] 

lacrymal, lak'ri-mal, a. of or pertain- 
ing to tears, secreting tears, as in 'lach- 
rymal duct', the nasal duct. — n. one of 
the bones of the face, the os unguis, or 
nail-bone, in man. — a. lac'rymary, con- 
taining tears. 



lacteal 



mote, move; mute; then. 



lancet 



259 




lacteal, lak'te-al, a. pertaining to or 
resembling milk : 
conveying chyle. — 
n. one of the ab- 
sorbent vessels of 
the intestines which 
convey the chyle 
to the thoracic 
ducts. — ns. lac'tate, 
a salt of lactic 
acid and a base; 
lacta'tion, the act 
of giving milk : the Uctealg and Adjacent 
period of suckling. Parts. 
n lar'+ir- npr a > aorta ; 6, thoracic canal ; o, 

«._ IdC 11L, Per- lymphatic glands ; d, radi- 
taining tO milk. — cals of the chyliferous ves- 

..„ l^«i^«„'«*.«- seIs ! «, intestine; /, mesen- 

flS. laCtOm eter, an terys g, luteals. 

instrument for measuring the quality 
of milk; lac'tose, a kind of sugar, ob- 
tained from milk by evaporating whey. 

lad, lad, n. a boy: a youth: — fern. 
lass. — n. lad'die, a little lad: a boy. 

ladder, lad'er, n. a frame made with 
steps placed between two upright pieces, 
by which one may ascend a building, 
etc.: anything by which one ascends. 

lade, lad, v. t. to burden: to throw 
in or out, as a fluid, with a ladle or 
dipper. — n. lad'ing, the act of loading: 
that which is loaded: cargo: freight. 

ladle, lad'l, n. a large spoon for lift- 
ing out liquid from a vessel. — v. f, to 
lift with a ladle. 

lady, la'di, n. the mistress of a house : 
a wife: (Eng.) a title of the wives of 
knights, and all degrees above them, and 
of the daughters of earls and all higher 
ranks : a title given to any woman, esp. 
one of refined manners : — pi. ladies. 

lag, lag, a. slack: sluggish: coming 
behind. — n. he who or that which comes 
behind. — v. i. to move or walk slowly : 
to loiter. — a. lag'gard, lagging: slow: 
backward. — ns. lag'gard, lag'ger, one 
who lags behind: a loiterer: an idler.- 

lager-beer, la'ger-ber, n. a kind of 
light beer very much used in Germany 
and the U. S. — Also la'ger. 

lagoon, la-gon', n. a shallow pond. 

laid, lad, a. put down, prostrate: 
pressed down. [Pa. t. and pa. p. of lay.] 

lain, pa. p. of lie, to rest. 

lair, lar, n. a lying-place, esp. the den 
or retreat of a wild beast. 

laissez-faire, las'a-far', n. sl letting 
alone, a general principle of non-inter- 



ference: the let-alone principle in gov- 
ernment, business, etc. 

laity, la'i-ti, n. the people as distinct 
from the clergy. [See lay, a.] 

lake, lak, n. a deep red pigment or 
color. [rFr. laque. See lac (2).] 

lake, lak, n. a large body of water 
within land. [A. S. lac — L. lacus.] 

lam, lam, v. t. to beat. 

lama, la'ma, n. a Buddhist priest. 

lamb, lam, n. the young of a sheep: 
the flesh of the young sheep : one in- 
nocent and gentle as a lamb. 

lambaste, lam-bast', v. t (slang) to 
beat or thrash severely. 

lambent, lam'bent, a. moving about 
as if touching lightly : gliding over . 

lambrequin, lam'bre-kin, n. a strip of 
cloth, leather, etc., used as a hanging 
drapery. [Fr.] 

lame, lam, a. disabled in the limbs: 
hobbling : unsatisfactory : imperfect. — v. 
t. to make lame: to cripple: to render 
imperfect. — adv. lame'ly. — n. lame'ness. 

lament, la-ment', v. i. to utter grief 
in outcries : to wail : to mourn. — v. t. to 
mourn for : to deplore. — n. sorrow ex- 
pressed in cries : an elegy or mournful 
ballad. — a. lam'entable, deserving or ex- 
pressing sorrow: sad: pitiful, despicable. 
— adv. lam'entably. — n. lamenta'tion, 
act of lamenting: audible expression of 
grief: wailing. — p. a. lament'ed, be- 
wailed: mourned. [Fr. lamenter — L. 
lamentari.] 

lamina, lam'i-na, n. a thin plate : a 
thin layer or coat lying over another.- 

lamp, lamp, n. a vessel for burning 
oil with a wick, and so giving light: a 
light of any kind. 

lampoon, lam-pon', n. a personal 
satire in writing: low censure. — v. t. to 
assail with personal satire : to satirize. 

lance, lans, n. a. long shaft of wood, 
with a spear-head : the bearer of a 
lance. — v. t. to pierce with a lance: to 
open with a lancet. 

lancet, lan'set, n. a sur- 
gical instrument used for 
opening veins, abscesses, 
etc : a high and narrow 
window, with an arch 
acutely pointed, often 
double or triple, common ' 
in the first half of the 
13th century. [O. Fr.Lancet Window, 
lancette, dim. of lance.] 




260 lancinate fate, far; me, her; mine; larrikin 

lancinate, lan'sin-at, v. t. to lacerate. lap, lap, n. the loose or overhanging 

— n. lancina'tion. [L. lancinare, -atum, flap of anything: the part of a substance 

to tear.] extending over another substance: the 

land, land, n. earth, the solid portion part of the clothes lying on the knees 

of the surface of the globe: a country: when a person sits down: the part of 

a district : soil : real estate : a nation or the body thus covered : a fold : a course 

people. — v. t. to set on land or on shore, or round of the track, as in foot-racing, 

— v. i. to come on land or on shore. etc. — v. t. to lay over or on. — v. i. to be 

landau, lan'daw, n. sl coach or car- spread on or over : to be turned over or 

riage with a top ro upon. 

which maybe opened Jmss^^t&jSfeS lap, lap, v. t. to wrap, fold, involve, 

and thrown back. /^^^^^^^^^* lapel, lappel, la-pel', n. the part of 

[From Landau, Ger- jw\/* \/£/ ^ e ^ reast °^ a coat which laps over and 

many, where first ^^ - — - — ^**«— j s folded back, 

made.] Landau. lapidary, lap'i-dar-i, a. pertaining to 

landscape, land'skap, n. the appear- stones and the cutting of stones : pertain- 

ance of that portion of land which the ing to inscriptions and monuments. — n. a 

eye can at once view. cutter of precious stones . 

lane, Ian, n. a narrow passage or Lapp, lap, n. a Laplander. — n. Lap'- 

road: a narrow street. lander, a native or inhabitant of Lapland. 

language, lang'gwaj, n. that which is lappet, lap'et, n. a little lap or flap, 

spoken by the tongue : human speech : lapse, laps, v. i. to slip or glide : to 

speech peculiar to a nation : style or pass by degrees : to fall from the faith 

expression peculiar to an individual, or from virtue: to fail in duty: to pass 

languid, lang'gwid, a. slack or to another proprietor, etc. : to become 

feeble: flagging: exhausted: sluggish, void: to Ice certain privileges by 

languish, lang'gwish, v. i. to become neglect of the necessary conditions. — n. 

languid or enfeebled: to lose strength a slipping or falling: a failing in duty, 

and animation : to pine : to become dull, larboard, lar'bord (by sailors, lab'- 

as trade. — a. languishing, expressive of erd), n. an obsolete term for the left 

languor, or merely sentimental emotion, side of a ship looking from the stern, 

languor, lang'gwer, n. state of being now replaced by the term port. 

languid or faint : dullness : listlessness : larceny, lar'sen-i, n. theft, 

softness. — a. lang'uorous, full of languor . larch, larch, n. a genus (Larix) of 

lank, langk, a. languid or drooping : coniferous trees, with erect and regularly 

soft or loose : thin : shrunken : straight tapering stem, and yielding good timber, 

and flat. — a. lank'y, lank and tall. lard, lard, n. the melted fat of the 

lanolin, lan'6-lin, n. an unctuous sub- hog. — v. t. to smear with lard: to stuff 

stance extracted from wool. . with bacon or pork: to fatten. 

lantern, lant'ern, n. a case for holding larder, lard'er, n. a room or place 

or carrying a light, the light chamber of where meat, etc., is kept: stock of pro- 

a lighthouse : an ornamental structure visions, 

surmounting a dome. large, larj, a. great in size.: exten- 

lanuginous, la-nu'jin-us, a. downy: sive: bulky: wide: long: abundant: 

covered with fine soft hair. — n. lanu'go. liberal: diffuse. — adv. (naut.) before the 

lanyard, laniard, lan'yard, n. a short wind. — adv. largely. — ns. large'ness. 

rope used on board ship for fastening, largess, largesse, larj'es, n. a present 

stretching, etc. : a cord with a hook used or donation. 

in firing old-fashioned cannon. largo, lar'go, a. (mus.) slow in time. 

Laodicean, la-od-i-se'an, a. lukewarm lariat, lar'i-at, n. a rope for picket- 
in religion, like the Christians of Laod- ing horses : a lasso. 
icea (Rev. iii. 14-16). lark, lark', n. a well-known singing- 
lap, lap, v. t. to lick up with the bird. — v. i. to catch larks. — n. lark'spur, 
tongue: to wash or flow against. — v. i. a plant with showy flowers. 
to drink by licking up a liquid : to make lark, lark, n. a game, frolic. — v. i. to 
a sound of such a kind. — n. a motion frolic, make sport. — a. lar'ky (coll). 
or sound like lapping. larrikin, lar'i-kin, a. (Australian) 



larrup 



mote, move; mute; then. 



laudanum 261 



rowdy, disorderly. — n. a rough or rowdy. 

larrup, lar'up, v. t. (coll.) to flog, 
thrash. 

larum, lar'um, n. alarm: a warning 
of danger. [Alarm.] 

larva, lar'va, n. an insect in the cater- 
pillar state: — pi. larvae (lar've). 

larynx, lar'ingks, n. the upper part of 
the windpipe : the throat- 
lascivious, las-siv'i-us, a. lustful: 
tending to produce lustful emotions. — 
adv. lasciv'iously. — n. lasciv'iousness. 

lash, lash, n. a thong or cord: the 
flexible part of a whip: a stroke with 
a whip or anything pliant : a stroke of 
satire, a sharp retort : a beating or dash- 
ing: an eyelash. — v. t. to strike with a 
lash : to dash against : to fasten or secure 
with a rope or cord : to censure severely : 
to scourge with sarcasm or satire.- 

lass, las, n. (fern, of lad) a girl, esp. 
a country girl : a sweetheart. 

lassitude, las'i-tud, n. faintness: 
weakness : weariness : languor. 

lasso, las'6, n. a long rope with a run- 
ning noose for catching wild horses, etc. 

last, last, n. a wooden mold of the 
foot on which boots and shoes are made. 

last, last, v. i. to continue, endure: to 
escape failure: to remain fresh, unim- 
paired. — a. last'ing, permanent, durable. 

last, last, a. latest: coming after all 
the others : final : next before the 
present : utmost : meanest : most improb- 
able or unlikely — also adv. — adv. lastly. 

latch, lach, n. a small piece of wood 
or iron to fasten a door. — v. t. to fasten 
with a latch: to hold, retain. 

late, lat, a. (comp. lat'er; superl. 
lat'est) slow, tardy: behindhand: com- 
ing after the expected time : long delayed : 
far advanced towards the close: last in 
any place or character: deceased: de- 
parted : out of office : not long past. 

lateen, la-ten', a. applied to a trian- 
gular sail, common in the Mediterranean, 
etc. 

latent, la'tent, a. hid: concealed: not 
visible or apparent: dormant, undevel- 
oped. — ns. la'tence, la'tency.- 

lateral, lat'er-al, a. belonging _ to the 
side : proceeding from or in the direction 
of the side: (anat. and 200L) situated 
on one of the sides of the median verti- 
cal longitudinal plane of the body: 
(physics) at right angles to a line of 
motion or strain. — adv. lat'erally. 



latest, lat'est, a. superl. of late. 

lath, lath, n. a thin narrow slip of 
wood used in slating, plastering, etc. : — 
pi. laths (Yathz). — v. t. to cover with 
laths. — n. lath'ing, the act or process of 
covering with laths : a covering of laths. 

latHe, lath, n. a machine for turning 
and shaping articles of wood, metal, etc. 

lather, laf/i'er, n. a foam or froth 
made with water and soap: froth from 
sweat. — v. t. to spread over with lather. 
— v. i. to form a lather: to become 
frothy. 

Latin, lat'in, a. pertaining to ancient 
Latium (esp. Rome) or its inhabitants, 
also to all races claiming affinity with 
the Latins by language, race, or civiliza- 
tion : written or spoken in Latin. — n. an 
inhabitant of ancient Latium : a member 
of a modern race ethnically or linguisti- 
cally related to the ancient Romans or 
Italians : the language of ancient Rome. 

latitude, lat'i-tud, n. the distance of a 
place north or south from the equator, 
measured in degrees of the meridian : a 
place as indicated by latitude : the angu- 
lar distance of a celestial body above the 
plane of the ecliptic: (tig.) extent of 
signification : freedom from restraint . 

latter, lat'er, a. later: coming or ex- 
isting after : mentioned the last of two : 
modern: recent. — a. latt'er-day, belong- 
ing to recent times. — adv. latt'erly. 

lattice, lat'is, n. a network of crossed 
laths or bars, called 
also latt'ice-work;, 
anything of lattice- 
work, as a window. 
— v. t. to form into 
open work : to 
furnish with a lat- 
tice. [Fr. lattis—> 
latte, a lath.] 

laud, lawd, v. t. 
to praise in words 
or with singing : to 
celebrate.— n. com- lattice Window. 
mendation : praise 

in divine worship: (pi.) in the R. C. 
Church, the prayers immediately follow- 
ing matins. — a. laud'able, worthy of be- 
ing praised. — adv. laud'ably. — n. lauda'- 
tion, praise: honor paid: a eulogium. — 
a. laud'atory, containing praise: ex- 
pressing praise. 

laudanum, lawd'a-num, n. 2. prepara- 
tion of opium : tincture of opium. 




262 laugh fate, far; me, her; mine; leaf 

laugh, laf, v. i. to express mirth or in the bowels. — a. lax'ative, having the 
joy by an explosive inarticulate sound: power of loosening the bowels. — n. a 
to be gay or lively: make merry (with purgative or aperient medicine. — ns. lax'- 
at), to flout. — v. t. to express with a ativeness, lax'ity, lax'ness. 
laugh : to affect in some way by laughter. lay, pa. t. of lie, to lay oneself down. 
— n. the sound caused by merriment. — a. lay, la, v. t. to cause to lie down : to 
laugh'able, ludicrous. — adv. laugh'ably. place or set down : to beat down : to 
launch, lansh, v. t. to throw as a spread on a surface: to conjoin: to 
lance or spear : to send forth : to cause spread the proper thing on : to calm : to 
to slide into the water. — v. i. to go forth, appease : to wager : to bring forth : to 
as a ship into the water : to come into impose : to charge : to present. — v. i. to 
new relations, make a transition. — n. act produce eggs: to wager", bet: — pr. p. 
of launching: an open boat of any size lay'ing; pa. t. and pa. p. laid, 
driven by steam, electricity, naphtha, etc. : lay, la, n. a song : a lyric or narrative 
the largest boat carried by a man-of-war. poem. 

laundress, lawn'dres, n. a woman who lay, la, laic, -al, la'ik, -al, adjs. per- 
washes and irons clothes. — n. laun'der, taining to the people: not clerical: un- 
(rnining) a trough for conveying water, professional. — ns. la'ity, the people as 
— v. t. to wash and iron, as clothes . distinguished from any particular pro- 
laureate, law're-at, a. crowned with fession, esp. the clerical ; lay 'man, one 
laurel. — n. one crowned with laurel : a of the laity : a non-professional man. 
poet-laureate. — v. t. to crown with laurel, layer, la'er, n. a stratum. 
in token of literary merit: to confer a lazar, la'zar, n. one afflicted with a 
degree upon. loathsome and pestilential disease. 

laurel, law'rel, n. the bay-tree : a crown lazy, la'zi, a. disinclined to exertion : 
of laurel, honors gained (freq. in pi.) : averse to labor: sluggish: tedious.— v. i. 
any species of the genus Laurus. — adjs. laze, to be lazy. — adv. la'zily. 
lau'rel; lau'reled, crowned with laurel. i ea> jg, n , a meadow: grass-land, pas- 
lava, la'va, n. the melted matter dis- turage. 
charged from a volcano. leach, lech, v. t. to wash or drain 

lave, lav, v. t. and v. i. to wash: to away by percolation of water, esp. to 
bathe.— ns. la'vage, a washing out; la- ma ke lye by leaching ashes. 
va'tion, a washing or cleansing; lav'- i ea( j, led, v. t. to show the way by 
atory, a place for washing. < go i ng fi rst: t o guide by the hand: to 

lavender, lav'en-der, n. an odoriferous direct : to precede : to transport or carry : 
plant, often laid with newly washed to allure. — v. i. to go before and show 
clothes: a pale-lilac color, the color of the way: to have a tendency: to exer- 
lavender blossoms. cise dominion : — pr. p. lead'ing ; pa. t. 

lavish, lav'ish, v. t. to expend pro- and pa. p. led. — n. first place : precedence : 
fusely: to waste. — a. bestowing pro- direction: the right of playing the first 
fusely: prodigal: extravagant. card in a round or trick: a main con- 

law, law, n. a rule of action estab- ductor, as in electrical distribution, 
lished by authority: a statute: the rules lead, led, n. a well-known metal of a 
of a community or state: a rule or bluish-white color: graphite or black- 
principle of science or art: the whole lead: the plummet for sounding at sea: 
jurisprudence or the science of law: es- a thin plate of lead separating lines of 
tablished usage: that which is lawful: type. — v. t. to cover or fit with lead: 
the whole body of persons connected (print.) to separate lines with leads. — 
professionally with the law: litigation, adjs. lead'ed, fitted with or set in lead: 
lawn, lawn, n. a sort of fine linen or (print.) separated by leads, as the lines 
cambric. — a. made of lawn. — a. lawn'y. of a book, etc. ; lead'en, made of lead . 
lawn, lawn, n. an open space between leaf, lef, n. one of the lateral organs 
woods : a space of ground covered with developed from the stem or axis of the 
grass. plant below its growing-point: anything 

lax, laks, a. slack : loose : soft, flabby : beaten thin like a leaf or resembling a 
jjot strict in discipline or morals: loose leaf: two pages of a book, etc,: 



league 



mote, move; mute; then. 



legal 



263 



league, leg, n. a nautical measure, 3 
geographical miles, 3.456 English statute 
miles : an old measure of length, vary- 
ing in different countries. 

league, leg, n. a bond or alliance : 
union for mutual advantage. 

leaguer, leg'er, n. a camp, esp. of a 
besieging army: siege or besiegement. 

leak, lek, n. a crack or hole in a 
vessel through which liquid may pass: 
the oozing of any fluid through an open- 
ing. — v. i. to let any fluid into or out 
of a vessel through a leak. — ns. leak'age; 
leak'iness. — a. leak'y, having leaks ; 

leal, lei, a. true-hearted, faithful. 

lean, len, v. i. to incline or bend : to 
turn from a straight line : to rest against : 
to incline towards : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
leaned or leant (lent). 

lean, len, a. thin, wanting flesh: not 
fat: unprofitable, taking extra time — a 
printer's phrase. — n. flesh without fat.- 

leap, lep, v. i. to move with bounds : 
to spring upward or forward: to jump: 
to rush with vehemence. — v. t. to bound 
over: to cause to take a leap: to cover 
or copulate (of some beasts) : — pa. t. 
and pa. p. leaped or leapt (lept). — n. 
act of leaping: bound: space passed by 
leaping : sudden transition. 

learn, lern, v. t. to acquire knowledge 
of, to get to know: to gain power of 
performing. — v. i. to gain knowledge: 
to improve by example. — a. learn'ed. 

lease, les, n. a contract letting a house, 
store, farm, etc., for a term of years : the 
duration or term of tenure: any tenure. 
— v. t. to let for a term of years.- 

leash, lesh, n. a line by which a hawk 
or hound is held: a brace and a half, 
three. — v. t. to hold by a leash: to bind. 

least, lest, a. (serves as superl. of 
little) little beyond all others: smallest. 
— adv. in the smallest or lowest degree. 

leather, leg'er, n. the prepared skin 
of an animal, tanned or otherwise 
dressed. — a. consisting of leather. 

leave, lev, n. permission : liberty 
granted : formal parting of friends : fare- 
well. 

leave, lev, v. t. to allow to remain: 
to abandon, resign : to quit or depart 
from : to have remaining at death : to 
bequeath : to refer for decision. — v. i. to 
desist : to cease : to depart : — pr. p. leav'- 
ing; pa. t. and pa. p. left. 

Jeave, lev, v. i. to put out leaves. 



leaven, lev'n, n. the ferment which 
makes dough rise in a spongy form. 

leaves, levz, pi. of leaf. 

leavings, lev'ingz, n. pi. things left: 
relics : refuse. 

lecher, lech'er, n. a man addicted to 
lewdness. — a. lech'erous, lustful . 

lectern, lek'tern, n. a reading-desk in 
churches. — Also lec'turn. 

lection, lek'shun, n. a reading: a 
variety in a manuscript or book. 

lecture, lek'tur, n. a discourse on any 
subject, esp. a professional or tutorial 
discourse : a formal reproof. 

led, led, pa. t. and pa. p. of lead, to 
show the way.- 

ledge, lej, n. a shelf on which articles 
may be laid : that which resembles such 
a shelf: a ridge or shelf of rocks: a 
layer: a small molding: a lode in min- 
ing. 

ledger, lej'er, n. the principal book 
of accounts in bookkeeping, in which the 
entries in all the other books are sum- 
marized: a bar, stone, etc., made to lie 
flat- 

lee, le, n. the quarter toward which 
the wind blows. — a. as in lee'-side, the 
sheltered side of a ship. — n. lee'-gauge, the 
sheltered or safe side : — opp. to weather- 
gauge. — a. lee'ward, pertaining to or in 
the direction toward which the wind 
blows. — adv. toward the lee. — n. lee'- 
way, the distance a ship is driven to 
leeward of her true course . 

leech, lech, n. a blood-sucking worm : 
a physician. — v. t. to apply leeches to.- 

leek, lek, n. a biennial species of the 
onion family. 

leer, ler, n. a sly, sidelong look. — 
v. i. to look askance : to look archly or 
obliquely. — adv. leer'ingly. 

left, left, pa. t. and pa. p. of leave.- 

left, left, a. being on the left side. 

leg, leg, n. one of the limbs by which 
animals walk : a long, slender support of 
anything, as of a table: (-fig.) something 
that supports. — v. i. to pass on briskly, 

legacy, leg'a-si, n. that which is left 
to one by will : a bequest of personal 
property. — ns. leg'atary, a legatee; leg- 
atee', one to whom a legacy is be- 
queathed. 

legal, le'gal, a. pertaining to or ac- 
cording to law : lawful : created by law. 
— n. legalization. — v. t. le'galize, to 
make legal or lawful: to authorize. 



264 legate 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



lesson 



legate, leg'at, n. an ambassador, esp. 
from the pope : a delegate, deputy. — ns. 
leg'ateship; lega'tion, the person or 
persons sent as legates or ambassadors . 

legatee. See legacy. 

legend, lej'end, or le'-, n. a. marvelous 
story from early times : the motto on 
a coat of arms, medal, or coin: title or 
explanation accompanying an illustra- 
tion : an inscription of any kind. — n. 
leg'endary, a book of legends : one who 
relates legends. — a. consisting of legends . 

legerdemain, lej-er-de-man', n. 
sleight-of-hand : jugglery. 

leghorn, leg'horn, n. fine plait for bon- 
nets and hats : a bonnet of this material : 
(L-) a small breed of the common 
domestic fowl. 

legible, lej'i-bl, a. that may be read or 
understood. — ns. leg'ibleness, legibility. 

legion, le'jun, n. in ancient Rome, a 
body of soldiers of from three to six 
thousand : a military force : a great num- 
ber. — a. le'gionary, 

legislate, lej'is-lat, v. i. to bring 
forward, propose, or make laws. — n. leg- 
islation. — a. legislative, giving or en- 
acting laws : pertaining to legislation, or 
a legislature. — n. a body of persons, or a 
single person, with powers to enact laws. 

legitimate, le-jit'i-mat, a. lawful: law- 
fully begotten : fairly deduced : following 
by natural sequence : authorized by 
usage. — v. t. to make lawful. — n. legit- 
imacy, state of being legitimate: law- 
fulness of birth: regular deduction. 

legume, leg'um, n. a seed-vessel which 
splits into two valves, having the seeds 
attached to the ventral suture only: a 
pod, as of the pea, bean, etc.- 

leisure, le'zhor, or lezh'-, n. time free 
from employment : freedom from occu- 
pation, convenient opportunity, ease. — a. 
unoccupied. — a. and adv. lei'surely. 

lemon, lem'- 
un, n. an oval 
fruit resem- 
bli n g the 
orange, with 
an acid pulp 
the tree that 1 
bears lemons. 

lemur, le'- 
mer, n. a 
genus of mam- 
mals appear- iyemur. ^ 
ing to stand between the Insectivora and 




the monkeys, forest dwellers, mainly 
nocturnal in habits, common in Mada- 
gascar. [L. lemur, ghost.] 

lend, lend, v. t. to give for a short 
time (something to be returned) : to 
afford, grant, or furnish, in general: to 
let for hire. — v. i. to make a loan : — pa. t. 
and pa. p. lent. — ns. lend'er; lend'ing, 

length, length, n. quality of being 
long: extent frcm end to end: the 
longest measure of anything: long con- 
tinuance: detail: the quality of a vowel 
as long or short : any definite portion 
of a known extent. 

lenient, le'ni-ent, a. softening: mild: 
merciful. — n. (med.) that which softens: 
an emollient.— ns. le'nience, le'niency. 
■ — adv. le'niently. 

lens, lenz, n. (optics) a piece of trans- 
parent substance with one or both sides 
convex or concave, the object to refract 
rays of light: the crystalline humor of 
the eye : — pi. lens'es. 

Lent, lent, n. in some churches, an 
annual fast of forty days, from Ash- 
Wednesday to Easter. 

lentil, len'til, n. an annual plant, com- 
mon near the Mediterranean, bearing 
pulse used for food. 

Leo, le'6, n. the Lion, the 5th sign of 
the zodiac. 

leonine, le'o-nln, a. of or like a lion. 

leopard, lep'erd, n. an animal of the 
cat kind, with a spotted skin, the pan- 
ther : — fern, leop'ardess. 

leper, lep'er, n. one affected with 
leprosy. — a. lep'rous. 

leprosy, lep'ro-si, n. a name applied 
to several different cutaneous diseases 
of contagious character, esp. a chronic 
transmissible disease due to a specific 
microbe, bacillus leprce. — a. lep'rous. 

lese-majesty, lez'-maj'es-ti, n. treason. 

lesion, le'zhun, n. a hurt: (med.) an 
injury or wound. 

less, les, a. (serves as comp. of 
little) diminished: smaller. — adv. not so 
much : in a lower degree. — n. a smaller 
portion: (B.) the inferior or younger. 

lessee, les-se', n. one to whom a lease 
is granted. 

lessen, les'n, v. t. to make less, in 
any sense : to weaken : to degrade. — v. i. 
to become less, shrink. 

lesser, les'er, a. smaller: inferior. 

lesson, les'n, n. a portion of Scripture 
appointed to be read in divine service ; 



lessoif mote, move; mute; then. license 2G5 

that which a pupil learns at a time: a leviathan, le-vi'a-than, n. (B.) a huge 

precept or doctrine inculcated : instruc- aquatic animal, a crocodile : the great 

tion derived from experience . python of Egyptian monuments : any- 

lessor, les'or, n. one who grants a thing f of huge size. 
lease. levity, lev'it-i, n. lightness of weight: 
lest, lest, conj. that not : for fear that, lightness of temper or conduct : thought- 
let, let, v. t. to slacken or loose lessness : disposition to trifle : vanity, 
restraint upon : to give leave or power levy, lev'i, v. t. to raise : to collect by 
to : to allow, permit, suffer : to grant authority, as an army or a tax : — pa. t. 
to a tenant or hirer: to cause (with and pa. p. lev'ied. — n. the act of collect- 
infin. without to) : pa. t. and pa. p. let. — ing by authority: troops so collected. 
n. a letting for hire. lewd, lud, or lod, a. lustful: un- 
let, let, v. t. (B.) to prevent. — n. (law) chaste: debauched: ignorant, vicious, 
hindrance, obstruction : delay. — n. let'- lexicon, leks'i-kon, n. a word-book or 
ter. [A. S. lettan, to hinder — Iczt, slow.] dictionary. — a. lexical, belonging to a 
letch, lech, n. strong desire : a crotchet, lexicon. — adv. lex'ically. — n. lexicog'- 
lethal, le'thal, a. death-dealing: rapher, one skilled in lexicography, 
deadly: mortal. Leyden jar, li'den-jar, n. a form of 

lethargy, leth'ar-ji, n. heavy un- condenser for statical electricity, 

natural slumber : dullness : naturally liable, li'a-bl, a. able to be bound or 

sleepy: dull. — adv. lethar'gically. [Fr., obliged: responsible: tending to: sub- 

— L., — Gr. lethargia, drowsy forgetful- ject: suitable. — n. liability, state of be- 

ness — lethe, forgetfulness.] ing liable: that for which one is liable, 

Lethe, le'the, n. one of the rivers of liaison, le-a-zon', n. union, or bond 

hell causing forgetfulness of the past to of union : connection, esp. if illicit, 

all who drank of it: oblivion. liar, li'ar, n. one who lies. [Lie.] 

letter, let'er, n. a conventional mark libation, li-ba'shun, n. the pouring 
to express a sound : a written or printed forth wine or other liquid in honor of a 
message : literal meaning : a printing- deity : the liquid poured, 
type: (pi.) learning, literary culture. libel, li'bel, n. a written accusation: 
Levant, le-vant', n. the point where any malicious defamatory publication or 
the* sun rises: the East: the coasts of statement: (law) the statement of a 
the Mediterranean east of Italy. plaintiff's grounds of complaint in a 
levant, le-vant', v. i. to decamp. court of admiralty. — v. t. to defame by 
levee, lev-e', lev'e, kv'a, n. a morn- a libel: to satirize unfairly: (law) to 
ing assembly of visitors ; proceed against by written complaint- 
levee, le-ve', n. an artificial bank, as liberal, lib'er-al, a. generous: noble- 
that of the Lower Mississippi : a wharf, minded : candid : free : free from re- 
level, lev'el, n. a horizontal line or straint: general, extensive. — n. (L-) in 
surface : a surface without inequalities : England, Canada, etc., one who advo- 
proper position : usual elevation : state of cates greater freedom in political insti- 
equality: the line of direction: an instru- tutions. — v. t. liberalize, to make Mo- 
ment for showing the horizontal. — a. hor- eral, or enlightened: to enlarge, 
izontal : even, smooth ; even with anything liberty, lib'er-ti, n. freedom to do as 
else: uniform: well-balanced, sound of one pleases: the unrestrained enjoy- 
judgment : in the same line or plane : equal ment of natural rights: power of free 
in position or dignity. — v. t. to make choice : privilege : exemption : relaxa- 
horizontal: to make flat or smooth: to tion of restraint: freedom of speech or 
make equal : to take aim. action beyond ordinary civility. 

lever, lev'er, or le'ver, n. a bar of metal library, li'brar-i, n. a building or 

or other substance turning on a support room containing a collection of books : 

called the fulcrum or prop, for impart- a collection of books. — n. libra'rian. 

ing pressure or motion from a source of libretto, li-bret'6, n. a book of the 

power to a resistance : anything which words of an opera or other musical 

exerts influence. — n. lev'erage, the me- composition : the text itself, 

chanical power gained by the use of the lice, lis, pi. of louse. 

lever: advantage gained for any purpose. license, li'sens, n. a being allowed: 



266 lichen fate, far; me, her; mine; like 

leave: grant of permission, as for the — adv. lifelessly. — n. life'lessness. — a. 
sale of . intoxicants : the document by lifelike, like a living person: true to 
which authority is conferred : excess or life, 
abuse of freedom. lift, lift, v. t. to bring to a higher po- 

lichen, H'ken, n. one of an order of sition : to elevate or keep elevated : to 
cellular flowerless plants: an eruption elate: to take and carry away: (slang) 
on the skin. to steal. — v. i. to rise : to try to rise. — n. 

lick, lik, v. t. to pass the tongue over : act of lifting : that which is to be raised : 
to take in by the tongue : to lap : to that which assists to lift : an elevator : a 
beat by repeated blows: (coll.) to tri- hosting-machine : advancement. — ns. 
umph over, overcome. — n. a passing the lift'er, one who or that which lifts . 
tongue over: a slight smear: a blow.- ligament, lig'a-ment, n. anything that 

licorice, lik'er-is, n. a plant with a binds: (anat.) the membrane connecting 
sweet root, which is used for medicinal the movable bones: a bond of union, 
purposes. — Also liquorice. light, lit, n. that which shines or is 

lid, lid, n. a cover: that which shuts a brilliant: the agent by which objects are 
vessel : the cover of the eye. rendered visible : the power of vision : 

lie, li, n. anything meant to deceive: day: dawn of day: that which gives 
an intentional violation of truth: any- light, as the sun, a candle: the illu- 
thing that misleads. — v. i. to utter false- minated part of a picture : means of 
hood with an intention to deceive: to communicating fire or light: a light- 
make a false representation: — pr. p. house: (fig.) mental or spiritual illumin- 
ly'ing; pa. t. and pa. p. lied. ation: enlightenment: knowledge: pub- 

lie, li, v. i. to rest in a reclining pos- lie view: point of view: a conspicuous 
ture: to lean: to press upon: to be sit- person: an aperture for admitting light, 
uated: to abide: to consist: (law) to be — a. not dark: bright: whitish. — v. t. to 
sustainable: to lodge, pass the night: — give light to: to set fire to: to attend 
pr. p. ly'ing; pa. t. lay; pa. p. lain. — n. with a light. — v. i. to become light or 
manner of lying : relative position . bright : — pa. t. and pa. p. light'ed or lit. 

lief, lef, a. (arch.) loved, dear. — adv. light, lit, a. not heavy: of short 
willingly — now chiefly used in the phrase, weight : easily suffered or performed : 
'I had as lief. easily digested: not heavily armed: ac- 

liege, lej, a. under a feudal tenure, tive : not heavily burdened : unimportant : 
— n. one under a feudal tenure : a vas- not dense or copious or intense : gentle : 
sal : a lord or superior. gay, lively : amusing : unchaste : loose, 

lien, le'en, or len, n. (law) a right sandy: giddy, delirious: idle, worthless. 
in one to retain the property of another — vs. t. light, light'en, to make less 
to pay a claim. heavy: to alleviate, cheer. 

lieu, lu, n. place, stead, chiefly in the light, lit, v. i. (with on, upon) to 
phrase 'in lieu of. stoop from flight: to settle: to rest: to 

lieutenant, lu-ten'ant, (Eng.) lef- come by chance: (with down, from) to 
ten'ant, n. one representing or perform- descend, to alight: — pa. t. and pa. p. 
ing the work of another : an officer hold- light'ed or lit. 

ing the place of another in his absence: lighten, Ht'n, v. t. to make light or 
a commissioned officer in the army next clear: -(fig.) to illuminate with knowl- 
below a captain, or in the navy next edge. — v. i. to shine like lightning: to 
below a lieutenant-commander: one flash: to become less dark. — n. light '- 
holding a place next in rank to a super- ning, the electric flash usually followed 
ior, as lieuten'ant-col'onel, by thunder. 

life, lif, n. state of living: animate lignum, lig'num, n. wood as con- 
existence : union of soul and body : the trasted with soft tissues or with bark, 
period between birth and death: present like, lik, a. equal in quantity, quality, 
state of existence: manner of living: or degree: similar: likely, probable. — n. 
moral conduct: animation: a living be- the like thing or person: an exact re- 
ing : system of animal nature : social semblance : a liking. — adv. in the same 
state: human affairs: narrative of a life: manner: probably. — conj. as, as if. — ns. 
a quickening principle in a moral sense, likeliness, likelihood. — a. likely, like 



like mote, move; mute; then. line £6? 

the thing required : credible : probable : bounded, or restrained. — n. limita'tion. 
having reason to expect. — adv. probably. — a. lim'ited, within limits : narrow : re- 
— v. L lik'en, to represent as like or sim- stricted. — adv. lim'itedly. — a. lim'itless, 
ilar: to compare. — n. like'ness, resem- having no limits: boundless: immense, 
blance: one who resembles another: limousine, lim-oz'en, n. an inclosed 
that which resembles: a portrait or rear section of an automobile: a motor- 
picture: effigy. — adv. like'wise, in like car having such a section. [Fr.] 
wise or manner: also: moreover: too. _ limp, limp, a. wanting stiffness, flex- 
like, lik, v. t. to be pleased with : to ible : weak, flaccid, 
approve: to enjoy. — n. a liking, chiefly limp, limp, v. i. to halt: to walk 
in phrase 'likes and dislikes'. — adjs. Ilk'- lamely — fig. as 'limping verses'. — n. act 
able, like'able, lovable: amiable; like'- of limping: a halt. — p.. a. limping, hav- 
ly, that may be liked: pleasing. — n. ing the imperfect movement of one 
lik'ing, state of being pleased with: who limps. — adv. limp'ingly. 
inclination: satisfaction in. limpid, lim'pid, a. clear: shining: 

lilac, li'lak, n. a flowering shrub, transparent : pure, 

with a flower of a light purple color. — a. linament, lin'a-ment, n. lint : a tent 

having the color of the lilac flower. for a wound. 

Lilliputian, lil-i-pu'shi-an, n. an in- linchpin, linsh'pin, n. a pin used to 

habitant of the island of Lilliput, de- keep the wheel of a carriage on the 

scribed by Swift : a person of small size, axle-tree. 

a dwarf. — a. of small size : dwarfish. linden, lin'den, n. the lime-tree : bass- 
lily, lil'i, n. a bulbous plant, with wood. 
showy and fragrant flowers. — a. resem- line, lm, v. t. to cover on the inside : 
bling a lily: pure. to pad: to impregnate. — n. lin'ing. 

limb, lim, n. a jointed part in ani- line, lm, n. a thread of linen or flax: 
mals, the 'leg: a projecting part: a a slender cord: (math.) that which has 
branch of a tree : a part of something length without breadth or thickness : 
else, as 'a limb of the law' : an imp, an extended stroke : a straight row : a 
scapegrace. — v. t. to tear off the limbs, cord extended to direct any operations: 
limb, lim, n. an edge or border, as of outline : a series or succession, as of 
the sun, etc.: the edge of a sextant, etc. progeny: a series of steamers, etc., ply- 
limber, lim'ber, n. the part of a gun- ing continuously betwen places : a rail- 
carriage consisting of two wheels and a road: a telegraph wire between stations: 
shaft to which the horses — kt; the stock on hand of any particular 
are attached. — v. t. to at- ^f|p\lpil^v goods : a mark or lineament, hence a 
tach to the limber, as a TkHISSI characteristic : a rank : a verse : a short 



gun. [Prov. Eng. limbers, ^^S^ME/* letter or note: a trench: limit: method: 
shafts — Ice. limar, boughs ; T • , the equator : lineage : direction : occupa- 

cf. limb, a branch.] Limber. tion: the regular infantry of an army: 

limber, lim'ber, a. pliant, flexible. > the twelfth part of an inch: (pi.) mar- 
limbo, lim'bo, n. an indefinite region riage-lines, a marriage certificate : a cer- 
bordering on hell: a place of confine- tificate of church membership: military 
ment, or where things are thrown aside, works of defense : reins. — v. t. to mark 
lime, lim, n. any slimy or gluey ma- out with lines : to cover with lines : to 
terial : bird-lime: the white caustic earth place along by the side of for guarding: 
from limestone, used for mortar. — v. t. to give out for public singing, as a hymn, 
to cover with lime : to cement : to line by line : to measure. — n. lin'eage, 
manure with lime : to ensnare. descendants in a line from a common 

lime, lim, n. a kind of citron or lemon progenitor : race : family. — a. lin'eal, be- 
tree and its fruit. — n. lime'-juice, the longing to a line : composed of lines : in 
acid juice of the lime, the direction of a line : descended in a 

lime-tree, Hm'-tre, n. the linden-tree, direct line from an ancestor. — adv. lin'- 
limit, lim'it, n. boundary: utmost ex- eally. — n. lin'eament, feature: distin- 
tent: restriction. — v. t. to confine within guishing mark in the form, esp. of the 
bounds : to restrain : to fix within lim- face. — a. lin'ear, of or belonging to a 
its. — a. lim'itable, that may be limited, line: consisting of, or having the form 



168 linen 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



list 



of, lines: straight. — adv. lin'early. — a. 
lin'eolate, marked with fine or obscure 
lines. — ns. lin'er, a vessel belonging to 
a regular line or series of vessels ; lines'- 
man, {mil.) a private in the line: {foot- 
ball) an official assisting the referee. 

linen, lin'en, n. cloth made of lint or 
flax : underclothing, particularly that 
made of linen : articles of linen. — a. 
made of flax: resembling linen cloth. 

linger, ling'ger, v. i. to remain long 
in any state: to loiter. — a. ling'ering, 
protracted. — n. a remaining long. 

lingerie, lan-zhe-re', n. linen goods, 
esp. women's underclothing. 

lingo, ling'go, n. language, speech . 

lingual, ling'gwal, a. pertaining to the 
tongue or utterance. — n. a letter pro- 
nounced mainly by the tongue, as t, d 
(also called dental). — adv. ling'ually. 
— n. ling'uist, one skilled in tongues or 
languages. — adjs. linguistic, -al, pertain- 
ing to languages and the affinities of 
language. — adv. linguistically. 

liniment, lin'i-ment, n. a kind of thin 
ointment. 

lining, li'ning, n. the cover of the in- 
ner surface of anything, contents. 

link, lingk, n. a ring of a chain : any- 
thing connecting : a single part of a 
series : the i-iooth part of the chain, a 
measure used in surveying, etc. — v. t. 
to connect as by a link: to join in con- 
federacy. — v. i. to be connected. 

link, lingk, n. a crook or winding of 
a river. — n. pi. links, a stretch of flat 
or gently undulating ground on which 
the game of golf is played. 

linnet, lin'et, n. a small singing bird. 

linoleum, lin-6'le-um, n. a floor cloth 
made by mixing a preparation of linseed 
oil with ground cork and pressing it 
upon canvas. 

linotype, lin'6-tip, n. a machine for 
producing stereotyped lines or bars of 
words, etc., as a substitute for typeset- 
ting: a line of printing-type cast in one 
piece. 

linseed, lin'sed, n. lint or flax seed. 

linsey, lin'si, n. cloth made of linen 
and wool. 

lint, lint, n. linen scraped into a soft 
woolly substance for dressing wounds : 

lintel, lin'tel, n. the piece of timber or 
stone over a doorway: the headpiece of 
a door or casement. 

lion, ll'un, n. a fierce quadruped of 



immense strength, the largest of all car- 
nivorous animals: a man of unusual 
courage: {astron.) Leo, a sign of the 
zodiac: any object of interest, esp. a 
famous or conspicuous person much 
sought after : — fern. H'oness. — v. t. 
li'onize, to treat as a lion or object of 
interest. 

lip, lip, n. the muscular border in 
front of the teeth by which things are 
taken into the mouth: the edge of any- 
thing. — v. t. to touch with the lips: 
to utter with the lips. — v. i. to apply the 
lips to the mouthpiece of an instrument. 

liquate, lik'wat, v. t. to melt: to 
separate (one metal from another) by 
applying heat. — a. liq'uable. 

liquefy, lik'we-fi, v. t. to make liquid: 
to dissolve. — v. i. to become liquid. — a. 
liquefa'cient. — n. liquefac'tion, the act 
or process of making liquid : the state of 
being melted. 

liqueur, li-ker', n. an alcoholic cordial, 
as chartreuse, cherry brandy, Curasao, 
benedictine, kiimmel, maraschino, etc. 

liquid, lik'wid, a. flowing : fluid : soft : 
smooth : clear. — n. a flowing substance : 
a letter of a smooth flowing sound, 
coalescing easily with a preceding mute, 
/, m, n, r. — v. t. liq'uidate, to make clear, 
esp. to clear or settle an account : to 
arrange or wind up, as the affairs of a 
bankrupt estate. — ns. liquidation ; liq- 
uidator, one engaged in a liquidation . 

liquor, lik'er, n. anything liquid: 
strong drink : a strong solution of a par- 
ticular substance : any prepared solution. 
— v. t. to apply liquor or a solution to. 

liquorice. See licorice. 

lisp, lisp, v. i. to speak with the tongue 
against the upper teeth or gums, as in 
pronouncing th for s or z: to articulate 
as a child: to utter imperfectly. — v. t. to 
pronounce with a lisp. — n. the act or 
habit of lisping. — n. lisp'er. — a. lisp'ing. 

lissome, lissom, lis'um, a. lithesome, 
nimble, flexible. — n. liss'omeness. 

list, list, n. a catalogue, roll, or enum- 
eration : a book, etc., containing a series 
of names of persons or things. — v. t. to 
place in a list or catalogue. 

list, list, v. i. to like or please: to 
choose: {naut.) to incline or heel over 
to one side. — v. t. to cause to careen or 
heel over. — n. such an inclination. 

list, list, v. t. and v. i. original form of 
listen: now poetical.— z>. t. listen (lis'n), 



Listerism mote, move; mute; then. llama 269 

to hear or attend to. — v. i. to give ear measures of capacity, both dry and 

or hearken: to follow advice. — n. list'- liquid. It is the volume of a cubic deci- 

ener, one who listens or hearkens. — a. meter, and contains 61.026 cubic inches, 

listless, having no desire or wish : care- or 1.056 quart. — Usually in Anglicized 

less: uninterested: weary: indolent. — form liter. 

adv. listlessly. — n. list'lessness. litter, lit'er, n. a heap of straw, etc., 

I Listerism, lis'ter-izm, n. an antiseptic for animals to lie upon: materials for 

method of operating introduced by an a bed: any scattered collection of objects. 

English surgeon, Lord Lister. — v. t. Lis'- — v. t. to cover or supply with litter : 

terize, to treat by Listerism. — n. lis'- to scatter carelessly about : to give birth 

terine (-en), a proprietary antiseptic to (said of small animals). — v. i. to pro- 

and detergent compound. duce a litter or brood. — p. a. litt'ered. 

lit, pa. t. and pa. p. of light, lighten, litterateur, lit-er-a-ter', n. a literary 

light, to alight. man. 

litany, lit'a-ni, n. a prayer of suppli- little, lit'l, a. (comp. less; superl. 

cation . least) small in quantity or extent : 

liter, le'tr, n. Anglicized form of litre, weak, poor : brief. — n. that which is 

literal, lit'er-al, a. according to the small in quantity or extent : a small 

letter: plain: not figurative or metaphor- space. — adv. in a small quantity or de- 

ical : following the letter or exact mean- gree : not much. — n. lit'tleness. 

ing, word for word. — ns. lit'eralism, littoral, lit'or-al, a. belonging to the 

strict adherence to the letter: interpre- sea-shore. — n. the strip of land along it. 

tation that is merely verbal; lit'eralist.- liturgy, lit'er-ji, n. the form of service 

literary, lit'er-ar-i, a. belonging to or ^ regular ritual of a church.- 

letters or learning : skilled in learning. — live, liv, v. i. to have, or continue in, 

n. lit'eracy, state of being literate. — a. life: to last, subsist: to enjoy life: to 

it'erate, acquainted with letters : learned, direct one's course of life : to be nour- 

literature, lit'er-a-tur, n. the science ished or supported: to dwell. — v. t. to 

of letters or what is written : the whole spend : to act in conformity to. — n. liv'er. 

body of literary compositions in any live, liv, a. having life : alive, not 

language, or on a given subject; dead: active: containing fire: burning: 

litharge, lith'arj, n. the semi-vitrified vivid. — lived (livd), used in compounds, 

oxid of lead separated from silver in re- as long-lived. 

fining. livelihood, liv'li-hood, n. means of liv- 

lithe, \lth, a. easily bent, flexible, ing: support, 

active. — adv. lithe'ly. — n. lithe'ness. lively, Hv'li, a. showing life : vigorous, 

lithia, lith'i-a, n. an alkali, the oxid of active: sprightly: spirited: vivid. — adv. 

lithium: a mineral water good in cases vivaciously, vigorously. — n. liveliness, 

of stone. liver, liv'er, n. the largest gland in the 

lithium, lith'i-um, n. one of the alka- body, which secretes the bile, 

line metals of a silvery appearance. livery, liv'er-i, n. the dress or uniform 

lithoglyph, lith'o-glif, n. any engrav- worn by servants, esp. men-servants : any 

ing on stone, esp. a precious stone. characteristic dress : the being kept and 

lithograph, lith'o-graf, v. t. to write fed at a certain rate, as horses at livery . 

or engrave on stone and transfer to paper lives, livz, n. plural of life. 

by printing. — n. a print from stone. — n. livid, liv'id, a. black and blue: of a 

lithog'rapher. — adjs. lithographic, -al, lead color: discolored.- 

litigate, litl-gat, v. t. to contest in _ living, living, a. having life: active, 
law. — v. i. to carry on a lawsuit. — adjs. lively : producing action or vigor : run- 
litlgable, that may be contested in law; ning or flowing, as opposed to stagnant. 
litigant, contending at law : engaged in — n. means of subsistence : manner of 
a lawsuit. — n. a person engaged in a life : a property : the benefice of a clergy- 
lawsuit. — ns. litiga'tion; litigator, one man. 

who litigates; litiglousness. — a. litigl- lizard, liz'ard, n. one of a family of 

ous, inclined to engage in lawsuits : sub- four-footed scaly reptiles, a saurian. 

ject to contention. — adv. litiglously. llama, la/ma, n. a South American 

litre, le'tr, n. the unit of the French ruminant of the camel family. 



270 llano fate, far; me, her; mine; loft 

llano, la'no, n. one of the vast steppes lo'cally. — v. t. locate', to place : to set in 

or plains in the northern part of South a particular position: to designate the 

America: — pi. lla'nos. — n. llanero. place of. — n. loca'tion, act of locating 

lo, 16, inter j. look! see! behold! [A. or placing: situation.- 

S. la; imit] lock, lok, n. a device to fasten doors, 

load, lod, v. t. to lade or burden: to etc.: an inclosure in a canal for raising 
put on as much as can be carried : to or lowering vessels : the part of a fire- 
heap on: to put on overmuch: to con- arm by which it is discharged: a grap- 
f er or give in great abundance : to weigh pie in wrestling : a state of being im- 
down, to oppress : to weight by some- movable : any narrow, confined place. — 
thing specially added: to charge, as a v. t. to fasten with a lock: to fasten so 
gun. — v. i. to put or take on a load : to as to impede motion : to shut up : to 
charge a gun: to become loaded or close fast: to embrace closely: to fur- 
burdened. — n. a lading or burden : # as nish with locks. — v. i. to become fast : to 
much as can be carried at once : freight unite closely. — ns. lock'age, the locks of 
or cargo: a measure: a quantity sus- a canal: the difference in their levels, 
tained with difficulty : that which burdens also the tolls paid for passing through 
or grieves : a weight or encumbrance. them ; lock'er, any closed place that may 

loaf, lof, n. a regularly shaped mass be locked; lock'et, a little ornamental 

of bread : a mass of sugar : any lump : — case of gold or silver, worn on the 

pi. loaves (lovz). person. 

loaf, lof, v. i. to loiter, nass time idly. lock, lok, n. a tuft or ringlet of hair. 

loam, lorn, n. a muddy coil, of clay, locomotive, lo-ko-mo'tiv, a. moving 

sand, and animal and vegetable matter. from place to place: capable of or as- 

loan, Ion, n. anything lent: the act of sisting in locomotion. — n. a locomotive 

lending: permission to use: money lent machine: a railway engine, 

for interest. — v. t. to lend. loculus, lok'u-lus, n. {bot., anat., 

loath, loth, loth, a. disliking: reluc- zool.) a small compartment or cell: — pi. 

tant, unwilling. — adv. loathly. loc'ull. [Dim. of L. locus, a. place.] 

loathe, loth, v. t. to dislike greatly, to locum-tenens, lo'kum-ten'enz, n. a 

feel disgust at. — a. loath'ful, full _ of deputy or substitute. [L. locus, a place, 

loathing, hate, or abhorrence: exciting tenere, to hold.] 

loathing or disgust. — n. loath'ing, ex- locus, lo'kus, n. {math.) the curve 
treme hate or disgust : abhorrence. — a. described by a point, or the surface gcn- 
hating. — adv. loath'ingly. — a. loath'- erated by a line, moving in a given man- 
some, exciting loathing or abhorrence, ner: — pi. lo'ci (-si). [L.] 

lobby, lob'i, n. a small hall or waiting- locust, lo'kust, n. a migratory winged 

room: a passage serving as a common insect 

entrance to several apartments : the ante- locution, lo-ku'shun, n. the act of 

chamber of a legislative hall, frequented speaking: form of speaking, phraseology, 

by outsiders for the purpose of influ- a phrase, 

encing votes . lode, lod, n. a vein containing metallic 

lobe, lob, n. the lower part of the ore ._ w<f . lode'star, the star that guides, 

ear: {anat.) a division^ of the lungs, the po le-star— often used figuratively, 

bram, etc. : {bot.) a division of a leaf. lodge> lojj ^ a small house . a hut . 

lobster, lobster n a shellfish with the cQtt of a gateke eper: a retreat: 
large claws, used for food: {slang) an a secret associatio also the place of 
awkward or worthless person. ^ mee ting.-z/. t. to furnish with a tern- 
local, lokal a. of or belonging to a r / dwelling: p i ace , deposit: to infix, 
place : confined to a spot or district— ns. f * , 5 i, , ' ** . . ' 
ocale (lo-kal'), a locality: the scene of to s f ttle J to ^ + fla > ™ g^m.-y. t. to 
some event; localiza'tion.-z/. t. lo'cal- reside : to rest : to dwell for a time: to 
ize, to assign to a place.— ns. lo'calism, Pass the night: to he flat, as gram. _ 
the state of being local: affection for loft, loft, n. the room or space im- 
a place: provincialism; locality, exist- mediately under a roof: a gallery m a 
ence in a place: position: district— adv. hall or church: an upper room.— v. t. 



log mote, move; mute; then. lorgnette 271 

to furnish with a loft: (golf) to strike to: to watch: to seem: to face, as a 

(the ball) up by means of a club called house: (B.) to expect. — v. t. to express 

the loft'er. — adv. loft'ily. — n. loft'iness. by a look: to influence by look. — n. the 

— a. loft'y, high in position, character, act of looking or seeing : sight : air of 

sentiment, or diction: stately: haughty, the face: appearance. — imp. or inter j. 

log, log, n. a bulky piece of wood : a see : behold, 

heavy, stupid, or sluggish person. — a. loom, 16m, n. a machine in which yarn 

consisting of logs.- or thread is woven into a fabric . 

log, log, n. a piece of wood with a loom, 16m, v. i. to appear above the 
line for measuring the speed of a ship : horizon, or larger than the real size : 
the record of a ship's progress. — v. t. to stand out prominently in the future. 
to exhibit by the indication tp~!i^^. loon, Ion, n. a stupid fellow : a rascal, 
of the log: to enter in the ^" ^=11 ^ loon, Ion, n. one of a genus of web- 
logbook. — ns. log'board; IJjJipEjLr footed aquatic birds, the divers. 
log'book, the official record }» jfllilBj loop, lop, n. a doubling of a cord, 
of the proceedings on Log, Line, and chain, etc., through which another may 
board ship. Glass. pass : an ornamental doubling in fringes : 

logarithm, log'a-rithm, n. (of a num- a piece of a railway resembling a loop 

ber) the power to which another given in shape for convenience in handling 

number must be raised in order that it traffic, etc. — v. t. to fasten or ornament 

may equal the former number. with loops. 

loggia, loj'a, n. an open arcade in- loop, lop, loophole, lop'hol, n. a small 
closing a passage or open apartment, hole in a wall, etc., through which small- 
logic, loj'ik, n. the science and art of arms may be fired: a means of escape- 
reasoning correctly: the science of the loose, 16s, a. slack, free: unbound: not 
necessary laws of thought. — a. log'ical, confined : not compact : indefinite : vague : 
according to the rules of logic : skilled not strict : unrestrained : lax in principle : 
in logic : discriminating. — adv. log'- licentious : inattentive. — adv. loose'ly. — 
ically. — n. logic'ian, one skilled in logic, n. loose'ness, the state of being loose . 

logistic, -al, loj-is'tik, -al, a. skilled loose, 16s, v. t. to free from any 

in calculating: proportional. fastening: to release: to relax. — v. i. 

logos, log'os, n. (theol.) the Word of (B.) to set sail. — v. t. loos'en, to make 

God incarnate. [Gr.] loose: to open, as the bowels. 

loin, loin, n. the back of a beast cut loot, lot, n. act of plundering, esp. 

for food: (pi.) the reins, or the lower in a conquered city: plunder. — v. t. or 

part of the back.- v. i. to plunder, ransack. 

loiter, loi'ter, v. i. to delay : ^ to be lop, lop, v. i. to hang down loosely.- 

slow in moving: to linger. — n. loi'terer. lop, lop, v. t. to cut off the top or 

loll, lol, v. i. to lie lazily about, to ends of, esp. of a tree : to curtail, 

lounge: to hang out from the mouth. lope, lop, v. i. to leap: to run with a 

— v. t. to thrust out (the tongue).- long stride. 

lone, Ion, lonely, lon'li, a. alone : soli- loquacious, lo-kwa'shus, a. talkative, 

tary: retired: standing by itself. — ns. — adv. loqua'ciously. — ns. loqua'cious- 

lone'liness, lone'ness. — a. lone'some, ness, loquac'ity, talkativeness, 

solitary: dismal. — adv. lone'somely. lord, lawrd, n. a master: a superior: 

long, long, a. (comp. long'er; super!, a husband: a ruler: an English peer: a, 

long'est) extended : not short : extended title of courtesy applied to Anglican 

in time: slow in coming: tedious: far- bishops: (B.) the Supreme Being, Jeho- 

reaching. — n. (prosody) a long time or vah (when printed in capitals) : a name 

syllable. — adv. to a great extent in also applied to Christ. — v. i. to act the 

space or time: through the whole: all lord: to tyrannize. — ns. lordliness; 

along. — v. i. to desire earnestly. lord'ling, a little lord: a would-be lord. 

loo, 16, n. a game at cards. — a. lord'ly, like, becoming, or pertain- 

loof, 16f, n. the after-part of a ship's ing to a lord : dignified : haughty . 

bow where the planks begin to curve in. lore, lor, n. that which is learned: 

look, look, v. i. to turn the eye to- doctrine : learning. [A. S. lar.] 

ward so as to see : to direct the attention lorgnette, lor-nyet', n. an opera- 



272 lorn fate, far; me, her; mine; lug 

glass. — n. lor'gnon, an eyeglass with a adv. not aloft: cheaply: meanly: in sub- 
handle. [Fr.] jection, poverty, or disgrace: not loudly . 
lorn, lorn, a. (Spens.) lost, forsaken. — v. t. low'er, to bring low: to depress: 
lory, lo'ri, n. an East Indian parrot, to degrade : to diminish. — v. i. to fall : 
lose, loz, v. t. to be deprived of: to to sink: to grow less. — a. low'er-case 
cease to have: to mislay: to waste, as {print.), denoting small letters as dis- 
time : to miss : to bewilder : to cause to tinguished from capitals. — n. low'ering, 
perish: to ruin. — v. i. to fail, to be un- the act of bringing low or reducing. — 
successful : to suffer waste : — pr. p. los'- a. letting down : sinking : degrading. — n. 
ing; pa. t. and pa. p. lost. — n. los'er. — a. lowliness. — a. low'ly, of a low or 
los'ing, causing loss. — adv. los'ingly. — humble mind : not high : meek : modest. 
n. loss, the act of losing: injury: destruc- lower, low'er, v. i. to appear gloomy, 
tion: defeat: that which is lost: waste, as the clouds: to threaten a storm: to 
— a. lost, parted with: no longer pos- frown.- 

sessed: missing: thrown away: squan- loyal, loi'al, a. faithful to one's 
dered : ruined. sovereign or to an established govern- 
lot, lot, n. one's fate in the future : ment : true to a trust : obedient : true to 
destiny: that which falls to any one as a lover. — n. loy'alist, a loyal adherent, 
his fortune: that which decides by lozenge, loz'enj, n. an oblique-angled 
chance : a separate portion : a division parallelogram or a rhombus : a small 
of land : a large portion or number.— C ake of flavored sugar, often medicated, 
v. t. to allot: to separate into lots. originally lozenge or diamond shaped. 
lotion, lo'shuii, n. a liquid preparation i ub ber, lub'er, n. an awkward, clumsy 
for healing or cleansing any diseased or fellow : a lazy, sturdy fellow.— a. and 
bruised part. „■«•'. , adv. lubb'erly. 

lottery, ot er-i, n a distribution of lubrica te, i a ' b ri-kat, v. t. to make 

prizes by lot or chance: a game of smooth or slippery . t0 supply with oil 

chance. t0 overcome friction.- 

lotus, lotus, n the water-lily of l ucen t, lu'sent, a. shining: bright. 

^^^ K eXM^T "omf lucid > lu ' sid > «■ shinin S : transparent: 

truit made strangers target their home n understood: intellectually bright: 

loud, lowd, a. making a great sound: darkened with madness.-** lucid'- 

noisy: showy.-advs loud loud ly, . UVcidness.-a^. lu'cidly.-n. Luc'- 

act or state of lounging: an idle stroll: » t ^ i^t mJT ' ^ * 

a place for lounging: a sofa. 1111 / 4. a u a 

louse, lows, n. a common wingless , luck > uk , n. fortune, good or bad: 

parasitic insect :-pl. lice (lis). -t». lSus'- ^ ance: Jot: good fortune.-a^ luck - 

iness.-a. lous'y, swarming with lice, ^r" 1 ' ^ 1 f iess '-«- luck less, with- 

lout, lowt, n. a clown, awkward fellow. , out . g° od lu . ck : unhappy. -a dv. luck - 

louver, louvre, 16'vSr, n. an opening lessly. - n luck lessness. - o. lucky, 

of a turret shape on roofs, to allow na 7 in g good luck: -auspicious, 

smoke or foul air to escape. ? ucre ' lu > r ' , n> + gain (es P% s0 J" dld 

love, luv, n. fondness: an affection of f a . m ). : pr° fit : advantage.-a lucrative, 

the mind caused by that which delights: bringing lucre or gain: profitable, 

preeminent kindness: reverential regard: luculent, lu ku-lent, a lucid: clear: 

devoted attachment to one of the op- transparent: evident.— adv. lu culently. 

posite sex: the object of affection. ludicrous, lu'di-krus, a. that serves 

low, 16, v. i. to make the loud noise for sport: adapted to excite laughter, 

of oxen: to bellow.— n. the bellow of luff, luf, n. the windward > side of a 

oxen. — n. low'ing. ship: the act of sailing a ship close to 

low, \6, a. (comp. low'er; superl. the wind: thejoof.— v. t. to turn a ship 

low'est) lying in an inferior place or towards the wind. 

position: not high: deep: shallow: lug, lug, v. t. to pull along: to^drag: 

small: moderate: cheap: dejected: mean: to pull with difficulty. — ns. lug'gage, 

plain: in poor circumstances: humble.— (Eng.) the baggage of a traveler; lug'- 



lugubrious mote, move; mute; then. lymph 273 

ger, a small vessel with long or lug luscious, lush'us, a. sweet in a great 
sails, degree: delightful: fulsome, as flattery. 

lugubrious, lii-gu'bri-us, a. mournful: lush, lush, a. rich and juicy, of grass, 
dismal.— adv. lugu briously. lush, lush, v. t. to swill.— n. plentiful 

lukewarm, luk'wawrm, a. partially or liquor, 
moderately warm: indifferent. lust, lust, n. longing desire: eager- 

lull, lul, v. t. to soothe : to compose : to ness to possess : carnal appetite. — v. i. 
quiet. — v. i. to become calm : to subside, to desire eagerly (with after, for) : to 
— n. a season of calm. — n. lull'aby, a have carnal desire: to have depraved 
song to lull children to sleep, a cradle- desires. — a. lust'ful, having lust: incit- 
song. — v. t. to lull to sleep. ing to lust : sensual. — adv. lust'fully. — ns. 

lumbago, lum-ba'go, n. a rheumatic lust'fulness; lust'iness. — adv. lust'ily.— 
affection of the muscles or fibrous tissues a. lust'y, vigorous: healthful: stout, 
in the lumbar^ region.- _ luster, lustre, lus'ter, n. brightness, 

lumber, lum'ber, n. timber sawed or gloss, splendor : (fig.) renown. 
split for use: anything cumbersome or lustrum, lus'trum, n. a period of five 
useless. — v. t. to fill with lumber : to years : — pi. lus'tra. — a. lus'tral- 
heap together in confusion.— v. i. to cut lustring, lus'tring, n. a glossy silk 
timber and prepare it for market.- cloth.— Also lus'trine, lute'string. 

lumber, lum'ber, v. i. to move heavily. lusty. See lust. 

luminary, lu'min-ar-i, n. any body lute, lut, n. a medieval stringed in- 
which gives light, esp. one of the heavenly strument of music like the guitar, 
bodies: one who illustrates any subject luxury, luk'su-ri, n. free indulgence 
or instructs mankind. — adjs. lurninif- in rich diet or costly dress or equipage: 
erous, transmitting light ; lu'minous, anything delightful : a dainty. — ns. luxii'- 
giving light : shining : illuminated : clear : riance, luxu'riancy. — a. luxu'riant, ex- 
lucid. — adv. lu'minously. uberant in growth: overabundant. — adv. 

lump, lump, n. a small shapeless mass : luxu'riantly. — v. i. luxu'riate, to be 
a protuberance : swelling : the whole to- luxuriant : to grow exuberantly : to live 
gether : the gross. — v. t. to throw into luxuriously : to expatiate with delight. 
a confused mass : to take in the gross. — n. luxuria'tion, the act of luxuriat- 

lunar, lu'nar, a. belonging to the ing. — a. luxurious, given to luxury: ad- 
moon: measured by the revolutions of ministering to luxury: furnished with 
the moon : caused by the moon : like the luxuries : softening by pleasure. — adv. 
moon — also lu'nary. — n. lu'nacy, a kind luxuriously. — n. luxu'riousness. 
of madness formerly supposed to be af- lyceum, li-se'um, n. a place devoted 
fected by the moon : insanity. — adjs. lu'- to instruction by lectures : an associa- 
nate, -d, formed like a half moon: cres- tion for literary improvement: a pre- 
cent-shaped; lu'natic, affected with lu- paratory school, 
nacy. — n. a person so affected. Lycopodium, li-ko-po'di-um, n. a 

lunch, lunsh, n. a meal or slight re- genus of cryptogamous plants, including 
past between breakfast and dinner. the ground-pine, the club-moss, etc. 

lung, lung, 11. one of the organs of lyddite, lid'it, n. a powerful explo- 
breathing. sive made (at Lydd in Kent, England) 

lurch, lerch, n. an ancient card-game: from picrate of potash, 
in cribbage, the position of the party Lydian, lid'i-an, a. pertaining to 
who has gained every point before the Lydia in Asia Minor: soft and slow, as 
other makes one. — leave in the lurch, music : soft and effeminate, 
to leave in a difficult situation. lye, li, n. a solution leached from 

lurch, lerch, v. i. to evade by stooping, ashes : a solution of the fixed alkalies, 
to lurk : to roll or pitch suddenly to one potash and soda, in water, 
side (as a ship). lying, li'ing, a. addicted to telling 

lure, lur, n. any enticement: bait; lies. — n. the habit of telling lies. 

lurid, lu'rid, a. ghastly pale, wan: lying, li'ing, a. being in a horizontal 
ghastly and sensational: gloomy. position. 

lurk, lerk, v. i. to lie in wait: to be lymph, limf, n. water: a colorless _ or 
concealed. — a. lurk'ing, lying hid. faintly-yellowish fluid in animal bodies. 

18 



274 lynch fate, far; me, her; mine; madrigal 

lynch, linsh, v. t. to judge and punish (bot.), lyre-shaped.— ns. lyre'-bird, an 
without the usual form of law. Australian bird having the 16 tail- 
lynx, lingks, n. a feline quadruped, feathers of the male arranged in the 
with a short tail, the ears tipped with form of a lyre; lyric (lir'-), a lyric 
tufts of hair. — adjs. lynce'an; lynx'- poem. — adjs. lyric, -al (lir'-), pertaining 
eyed, sharp-sighted. [L., — Gr.] to the lyre: fitted to be sung to the lyre: 
lyre, lir, n. a musical instrument like written in stanzas : said of poetry which 
the harp, anciently used as an accom- expresses the individual emotions of the 
paniment to poetry. — adjs. ly'rate, -d poet. 



i 



m, em, the thirteenth letter of ization for political control. — v. t. to use 
the alphabet, belonging to the machinery for, esp. to print or sew by 
labio-nasal class of consonants. such : to make by means of machinery, 
ma, ma, n. a childish contrac- ■ — ns. machin'ery, machines in general: 
tion for mama. the working parts of a machine : com- 
ma'am, mam, n. a colloquial contrac- bined means for keeping anything in 
tion of madam. action, or for producing a desired re- 
Mab, mab, n. the queen of the fairies, suit ; machinist, a constructor of ma- 
Mac, mak, a prefix in Scotch names, chines : one versed in machinery : one 
meaning son (of). who works a machine. 

macadamize, mak-ad'am-Iz, v. t. to mackerel, mak'er-el, n. a marine food 
cover, as a road, with small broken fish, dark blue, with wavy cross-streaks 
stones, so as to form a smooth, hard above, and silvery below, 
surface.— n. macad'am, broken stone for mackintosh, mak'in-tosh, n. a water- 
paving: macadamized pavement. proof overcoat. 

macaque, ma-kak', n. a monkey of ma d, mad, a. (comp. mad'der; superl. 
genus Macacus. . mad'dest) disordered in intellect: in- 
macaroni, mak-a-ro'ni, n. a kind of sane: proceeding from madness, rabid: 
paste or dough prepared from hard- troubled in mind: excited with any 
wheat flour, pressed out into long tubes, violent passion or appetite : furious with 
and then dried: a medley: a fool. anger.— n. mad'cap, a wild, rash, hot- 
macaroon, mak-a-ron', n. a sweet headed person.— a. fond of wild and 
cracker made chiefly of almonds and reckless action.— v. t. mad'den, to make 
sugar. [Fr.,— It. mac carom above.] mad : to enrage.— a. mad'ding, distracted, 
macaw, ma-kaw , n. a tropical long- act j ng ma dly.— advs. mad'dingly, mad'- 
tailed bird. < ly. — nSm mad'house, a lunatic asylum; 
mace, mas, n. a kind of spice : the mad'man, a man who is mad : a maniac ; 
second coat of the nutmeg. mad'ness. 

macerate, mas'er-at, v. t to steep: m *tem, mad'am, n. a courteous form 

to soften by steeping: to make lean. f add^ss t a lady 

machete, ma-cha'ta n a heavy knife mad d t ^ f k 

or cutlass used by the Cubans, etc. Ibp.J ,» , . r ,_, t . r, £ 

Machiavellian, mak-i-a-vel'yan a. +1 Madeira, ma-de ra, n. a rich wine of 

resembling Machiavel, a Florentine the s ^rry class produced in Madeira. 

statesman: destitute of political morality : mademoiselle, mad-mwa-zel , n. a 

cunning, crafty, perfidious, fT^M" address to a young 

machinate, mak'i-nat, v. t. to contrive lad y : Miss, 

skilfully : to plot or scheme, esp. for Madonna, ma-don a, n. a name given 

doinc harm. to tne Virgin, esp. as seen in works of 

machine,' ma-shen', n. any artificial art. [It., lit. 'my lady'— L. mea domina.] 

means or contrivance: any instrument madras, ma-dras', n. a large bright- 

for the conversion of motion : an engine : colored kerchief, used by negroes as a 

a conveyance of any kind, esp. an auto- turban: a fabric printed in imitation of 

mobile or bicycle: one who can do only this a kind of shirting, 

what he is told : any literary contrivance madrigal, mad'ri-gal, n. (mus.) a 

for the development of a plot: an organ- piece of music for the voice in five or 



maelstrom mote, move; mute; then. mail 275 

six parts: a short poem expressing a erties of the lodestone have been im- 
graceful and tender thought. parted, including that of pointing to the 

maelstrom, mal'strom, n. a celebrated poles when suspended freely. — adjs. 
whirlpool off the coast of Norway: any magnetic, -al, pertaining to the mag- 
resistless overpowering influence for net: having the properties of the mag- 
destruction. [Norw., 'grinding stream'.] net: attractive. — adv. magnetically. — n. 

magazine, mag-a-zen', n. a store- magnetiza'tion. — v. i. mag'netize, to 
house: a place for military stores: the render magnetic: to attract as if by a 
ammunition-room in a ship : a periodical magnet. — v. i. to become magnetic. — ns. 
publication containing miscellaneous mag'netizer, one who or that which im- 
articles : the receptacle for ammunition parts magnetism ; mag'netism, the cause 
in certain guns. — ns. magazine'-gun, or of the attractive power of the mag- 
-ri'fle, a gun or rifle from which many net: attraction : 

shots can be fired one after another magnificent, mag-nif'i-sent, a. great 
without reloading. in deeds or in appearance : grand : noble : 

magenta, ma-jen'ta, n. a color be- pompous : displaying greatness of size or 
tween pink and red. extent. — n. magnificence. 

maggot, mag'ut, n. a worm or grub: magnify, mag'ni-fi, v. t. to make 
a whim. — a. magg'oty, full pi maggots, great or greater : to enlarge : to cause 
[W. maceiad, akin to magiaid, worms, to appear greater: to exaggerate. 
magu, to breed.] magniloquent, mag-nil'o-kwent, a. 

Magi, ma'ji, n. pi. priests of the speaking in a grand or pompous style, 
ancient Persians: the Wise Men of the magnitude, mag'ni-tud, n. greatness: 
East. — a. Ma'gian, pertaining to the size: extent: importance. 
Magi.— n. one of the Magi.— ns. Ma'- magnolia, mag-nol'i-a, or -ya, n. a 
gianism, or Ma'gism, the philosophy or North American tree with beautiful 
doctrines of the Magi. foliage and sweet-scented flowers. 

magic, maj'ik, n. the pretended art of magnum, mag'num, n. a bottle hold- 
producing marvelous results by the aid \ ng tw0 qua rts : the quantity of wine 
of spirits, or of the secret forces of n ni no - such [L ] 

nature: enchantment: sorcery —adjs. m a gp i e , mag'pl, n. a chattering bird, 
magic -al.-adv mag ically.- nj. of a y e nus allied to the crow. 
magician, one skilled in magic: a mah ma-hog'a-ni, n. a tree of 

wizard: an enchanter . tropical America : its wood, 

rJ^^^^T^'^oft h Mahomedan, Mahometan. See Mo- 
magistrate: authoritative: proud: digni- nammeaan. _ 

fied.— n. magis'ter, master.- adv. magis- m *id, m *d, »• an unmarried woman, 
te'rially. esp - one y° un S- a virgin: a female 

magistrate, maj'is-trat, n. a person servant. 
intrusted with the power of putting the maiden, mad n, n. a maid.— a. pertain- 
laws in force: a justice of the peace, ing.to a virgin or young woman: con- 
magnanimity, mag-na-nim'i-ti, n. sisting of maidens: (Jig.) unpolluted: 
greatness of soul : elevation of dig- fresh : new : unused : first : that has never 
nity, of mind : generosity.— a. magnan - been ^captured, said of a fortress.— ns. 
imous, elevated in sentiment, noble: maidenhair, a name given to a fern 
brave : unselfish.— adv. magnanimously, from the fine hair-like stalks of its 

magnate, mag^nat, n. one of distinc- fronds ; maid'enhood, the state of being 
tion or greatness. a maid^ virginity: purity: freshness; 

magnesium, mag-ne'zhi-um, or -si-um, maid'enliness.— a. maid'enly, maiden- 
n. a metal of a bright, silver-white color, like: becoming a maiden : gentle: modest. 
which while burning gives a dazzling mail, mal, n. defensive armor for the 
white light.— w. magne'sia, a light white body formed of steel rings or network : 
powder, got by burning magnesium, used armor generally, 
as a medicine. — a. magne'sian. mail, mal, n. the matter carried by a 

magnet, mag'net, n. the lodestone: a postal department: the means by which 
bar or piece of steel to which the prop- this matter is conveyed. — v. t. to put 



276 



maim 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



malice 



into the mail : to send by mail. — a. mail'- 
able, capable of being sent by maiL- 

maim, mam, n. a bruise: an injury: 
a lameness : the loss of any essential 
part — v. t. to bruise: to disfigure: to 
injure: to lame or cripple: to render de- 
fective. [0. Fr. mehaing, a bruise.] 
main, man, n. might: strength. 
main, man, a. chief, principal: first in 
importance: leading. — n. the chief or 
principal part : the ocean or main sea : a 
continent or a larger island as compared 
with a smaller : a principal gas or water 
pipe in a street, or the largest conductor 
in a system of electric lights. 

maintain, man-tan', v. t. to keep m 
any state : to keep possession of : to pre- 
serve from capture or loss: to carry on: 
to keep up : to support : to make good : 
to support by argument: to affirm: to 
defend. — v. i. to affirm, as a position: 
to assert. — a. maintainable. — ns. main- 
tainor; main'tenance, the act of main- 
taining, supporting, or . defending : con- 
tinuance : the means of support : defense, 
protection. 

maize, maz, n. a plant, and its fruit, 
called also Indian corn, or, commonly 
in the U. S., corn. [Sp., — Haitian.] 

majesty, maj'es-ti, n. greatness: gran- 
deur: dignity: elevation of manner or 
style : royal state : a title of kings and 
other sovereigns. — adjs. majes'tic, -al, 
having or exhibiting majesty: stately: 
sublime. — adv. majes'tically. 

majolica, ma-jol'i-ka, n. a name ap- 
plied to decorative enameled pottery, 
used for vases, etc. 

major, ma'jer, a. greater in number, 
quantity, or size : more important : 
(mus.) greater by a semitone. — n. a 
person of full age (21 years) : an officer 
in rank between a captain and lieu- 
tenant-colonel. — ns. ma'jor-do'mo, a 
general or chief steward; ma'jor-gen'- 
eral, an officer in the army next in rank 
below a lieutenant-general; major'ity, 
the greater number : the amount between 
the greater and the less number: full 
age (at 21) . 

make, mak, v. t. to fashion, frame, or 
form : to produce : to bring about : to 
perform: to force: to render: to repre- 
sent, or cause to appear to be : to turn : 
to occasion: to bring into any state or 
condition: to establish: to prepare: to 
obtain: to ascertain: to arrive in sight 



of: to reach: to do. — v. i. to tend or 
move: to contribute. — pa. t. and pa. p 
made. — n. form or shape: structure, tex- 
ture. 

maketh, mak'eth, old 3d pers. sing, 
pres. ind. of make. 

malachite, mal'a-kit, n. a green- 
colored mineral, used for inlaid-work. 
maladministration, mal-ad-min-is-tra'- 
shun, n. bad management, esp. of public 
affairs. 

maladroit, mal-a-droit', a. not dex- 
terous : unskilful : clumsy. 

malady, mal'a-di, n. illness: disease, 
either of the body or of the mind. 

malapropos, mal-ap-ro-po', a. out of 
place : unsuitable : inapt. — adv. not suited 
to the purpose: unseasonably. 

malapropism, mal'a-prop-izm, n. the 
act of misapplying words, in the attempt 
to use fine language. 

malaria, ma-la'ri-a, n. the poisonous 
air arising from marshy districts, pro- 
ducing fever, etc.: miasma: the fever so 
caused. — adjs. mala'rious, mala'rial. 

Malay, -an, ma-la', -an, n. a native or 
inhabitant of Malacca, 

malcontent, mal'kon-tent, a. discon- 
tented, dissatisfied, esp. in political 
matters. — n. one discontented. 

male, mal, a. masculine : pertaining 
to the sex that begets (not bears) 
young: (bot.) bearing stamens. — n. one 
of the male sex : a he-animal : a stamen- 
bearing plant. 

malediction, mal-e-dik'shun, n. evil- 
speaking: a calling down of evil: curse: 
execration or imprecation. — a. maledict'- 
ory, imprecatory. 

malefactor, mal-e-fak'ter, n. an evil- 
doer : a criminal. — a. malefic, doing 
mischief: producing evil. — adv. malef- 
ically. — n. maleficence, the character 
of being maleficent.— -a. maleficent, do- 
ing evil : causing injury. 

malevolent, mal-ev'o-lent, a. wishing 
evil : ill-disposed towards others : re- 
joicing in another's misfortune: envious: 
malicious. — n. malev'olence. 

malfeasance, mal-fe'zans, n. evil-do- 
ing: the doing of what one ought not 
to do: an illegal deed. 

malformation, mal-for-ma'shun, n. 
bad or wrong formation. 

malic, ma'lik, a. pertaining to apples . 
malice, mal'is, n. ill-will: spite: dis- 
position to harm others: deliberate mis- 



maiign mote, move; mute; then. mandamus 277 

chief: intention to harm another. — a. Mammalia, mam-ma/li-a, n. pi. (zool.) 

malic'ious, bearing ill-will or spite: the whole class of animals that suckle 

moved by hatred or ill-will : having mis- their young. 

chievous intentions. — adv. malic'iously. Mammon, mam'un, n. riches : the god 

malign, ma-lln', a. of an evil disposi- of riches. — a. mamm'onish, devoted to 

tion towards others : malicious : unfav- money-getting. 

orable. — v. t. to speak evil of. — ns. ma- mammoth, mam'uth, n. an extinct 
lign'er; malig'nity, state or quality of species of elephant. — a. resembling the 
being malign : great hatred, virulence : mammoth in size : very large, 
deadly quality.— adv. malign'ly. mail) man> M- a human being: man- 
malignant, ma-lig'nant, a. disposed to kind : a grown-up male : a male attend- 
do harm or to cause suffering: malign: an t : one possessing a distinctively mas- 
acting maliciously: actuated by great culine character: a husband: a piece 
hatred : tending to cause death.— ns. ma- use d in playing chess or draughts : a 
lig'nancy, malignance, state or^ quality wor d of familiar address :—pl. men.— 
of being malignant— -adv. malig'nantly. ^ t. to supply with men: to strengthen 
malinger, ma-ling'ger, v. i. to feign or fortify. — ns. man'-at-arms, a soldier; 
sickness in order to avoid duty. man'-eat'er, a cannibal: a tiger. — a. 
mall, mawl, n. a large wooden beetle man'ful, having the qualities of a man- 
or hammer. — v. t. to beat with a maul full of manliness : bold : courageous : 
or something heavy: to bruise. noble-minded. — adv. man'fully a — ns. 
mall, mal, n. a level shaded walk, man'fulness; man'hood, state of being 
mallard, mal'ard, n. a drake : the com- a man : manly quality : human nature ; 
mon duck in its wild state. man'kind, the kind or race of man: 
malleate, mal'e-at, v. t. to hammer; to the mass of human beings. — n. man'li- 
form into a plate or leaf by hammering, ness. — adjs. man'ly, becoming a man: 
— a. mall'eable. — ns. mall'eableness; brave: dignified: noble: pertaining to 
malleability, quality of being malleable, manhood : not childish or womanish ; 
mallet, mal'et, n. a small wooden man'nish, like, a man : masculine : bold, 
hammer : the long-handled hammer used — ns. man'-of-war, a warship ; man'- 
in croquet and polo. slaughter, (law) the killing of any one 
malodor, mal-6'dor, n. an offensive unlawfully, but without malice or fore- 
odor. — a. malo'dorous. — n. malo'dor- thought. 
ousness. manacle, man'a-kl, n. a handcuff. — v. 

malpractice, mal-prak'tis, n. evil prac- t. to put manacles on. 
tice or conduct : practice contrary to manage, man'aj, v. t. to guide by use 
established rules. of the hands : to have under command 
malt, mawlt, n. barley or other grain or control : to bring round to one's plans : 
steeped in water, allowed to sprout, and to conduct with great carefulness: to 
dried in a kiln, used in brewing. — v. t. wield : to handle : to contrive : to train 
to make into malt. — v. i. to become malt, by exercise, as a horse. — v. i. to conduct 
— a. containing or made with malt. — ns. affairs. — n. manageabil'ity, the quality 
malt'ose, a hard, white, crystalline of being manageable. — a. man'ageable, 
sugar, formed by the action of malt or that can be managed : governable. — n. 
diastase on starch; malt'ster, one whose man'ageableness. — adv. man'ageably. — 
trade or occupation it is to make malt. ns. management, art or act of manag- 
Maltese, mal-tez', n. a native, or the ing: manner of directing or of using 
natives of Malta: the dialect, a corrupt anything: administration: skilful treat- 
Arabic mixed with Italian. — a. belong- ment : a body of managers ; man'ager, 
ing to Malta, or to its inhabitants. one who manages : a person who con- 
maltreat, mal-tret', v. t. to abuse: to trols a business or other concern. — a. 
use roughly or unkindly. managerial, of or pertaining to a man- 
malversation, mal-ver-sa'shun, n. evil ager, or to management. 
conduct: misbehavior in office. mandamus, man-da'mus, n. a writ or 
mama, mamma, ma-ma', or ma'ma, n. command issued by a superior court to 
mother — used chiefly by young children, a lower court or to an individual or 



278 mandate fate, far; me, her; mine; manufacture 

corporation, directing the performance statement: a list or invoice of a ship's 
of some act therein specified. cargo. — n. manifesta'tion, act of disclos- 

mandate, man'dat, n. ^ a charge: a ing what is dark or secret: that by which 
command from a superior official or something is manifested or shown : dis- 
judge to an inferior: a right given to a play: revelation. — adv. manifestly. 
person to act in name of another. — ns. manifesto, man-i-fest'o, n. a public 
man'datary, man'datory, one to whom written declaration of intentions, opinions, 
a mandate is given by a man'dator. — a. or motives. [It., — L.] 
man'datory, containing a mandate : pre- manifold, man'i-fold, a. various in kind 
ceptive: directory. or quality: many in number: multiplied. 

mandolin, mandoline, man'do-lin, n. manikin, man'i-kin, n. a dwarf: a 
a musical instrument having strings, pasteboard model exhibiting the different 
finger-board, and neck like a guitar. parts and organs of the human body. 

mandrake, man'drak, n. a plant with Manila, ma-nil'a, n. a cheroot made in 
narcotic properties. Manila; Manila hemp, the fiber of Musa 

mandrel, man'drel, n. a bar of iron Textilis. 
fitted to a turning-lathe on which articles manipulate, ma-nip'u-lat, v. t. to work 
to be turned are fixed. with the hands. — v. i. to use the hands, 

mane, man, n. the long hair flowing esp. in scientific experiments: to handle 
from the neck of some quadrupeds, as or manage : to give a false appearance 
the horse and the lion.- to: to turn to one's own purpose. — ns. 

maneuver, ma-no'ver, n. a piece of manipulation ; manipulator. 
dexterous management: stratagem: a manner, man'er, n. the way in which 
skilful and clever movement in military anything is done: method: fashion: 
or naval tactics.— v. t. to manage the personal style of acting or bearing one- 
evolutions of. — v. i. to move or change self: habit: custom: sort: style: (pi.) 
positions, as of troops or ships.- morals: good behavior: character: de- 

manganese, mang-ga-nes', or mang- portment— a. mann'ered, having man- 
ga-nez', n. a hard and brittle metal. ners (esp. in compounds, as well- or ill- 

mange, manj, n. the scab or itch mannered): affected with mannerism: 
which eats the skin of domestic animals, artificial : stilted.— ns. mann'erism, a 

mangel-wurzel, mang'gl-wur'zl, n. a constant sameness of manner : a marked 
plant of the beet kind cultivated as food peculiarity of style or manner, esp. in 
for cattle. — Also mang'old-wur'zel. literary composition; mann'erliness— a. 

manger, manj'er, n. a trough in which mann'erly, showing good manners: well- 
food is laid for horses and cattle. behaved: complaisant: not rude. — adv. 

mangle, mang'gl, v. t. to cut and with good manners : civilly: respectt ally . 
bruise : to tear in cutting : to mutilate ; manor, man'or, n. a landed estate . 

mangle, mang'gl, n. a rolling-press for mansion, man'shun, n. a house, esp. 
smoothing linen. — v. t. to smooth with a one of some size: a manor-house, 
mangle : to calender. — n. mang'ler. mantel, man'tl, n. the ornamental shelf 

mango, mang'go, n. the fruit of the over a fireplace. — Also man'telpiece. 
mango-tree of the East Indies : a green mantilla, man-til'a, n. a small mantle : 
musk-melon pickled. a kind of veil covering the head and 

mania, ma'ni-a, n. violent madness: falling to the shoulders. [Sp.] 
insanity: excessive or unreasonable de- mantle, man'tl, n. a covering: a cloak 
sire. — n. ma'niac, a madman. — a. raving or loose outer garment: (zool.) the thin 
mad. — a. maniacal (ma-ni'a-kal). fleshy membrane lining a mollusk's shell : 

manicure, man'i-kur, n. the care of a conical wire network covered with 
hands and nails : one who practises this, some highly refractory earth that be- 
— v. t. to treat the hands and nails. comes luminous under a flame. 

manifest, man'i-fest, a. that may be manual, man'u-al, a. pertaining to the 
easily seen by the eye or perceived by hand: done, made, or used by the hand. 

the mind : clear : apparent : evident. n. drill in the use of weapons, etc. : 

v. t to make clear or easily seen: to a handbook: a handy compendium of a 

show plainly: to put beyond doubt: to large subject or treatise. 

reveal or declare.— n. an open or public manufacture, man-u-fakt'ur, v. t to 



manure 



mote, move; mute* then. 



market 279 



make from raw materials by any means 
into a form suitable or use. — v. i. to be 
occupied in manufactures. — n. the pro- 
cess of manufacturing: anything manu- 
factured. — n. manufact'ory, a factory or 
place where goods are manufactured. — 
n. manufacturer, one who manufactures. 

manure, ma-nur', v. t. to enrich 
(land) with fertilizing substance. — n. 
any substance applied to land to make it 
more fruitful. 

manuscript, man'u-skript, a. written 
by the hand : not printed. — n. a book or 
paper written by the hand. 

many, men'i, a. consisting of a great 
number of individuals : not few : num- 
erous : — comp. more (mor) : superl. 
most (most). — n. many persons: a 
great number. — adv. man'y where, in 
many places. 

map, map, n. a representation of the 
surface of the earth, or of part of it on 
a plane surface : a similar drawing of 
the stars in the sky. — v. t. to draw in 
the form of a map, as the figure of any 
portion of land: to describe clearly. 

maple, ma'pL n. a tree of several 
species, from one of which sugar is 
made. — a. of or pertaining to maple. 

mar, mar, v. t. to injure by wounding 
or by cutting off a part: to damage. 

marasmus, ma-raz'mus, n. a. wasting 
of flesh without apparent disease. 

maraud, ma-rawd', v. i. to rove in 
quest of plunder. — n. maraud'er. 

marble, mar'bl, n. any species of lime- 
stone taking a high polish: that which 
is made of marble, as a work of art : 
a little ball used by boys in play. — a. 
made of marble: veined like marble: 
hard : insensible. — v. t. to stain or vein 
like marble. — n. mar'bling, the act of 
veining or painting in imitation of 
marble. — adv. mar'bly, resembling 
marble, in the manner of marble. 

march, march, n. a border: boundary 
of a territory: — used chiefly in pi. 

march, march, v. i. to move in order, 
as soldiers : to walk in a grave or stately 
manner. — v. t. to cause to march. — n. 
the movement of troops : regular ad- 
vance: a piece of music fitted for march- 
ing to : the distance passed over. 

marchioness, mar'shun-es, feminine of 
marquis. 

marconigram, mar-kon'i-gram, n. a 



message sent by the Marconi system of 
wireless telegraphy. 

mare, mar, n. the female of the horse, 

margarin, margarine, mar'gar-in, n. 
the solid pearly ingredient of human fat, 
olive-oil, etc. : oleomargarin. 

margin, mar'jin, n. an edge, border: 
the blank edge on the page of a book : 
something provided against contin- 
gencies : a sum of money, or its value 
in securities, deposited with a broker to 
protect him against loss on transactions 
made on account. — v. t. to furnish with 
margins, enter on the margin. — n. marge 
(poet.), edge, brink. — a. mar'ginal per- 
taining to a margin: placed in the mar- 
gin. — adv. mar'ginally. 

marine, ma-ren', a. of or belonging 
to the sea : done at sea : representing the 
sea : near the sea. — n. a soldier serving 
on shipboard: the whole navy of a 
country or state : naval affairs : a sea- 
piece in painting. — n. mar'iner, a seaman 
or sailor. 

marionette, mar-i-o-net', n. a puppet 
moved by strings. [Fr.] 

marital, mar'i-tal, a. pertaining to a 
husband: of the nature of a marriage. 

maritime, mar'i-tim, a. pertaining to 
the sea: relating to navigation or to 
naval affairs : situated near the sea : liv- 
ing on the shore, littoral . 

mark, mark, n. a visible sign: any 
object serving as a guide: that by which 
anything is known: a badge: a trace, im- 
pression, proof : any visible effect : 
symptom : a thing aimed at or striven 
for: an attainable point: a character 
made by one who cannot write: any im- 
pressed sign or stamp : a physical peculi- 
arity: distinction: a boundary, limit. — 
v. t. to make a mark on anything: to 
impress with a sign: to take notice of: 
to regard. — v. i. to take particular notice. 
— a. marked, distinguished: prominent: 
notorious. — adv. mark'edly, noticeably. — ■ 
ns. mark'er, one who marks the score 
at games, as at billiards : a counter used 
at card-playing, etc. : the soldier who 
forms the pivot round which a body of 
soldiers wheels; mark'ing; mark'ing- 
ink, indelible ink, used for marking 
clothes; marks'man, one who shoots 
well. 

mark, mark, n. a coin of the German 
Empire = about 24 cents 

market, mar'ket, n. a pubhc place for 



180 marline 



fate, far; me, her; mine} 



martyr 



the purposes of buying and selling: the 
time for the market : a butcher-shop : 
sale : rate of sale : value. — v. i. to deal at 
a market: to buy and sell. — a. market- 
able, fit for the market : salable. — ns. 
mar'ket-day, the fixed day on which a 
market is usually held; mar'keter; mar'- 
ket-gar'den, a garden in which fruit and 
vegetables are grown for market; mar'- 
ket-gar'dener; mar'keting, the act or 
practice of buying and selling, as pro- 
visions; mar'ket-price, the current price. 

marline, mar'l*il, n. a small rope for 
winding round a larger one to keep it 
from fraying. — n. mar'linespike, an iron 
tool, like a spike, for separating the 
strands of a rope in splicing. 

marmalade, mar'ma-lad, n. a jam or 
preserve generally made of the pulp of 
oranges, originally of quinces. 

marmoset, mar'mo-zet, n. a small 
variety of American monkey. 

marmot, mar'mot, n. an Alpine rodent, 
about the size of a rabbit. 

maroon, ma-ron, n. a brownish 
crimson. 

maroon, ma-ron', n. a fugitive slave 
living on the mountains, in the West 
Indies. — v. t. to put on shore on a deso- 
late island. 

marplot, mar'plot, n. one who mars or 
defeats a plan or design by interference 
where he has no right. 

marque,, mark, n. a license to pass the 
marches or limits of a country for the 
purpose of making reprisals . 

marquee, mar-ke', n. a large field- 
tent. [For marquees, the s being dropped 
as if a plural, from Fr. marquise, orig. 
a marchioness's tent] 

marquetry, mark'et-ri, n. work inlaid 
with pieces of various-colored wood. 

marquis, nur'kwis, n. a title of Euro- 
pean nobility next below that of a duke : 
— fern, mar'chioness. — ns. mar'quisate, 
the dignity or lordship of a marquis; 
marquise (mar-kez'), in France, a mar- 
chioness : a style of jewelry. 

marriage, mar'ij, n. the ceremony by 
which a man and woman become 
husband and wife : the union of a man 
and woman as husband and wife. — a. 
marriageable, suitable, or at a proper 
age, for marriage. 

marrow, mar'6, n. the soft, fatty 
matter in the hollow parts of the bones : 
the pith of certain plants: the essence 



inner meaning or 



of anything : the 
purpose. 

marry, mar'i, v. t. to take for husband 
or wife : to give in marriage : to unite in 
matrimony. — v. i. to enter into the mar- 
ried state : to take a husband or a wife : 
— pr. p. marr'ying; pa. t. and pa. p. 
marr'ied. 

Mars, marz, n. the Roman god of 
war: the planet next to the earth in 
the order of distance from the sun. 

marsh, marsh, n. a tract of low wet land : 
a morass, swamp, or fen. — a. pertaining 
to wet or boggy places. — ns. marsh'i- 
ness; marsh'maH'ow, a species of mal- 
low common in meadows and marshes: 
a confection made from its root. — a. 
marsh'y, pertaining to or produced in 
marshes: abounding in marshes. 

marshal, mar'shal, n. an officer charged 
with the regulation of ceremonies, etc. : 
the chief officer who regulated combats 
in the lists: a harbinger: a herald: in 
France, an officer of the highest military 
rank: in the U. S. the civil officer of a 
federal judicial district: an officer of a 
fire department: a village policeman. 

mart, mart, n. a place of trade. 

marten, mar'ten, n. a destructive kind 
of weasel valued for its 
fur. [Fr. martre, also 
marte — Low L. marturis, 
from a Teut. root seen 
in Get", marder, and A. 
S. mearth, a marten.] 

martial, mar'shal, a. 
belonging to Mars, the 
god of war, or to the planet Mars: 
pertaining to war, or to the army and 
navy: warlike: brave. — adv. ^ mar'tially. 

martin, mar'tin, n. a bird of the 
swallow kind. 

martinet, mar'tin-et, r s 
n. a strict disciplina- 
rian. [From Martinet, 
a very strict officer in 
the army of Louis Martin. 

XIV. of France.] 

martingale, mar'tin-gal, n. a strap 
passing between a horse's forelegs to 
keep his head down: in ships, a short 
spar under the bowsprit. 

martyr, mar'ter, n. one who suffers 
for his belief: one who suffers greatly 
from any cause.— v. t. to put to death 
for one's belief.— ns. mar'tyrdom. 




Marten. 




marvel 



mote, move; mute; then. 



masticate 



281 



marvel, mar'vel, n. a wonder: any- 
thing astonishing or wonderful: aston- 
ishment. — v. i. to wonder: to feel aston- 
ishment. — a. mar'velous, astonishing : 
almost or altogether beyond belief: 
improbable. — adv. mar'velously. 

mascot, mas'kot, n. a talisman: a 
person, animal, or thing whose presence 
brings good luck. [Fr. mascotte.] 

masculine, mas'ku-lin, a. of the male 
sex: having the qualities of a man: 
resembling a man, or suitable to a man : 
robust: of a woman, bold, forward, un- 
womanly: denoting nouns which are 
names of males. — n. {gram.) the mas- 
culine gender. — adv. mas'culinely. 

mash, mash, v. t. to beat into a mixed 
mass : to bruise ; in brewing, to mix malt 
and hot water together. — v. i. to act 
violently. — n. a mixture of ingredients 
beaten or stirred together for feeding 
cattle or horses : in brewing, a mixture 
of crushed malt and hot water. — a. 
mash'y, produced by mashing. 

masher, mash'er, n. a fellow who 
seeks to attract the attention of im- 
pressionable women, a fop. — v. t. mash, 
to flirt with or engage the affections of: 
to treat as a sweetheart. 

mask, masque, mask, n. anything dis- 
guising or concealing the face : anything 
that disguises : a pretense : a masquerade : 
a representation or impression of a face 
in any material, as in marble,plaster, etc. : 
a fox's head. — v. t. to cover the face with 
a mask: to hide. — v. i. to join in a 
mask or masquerade : to be disguised 
in any way : to revel. — a. masked, 
wearing a mask, concealed. — n. mask'er. 

mason, ma'sn, n. a builder in stone or 
brick : one who constructs the walls of 
buildings, etc. : sometimes, a stonecutter. 

masquerade, mask-er-ad', n. an as- 
sembly of persons wearing masks, gen- 
erally at a ball : disguise. — v. i. to wear 
a mask : to join in a masquerade . 

mass, mas, n. a lump of matter : a 
quantity: a collected body: the main 
body: magnitude: the principal part or 
main body: quantity of matter in any 
body: (pi.) the lower classes of the 
people. — v. t. to form into a mass: to 
bring together in masses. — v. i. to as- 
semble in masses. — a. mass'ive, bulky. 

mass, mas, n. the celebration of the 



Eucharist in R. C. churches, also the 
office for the same: a musical setting 
of certain parts of the R. C. liturgy. 

massacre, mas'a-ker, n. indiscriminate 
slaughter, esp. with cruelty: carnage. 

massage, ma-sazh', n. in medicine, a 
system of treatment in which the man- 
ipulation and exercise of parts are em- 
ployed for the relief of morbid con- 
ditions. — v. t. to subject to massage. — ns. 
massa'gist, masseur': — fern, masseuse'. 

masse, ma-sa', n. in billiards, a sharp 
stroke made with the cue perpendicular 
or nearly so. [Fr.] 

mast, mast, n. a long upright pole for 
bearing the yards, rigging, etc. in a ship. 
— v. t. to supply with a mast or masts. 

master, mas'ter, n. one who com- 
mands : an owner, leader, or ruler : a 
teacher : an employer : the commander 
of a merchant-ship : one eminently 
skilled in anything: a title of address to 
boys : a title of dignity or office — a degree 
conferred by universities, as Master of 
Arts, etc., the head of a lodge of Free- 
masons, etc. : a husband. — a. the chief, 
predominant : belonging to a master, 
chief, principal, as in master-builder, 
etc. — v. t. to become master of: to over- 
come : to become skilful in : to execute 
with skill. — a. mas'terful, exercising the 
authority or power of a master: im- 
perious : having the skill of a master. — 
adv. mas'terfully. — ns. masterfulness; 
mas'ter-key, a key that opens many 
locks : a clue fitted to guide one out of 
many difficulties. — a. mas'terless, with- 
out a master or owner : ungoverned : un- 
subdued : beyond control. — n. mas'terli- 
ness, quality of being masterly : masterly 
skill. — a. mas'terly, like a master: with 
the skill of a master : skilful : excellent : 
overbearing. — adv. with the skill of a 
master. — ns. mas'ter-mar'iner, the cap- 
tain of a merchant-vessel; mas'ter-ma'- 
son, a Freemason who has attained the 
third degree; mas'terpiece, a piece of 
work worthy of a master: a work of 
superior skill : chief excellence ; mas'ter- 
ship, the office of master: rule or do- 
minion : superiority ; mas'tery, the power 
or authority of a master : dominion : 
victory: superiority: the attainment of 
superior power or skill. 

masticate, mas'ti-kat, v. t. to chew: 
to grind with the teeth. — a. mas'ticable, 
that may be chewed. — n. mastica'tioflf 



282 



mastiff 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



matter 



n. an extinct 




mastiff, mas'tif, n. a thick-set and 
powerful variety of dog. 

mastodon, mas'to-don, 
elephant, so named 
from the mammillary 
cusps or teat-like 
prominences on the 
molar teeth. [Gr. mas- 

tOS, the breast odous, Skeleton of Mas- 

odontos, a tooth. J todon. 

mat, mat, n. a texture of fiber, etc., 
used as a floor-covering, or to wipe the 
feet on: a web of rope-yarn: an orna- 
mental border for a picture: a piece of 
cloth, etc. put below dishes on a table: 
anything like a mat in appearance, thiok 
and closely set : the closely-worked 
portion of lace. — v. t. to cover with 
mats : to interweave : to entangle. 

match, mach, n. a piece of inflam- 
mable material which easily takes or 
carries fire: a small stick tipped with 
such material, a lucifer . 

match, mach, _ n. anything which 
agrees with or suits another thing : an 
equal: one able to cope with another: 
a contest or game : a pairing, a marriage : 
one to be gained in marriage. — v. i. to be 
of the same make, size, etc., to cor- 
respond : to form a union with. — v. t. to 
be equal to, to set a counterpart to 
anything : to be able to compete with : 
to find an equal to : to set against as 
equal: to suit: to give in marriage. — a. 
matchless, having no match or equal. 

mate, mat, n. a companion : an equal : 
one of a pair, the male or female of 
animals that go in pairs : an officer in 
a merchant ship — in the navy the term 
is now confined to petty-officers, such as 
boatswain's mate, gunner's mate, etc. : 
an assistant, deputy. — v. t. to be equal 
to : to become a companion to : to marry. 

material, ma-te'ri-al, a. consisting of 
matter: corporeal, not spiritual: sub- 
stantial : essential : important, esp. of 
legal importance. — n., esp. in pi., that out 
of which anything is to be made. — n. 
materializa'tion. — v. t. materialize, to 
render material : to reduce to or regard 
as matter : to occupy with material 
interests. 

maternal, ma-ter'nal, a. belonging to 
a mother: motherly. — adv. maternally. 
■ — n. mater'nity, the state, character, or 
relation of a mother, 



mathematic, -al, math-e-mat'ik, -al, 
pertaining to or done by mathematics: 
very accurate. — adv. mathematically. — 
ns. mathematician, one versed in math- 
ematics ; mathematics, the science of 
magnitude and number, and of all their 
relations. 

matin, matin, a. morning: used in 
the morning. — n. in pi. daily morning 
service, morning prayer: in the R. C 
Church, one of the seven canonical 
hours. — a. matlnal. — n. matinee (mat- 
i-na'), an entertainment or reception 
held in the daytime: a morning dress. 

matricide, mat'ri-sid, n. a murderer 
of one's own mother : the murder of 
one's own mother. — a. mat'ricidal. 

matriculate, ma-trik'u-lat, v. t. to 
admit to membership by entering one's 
name in a register, esp. in a college. — 
v. i. to become a member of a college, 
university, etc., by being enrolled. — n. 
matricula'tiom 

matrimony, mat'ri-mun-i, n. union of 
husband and wife, marriage : state of 
marriage.— a. matrimo'nial. — adv. mat- 
rimo'nially. 

matrix, ma'triks, or mat'riks, n. 
(anat.) the womb: the cavity in which 
anything is formed, a mold: (mining) 
earthy or stony substance in which min- 
erals are found embedded : — pi. matrices 
(mat'ri-sez). 

matron, ma'trun, n. an elderly mar- 
ried woman: any elderly lady of staid 
habits : a female superintendent. — ns. 
ma'tronage, ma'tronhood, state of be- 
ing a matron: a body of matrons. — a< 
ma'tronal, pertaining or suitable to a 
matrpn: motherly: grave. — v. t. ma'- 
tronize, to render matronly: to chap- 
eron. — a. ma'tronly, like, becoming, or 
belonging to a matron : elderly : sedate. 

matter, mat'er, n. that which occupies 
space, and with which we become ac- 
quainted by our bodily senses : that out 
of which anything is made: that which 
feceiving a form becomes a substance: 
the_ subject or thing treated of: that with 
which one has to do: cause of a thing: 
thing of consequence : something requir- 
ing remedy or explanation : any special 
allegation in law : importance : a measure, 
etc., oi indefinite amount: (print.) 
material for work, type set up : mere 
dead substance, that which is thrown 
off by a living body, esp. pus, or the 



mattress 



mote, move; mute; then. 



meal 



fluid in boils, tumors, and lestering 
sores. — v. i. to be of importance : to 
signify: to form or discharge matter in 
a sore. — adjs. matt'er-of-fact, adhering 
closely to facts : not fanciful : dry ; 
mattery, significant : purulent. 

mattress, mat'res, n. a bed made of a 
bag stuffed with wool, horsehair, cotton, 
etc., and quilted. 

mature, ma-tur', a. grown to its full 
size: perfected: ripe: fully digested, as 
a plan. — v. t. to ripen : to bring to per- 
fection : to prepare for use. — v. i. to 
become ripe : to become payable, as a 
bill. — adv. maturely. — ns. mature'ness, 
matur'ity, ripeness : a state of complete- 
ness or readiness for use. 

maudlin, mawd'lin, a. silly: sickly- 
sentimental : fuddled, half-drunk. 

maul, mawl, v. t. to beat with a mall 
or a heavy stick: to injure greatly by 
beating. — n. a heavy wooden hammer. 

maunder, mawn'der, v. i. to beg: to 
whine like a beggar, to grumble: to 
mutter, to talk foolishly, to drivel.- 

Mauser, mow'zer, n. a German maga- 
zine rifle, adopted by several armies. 

mausoleum, maw-so-le'um, n. a mag- 
nificent tomb 
o r monu- 
ment. — a, 
mausole'an, 
pertaining to 
a mauso- 
leum : mon- 
umental. [L., 
— Gr. Mau- 
soleion, from 

MaUSOlllS, Mausoleum. 

king of Caria,' to whom his widow, 
Artemisia, erected a splendid tomb about 
350 b. c] 

mauve, mawv, n. a beautiful purple 
color and dye, so called from its like- 
ness in color to the flowers of the 
common mallow. — a. of the color of 
mauve. 

maverick, mav'er-ik, n. an animal 
found straying without an owner's 
brand, esp. a strayed calf: anything dis- 
honestly obtained. 

maw, maw, n. the stomachy esp. in 
the lower animals : the craw, in birds. 

mawkish, mawk'ish, a. loathsome, 
disgusting: easily nauseated. — adv. 
mawkishly. — n. mawk'ishness. 

maxim, makslm, n. a general prin- 




ciple, serving as a rule or guide: a 
pithy saying: a proverb. 

Maxim, maks'im, n. for Max'im-gun, 
an automatic machine-gun capable of 
firing several hundred rounds per minute. 

maximite, makslm-It, n. a high ex- 
plosive used by the United States gov- 
ernment in marine torpedoes. 

maximum, maksl-mum, a. the greatest. 
— n. the greatest number, quantity, or 
degree: the highest point reached: — pi. 
max'ima. — a. max'imal, of- the highest 
or maximum value. — adv. maximally. — 
v. t. maximize, to raise to the highest 
degree. [L., superl. of magnus, great.] 

may, ma, v. i. to be able: to be 
allowed: to be free to act: to be pos- 
sible : to be by chance : to be competent : 
— pa. t. might (mit). — adv. may'be, 
perhaps, possibly. — n. a possibility. 

May, ma, n. the fifth month of the 
year : the early or gay part of life. — ■ 
v. i. to gather May (prov. Eng., the blos- 
som of the hawthorn) : — pr. p. Maying. 

mayhem, ma'hem, n. the offense of 
depriving a person by violence of any 
limb, member, or organ, or causing any 
mutilation of the body. 

mayonnaise, ma-on-az', n. a sauce 
composed of the yolk of eggs, salad-oil, 
and vinegar or lemon-juice, seasoned . 

mayor, ma'er, n. the chief magistrate 
or chief executive officer of a city: — 
fern, may'oress. — a. may'oral. — ns. may'- 
oralty, may'orship, the office of a 
mayor. 

maze, maz, n. a place full of intricate 
windings : confusion of thought : per- 
plexity. — v. t. to bewilder: to confuse. 

me, me, personal pron. the objective 
case of I. lA. S. me.] 

meadow, med'6, n. a level tract pro- 
ducing grass to be mown down : a 
rich pasture-ground — (poet.) mead. 

meager, meagre, me'ger, a. having 
little flesh: lean: poor: without rich- 
ness or fertility: barren: scanty: with- 
out strength. — adv. mea'gerly. — n. mea'- 
gerness. 

meal, mel, n. the food taken at one 
time: the act or the time of taking 
food: a breakfast, dinner, or supper.- 

meal, mel, n. grain ground to powder. 
— v. i. to yield or be plentiful in meal. 
— n. mealiness. — adjs. meal'y, resem- 
bling meal: covered with meal or with 




284 mean fate, far; me, her; mine; mediate 

something like meal: whitish; mealy- food — sometimes beef, mutton, pork, 

mouthed, smooth-tongued. veal, etc., as opposed to poultry, fish, 

mean, men, a. low in rank or birth: etc. — n. meat'iness, quality of being 

base: sordid: kr.v in worth or estima- meaty. — a. meat'y, full of meat: fleshy: 

tion : of little value or importance : poor, pithy. 

humble: despicable. — adv. mean'ly. — n. mechanic, -al, me-kan'ik, -al, a. per- 
mean'ness, state or quality of being taining to machines or mechanics: con- 
mean: want of nobility or excellence. structed according to the laws of 

mean, men, a. middle: coming be- mechanics: acting by physical power: 
tween two others in size, degree, quantity, done by a machine: pertaining to arti- 
time, etc.: average: moderate. — n. the sans: done simply by force 'of habit, 
middle point, quantity, value, or degree: slavish, artificial. — n. mechanic, one en- 
instrument or medium: (pi.) that by gaged inamechan- 
which anything is caused or brought to ical trade: an arti- * Y~-^A 
pass: income: estate: instrument. — n. san. — adv. me- \. *[f 
mean'time, the interval between two chan'ically. — ns. JSNjI 4 
given times. — advs. mean'time, mean'- mechanic'ian, 
while, in the intervening time. m e c h'a n i s t, a 

mean, men, v. t. to have in the mind machine-maker: 

or thoughts : to intend, to purpose : to one skilled in 

signify. — v. i. to have in the mind: to mechanics; me- 

have meaning or disposition: — pa. t. and chan'ics, the 

pa. p. meant (ment). — n. meaning, sig- science which 

nification : the sense intended : purpose, treats of machines : 

-a. significant-*, meaningless, with- the science which ^^^l^Ze , 3, 

out meaning. — adv. meaningly. treats of the nature wheel and axie ; 4, screw; 6, 

meander, me-an'der, n. a winding of forces and of pulley ' 6 ' wed e*- 

course : a maze : an intricate variety of their action on bodies, either directly or 

fretwork: perplexity. — v. i. to flow, run, by the agency of machinery; mech'- 

or proceed in a winding course: to be anism, the construction of a machine: 

intricate. — v. t. to wind or flow round. — ■ the arrangement and action of its parts, 

a. mean'dering, winding in a course. by which it produces a given result. 

meant, pa. t. and pa. p.oimean (v. t). medal, med'al, n. a piece of metal in 

measles, me zlz, n. a contagious fever the form of a coin bearing some device 

accompanied with eruptions of small red or inscription, struck or cast : a reward 

spots upon the skin . of merit. — v. t. to decorate with a medal. 

measure, mezh'ur, n. that by which meddle, med'l, v. i. to interfere un- 
extent is ascertained or expressed: the necessarily (with or in) : to have to do 
size of anything: a rule or standard: a (with). — n. medd'ler. — a. meddlesome, 
proposal or plan: proportion: a stated given to meddling. — n. meddlesomeness. 
quantity: degree: extent: moderation: ■ — a. meddling, interfering in the con- 
means to an end: meter: (mus.) that cerns of others: officious — also n. 
division of time by which the air and medial, me'di-al, a. lying between two 
motion of music are regulated : rate of extremes, median . 

movement, time, rhythm, meter, in median, me'di-an, a. being in the 

poetry : a slow and stately dance, as the middle, running through the middle : 

minuet. — a. meas'urable, that may be situated in the median plane, that divid- 

measured or computed: moderate: in ing the body longitudinally into sym- 

small quantity or extent. — adv. meas'- metrical halves. 

urably. — adjs. meas'ured, of a certain mediate, me'di-at, a. middle: between 

measure : equal : uniform : steady : re- two extremes : acting by or as a means : 

stricted. — ns. measurement, the act of dependent on some intervening thing. — 

measuring: quantity found by measur- v. i. to interpose between parties as a 

ing; meas'urer. friend of each: to intercede.— v. t. to 

meat, met, n. anything eaten as food, bring about by mediation : to effect a 

the edible part of anything: act of tak- relation between two things. — adv. me'- 

ing meat: the flesh of animals used as diately.— ns, me'diateness, state of be- 



medical 



mote, move; mute; Men. 



membrane 



ing mediate; media'tion, the act of 
mediating or coming between: entreaty 
for another. 

medical, med'i-kal, a. relating to the 
art of healing diseases : containing that 
which heals : intended to promote the 
study of medicine. — adv. med'ically. 

medicate, med'i-kat, v. t. to treat with 
medicine: to impregnate with anything 
medicinal. — a. med'icable, that may be 
healed. — n. med'icament, a medicine : 
healing power. — a. med'icated, mixed 
with medicine: made medicinal ._ 

medicine, med'i-sin, n. anything ap- 
plied for the cure or lessening of dis- 
ease or pain: the science which treats 
of the prevention or cure of disease. — 
v. t. to treat or cure by medicine. — a. 
medic'inal, relating to medicine : fitted 
to cure or to lessen disease or pain. 

medieval, mediaeval, me-di-e'val, a. 
relating to the middle ages or the period 
from the 4th to the 16th century. 

mediocre, me'di-6-ker, a. of middling 
extent or quality : moderate. — n. medioc'- 
rity, a middle state or condition: a 
moderate degree: a person of little 
power or importance. 

meditate, med'i-tat, v. i, to consider 
thoughtfully: to purpose (with on, 
upon). — v. t. to think on: to revolve in 
the mind: to intend. — a. med'itated, 
thought of: planned. — n. medita'tion, 
deep thought: serious contemplation. 

medium, me'di-um, n. the middle : the 
middle place or degree : any interven- 
ing means, instrument, or agency. 

medley, med'li, n. a mingled and con- 
fused mass : a miscellany . 

medulla, me-dul'a, n. the inner portion 
of an organ or part, as the pith of a 
hair: the pith of a plant, etc. 

meek, mek, a. mild and gentle of 
temper : submissive. — adv. meek'ly. 

meet, met, a. fitting: qualified. 

meet, met, v. t. to come face to face: 
to encounter in conflict : to find or ex- 
perience : to refute : to be suitable to : 
to satisfy, as by payment : to receive, as 
a welcome. — v. i. to come together from 
different points : to assemble : to have 
an encounter : to balance or come cut 
correct : — pa t. and pa. p. met. — n. a 
meeting, as of huntsmen. — n. meet'ing, a 
coming face to face: an interview: an 
assembly : a crossing of two roads : a 
junction of two rivers. 



megaphone, meg'a-fon, n. an appli- 
ance for making words audible at a 
distance— a form of speaking-trumpet. 

melancholy, meran-kol-i, n. continued 
depression of spirits: dejection: a 
gloomy state of mind. — a. gloomy: pro- 
ducing grief. — n. melancholia, a form 
of insanity, in which there is continued 
depression or pain of 'mind.- 

melange, ma-lonzh', n. a mixture : a 
medley. [Fr.] 

melee, ma-la', n. a confused conflict : 
an affray. [Fr., — meler, to mix.] 

-meliorate, me'lyo-rat, v. t. to make 
better.— v. i. to grow better. — n. meliora'- 
tion. 

melliferous, mel-ifer-us, a. honey- 
producing. — a. mellif'ic, honey-making. 
— ns. mellifica'tion; mellifluence, a 
flow of sweetness : a smooth sweet flow. 
— adjs. mellifluent, mellifluous, flow- 
ing with honey or sweetness : smooth. 

mellow, mel'o, a. soft and ripe: well 
matured: soft to the touch, palate, ear, 
etc. : genial : half-tipsy. — v. t. to soften 
by ripeness or age: to mature. — v. i. to 
become soft : to be matured. 

melodrama, mel-o-dram'a, n. a kind 
of romantic and sensational drama. 
— a. melodramat'ic, of the nature of 
melodrama : overstrained : sensational. 

melody, mel'o-di, n. an air or tune : 
music: an agreeable succession of single 
musical sounds. — n. melo'deon, an im- 
proved variety of the accordion. — adjs. 
melod'ic, melo'dious, full of melody. 

melon, mel'un, n. a kind of trailing 
plant of the gourd family and its fruit : 
the watermelon or muskmelon. 

melt, melt, v. t. to make liquid, to 
dissolve: to soften: to waste away. — v. 
i. to become liquid : to dissolve : to be- 
come tender or mild : to lose distinct 
form: to be discouraged: — pa. p. melted, 
or molten. — n. melt'ing, the act of dis- 
solving . 

melton, mel'ton, n. a strong cloth for 
men's wear. [From Melton, England.] 

member, mem'ber, n. an integral part 
of a whole, esp. a limb of an animal : 
a clause : one of a society : a representa- 
tive in a legislative body. — a. mem'bered, 
having limbs. 

membrane, mem'bran, n. (anat.) one 
of the thin textures which cover the 
organs or line the cavities or canals of 
the body: the film containing the seeds 



286 memento fate, far; me, her; mine; mercy 

of a plant. — adjs. membran'eous, mem'- to a train of servants : doing servile 

branous, membranaceous, relating to, work: low. — n. a domestic servant, 

consisting of, or like a membrane. mensurable, mens'u-ra-bl, a. that can 

memento, me-men'to, n. something be measured: measurable. — n. mensura- 

to awaken memory: a reminder of what bil'ity. — a. mens'ural, pertaining to 

is past or of what is yet to come. measure— n. mensura'tion, the act or 

memoir, mem'wor, or me-moir', n. a art of rinding by measurement and calcu- 

sketch or description of something as lation the length, area, volume, etc., of 

remembered by the writer: a short bodies. [L. mensurare, to measure.] 

biographical sketch. mental, men'tal, a. pertaining to the 

memory, mem'o-ri, n. the power of m ;? d : done in . the mind.— ns. men- 
retaining and reproducing mental or tal lty, menta tion. — adv. men'tally. 
sensory impressions: a having or keep- menthol, men'thol, n. a camphor ob- 
ing in the mind : time within which past tamed from oil of peppermint, 
things can be remembered : that which mention, men shun, n. a brief notice : 
is remembered : commemoration : re- a hint.— v. t. to notice briefly : to remark . 
membrance.— a. mem'orable, deserving mentor, men'tor, n. a wise counselor, 
to be remembered: remarkable.— a dv. menu, men'u, n. a bill of fare. 
mem'orably.— n. memorandum, some- , Mephistopheles, mef-is-tof'e-lez, n. 
thing to be remembered : a note to assist the name of the devil in Goethe's Faust. 
the memory :—/>/. memorandums, mem- — «•. Mephistophelean, cynical, scoffing, 
oran'da. — a. memo'rial, bringing to malicious.^ ^ _ 
memory : contained in memory.— n. that , mephitis, me-fi tis, n. a poisonous ex- 
which serves to keep in remembrance: halation from the ground or from de- 
a monument : a written statement form- caying substances— also mephi tism.* 
ing the ground of a petition, laid before mercantile, mer kan-til, a. pertaining 
a legislative or other body.— v. t. memo'- t0 merchants : having to do with trade . 
rialize, to present a memorial to : to mercenary, mer se-nar-i, a. hired for 
petition by a memorial.— n. memorialist, money: actuated by the hope of reward: 
one who writes, signs, or presents a greedy of gain : sold or done for money, 
memorial.—*/, t. memorize, to commit mercer mer ser, n. a dealer in silks 
to memory and woolen cloths, or m small wares. 

men, plural of man. ' ~ v - *■ mer'cerize, to give a silky ap- 

menace, men'as, v. t. to threaten.- Pearance to (cotton fabrics) by chemical 

v. L to act in a threatening manner. — n. treatm ent. 

a threat 'or threatening.-a. menacing, mer chant ; mer chant, n. one who 

overhanging: threatening. carne l °J trade ', wholesale and retail: 

_ , , & « , ., ,i one who buys and sells goods: a trader: 

menage, me-nazhn. a household: the a merc ha J-vessel. - a pertaining to 

management of a house. tmdeor merchandise ._^ merchandise, 

menagerie, men-aj er-i, n. a place for ds bo ht and soM for { mer ^. 

keeping wild animals for exhibition: a chantman> a trading-ship, 

collection of such animals. Mercury, meYku-ri, n. the god of mer- 

mend, mend, v. t. to remove, as a c handise and eloquence, and the mes- 

fault: to repair, as something broken sen ger of the gods: the planet nearest 

or worn: to make better: to correct, lm- t h e sun: (m-) a white, liquid metal, also 

prove.—*/, t. to grow better. — nj. ca n ed quicksilver: the column of mer- 

mender, one who mends; mending. cury \ n a thermometer or barometer.— 

mendacious, men-da'shus, a. given to a . mercurial, having the qualities said 

lying : speaking falsely : of the nature of to belong to the god Mercury : active : 

a he.— adv. menda'ciously— n. mendac'- sprightly: often changing: containing, or 

ity, a tendency to lying: a habit of lying, consisting of, mercury. 

mendicant, men'di-kant, a. in the con- mercy, mer'si, n. tenderness and for- 

dition of a beggar : practising beggary.— bearance shown in sparing an offender 

n. one who is in extreme want: a beg- in one's power: a forgiving disposition: 

gar: a begging friar.— ns. men'dicancy. clemency: an act of mercy: an un- 

menial, me'ni-al, a. of or pertaining deserved blessing : compassion or benev- 



mere mote, move; mute; then metamorphir 287 

olence. — a. mer'ciful, full of, or exercis- the threads of a net: the threads and 
ing, mercy. — adv. mer'cifully. knots which bound the opening : net- 
mere, mer, a. unmixed: pure: only work. — v. t. to catch in a net: to engage. 
this and nothing else : alone : absolute. — mesmerize, mez'mer-iz, v. t. to in- 
adv. mere'ly, purely, simply, only: thus duce an extraordinary state of the 
and no other way: solely. nervous system, in which the operator 
meretricious, mer-e-trish'us, a. allur- is- supposed to control the actions and 
ing by false show: gaudy and deceitful, thoughts of the subject. — a. mesmer'ic. 
merge, merj, v. t. to dip or plunge in: mesne, men, a. intermediate: inter- 
to sink: to cause to be swallowed vening. [Norm. Fr. mesne, middle.] 
up. — v. i. to be swallowed up or lost. mess, mes, n. a mixture disagreeable 
— n. mer'ger (law), a sinking of an to the sight or taste : a medley : disorder : 
estate or a security in one of larger confusion. — v. t. to make a mess of. 
extent or of higher value: a consolida- mess, mes, n. a dish or quantity of 
tion of corporate interests : formation of food served at one time : a number of 
a trust. persons who take their meals together, 
meridian, me-rid'i-an, a. pertaining to esp. in the army and navy: the take of 
midday: being on the meridian or at fish at one time. — v. t. to supply with a 
midday: raised to the highest point. — n. mess. — v. i. to eat of a mess: to eat at 
midday : the highest point, as of sue- a common table. 

cess: an imaginary circle on the earth's message, mes'aj, n. any communica- 

surface passing through the poles and tion sent from one person to another : 

any given place . an errand : an official communication, 

meringue, me- ^-r^>^ ___,. of advice, etc. as a president's message 

rang', n. a mix- ^fe^^^^^^^^^-B^ t0 the Congress. — n. mess'enger, the 

ture of sugar and ?; ^!^P|^lv ^Xllk bearer of a message: a forerunner, 

white of eggs jSifflilStf %Jl % H Messiah, mes-sfa, n. the anointed 



slightly browned : ^fe^SiSB|J'^ One, ^ le Christ. 

a pudding, etc.. 3l|ii^llK£_3wIl mestizo, mes-te'zo, n. the offspring 
covered with this. sgj|r: JOf °^ a P erson of mixed Spanish and 
[Fr.] ^S^JelllPiW^sg^ American Indian parentage : in the Phil- 
merino, me-re'- Merino ippines, the offspring of a native woman 
no, n. a variety of and a foreigner. 
sheep having very fine wool : a fine met, pa. t. and pa. p. of meet. 
French all-wool dress fabric. — a. belong- metal, met'al, n. a solid, opaque body, 
ing to the merino sheep or their wool, possessing a peculiar luster, fusibility, 
merit, mer 'it, n. excellence that conductivity for heat and electricity, etc., 
deserves honor or reward : worth : value : such as gold, etc. : intrinsic quality. — 
that which one has earned.— v. t. to adjs. metallic, pertaining to or like a 
earn: to have a right to claim as a metal: consisting of metal. — adv. metal'- 
reward: to deserve: (pi... in 'law) the lically. — a. metalliferous, producing or 
right or wrong of a case ; apart from yielding metals. — ns. met'allist, a worker 
questions of procedure. — a. merito'rious, in metals : an advocate of the use of 
possessing merit or desert: deserving of metal as currency; metaliog'raphy, an 
reward, honor, or praise.- account or description of metals; met'- 
merlin, mer'lin, n. a species of small alloid, one of the metallic bases of the 
hawk. fixed alkalies and alkaline earths: any 
mermaid, meVmad, n. a sea-woman, of the elements which are non-metallic 
having the head and body of a woman in the chemical sense. 
to the waist, ending in the tail of a metallurgy, met'al-er-ji, n. the art of 
fish : — masc. mer'man. working metals : the art of separating 
merry, mer'i, a. sportive : cheerful : metals from their ores. — a. metallur'gic. 
noisily ga<v; causing laughter: lively. — — n. metallurgist, one skilled in metal- 
adv. merr'ily. — ns. merr'iment, gaiety lurgy. 

with laughter and noise : mirth : hilarity. metamorphic, met-a-mor'fik, a. sub- 
mesa, me'sa, n. an elevated plateau, ject to change of form. — w. metamor'- 
mesh, mesh, n. the opening between phism, state or quality of being meta- 



288 metaphor 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



microscope 



morphic. — v. t. metamor'phose, to 
transform. — n. metamor'phosis, change 
of shape, transformation . 

metaphor, met'a-fer, n. the putting of 
one thing for another which it only re- 
sembles, as when words are said to be 
bitter : an implicit simile.- 

metaphrase, met'a-fraz, n. a literal 
translation : a repartee. 

metaphysics, met-a-fiz'iks, n. sing, the 
science which investigates the first prin- 
ciples of nature and thought: ontology 
or the science of being. — a. metaphys'- 
ical, pertaining to metaphysics : abstract. 
— adv. metaphysically. — n. metaphy- 
sician, one versed in metaphysics. 

mete, met, v. t. to measure. 

meteor, me'te-or, n. one of number- 
less small bodies traveling through 
space and continually encountered by the 
earth on its orbital path: (fig.) anything 
that for a time dazzles or strikes with 
wonder. — a. meteor'ic, pertaining to or 
consisting of meteors : proceeding from 
a meteor : flashing like a meteor : in- 
fluenced by the weather. — n. me'teorite, 
a meteoric stone. — adjs. meteorolog'ic, 
-al. — ns. meteorol'ogist; meteorol'ogy, 
that department of physics which treats 
of the phenomena of the atmosphere as 
regards weather and climate. 

meter, metre, me'ter, n. that regulated 
succession of certain groups of syllables 
in which poetry is usually written : 
rhythm: verse, or poetry generally: a 
plan of versification : musical time. — adjs. 
met'ric, -al, pertaining to meter or 
to metrology : consisting of verses.- 

meter, me'ter, metre, n. the funda- 
mental unit of length in the metric 
system — one ten-millionth of a quadrant 
of the meridian — 39.3707904 English 
inches. — a. met'ric. — metric system, the 
French or decimal system of weights 
and measures. 

meter, me'ter, n. one who or that 
which measures, esp. an apparatus for 
recording automatically the quantity of 
a fluid passing through it, as in gas- 
meter, water-meter, etc. — n. me'terage. 

methinks, me-thingks', v. impers. it 
seems to me : I think : — pa. t. methought. 

method, meth'ud, n. the mode or rule 
of accomplishing an end : orderly pro- 
cedure : manner : orderly arrangement : 
system, rule, classification: manner of 
performance. — adjs. method'ic, -al, 



arranged with method: disposed in a 
just and natural manner: formal. — adv. 
methodically.— v. t. meth'odize, to re- 
duce to method : to dispose in due order. 

methought. See methinks. 

methyl, meth'il, n. (chem.) the hypo- 
thetical radical' of methylic alcohol or 
wood spirit. 

metre, a measurer. See meter. 

metre, unit of length. See meter. 

metre, a measure. See meter. 

metric, met'rik, a. quantitative. — a. met- 
rical, pertaining to measurement. — n. pi. 
met'rics, the theory of measurement- 
metropolis, me-trop'o-lis, n. the capi- 
tal or chief city of a country, a state, 
etc.: a chief cathedral city: a generic 
focus in the distribution of plants or 
animals. — a. metropol'itan, belonging to 
a metropolis. 

mettle, met'l, n. ardent temperament: 
spirit : sprightliness : courage. — adjs. 
mett'led, mett'lesome, high-spirited . 

mew, mu, n. a sea-fowl: a gull. 

mew, mu, v. i. to cry as a cat. — n. the 
cry of a cat. 

mew, mu, v. t. to shed or cast: to 
confine. — v. i. to change: to cast the 
feathers: to molt. — n. a place for con- 
fining: a cage for hawks while mewing: 
in pi. a stable, or alley containing stables. 

mezzanine, mez'a-nin, n. (archit.) a 
low story introduced between two higher 
ones. 

mezzotint, mez'6-tint, or med'zo-tint, 
n. a method of copperplate engraving . 

miasma, mi-az'ma, n. unwholesome 
exhalations arising from putrescent 
matter : — pi. mias'mata. — adjs: mias'mal. 

mica, mi'ka, n. a group of rock-form- 
ing minerals, with perfect cleavage in 
one direction, the laminae flexible and 
elastic, and generally transparent. 

mice, mis, plural of mouse. 

microbe, mi'krob, mik'rob, n. a mi- 
croscopic organism, esp. a bacterium, 
found wherever organic matter is in 
process of decomposition. 

micrometer, mi-krom'e-ter, n. an in- 
strument for measuring minute distances 
or angles. — adjs. micromet'ric, -al. 

micro-organism, mi'kro-or'gan-izm, 
n. a microscopic organism. 

microphone, mi'kro-fon, n. an instru- 
ment which renders the faintest sounds 
distinctly audible. 

microscope, ml'kro-skop, n. an instru- 



mid mote, move; mute; then. mill 289 

ment which renders minute objects great amount: a title of dignity: ex- 
visible by magnifying them. — adjs. micro- cellency. — a. might 'y, having great 
scopic, -al, pertaining to a microscope: power: strong: valiant: very great: 
visible only by the aid of a microscope: important: exhibiting might, 
working with, or as if with, a micro- migrate, mi'grat, v. i. to pass from 
scope : extremely small. — adv. micro- one place to another : to remove for 
scop'ically. — ns. mi'croscopist, one residence from one country, college, etc., 
skilled in the use of the microscope, to another. — adjs. mi'grant, mi'gratory, 

mid, mid, a. middle : situated between migrating or accustomed to migrate : 
extremes. — ns. mid'air, the middle of the wandering. — n. migration. 
sky; mid'day, the middle of the day: mikado, mi-ka'do, n. a title of the 
noon. — a. of or pertaining to noon. — a. Emperor of Japan. [Jap., 'exalted gate'.] 
midland, in the middle of or sur- mil, mil, n. a unit of length in meas- 
rounded by land : distant from the coast : uring the diameter of wire, 
inland. — n. mid'night, the middle of the mild, mild, a. gentle in temper and 
night: twelve o'clock at night. — a. being disposition: not sharp or bitter: acting 
at midnight : dark as midnight. — n. mid'- gently : gently and pleasantly affecting 
shipman, in the U. S. navy, formerly the senses : soft : calm. — v. t. mild'en, to 
the lowest grade of officers in the line render mild. — v. i. to become mild. — adv. 
of promotion, now called naval cadet. — mild'ly. — n. mild'ness. 
adv. mid'ships. — ns. mid'summer, the mildew, mil'du, n. a disease on plants, 
middle of summer : the summer solstice, caused by the growth of minute fungi, 
about the 21st of June; mid'way, the mile, mil, n. 1760 yards. — ns. mile'- 
middle of the way or distance. — a. being age, length in miles : compensation for 
in the middle of the way or distance, expense of travel reckoned by the mile: 
— adv. half-way. — n. mid'winter, the militant, miH-tant, a. fighting: en- 
middle of winter: the winter solstice gaged in warfare. — n. mil'itancy, the 
(21st or 22d December), or the time state of being militant. — adv. nnTitantly. 
shortly before or after it. — n. militarism, an excess of the mili- 

middle, mid'l, a. equally distant from tary spirit. — a. mil'itary, pertaining to 
the extremes : intermediate : interven- soldiers or to warfare : warlike : engaged 
ing: {gram.) intermediate between in the profession of arms: derived from 
active and passive, reflexive. — n. the service ' as a soldier. — n. soldiery : the 
middle point or part: midst: central army. — v. i. militate, to contend: to 
portion, waist. — ns. middleman, one who stand opposed: to have force for or 
stands in the middle between two against. 

persons : an agent who does business militia, mi-lish'a, n. a body of citizens 
between two parties: a jobber ^middle- enrolled and drilled as soldiers: the 
weight, a boxer, wrestler or jockey of national guard of the various States: 
intermediate weight, between light and milk, milk, v. t. to squeeze or draw 
heavy weight. — a. middling, of middle milk from : to supply with milk. — n. a 
rate, state, size, or quality: moderate: white liquid secreted by female mam- 
fairly well or prosperous. — adv. moder- mals for the nourishment of their young : 
ately. — n. pi. middlings, the coarser a milk-like juice of certain plants. — ns. 
part of ground wheat. milk'er, one who milks : a machine for 

midst, midst, n. the middle. — adv. in milking cows: a cow that gives milk; 
the middle. milklness; milking, the amount of milk 

mien, men, n. the look or appearance drawn at one time ; milk'maid, a woman 
of a person : the expression of the face : who milks : a dairymaid ; milk'man, a 
manner: bearing. man who sells milk, esp. from door to 

miff, mif, n. (coll.) a slight feeling door; milk'sop, an effeminate, silly 
of resentment. fellow. — a. milk'y, made of, full of, like, 

might, mit, pa. t. of may. or yielding milk: soft: gentle. — n. 

might, mit, n. power : ability : strength : milk'y-way (astron.), the galaxy, a 
energy or intensity of purpose or feel- broad, luminous zone in the sky, caused 
ing. — adv. mightily. — n. mightiness, by the light of innumerable fixed stars, 
state of being mighty: power: greatness: mill, mill, n. a machine for grinding 

19 



290 mill fate, far; me, her; mine; minister 

any substance, as grain, by crushing it lief: cast of thought and feeling. — v. t. 
between two hard, rough surfaces: a to attend to : to obey : (Scot.) to remem- 
place where grain is ground, or manu- ber. — a. mind'ed, having a mind : dis- 
facture of some kind is carried on: a posed: determined. — n. mind'edness, 
contest at boxing. — v. t. to grind : to inclination- toward anything. — a. mind'- 
press or stamp in a mill : to stamp or ful, bearing in mind : taking thought or 
turn up the edge of (coins) and put care: attentive: observant. — adv. mind'- 
ridges and furrows on the rim: to beat fully. — n. mindfulness. 
severely with the fists. — ns. mill'dam, mine, mm, v. i. to dig for metals : 
mill'pond, a dam or pond to hold water to excavate. — v. t. to dig out of the 
for driving a mill. — a. milled, prepared ground: to dig under (a wall or build- 
by a grinding-mill or a coining-press : ing) in order to overturn it : to ruin or 
transversely grooved : treated by destroy by secret means. — n. a place 
machinery. — ns. mill'ing, the act of pass- from which metals are dug : an excava- 
ing anything through a mill . tion dug under a fortification to blow 

mill, mil, n. the thousandth part of it up: a rich source of wealth. 
a dollar. [L. mille, a thousand.] mineral, min'er-al, n. an inorganic 

millennium, mil-len'i-um, n. a thou- substance found in the earth or at its 
sand years : the thousand years during surface : any substance containing a 
which, as some believe, Christ will metal. — a. relating to minerals : having 
personally reign on the earth. the nature of minerals : impregnated with 

miller, mil'er, n. one who owns, or- minerals, as water: denoting inorganic 
who attends to, a flouring-mill. substances. — n. mineraliza'tion. — v. t. 

millet, mil'et, n. a grass yielding min'eralize, to make into a mineral: to 
grain used for food. give the properties of a mineral to : to 

milliner, mil'in-er, n. one who makes impregnate with mineral matter, 
headdresses, bonnets, etc., for women. — < mingle, ming'gl, v. t. to mix : to unite 
n. mill'inery, the articles made or sold into one mass: to confuse: to join in 
by milliners. mutual intercourse. — v. i. to become 

million, mil'yun, n. a thousand thou- mixed or confused. — n. a medley. — n. 
sands (1,000,000) : a very great number, ming'ling, mixture: a mixing or blend- 
— n. mill'ionaire, a man worth a million ing together. — adv. ming'lingly. 
dollars or more. — a. and n. mill'ionth. miniature, min'i-a-tur, or min'i-a- 

mime, mim, n. a farce in which scenes chur, n. a painting on a very small scale 
from actual life were represented by on ivory, etc. : a small or reduced copy 
gesture : an actor in such a farce. — n. of anything. 

mim'esis, a mimicking. — adjs. mimet'ic, minify, min'i-fi, v. t. to make little 
-al, apt to imitate. — v. t. mim'ic, to or less : to depreciate, 
imitate: simulate: — pr. p. mim'icking; minim, min'im, n. (med.) the smallest 
pa. p. mim'icked. — n. one who mimics: liquid measure, a drop, ^ drachm: 
a buffoon: a servile imitator. — adjs. (mus.) a note (formerly the shortest) 
mim'ic, -al, imitative : mock : minia- equal to two crotchets. — a. min'imal. — 
ture. — ns. mim'icker; mim'icry. v. t. minimize, to reduce to the smallest 

mimeograph, mim'e-6-graf, n. an ap- possible proportions : to treat slightingly, 
paratus for reproducing copies of written — ns. minimiza'tion; min'imum, the 
or printed matter. least quantity or degree possible — opp. of 

minaret, min'a-ret, n. a turret on a maximum: a trifle: — pi. min'ima. 
Mohammedan mosque, from which the mining, ml'ning, n. the art of form- 
people are summoned to prayers. ing or of working mines . 

mince, mins, v. t. to cut into small minion, min'yun, n. a darling, a 
pieces : to chop fine : to pronounce af- favorite, esp. of a prince : a flatterer : a 
fectedly. — v. i. to walk with affected fawning favorite: (print.) a small kind 
nicety: to speak affectedly. of type (7-point), between nonpareil 

mind, mind, n. the faculty by which and brevier, 
we think, etc. : the understanding : the minister, min'is-ter, n. a servant : one 
whole spiritual nature : memory : choice : who serves at the altar : a clergyman or 
intention : thoughts or sentiments : be- pastor : one transacting business 'for an- 



rnink 



mote, move; mute; then. 



misappropriate 



291 



other: a responsible officer of state: the 
representative of a government at a 
foreign court. — v. i. to act as a servant: 
to perform duties : to supply or do things 
needful. — v. t. to furnish — a. ministe'- 
rial, pertaining to the work of a servant : 
acting under superior authority: per- 
taining to the office of a minister : cler- 
ical: executive. — adv. ministe'rially. — 
adjs. min'istering, minlstrant,_ attend- 
ing and serving. — n. ministra'tion, the 
act of ministering or performing service : 
office or service of a minister. — a. min'- 
istrative, serving to aid or assist : min- 
istering. — n. ministry, act of minister- 
ing : service : office or duties of a min- 
ister : the clergy : the clerical profes- 
sion: the body of ministers of state, a 
government. 

mink, mingk, n. a small quadruped of 
the weasel kind, valued for its fur. 

minnow, min'6, n. a very small fresh- 
water fish : the young of larger fish. 

minor, mi'nor, a. smaller : less : in- 
ferior in importance, degree, bulk, etc. : 
inconsiderable: lower: (nuts.) smaller 
by a semitone. — n. a person under' age 
(21 years) : (logic) the term of a 
syllogism which forms the subject of 
the conclusion. — n. minority, the state 
of being under age (also mi'norship) : 
the smaller of two parts of a number: a 
number less than half: — opp. to ma- 
jority. [L., neut. of minus.] 

minster, minister, n. the church of 
an abbey or priory : often a cathedral. 

minstrel, min'strel, n. formerly, a 
singing harpist and poet : a musician : 
one of a class of performers, with 
blackened faces, of negro songs, etc. — n. 
min'strelsy, the art or occupation of a 
minstrel: a collection of songs. 

mint, mint, n. the place where money 
is coined by government : any source of 
abundant supply. — v. t. to coin : to invent. 
— n. mint'age, the money which is minted 
or coined: duty paid for coining. 

mint, mint, n. an aromatic plant pro- 
ducing a highly odoriferous oil.- 

minuet, min'u-et, n. a slow, graceful 
dance in triple measure. 

minus, mi'nus, a. less : less than 
nothing or less than zero : . deficient in 
respect of, deprived of, without. — n. an 
amount less than nothing: the sign ( — ). 

minute, min-ut', a. very small or 
slender: of small consequence: slight: 




attentive to small things : particular, 
exact. — adv. minutely. — n. minute ness. 

minute, min'it, n. the sixtieth part of 
an hour : the sixtieth part of a degree : 
an indefinitely small space of time: a 
brief jotting or note: (pi.) a brief sum- 
mary of proceedings. — v. t. to make a 
brief jotting or note of anything. 

minutiae, mi-nu'shi-e, n. pi. minute 
or small things : the smallest particulars. 

minx, mingks, n. a pert young girl . 

miracle, mir'a-kl, «. anything wonder- 
ful : a prodigy : anything beyond human 
power, and away from the common 
action of the laws of nature : a super- 
natural event. — a. mirac'ulcus, of the 
nature of a miracle : done by super- 
natural power: very wonderful: able to 
perform miracles. — adv. mirac'ulously. 
— 11. mirac'ulousness. [Fr., — L. mirac- 
ulum — mir- 
ari, -a ins, to 
wonder.] 

mirage, 
mi-razh', n. 
an optical il- 
1 u s i o n by 
which ob- 
jects are seen Mirage, 
double, or as if suspended in the air. 

mire, mir, n. deep mud. — v. t. to plunge 
and fix in mire : to soil with mud. — 
v. i. to sink in mud. — n. ml'riness. — a. 
mi'ry, consisting of mire: covered with 
mire. 

mirror, mir'er, n. a looking-glass: a 
reflecting surface, usually made of glass 
lined at the back with a brilliant metal : 
a pattern. — v. t. to reflect as in a mirror, 

mirth, merth, n. merriness : pleasure : 
delight: noisy gaiety: jollity: laughter. 

misadventure, mis-ad-vent'ur, n. an 
unfortunate adventure : ill-luck : disaster. 

misanthrope, mis'an-throp, n. a hater 
of mankind : one who distrusts every 
one else — also misan'thropist. — adjs. 
misanthropic, -al, hating or distrusting 
mankind. — adv. misanthroplcally. — n. 
misan'thropy, hatred or distrust of 
mankind. 

misapply, mis-ap-pli', v. t. to apply 
wrongly: to use for a wrong purpose. 

misapprehend, mis-ap-pre-hend', v. t. 
to apprehend wrongly : to take or under- 
stand in a wrong sense. 

misappropriate, mis-ap-pro'pri-at, v. 
t. to put to a wrong use. 



292 misbehave 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



misrepresent 



misbehave, mis-be-hav', v. i. to 
behave ill or improperly. 

miscalculate, mis-kal'ku-lat, v. t. to 
calculate wrongly. — n. miscalculation. 

miscarriage, mis-kar'ij, n. the act of 
miscarrying : failure : ill-conduct : the act 
of bringing forth young prematurely. — 
v. i. miscarr'y, to be unsuccessful: to 
fail of the intended effect : to bring 
forth, as young, before the proper time. 

miscellaneous, mis-sel-lan'i-us, a. 
mixed or mingled: consisting of several 
kinds. — adv. miscellaneously. — n. mis'- 
cellany, a mixture of various kinds . 

mischance, mis-chans', n. ill-luck: 
mishap, misfortune : calamity. 

mischief, mis'chif, n, an ill conse- 
quence: evil: injury: damage, hurt. — a. 
mis'chievous, causing mischief: injur- 
ious : prone to mischief. 

miscible, mis'si-bl, a. that may be 
mixed. — n. miscibil'ity. 

misconduct, mis-kon'dukt, n. bad con- 
duct : wrong management. 

misconstrue, mis-kon'stro, v. t. to 
construe or to interpret wrongly. 

miscreant, mis'kre-ant, n. a vile 
wretch, a detestable scoundrel. 

misdeal, mis-del', n. a wrong deal, as 
at cards. — v. t. to deal wrongly: to 
divide improperly. — v. i. to make a wrong 
distribution. 

misdeed, mis-ded', n. a bad deed. 

misdemean, mis-de-men', v. t. to 
behave ill (with oneself). — v. i. to mis- 
behave. — ns. misdemean'ant, one who 
commits a misdemeanor; misdemean'or, 
bad conduct : a legal offense of less 
gravity than a felony. 

misdirect, mis-di-rekt', v. t. to direct 
wrongly. — n. misdirec'tion. 

miser, mi'zer, n. an extremely covet- 
ous person : a niggard : one whose chief 
pleasure is in hoarding' wealth. — a. like 
a miser. — a. mi'serly, excessively covet- 
ous : sordid : niggardly. 

miserable, miz'er-a-bl, a. wretched, 
exceedingly unhappy: causing misery: 
very poor or mean : worthless. 

misery, miz'er-i, n. wretchedness : 
great unhappiness : extreme pain of body 
or of mind: a cause of pain or sorrow. 

misfeasance, mis-fez'ans, n. (lazv) a 
wrong done: the doing of a lawful act 
in a wrongful manner, as distinguished 
from malfeasance, which means the do- 



ing of an act which is positively unlaw- 
ful. 

misfit, mis-fit', n. a bad fit, of clothes, 
etc. — v. t. to make of a wrong size. 

misfortune, mis-f or'tun, n. ill- fortune : 
an evil accident : calamity. 

misgive, mis-giv', v. t to fill with 
doubt: to destroy confidence. — v. i. to 
fail, as the heart: to give way to doubt. 

misgovern, mis-guv'ern, v. t. and v. i. 
to govern badly: to use power unjustly. 

misguide, mis-gid', v. t. to guide 
wrongly : to lead into error. 

mishap, mis-hap', n. ill chance: acci- 
dent : misfortune. — v. i. mishap'pen. 

misinform, mis-in-form', v. t. to tell 
incorrectly. 

misinterpret, mis-in-ter'pret, v. t. to 
interpret wrongly: to explain wrongly. 

misjoin, mis-join', v. t. to join im- 
properly or unfitly. 

misjudge, mis-juj', v. t. and v. i. to 
judge wrongly. — n. misjudg'ment. 

mislay, mis-la', v. t. to lay in a wrong 
place or in one not remembered: to 
lose : — pa. p. mislaid'. 

mislead, mis-led', v. t. to guide into 
error : to cause to mistake : — pa. p. mis- 
led'. — a. misleading, deceptive. 

mismanage, mis-man'aj, v. t. to con- 
duct badly: to conduct carelessly. 

misname, mis -nam', v. t. to call by 
the wrong name. 

misnomer, misno'mer, n. a misnam- 
ing: a wrong name. 

misogamist, mis-og'a-mist, n. z. hater 
of marriage. — n. misog'amy. 

misogynist, mis-oj'i-nist, n. a woman- 
hater. — a. misog'ynous. — n. misog'yny. 

misplace, mis-plas', v. t. to put in a 
wrong place : to set on an improper 
object. — n. misplace'ment. 

misprint, mis-print', v. t. to print 
wrongly. — n. a mistake in printing. 

misprise, mis-prlz', v. t. to slight, 
undervalue. 

misprision, mis-prizh'un, n. mistake: 
(law) criminal oversight or neglect in 
respect to the crime of another: any 
serious offense, failure of duty. 

mispronounce, mis-pro-nowns', v. t. 
to pronounce incorrectly. 

misquote, mis-kwot', v. t. to quote 
wrongly. 

misrepresent, mis-rep-re-zent', v. t. 
to represent incorrectly: to act unfaith- 
fully on behalf of. — v. i to give a 



mfss mote, move; mute; then. mobile 293 

false impression. — n. misrepresenta'tion. mistrust, mis-trust', n. want of trust 
miss, mis, n. a title of address of an or confidence. — v. t. to regard with sus- 
unmarried female: a young woman or picion : to doubt. — adv. mistrust'ingly. 
girl: — pi. miss'es. [Contr. of mistress.] misunderstand, mis-un-der-stand', v. 
miss, mis, v. t. to fail to hit, reach, t. to take in a wrong sense. — n. mis- 
find, or keep : to omit . to fail to have : understanding, a mistake as to mean- 
to discover the absence of: to feel the ing: a slight disagreement, 
want of: to fail to observe: to leave misuse, mis-us', n. improper use: ap- 
out. — v. i. to fail to hit or obtain : to plication to a bad purpose. — v. t. misuse, 
go wrong. — n. a failure to hit the mark : mite, mlt, n. the minutest or smallest 
less of coins: anything very small. 

missal, mis'al, n. the book which con- miter, mitre, ml'ter, n. a headdress 
tains the complete service for mass worn by archbishops and bishops, and 
throughout the year. sometimes by abbots. 

misshape, mi s-shap', v. t. to shape ill: mitigate, mit'i-gat, v. t. to make 
to deform. — n. deformity. — p. a. mis- more easily borne: to lessen the severity 
shap'en, ill-shaped. of : to temper : to reduce in amount. 

missile, mis'il, a. that may be thrown mitten, mit'n, n. a kind of glove for 
from the hand or from any instrument, winter use, without a separate cover for 
— n. a weapon thrown by the hand. each finger : a glove for the hand and 

missing, mis'ing a. absent from the wrist, but not for the fingers, 
place where it was expected to be found: mittimus, mit'i-mus, n. (law) a war- 
lost : wanting. — adv. miss'ingly. rant for sending to prison a person 

mission, mish'un, n. a. sending of any charged with a crime: a writ by which 
agent, delegate or messenger : the pur- a record is transferred out of one court 
pose for which one is sent: the sending to another, 
out persons to spread a religion . mix, miks, v. t. to unite into one 

missive, mis'iv, a. that may be sent : mass : to mingle : to associate. — v. i. to 
intended to be thrown or hurled. become mixed: to be joined: to asso- 

misspell, mis-spel', v. t. to spell ciate. — n. a jumble, a mess. — adjs. mix'- 
wrongly. — n. misspelling, a wrong spell- able, mix'ible; mixed, mingled: pro- 
ing. miscuous : confused. — adv. mix'edly. — n. 

mist, mist, n. watery vapor seen in the mix'er. — adjs. mix'tiform, of a mixed 
atmosphere: rain in very fine drops: character; mixtilin'eal, consisting of a 
anything that dims or darkens the sight mixture of lines, right, curved, etc. — n. 
or the judgment. — adv. mist'ily. — n. mix'tiire, act of mixing or state of be- 
mist'iness. — a. mist'y, full of mist . dim : ing mixed : a mass or compound formed 
obscure, not perspicuous. by mixing: (chem.) a composition in 

mistake, mis-tak', v. t. to understand which the ingredients retain their prop- 
wrongly : to take for another. — v. i. to erties . a cloth of variegated coloring. 
err in opinion or judgment. — n. a tak- mizzen, mizen, miz'n, n. in a three- 
ing or understanding wrongly: an error, masted vessel, the hindmost of the lower 
— adjs. mistak'able: mistak'en, under- sails. — a. belonging to the mizzen. 
stood wrongly: guilty of a mistake. moan, mon, v. i. to make a low sound 

mister, mis'ter, n. sir: a title of ad- of grief or pain: to lament audibly. — 
dress to a man, written Mr. v t. to lament. — n. a low sound of 

mistreat, mis-tret', v. t. to treat ill* grief or pain: audible expression of pain, 
to abuse. — n. mistreat'ment. moat, mot, n. a deep trench round a 

mistress, mis'tres, n. (fern, of master) castle or fortified place, sometimes filled 
a woman having power or ownership : with water. — a. moat'ed. 
the female head of a family, school, mob, mob, n. the mobile or fickle com- 
etc. : a woman well skilled in anything: mon people: the rabble: a disorderly 
a woman loved and courted : a concu- crowd, a riotous assembly. — v. t. to 
bine: {fern of mister) a form of ad- attack in a disorderly crowd.- 
dress applied to a married woman mobile, mo'bil, a. that can be moved 
(usually written Mrs. and pronounced or excited. — n. mobiliza'tion. — v. t. mo'- 
mis'ez). bilize, to put in readiness for service in 



294 moccasin fate, far; me, her; mine; mold 

war: to call into active service, as troops, fashion; modiste (mo-dest'), a fashion 

moccasin, mok'a-sin, n. a shoe of able dressmaker. 

deerskin or other soft leather, without modulate, mod'u-lat, v. t. to measure, 

a stiff sole : a venomous North American to regulate : < to vary the tone of voice 

serpent. [Algonkin mawcahsun.] so as to give expression: (mus.) to 

mock, mok, v. t. to laugh at : to make change the key or mode.— v. i. to pass 
sport of : to mimic in ridicule : to dis- f r °m one key into another.— a. mod'ular, 
appoint the hopes of : to deceive : to set of or pertaining to mode or modulation, 
at nought, defy.— n. ridicule, a sneer: a — ns. modulation, the act of modulat- 
bringing into ridicule. — a. imitating ing :. state of being modulated . 
reality, but not real : false. — ns. mock'er; modus, mo'dus, n. the way or style 
mock'ery, mock'ing, derision: ridicule: of expressing anything: {law) a de- 
subject of laughter or sport: fruitless parture from, or a modification of, some 
labor: vain imitation: false show. general rule or form:— pi. md'dl. 

mode, mod, n. manner of acting, do- moiety, moi'e-ti, n, half: one of two 

ing, or existing: rule: custom: form: a equal parts: a small share, 

form of the verb, same as mood. moil, moil, v. t. to daub with dirt. — 

model, mod'el, n. something to show v. i. to toil or labor : to drudge, 

the mode or way: something to be moire, mwor, n. watered silk, 

copied: a pattern: a mold: an imitation moist, moist, a. damp: humid: juicy: 

of something on a smaller scale : a liv- containing water or other liquid. — v. t. 

ing person from whom an artist works : moist'en, to make moist : to wet slightly, 

something worthy of imitation. — a. serv- — ns. moist'ness; moist'ure, moistness . 

ing as a model: fit for a model. — v. t. molar, mo'lar, a. grinding, as a mill: 

to form after a model : to shape : to make used for grinding. — n. a grinding tooth . 

a model or copy of: to form in some molar, mo'lar, a. of or pertaining to 

soft material. — v. i. to practise modeling, a mass : acting on or by means of whole 

moderate, mod'er-at, v. t. to keep masses, 

within measure or bounds : to regulate : molasses, mo-las'ez, n. sing, a kind of 

to reduce in intensity: to make temper- syrup that drains from sugar during 

ate or reasonable: to pacify.— v. i. to the process of manufacture, 

become less violent or intense: to pre- mold mou i d> m 6ld, ». dust: soil rich 

side or act as a moderator.— a. kept in deca yed matter: the matter of which 

withm measure or bounds : not excessive anything is composed: a minute fungus 

or extreme: temperate: of middle rate. which grows on bodies in a damp at _ 

modern, modern, a. limited # to the m0S phere: the earth, the ground, the 

present or recent time : not ancient — n. grave ._ v . f. to cover with mold or soil : 

one who lives in modern times: (pi) to cause to become moldy.— v. i. to be- 

the nations of the present day.— n. mod- come mo ldy.— n. mold'board, the curved 

erniza'tion.— v. t. mod'ernize, to adapt p i ate i n a p l ow which turns over the 

to the present time. furrow.— v. i. mold'er, to crumble to 

modest, mod'est, a. restrained by a mold: to turn to dust: to waste away 

sense of propriety : not forward : decent : gradually.— v. t. to turn to dust.— n. 

chaste : pure and delicate, as thoughts or mold'iness.— a. mold'y, overgrown with 

language : not excessive or extreme : mold. 

moderate.-- adv. mod'estly.— n. mod'- mold> mou i d , m 6ld, n. a hollow form 

esty, humility: purity of thought and in which anyt hing is cast: a pattern: the 

manners: chastity, purity: moderation. f orm reC eived from a mold, a former or 

modicum, mod'i-kum, n. a small quan- matr ix for jellies, etc., also a dish shaped 

tity: something of a moderate size; m suc h : character.— v. t. to form in a 

modify, mod'i-fl, v. t. to set bounds mold: to knead, as dough. — ns. mold'- 

to : to moderate : to change the form or box, a box in which molten steel is 

quality of: to alter slightly: to vary.- hydraulically compressed; mold'er; 

modish, mo'dish, a. according to the mold'ing, the process of # shaping, esp. 

fashion. — adv. m5'dishly. — ns. mo'dish- any soft substance: anything formed by 

ness; mo'dist, one who follows the or in a mold. 



mole mote, move; mute; then monk 295 

mole, mol, n. a permanent dark- archist, an advocate of monarchy: a 

brown mark on the human skin, believer in monarchy; mon'archy, a 

mole, mol, n. a small animal, with state or a people ruled over by one 

very small eyes and soft fur, which bur- person . 

rows in the ground. monastery, mon'as-ter-i, n. a house 

molecule, mol'e-kul, n. one of the for monks : an abbey : a convent. — adjs. 
minute particles of which matter is com- monaste'rial, monas'tic, -al, pertaining 
posed : the smallest mass of any sub- to monasteries, monks, and nuns : re- 
stance which retains the properties of cluse : solitary. — n. monas'tic, a monk. — 
that substance. — a. molec'ular, belonging adv. monas'tically. — n. monas'ticism, 
to or consisting of molecules. the corporate monastic life or system of 

molest, mo-lest', v. t. to trouble. — n. living. 

molesta'tion, state of being molested . Monday, mun'da, n. the second day 

mollify, mol'i-fi, v. t. to make soft or of the week, 

tender: to assuage: to calm or pacify: monetary, mun'e-tar-i, a. relating to 

— pa. p. moll'ined. — adjs. moll'ient, serv- money or moneyed affairs : consisting of 

ing to soften: assuaging; moH'ifiable. — money. — n. monetiza'tion. — v. t. mon'- 

ns. mollifica'tion, act of mollifying, etize, to give the character of money to, 

mollusk, mollusc, mol'usk, n. one of to coin as money, 

the Mollusca, a large division of inver- money, mun'i, n. coin : pieces of 

tebrate animals — bivalves or lamelli- stamped metal used in commerce: any 

branchs, snails or gasteropods, and currency used as the equivalent of 

cuttle-fish or cephalopods . money : wealth : — pi. mon'eys. — a. mon'- 

Molly, mol'i, n. dim. of Mary. — n. eyed, having money : rich in money : 

moll'ycoddle, an effeminate fellow.- consisting in money. 

molt, moult, molt, v. i. to change or monger, mung'ger, n. a trader: a 

cast the feathers or skin, as birds, etc. dealer — used chiefly in composition. 

molten, molt'n, a. melted: made of mongoos, mong'gos, n. a. common 

melted metal. — adv. molt'enly. ichneumon of India. [Marathi mangus.] 

moment, mo'ment, n. moving cause or mongrel, mung'grel, a. of a mixed 

force : importance in effect : value, con- breed, impure. — n. an animal, esp. a 

sequence : an instant : the precise point dog, of a mixed breed, 

of time, the right opportunity. — adv. monied, mun'id, a. moneyed. 

mo'mentarily. — n. mo'mentariness. — a. moniliform, mo-nil'i-form, a. like a 

mo'mentary, lasting for a moment : done string of beads. 

in a moment : short-lived.^-ad<y. mo'- monism, mon'izm, n. a philosophical 

mently, for a moment: in a moment: theory that all being may ultimately be 

every moment. — a. moment'ous, of im- referred to one category, as opposed to 

portance: of great consequence. — adv. the dualism of matter and spirit. — n. 

moment'ously. — ns. moment'ousness; mon'ist. — adjs. mon'istic, -al. 

moment'um, the quantity of motion in monition, mo-nish'un, n. a reminding 

a body, measured by the product of the or admonishing: warning: notice: (law) 

mass and the velocity of the moving a summons to appear and answer. — a. 

body. mon'itive, conveying admonition. — n. 

monandry, m5-nan'dri, n. the practice mon'itor, one who admonishes : an ad- 

of having only one husband. viser: an instructor: a senior pupil who 

monarch, mon'ark, n. a sole or assists a schoolmaster : a low-lying 

supreme ruler : sovereign : the chief of ironclad armed with heavy guns 

its kind. — a. supreme : superior to others, in revolving turrets : — fern, mon'itress, 

— adjs. monarch'al, pertaining to a mon'itrix. — a. monito'rial, relating to a 

monarch: regal; monarch'ic, -al, relat- monitor: performed or taught by a 

ing to a monarch or to monarchy : monitor. — adv. monito'rially. — a. mon'- 

vested in a single ruler — also monarch'- itory, giving admonition or warning. 

ial. — v. t. mon'archize, to rule over, as monk, mungk, n. one of a religious 

a monarch : to convert into a mon- community living in a monaster}'. — a. 

archy. — ns. mon'archism, the principles monk'ish, pertaining to a monk: like a 

of monarchy: love of -monarchy; mon'- monk: monastic. 



296 monkey fate, far; me, her; mine; mood 

monkey, mungk'i, n. a quadrumanous varied tone or sound: a succession of 
mammal of the order Primates: an ape: sounds having the same pitch: a piece 
a name of contempt, esp. for a mis- of writing in one strain throughout. — 
chievous person, also of playful endear- v. t. and v. i. to intone, chant. — adjs. 
ment: monoton'ic, monot'onous, uttered in 
monocle, _ mon'o-kl, n. a one-eyed one unvaried tone: marked by dull uni- 
animal: a single eyeglass. formity. — adv. monot'onously. — n. mo- 
monocracy, mon-ok'ra-si, n. rule or not'ony, dull^ uniformity of tone or 
government by a single person. sound :^ (fig.) irksome sameness or want 

monogamy, mon-og'a-mi, n. marriage of variety, 
to one wife only. monotype, mon'6-tip, n. and a. hav- 
monogram, mon'o-gram, n. a figure in g only one type or representative: a 
consisting of several letters interwoven print transferred from a painting on a 
or written into one.- metal plate: a typesetting machine cast- 
monograph, mon'6-graf, n. a treatise ' m S individual type.— a. monotyp'ic. 
written on one particular subject or any Monroeism, mon-ro'izm, n. more 
branch of it- generally Monroe doctrine, the prin- 
monolith,'mon'6-lith, n. a pillar, or ciple of the non-intervention of Europe 
column, of a single stone.- in matters relating to the American con- 
monologue, mon'6-log, n. a speech tinent— from President Monroe's mes- 
uttered by one person: soliloquy: a sa ge m Dec. 1823. 

poem, etc., for a single performer. monseigneur, mon-sa-nyer , n. my 

monomania, mon-6-ma'ni-a, n. mad- lord : a title in France given to a person 

ness confined to one subject, or to one of ni gli birth or rank, esp. to bishops, 

faculty of the mind: an unreasonable monsoon, mon-son', w. a periodical 

interest in any particular thing.— n. mon- wind of the Indian Ocean, or a similar 

oma'niac, one affected with mono- wm d elsewhere. 

mania.— adjs. monomaniac, -al. * monster, mon ster, n. anything out of 
monometallic, mon-6-me-tal'ik, a. the usual cour se of nature: a prodigy, 
consisting of but one metal.— ns. mono- 01 fabulous animal: anything unusually 
met'allism, the use of but one metal as large : anything horrible from ugliness 
a standard of value; monomet'allist, or wickedness.— a. unusually large, huge, 
one who upholds this theory. ~ n - monstros lty, an unnatural pro- 
mononym, mon'6-nim, n. a name duction.— a. mon strous, out of the corn- 
consisting of a single term. rnon course of nature : enormous : won- 

monoplane, mon'o-plan, n. an aero- derful: horrible.— adv. mon'strously. 

plane having a single supporting surface. month, munth, n. the period from new 
monopolize, mon-op'o-liz, v. t. to ob- moon to new moon — a lunation or lunar 
tain possession of (anything) so as to month (=29.5306 days): one of the 

be the only seller or sharer of it : to twelve divisions of the year — a calendar 

engross the whole of. — ns. monop'o- month: the time the sun takes to pass 
lizer, monop'olist. — a. monopolis'tic. — through 30 — a solar month = 30.4368 
n. monop'oly, the sole power of dealing days. — a. monthly, performed in a 
in anything: a trust: exclusive com- month: happening or published once a 

mand or possession. month. — n. a monthly publication: (pi.) 

monorail, mon'6-ral, n. in railroading, the menses. — adv. once a month, 
a single rail on trestles, constituting a monument, mon'u-ment, n. anything 
track for cars that either are suspended that preserves the memory of a person 
from it or sit straddlewise on it. or an event, a building, pillar, tomb, etc. : 
monostyle, mon'6-stll, a. (archit.) a record or enduring example of any- 
consisting of a single shaft. thing: any distinctive mark. — v. t. to raise 
monosyllable, mon-6-sil'la-bl, n. a a monument in memory of. — a. monu- 
word of one syllable. — a. monosyllabic, ment'al, relating to a monument: me- 
consisting of one syllable. morial : amazing. — adv. monumentally, 
monotint, mon'6-tint, n. a drawing or mood, mod, n. fashion, manner: 
painting in a single tint. (gram.) a form of the verb to express 
monotone, mon'6-ton, n. a single, un- the mode or manner of an action or an 



mood mote, move; mute; then. morganatic 297 

a state of being — also mode; (logic) the mind, or to the will. — n. in pi. manners: 
form of the syllogism as determined by the doctrine or practice of the duties of 
the quantity and quality of its three con- life: moral philosophy or ethics: con- 
stituent propositions. [From mode.] duct, esp. sexual conduct: in sing, ihe 

mood, mod, n. disposition of mind: practical lesson given by anything: an 

temporary state of the mind: anger, emblem or allegory. — v. t. mor'alize, to 

heat of temper. — adv. mood'ily. — n. apply to a moral purpose; to explain 

moodiness, gloominess, peevishness. — in a moral sense. — v. i. to speak or write 

a. mood'y, indulging in moods: out of on moral subjects : to make moral reflec- 

humor: angry: sad: gloomy. tions. — ns. mor'alizer; mor'alist, one 

moon, mon, n. the secondary planet who teaches morals, or who practises 

or satellite which revolves round the moral duties. — a. moralist'ic. — n. moral'- 

earth monthly, shining with reflected ity, quality of being moral : the practice 

light: a satellite revolving about any of moral duties apart from religion: 

other planet : a month : anything in the virtue : the doctrine which treats of ac- 

shape of a moon or crescent. — v. i. to tions as being right or wrong: a kind of 

wander about or gaze vacantly at any- old drama in which allegorical repre- 

thing. — a. moon'less, destitute of moon- sentations of the virtues and vices were 

light. — n. moon'light, the light of the introduced as dramatis persona. — adv. 
moon. — a. lighted by the moon : occurring mor'ally, in a moral manner : uprightly, 

during moonlight. — ns. moon'shine, the morale, mo-ral', n. the state of a per- 

shining of the moon: (fig.) show with- son's morals: mental state as regards 

out reality: whisky illicitly distilled; spirit and confidence, esp. of a body of 

moon'shiner, a smuggler or illicit dis- soldiers, etc. [Fr.] 

tiller of liquor. morass, mo-ras', n. a tract of soft, 

moor, mor, n. a large tract of untilled wet ground: a marsh, 

ground, often covered with heath, and morbid, mor'bid, a. diseased, sickly: 

having a poor, peaty soil : a heath. not healthful. — n. morbidity, the qual- 

moor, mor, v. t. to fasten a ship by ity of being morbid: disease: the ratio 

cable and anchor: to fix firmly. — v. i. of sickness in a community. — adv. 

to be fastened by cables or chains.- mor'bidly. — n. mor'bidness, sickliness. 

moose, mos, n. the largest deer of mordacious, mor-da'shus, a. given to 

America, Cervns alecs. [Algonkin musu.] biting: biting: (fig.) sarcastic: severe. 

moot, mot, v. t. to propose for dis- — adv. morda'ciously. — n. mordac'ity, 

cussion : to discuss : to argue for practice, quality of being mordacious : biting se- 

— a. discussed or debated. — a. moot'able, verity. — a. mor'dant, biting, sarcastic, 

mop, mop, 11. a bunch of rags, etc., severe: serving to fix colors. — n. any 

fixed on a handle for washing floors, substance used to give permanency or 

etc. : anything at all like a mop.— v. t. brilliancy to dyes : a glutinous size as a 

to rub or wipe with a mop. ground for gilding, matter to make gold- 

_ mope, mop, v. i. to be silent and dis- leaf adhere : any corrosive liquid by 

pirited: to be dull or stupid.— n. a list- which the biting in etching is effected, 

less person, a drone. — adv. mop'ingly. more, mor, a. (serves as comp. of 

— a. mop'ish, dull: spiritless. many and much) additional: other be- 

moquette, mo-ket', n. a material for sides.— adv. to a greater degree: again: 

carpets, with a leose velvety pile— the longer.— n. a greater thing: something 

back thick canvas, etc. [Fr.] further or in addition :—superl. most. 

moraine, mo-ran', n. a continuous moreover, mor-6'ver, adv, more over 

line of rocks and gravel along the edges or beyond what has been said : further . 

of glaciers. ^ morganatic, mor-gan-at'ik, a. noting a 

moral, mor'al, a. of or belonging to marriage of a man with a woman of 

the manners or conduct of men : con- inferior rank, in which neither the latter 

•formed to right, ethical, virtuous : capable nor her children enjoy the rank or in- 

of knowing right and wrong: subject to herit the possessions of her husband, 

the moral law : instructing with regard though the children are legitimate. 

to morals: supported by evidence of morganite, mor-gan-it', n. a variety of 

reason or probability : belonging to trie pink beryl. 



morgue 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



moth 



morgue, morg, n. a place where bodies 
found dead are laid out for identifica- 
tion. [Fr.] 

moribund, mor'i-bund, a. about to die : 
in a dying state. 

Mormon, mor'mon, n. one of a relig- 
ious sect in Utah, openly polygamous 
till 1890, calling itself The Church of 
Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints'. 

morn, morn, n. the first part of the 
day: morning. 

morning, morn'ing, n. the first part 
of the day : the early part of anything : 
the first dram of the day. — a. pertaining 
to the morning. 

Moro, mo'ro, n. a Mohammedan na- 
tive of the Sulu Islands. [Sp. 'a Moor'.] 

morocco, mo-rok'6, n. a fine goat- 
skin leather, tanned with sumac. 

morology, mo-rol'o-ji, n. foolish talk. 

morose, mo-ros', a. of a sour temper : 
gloomy: severe. — adv. morose'ly. 

Morpheus, mor'fus, n. a god of 
'dreams : sleep. 

morphia, mor'fi-a, n. the chief nar- 
cotic principle of opium : a drug which 
causes sleep or deadens pain — also mor'- 
phine. — n. mor'phinism. 

morphic, mor'fik, a. relating to form, 
morphological. — adjs. morpholog'ic, -al. 

morrow, mor'6, n. the day following 
the present : to-morrow : the next follow- 
ing day . 

morsel, mor'sel, n. a bite or mouthful : 
a small piece of food: a small quantity 
of anything which is divided. 

mortal, mor'tal, a. liable to die : caus- 
ing death : deadly : fatal : punishable with 
death: involving the penalty of spiritual 
death : extreme, violent, implacable : 
human. — n. a human being. — n. mortal- 
ity, condition of being mortal: death. 

mortar, mor'tar, n. a vessel in which 
•substances are pounded with a pestle: 
a short and very thick 
piece of artillery of 
large caliber: a ce- 
ment of lime, sand, 
and water, used to bind 
together stones or Mortar, 

bricks in building. — v. t. to close up or 
in with mortar: to pound in a mortar. 

mortgage, mor'gaj, n. a conditional 
conveyance of property as security for 
the performance of some condition, as 
the payment of money, becoming void 
on the performance of the condition : 




the act of conveying, or the deed effect- 
ing it. — v. t. to pledge as security for a 
debt. — ns. mortgagee', one to whom a 
mortgage is made or given; mort'gager, 
mortgagor. 

mortify, mor'ti-fi, v. t. to destroy the 
vital functions of: to subdue by severi- 
ties and penance : to vex : to humble. — 
v. i. to lose vitality, to gangrene: to be 
subdued : — pa. t. and pa. p. mor'tified. — 
n. mortifica'tion, act of mortifying or 
state of being mortified: the death of 
one part of an animal body: a bring- 
ing under of the passions and appe- 
tites by a severe or strict manner of 
living: humiliation: vexation: that 
which mortifies or vexes. — a. mor'- 
tifying, tending to mortify or humble . 

mortise, mor'tis, 11. a cavity cut into 
a piece of timber to receive the tenon, 
a projection on another piece made to 
fit it. — v. t. to cut a mortise in. 

mortuary, mort'u-ar-i, n. a. belong- 
ing to the burial of the dead. 

mosaic, mo-za'ik, n. a kind of work 
in which de- 
signs are 
formed by 
small pieces 
of colored 
marble, glass, 
etc., cemented 
on a ground 
of stucco, or 
inlaid upon 
metal.— a. re- Mosaic, 

lating to, or composed of mosaic. 

Mosaic, mo-za'ik, a. pertaining to 
Moses, the great Jewish lawgiver. 

mosque, mosk, n. a Mohammedan 
place of worship. 

mosquito, mus-ke'to, n. a pestiferous 
biting gnat, common in warm climates. 

moss, mos, n. a family of flowerless 
plants ( with branching stems and nar- 
row, simple leaves : popularly any small 
cryptogamic plant, esp. a lichen. 

most, most, a. (super!, of more), 
greatest in age, position or rank, num- 
ber, degree, etc. — adv. in the highest 
degree. — n. the greatest number or quan- 
tity. — adv. most'ly. 

mot, mo, n. a pithy or witty saying. 

mote, mot, n. a particle of dust: a 
speck: a stain or blemish: anything very 
small. [A. S. mot; Dut. mot] 

moth, moth, n. a family of insects 




mother mote, move; mute; then. mouse 299 

like butterflies, seen mostly at night : the man, one who manages an electric rail- 
larva of this insect, which gnaws cloth: way car. — adjs. mo'torial, mo'tory. 
that which eats away gradually and motorite, mo'tor-It, n. a rubber-like 
silently. — adjs. moth'eaten, eaten or cut compound consisting of about 70 per 
by moths ; moth'y, full of moths. cent nitroglycerin and 30 per cent gun- 
mother, muf/z'er, n. a female parent, cotton, which can neither explode nor 
esp. one of the human race : a woman detonate, but burns rapidly and is used 
in relation to her child: a matron: that as a fuel to evaporate water by mixing 
which has produced anything : the fe- the flame and the water together, 
male head of a religious house. — a. re- mottle, mot'l, v. t. to mark with spots 
ceived by birth, as it were from one's as if stained. — n. the arrangement of 
mother: natural: acting the part of a spots on any mottled surface, in marble, 
mother : originating. — v. t. to adopt as etc. — a. mottled, marked with spots of 
a son or daughter. — ns. moth'erhood, various colors or shades. — n. mottling. 
state of being a mother; moth'er-in-law, motto, mot'o, n. a short sentence or 
the mother of one's husband or wife. — phrase affixed to anything, intimating 
a. moth'erless, without a mother. — n. the subject of it : a pithy verse or sen- 
moth'erliness. — a. moth'erly, pertain- timent. 

ing to, or becoming, a mother: like a mould, moulder, etc. See mold. 

mother: parental: tender. moult. See molt. 

mother, muth'er, n. dregs or sedi- mound, mownd, n. an artificial mount : 

ments, as of vinegar. — v. i. to become a natural hillock, appearing as if thrown 

concreted. — a. moth'ery. up by man's work. 

motif, mo-tef, n. an old form of^ mo- mount, mownt, n. ground rising above 

five', a theme: leading subject in a the level of the surrounding country: a 

dramatic work or in a music. hill: that on which anything is mounted 

motion, mo'shun, n. the act or state for use or exhibition : a saddle-horse : 
of moving: a single movement: change a step, etc. — v. i. to project or rise up: 
of posture: gait: power of moving or of to be of great elevation. — v. t. to raise, 
being moved : angular velocity : any nat- — a. mount'ed, raised, esp. set on horse- 
ural impulse, instigation: proposal made, back. — ns. mount'er; mounting, the act 
esp. in an assembly, a legislature, etc. : of rising or getting higher : the act of 
an application to a court, during a hear- mounting or embellishing, as the setting 
ing, for an order or rule that something of a gem, etc. : that which mounts. 
be done. — v. i. to make a significant mountain, mownt'in, or -an, n. a high 
movement, to offer a proposal. — v. t. to hill: anything very large. — a. of or re- 
guide by a gesture, etc. : to move. — a. lating to a mountain : growing or dwell- 
mo'tile, capable of spontaneous mo- ing on a mountain, 
tion. — n. motility. — a. mo'tionless, mountebank, mown'te-bangk, n. a 

motive, mo'tiv, a. causing motion : quack-doctor : a boastful pretender. — 

having power to cause motion. — n. that a. pertaining to such, sham, 

which moves or excites to action : induce- mourn, morn, v. i. to grieve : to be 

ment: reason. sorrowful: to wear mourning. — v. t. to 

motley, motli, a. covered with spots grieve for: to utter in a sorrowful man- 
of different colors : consisting of differ- ner. — n. mourn'er, one who mourns, 
ent colors : composed of various parts, one who attends a funeral in mourning- 
heterogeneous, dress, esp. one of those related to the 

motor, mo'tor, n. a mover : that which deceased. — a. mourn'ful, mourning: 
gives motion : a machine by means of causing or expressing sorrow : feeling 
which steam or other sources of force grief. — adv. mourn'fully. — n. mourn'- 
can be usedto give motion or produce fulness. — a. mourning, grieving: la- 
work. — a. giving or transmitting mo- menting. — n. the act of expressing grief: 
tion. — ns. md'tor-boat, an autoboat; the dress of mourners, or other tokens 
mo'tor-car, a vehicle for the road im- of mourning. — adv. mournlngly. 
pelled by a motor, an automobile ; mo'- mouse, mows, n. a little rodent animal 
torcycle, a bicycle or tricyle propelled found in houses and in fields : — pi. mice 
by a gasolene or other motor; mo'tor- (mis): one of various animals like the 



300 moustache fate, far; me, her; mine; muggy 

mouse, the fitter-mouse, shrew-, etc.: muck, muk, n. dung: a mass of de- 

a match for firing a cannon or mine: cayed vegetable matter: anything low 

a term of endearment. — v. t. and v. i. and filthy. — v. t. to manure with muck, 

(mowz), to hunt for mice: to pursue — v. t. muck'er, to make a muddle of 

slyly : to prowl . anything, to fail. — n. a heavy fall in the 

moustache. See mustache. mire: a coarse, dirty fellow. — ns. muck'- 

mouth, mowth, n. the opening in the iness; muck'-rake, a rake for scraping 

head of an animal by which it eats and filth. — a. muck'y, nasty, filthy, 

utters sound: opening or entrance, as mucker, muk'er, n. a canting person, 

of a bottle, river, etc.: the instrument a hypocrite: (slang) a low, mean, dirty 

of speaking: a speaker: cry, voice, ut- fellow. [Ger.] 

terance: taste or flavor in the mouth: mucus, mu'kus, n. the slimy fluid 

a wry face, a grimace : — pi. mouths from the nose : the viscous fluid secreted 

(mowthz). — ns. mouth'ful, as much as by the mucous membrane of animals. — 

fills the mouth: a small quantity; n. mu'cilage, the solution of a gum in 

mouth, mowth, v. t. to utter with a water : the gum extracted from plants, 

voice over loud or swelling. — a. — a. mucilag'inous, pertaining to, or se- 

mouthed, having a mouth. — ns. mouth'- creting, mucilage : slimy. — n. mu'cin, an 

er, an affected speaker ; mouth'ing, rant, alkaline glutinous fluid forming the chief 

— a. mouth'y, ranting, affected, loqua- constituent of mucus. — a. mu'coid, like 

cious. mucus. — n. mucos'ity. — adjs. mu'cous, 

movable, mov'a-bl, a. that may be like mucus : slimy : viscous . 

moved, lifted, changed, etc. : not fixed : mud, mud, n. wet soft earth. — v. t. to 

changing from one time to another. — bury in mud : to dirty : to stir the sedi- 

n. an article of furniture. — ns. movabil'- ment in, as in liquors : to bury in mud. — 

ity, mov'ableness. — n. pi. mov'ables. adv. mud'dily. — n. mud'diness. — a. 

move, mov, v. t. to cause to change mud'dy, foul with mud : containing 

place or posture: to set in motion: to mud: covered with mud: confused: 

impel : to excite to action : to persuade : stupid. — v. t. to dirty : to render dull : — 

to instigate : to arouse : to provoke : to pa. t. and pa. p. mud'died. 

touch the feelings of : to propose or muddle, mud'l, v. t. to render muddy 

bring before an assembly: to recom- or foul, as water: to confuse, esp. with 

mend. — v. i. to go from one place to liquor : to waste, squander, misuse. — 

another: to change place or posture: to v. i. to potter about. — n. confusion, 

walk, to carry oneself: to change resi- mess: mental confusion, bewilderment, 

dence : to make a motion. — n. the act of muff, muf, n. a warm, soft cover for 

moving: a proceeding or step: a move- the hands in winter, 

ment, esp. at chess. — a. move'less, im- muff, muf, n. a stupid fellow. — v. t. 

movable. — ns. move'ment, act or man- and v. i. to perform awkwardly, spoil : 

ner of moving : change of position : mo- to act clumsily, esp. in letting a ball slip 

tion of the mind, emotion : a series of out of the hands. 

incidents moving continuously towards muffin, muf'in, n. a soft, light, spongy 

one end : arrangement of the moving cake, eaten hot with butter, 

parts in a mechanism, as of a watch or muffle, muf'l, v. t. to wrap up as with 

clock: (mus.) melodic progression, tern- a muff: to blindfold: to cover up so as 

po or pace; mov'er. — a. mov'ing, caus- to render sound dull, as a bell or a 

ing motion : changing position : affecting drum : to cover from the weather. — n. 

the feelings : pathetic. — adv. mov'ingly. something used for smothering sound. 

mow, mow, n. a pile of hay or corn — a. muff'led, wrapped up closely: 

in sheaves laid up in a barn. dulled or deadened — of sound. — n. muff'- 

mow, mo, v. t. to cut down with a ler, a scarf or wrap for the neck : any ap- 

scythe: to cut down in great numbers: pliance for deadening sound. [From muff.] 

— pa. p. mowed or mown. mug, mug, n. a kind of earthen or 

much, much, a. great in size, quantity, metal cup for liquor : its contents, 

or extent: long in duration. — adv. to a mug, mug, n. the human face, the 

great degree: by far: often or long: mouth, 

almost. — n. a great quantity. muggy, mug'i, a. foggy: close and 



mugwump 



mote, move; mute; then. 



municipal 301 



damp, as weather: wet or moldy, as 
straw. 

mugwump, mugwump, n. in politics, 
one who acts independently of party. 

mulatto, mu-lat'6, n. the offspring of 
black and white parents.* 

mulberry, mul'ber-i, n. the tree the 
leaves of which form the food of the 
silkworm : the berry of this tree. 

mulct, mulkt, n. a fine: a penalty. — 
v. t. to fine. — adjs. mulc'tary, mulc'- 
tuary, imposing a fine: paid as a fine. 

mule, mul, n. the offspring of the 
horse and ass : an instrument for cotton- 
spinning: an obstinate person. — n. mule- 
teer', one who drives mules. — a. muTish, 
like a mule: obstinate. — adv. muTishly. 

mull, mul, n. a soft muslin. [Hind.] 

mull, mul, v. t. to warm, spice, and 
sweeten (wine, ale, etc.). — a. mulled. 

mullet, mul'et, n. a European fish. 

mulligatawny, mul-i-ga-taw'ni, n. an 
East Indian curry-soup. 
[Tamil milagu-tannir 3 
pepper- water.] 

mulligrubs, mul'- 
i-grubz, n. (coll.) colic: 
sulkiness. 

mullion, mul'yun, n. an 
upright division between 
the lights of windows, be- 
tween panels, etc.-^. t. Mullions. 
to shape into divisions a a, mullions; &&&, 

by mullions. transom. 

mult-, multi-, prefix, more than one. 

multifarious, mul-ti-fa'ri-us, a. hav- 
ing great diversity: made up of many 
parts : manifold . 

multiform, mufti-form, a. having 
many forms, polymorphic. 

multiplane, mufti-plan, n. an aeroplane 
with two or more sustaining surfaces. 

multiple, mufti-pl, a. having many 
folds or parts : repeated many times. — 
ft. a number or quantity which contains 
another an exact number of times. 

multiply, mufti-pK. v. t. to fold or 
increase many times : to repeat any given 
number or quantity as often as there are 
units in another number. — v. i. to in- 
crease : to perform the arithmetical proc- 
ess of multiplication : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
multiplied.— a. mul'tiplex, having many 
folds: manifold: (hot.) with petals lying 
in folds over each other. — ns. multipli- 
cand, a number or quantity to be multi- 
plied by another; multiplica'tion, the act 




of multiplying or increasing in number: 
the rule or operation by which any given 
number or quantity is multiplied; mul- 
tiplicity, the state of being multiplied 
or various : a great number ; multiplier, 
one who or that which multiplies or 
increases : the number by which another 
is multiplied. 

multipolar, mul-ti-po'lar, a. having 
many poles, as a nerve-cell or dynamo. 
— n. an electro-magnetic machine in 
which several magnetic poles exist. 

multitude, mul'ti-tud, n. the state of 
being many: a great number of indi- 
viduals : a crowd : the vulgar or common 
people. — a. multitudinous, consisting of, 
or having the appearance of, a multitude. 

mum, mum, a. silent. — n. silence. — 
inter j. be silent! 

mumble, mum'bl, v. i. to speak indis- 
tinctly: to chew softly: to eat with the 
lips closed. — v. t. to utter indistinctly or 
imperfectly: to mouth gently. — n. mum'- 
bier, one who mumbles or speaks with 
a low, indistinct voice. — p. mum'bling, 
uttered with a low, indistinct voice. — 
adv. mum'blingly. [Cf. mum.] 

mumm, mum, v. t. to mask: to make 
diversion with a mask on. — ns. mumm'- 
er, a masker: a buffoon; mumm'ery. 

mummy, mum'i, n. a human body pre- 
served by the Egyptian art of embalm- 
ing, in which wax, spices, etc., were em- 
ployed : a kind of wax used in grafting : 
a brown pigment. — v. t. to embalm and 
dry as a mummy: — pa. p. mumm'ied. — 
n. mummifica'tion. — v. t. mumm'ify, to 
make into a mummy : to embalm and dry 
as a mummy: — pa. p. mumm'ified. 

mump, mump, v. t. and v. i. to mum- 
ble or mutter. — a. mump'ish, having 
mumps: dull: sullen. — adv. mump'ishly. 
— n. mump'ishness. — n. mumps, a con- 
tagious non-suppurative inflammation of 
the parotid and sometimes of the other 
salivary glands: gloomy silence. 

munch, munsh, v. t. and v. i. to chew 
with shut mouth. 

mundane, mun'dan, a. belonging t© 
the world : terrestrial. — adv. mun'danely. 

municipal, mu-nis'i-pal, a. pertaining 
to a self-governed town or city. — n. mu- 
nicipaliza'tion. — v. t. municipalize. — ns. 
munic'ipalism; municipality, a town or 
city possessed of self-government : a dis- 
trict governed like a city. — adv. munic'- 
ipally. — municipal ownership, sp©#in- 




302 munificence fate, far; me, her; mine; must 

cally, the ownership and operation by a museum, mu-ze'um, n. a collection of 

municipality of public utilities such as natural, scientific, or other curiosities, 

street railroads, waterworks, lighting or of works of art. 

plants, etc. mush, mush, n. a meal boiled in water, 

munificence, mu-nif'i-sens, n. quality esp. cornmeal: anything pulpy. — a. 
of being munificent: bountifulness. — a. mush'y, soft, pulpy. [From mash.] 
munificent, very liberal in giving: gen- mushroom, mush'rom, n. the common 
erous: bountiful. — adv. munificently, name of certain fun- 
muniment, mu'ni-ment, n. that which gi, esp. such as are 
fortifies: that which defends: a strong- edible: {fig.) one who 
hold : place or means of defense : de- rises suddenly from a 
fense: (law) a record fortifying or mak- low condition: an up- 
ing good a claim, as title-deeds or char- start. [O. Fr. mons- 
ters : any article carefully preserved for seron, through mousse, 
its interest or value. — n. pi. munitions, moss — Old High. Ger. Mushrooms, 
materials used in war: military stores. mos (Ger. moos, moss).] 

munnion, mun'yun. Same as mul- music, mu'zik, n. a connected series 

lion. of sweet sounds: melody or harmony: 

mural, mu'ral, a. pertaining to, or like, the science which treats of harmony : 

a wall : steep : trained against a wall. the art of combining sounds so as to 

murder, mer'der, n. the act of putting please^the ear: a musical composition.— 

a person to death, intentionally and from ci. mu'sical, pertaining to, or producing 

malice.— v. t. to kill unlawfully with mal- music: pleasing to the ear: melodious, 

ice aforethought : to destroy : to put an — n. musicale', a social gathering for the 

end to.— n. mur'derer, one who murders enjoyment of music— adv. mu'sically.— 

or is guilty of murder:— fern, mur'der- ns. mu'sicalness; musi'cian, one skilled 

ess.— a. mur'derous, guilty of murder: in music: a performer of music, 

consisting in, or fond of, murder: musing, muz'ing, n. the act of one 

bloody: cruel.— adv. murderously. who muses: contemplation: meditation. 

muriatic, mu-ri-at'ik, a. pertaining to, musk, musk, n. a strong perfume, ob- 

or obtained from, sea-salt. — n. mu'riate, tained from the male musk-deer, or the 

a salt composed of muriatic acid and odor thereof: a hornless deer, in Thibet 

a base. [L. muriaticus — muria, brine.] and Nepaul, yielding musk.- 

muricate, -d, mu'ri-kat, -ed, a. (hot.) muskallunge, mus'kuMunj, n. a large 

armed with sharp points or prickles. American pike, highly esteemed as a 

murky, merk'i, a. dark: obscure: game-fish and for food, 

gloomy.— adv. murk'ily — n. murk'iness. musket, mus'ket, n. any kind of 

murmur, mer'mer, n. a low, indistinct smooth-bore military hand-gun. — ns. 

sound, like that of running water: a musketeer', a soldier armed with a 

complaint in a low, muttering voice.— musket ; mus ketry, muskets in general : 

v. i. to utter a murmur : to grumble.— n. practice with muskets : a body of troops. 

mur'murer.— a. mur'muring, making a muslin, muz'lin, n. a fine soft cotton 

low continuous noise.— adv. mur'mur- fabric resembling gauze in appearance, 

ingly— a. mur'murous, attended with but woven plain without any looping of 

murmurs : exciting murmur. the warp threads on the weft— generally 

muscle, mus'l, n. an animal tissue uncoloted : a coarser fabric, printed with 

consisting of bundles of fibers through colored patterns, etc. : cotton cloth, 

whose contractility bodily movement is muss, mus, n. (Shak.) a scramble: 

effected. confusion, disorder. — v. t. to throw into 

muscular, mus'ku-lar, a. pertaining to confusion : to dishevel, 

a muscle : consisting of muscles : having mussel, mus'l, n. a marine bivalve 

strong muscles: brawny: strong. shellfish, used for food. 

muse, muz, v. i. to study in silence : m mussy, mus'i, a. disordered. — n. muss'- 

to be absent-minded: to meditate. — n. mess. 

deep thought: contemplation: absence of must, must, v. i. to be obliged physi- 

mind: the inspiring power, as of a poet cally or morally. 



must 



mote, move; mute; then. 



myth 303 




must, must, n. wine pressed from the 
grape, but not fermented: mustiness. 

mustache, moustache, mus-tash', n. 
the hair upon the upper lip of men.- 

mustang, mus'tang, n. the wild horse 
of the prairies : a bronco. 

mustard, mus'tard, n. a plant of the 
genus Bras ska, hav- 
ing a pungent taste : 
the seed thereof 
ground and used as 
a seasoning for meat, 
as a plaster, etc. — 
wild mustard, the 
charlock. [O. Fr. 
mo star de (Fr. mou- 
tarde) — L. mustum, 
must] 

muster, mus'ter,v.f. Mustard, 

to assemble, as troops for duty or in- 
spection: to gather, summon (with up). 
— v. i. to be gathered together, as troops. 
—n. an assembling of troops : a register 
of troops mustered : assemblage. 

musty, must'i, a. moldy: spoiled by 
damp: sour: foul. — adv. must'ily. 

mutable, mu'ta-bl, a. that may be 
changed: subject to change: inconstant. 
— ns. mutability, mu'tableness, state 
or quality of being mutable. — adv. mu'- 
tably. — v. t. mii'tate, to change a vowel- 
sound by the influence of a vowel in the 
following syllable. — n. muta'tion, change . 

mute, miit, a. incapable of speaking: 
dumb : silent : unpronounced. 

mutilate, mu'ti-lat, v. t. to maim: to 
cut off: to remove a material part of. 

mutiny, mu'ti-ni, v. i, fo rise against 
authority in military or naval service: 
to revolt against rightful authority: — 
pa. t. and pa. p. mu'tmied. — -n. insurrec- 
tion against constituted authority, esp. 
naval or military: revolt, tumult, strife. 

mutter, mut'er, v. i. to utter words m 
a low voice : to murmur : to sound with 
a low, rumbling noise. — v. t. to utter in- 
distinctly. — ns. mutt'erer; mutt'ering. — 
adv. mutt'eringly, in a # muttering or 
grumbling manner: with indistinct artic- 
ulation. 

mutton, mut'n, ns. the flesh of sheep ; 
mutt'on-chop, a rib of mutton chopped 
at the small end for broiling or frying. 

mutual, mu'tu-al, a. interchanged : in 
return : given and received, equally af- 



fecting two or more: common, conjoint, 
shared alike, as in 'mutual friend'. 

muzzle, muz'l, n. the projecting jaws 
and nose of an animal : a fastening for 
the mouth to prevent biting, by a strap 
or a cage : the extreme end of a gun, 
etc. — v. t. to put a muzzle on: to restrain 
from biting: to keep from hurting: to 
gag or silence.- 

my, mi, poss. a. belonging to me. 

myriad, mir'i-ad, n. any immense 
number. — a. numberless. 

myrmidon, mer'mi-don, n. one who 
carries out another's orders without fear 
or pity. — a. myrmido'nian. 

myrrh, mer, n. a bitter, aromatic, 
transparent gum, exuded from the bark 
of a shrub in Arabia. — a. myr'rhic. — ns. 
myr'rhin, the fixed resin of myrrh; 
myr'rhol, the volatile oil of myrrh. 

myrtle, mer'tl, n. an evergreen shrub 
with beautiful and fragrant leaves. 

myself, mi-self, pron. I or me, in per- 
son — used for the sake of emphasis and 
also as the reciprocal of me. 

mystery, mis'ter-i, n. a secret doc- 
trine : anything very obscure : that which 
is beyond human knowledge to explain : 
anything artfully made difficult: (pi.) 
secret rites : a sacrament : a rude med- 
ieval drama. — a. myste'rious, containing 
mystery : obscure : secret : incomprehen- 
sible. — adv. myste'riously. 

mystic, -al, mis'tik, -al, a. relating to, 
or containing mystery: sacredly obscure 
or secret : allegorical : belonging to mys- 
ticism. — n. mys'tic, one who seeks for 
direct intercourse with God in elevated 
religious feeling or ecstasy. — adv. mys'- 
tically.— ns. mys'ticalness, the quality 
of being mystical; mys'ticism, the doc- 
trine of the mystics : obscurity of doc- 
trine; mystifica'tion. — v. t. mys'tify, to 
make mysterious, obscure, or secret: to 
involve in mystery. 

myth, mith, n. a fable, a legend, a fab- 
ulous narrative founded on a remote 
event : an invented story : a falsehood. 
— adjs. myth'ic, -al, relating to myths: 
fabulous : untrue. — adv. mythically. — 
adjs. mytholog'ic, -al, relating to myth- 
ology, fabulous. — adv. mytholog'ically. 
— ns. mythol'ogist, one versed in, or 
who writes on, mythology; mythol'ogy, 
the myths or stories of a country: a 
treatise regarding myths . 



304 N fate, far; me, her; mine; natant 

n, en, the fourteenth letter and nap, nap, n. a short sleep. — v. i. to 
eleventh consonant of our alpha- take a short sleep: to feel drowsy and 
bet, a nasal-dental. — N-rays, secure, 
certain rays emitted by heated nap, nap, n. the woolly substance on 
steel and silver, etc., similar to X-rays, the surface of cloth: the downy covering 
but capable of reflection and refraction, of plants. — v. t. to raise a nap on. 

nab, nab, v. t. to seize suddenly. nape, nap, n. the back upper part of 

nabob, na'bob, n. a deputy or gover- the neck, 
nor under the Mogul empire : a Euro- napery, na'per-i, n. linen, esp. for the 
pean who has enriched himself in the table : tablecloths, napkins, etc. 
East : any man of great wealth. < naphtha, naftha, or nap'tha, n. a clear, 

nadir, na'der, n. the point of the heav- inflammable liquid distilled from petro- 
ens diametrically opposite to the zenith : leum, wood, coal-tar, etc. : rock-oil. — n. 
the lowest point of anything. naph'thalene, a grayish-white, inflam- 

naevus, ne'vus, n. a birth-mark : a con- mable substance obtained by the distilla- 
genital growth strictly on a part of the ton of coal-tar. 
skin: — pi. nae'vi. napkin, nap'kin, n. a cloth for wiping 

nag, nag, n. a horse, but particularly the hands, etc. [Dim. of Fr. nappe.] 
a small one. napoleon, na-p6'le-on, n. a French 

nag, nag, v. t. to worry or annoy con- gold coin worth 20 francs . 
tinually: to tease or vex: to find fault narcotic, nar-kot'ik, a. having power 
with constantly. — n. nag'ger. to produce torpor, sleep, or deadness. — 

_ nail, nal, n. one of the flattened, elas- n. a medicine producing sleep or stupor. 
tic, horny plates placed as protective cov- narrate, na-rat', v. t. to tell, to give an 
erings on the dorsal surface of the ter- account of. — n. narra'tion, act of ter- 
minal phalanges of the fingers and toes : ing : that which is told : an orderly 
the claw of a bird or other animal : a account of what has happened. — a. narr'- 
thin pointed piece of metal for fastening ative, narrating : inclined to narration : 
wood, etc. — v. t. to fasten with nails: to story-telling. — n. that which is narrated: 
make certain: to confirm, pin down, story. — adv. narr'atively. — n. narra'tor. 
hold fast: to catch or secure through narrow, nar'6, a. of little breadth: of 
promptitude: to trip up or expose. small extent^ f rom side to side: limited: 

naive, na-ev', a. having natural or un- contracted in mind : bigoted : selfish : 
affected simplicity: ingenuous: frank: within a small distance: almost too 
artless: candid. — adv. naive'ly. — n. naiv- small: close: accurate: careful. — n. (oft- 
ete (na-ev-ta'), native simplicity: in- ener used in the pi.) a narrow passage, 
genuousness. channel, or strait. — v. t. to make nar- 

naked, na'ked, a. without clothes : un- row : to contract or confine. — v. i. to 
covered: open to view: unconcealed: become narrow: to reduce the number 
evident: unarmed: defenseless: unpro- of stitches in knitting, 
vided: without addition or ornament: nasal, na'zal, a. belonging to the nose : 

name, nam, n. that by which a per- affected by, or sounded through, the 
son or a thing is known or called: a nose. — n. a letter or sound uttered 
designation : that which is said of a per- through the nose. 

son : reputed character : reputation : m nascent, nas'ent, a. springing up : aris- 
fame: celebrity: remembrance: a race ing: beginning to exist or to grow. 
or family: appearance, not reality: au- nasty, nas'ti, a. dirty: filthy: obscene: 
thority: behalf: assumed character of disagreeable to the taste or smell: diffi- 
another: (gram.) a noun. — v. t. to give cult to deal with: ill-natured: nauseous. 
a name to : to designate : to speak of or — adv. nas'tily. — n. nas'tiness. 
to call by name : to mention for a post natal, na'tal, a. pertaining to birth : 
or office: to nominate. — adjs. nam'able, native: presiding over birthdays. 
name'able; name'less, without a name: natant, na'tant, a. floating on the sur- 
undistinguished : indescribable. — adv. face, as leaves of water-plants. — n. nata'- 
name'ly, by name: that is to say. — n. tion, swimming. — n. pi. Natato'res, the 
name'sake, one bearing the same name, swimming birds. — a. natato'rial, swim- 
nanny, nan'i, n. a female goat. ming : adapted to swim. — n. natato'rium, 




U. S. NAVAL FLAGS, etc. 

I ' h 



FLAG OF THE 
PRESIDENT 



REAR ADMIRAL'S 
ADMIRAL'S FLAG VICE ADMIRAL'S FLAG FLAG 



FLAG OF THE 

SECRETARY OF 

THE NAVY 




i 



GENERAL GUIDE OR CHURCH 

RECALL GUARD FLAG PENNANT 



UARANTINE Cautionary o« 

FLAG STORM SIGNAL 



Flags and Pennants of the International Code 

Dimensions in Feet 



REVENUE 
JACK 



Burgee .... 
Pennant . . . 
Square Flag 



Sirs 3 



Hoisi Fly 



7.25 
5.83 

■7.25 



7.25 

18.00 

7.25 



Size 6 



Hoigl Fly 



2.90 
2.00 
2.90 



2.90 
5.00 
2.90 




POWDER 



I a "b c d e f g " h 



IB 



5 



M N 

3D 



3DDPSDIC 



I — *— - F^ - IF ^ In "ANSWE 



CODE FLAG" 
AND 
"ANSWERING PENNANT" 




nation mote, move; mute; then. near 305 

a swimming-school. — a. na'tatory, per- ter, instinct, or disposition: course of 

taining to swimming: having the habit life: nakedness. 

of swimming. naught, nawt, n. no-whit, nothing. — 

nation, na'shun, n. a body of people adv. in no degree.— a. of no value or ac- 
born of the same stock: the people in- count: worthless: bad. 
habiting the same country, or under naughty, nawt'i, a. bad in conduct or 
the same government: a race. speech: mischievous: perverse. 

national, nash'un-al, a. pertaining to a . nausea, naw'she-a, n seasickness : any 
nation: public: general: attached to one's sickness of the stomach, with a tendency 
own country.— n. nationalization, the to vomit: loathing— n. a substance hav- 
act of nationalizing, as of railways, etc.: mg this quality.-*/, t. nauseate, to feel 
the state of being nationalized.— v. t. nausea or disgust.— v. t. to loathe: to 
nat'ionalize, to make national : to make strike with disgust.— n. _ nausea tion.— 
a nation of.— ns. nationalism; nat'ion- adjs. nau seative, causing _ nausea or 
alist, one who strives after national loathing; nau seous, producing nausea: 
unity or independence: an advocate of disgusting : loatnsome—a^ nau seously. 
nationalism ; national'ity, birth or mem- . nautical, naw tik-al, a. of or pertain- 
bership in a particular country: separate nig to ships, to sailors, or to navigation: 
existence as a nation : a nation, race of naval : marine. *■<;., 

people: national character. nautilus naw ti-lus, n. a cephalopod 

native, na'tiv, a. arising or appearing found in the southern seas, 
by birth: produced by nature: pertain- once believed to sail by 
ing to the time or place of birth: be- means of the expanded ten- 
longing by birth, hereditary, natural, tacular arn } s - [L.,— Gr. nau- 
original: occurring uncombined with tllos > & sailor. J _ 

other substances, as metals.— n. one born . naval na val, a, pertain- 
in any place : an original inhabitant.— m S to ships : consisting of, 
adv. na'tively.-TW. na'tiveness; nativ'- or possessing ships : marine: 
ity, state or fact of being born: time, nautical: belonging to the navy. # 
place, and manner of birth: the birth nave nav, w. the middle or mam body 
Of Christ: a horoscope. of . a church > dlstmct from the aisles or 

natty, nat'i, a trim, tidy, neat, spruce. wings. ^ 

natural natu-ral, a pertaining to, . h center of the lower part of the 
produced by, or according to nature: abdomen 

inborn: not far-fetched : not acquired: navi at nav 'i- g at, v . t. to steer or 
tender: unaffected :m a state of nature, * > h{ . * { [ { to {l 

unregenerate: (math.) having I as the £ £ veS sel or ship: to sail. 

base of the system, of a function or _^ nav f gabiritV) nav'igableness.-a. 
number: i legitimate: (mus.) according nav > igable s that ^ be p * ssed b ships 
to the usual diatonic scale.-** an idiot: or ve S ssels .L_ a ^. navlgably.-w/ navi- 
(mus) a character which removes the ga ' tion , the act, science or art of sailing 
effect Of a. preceding sharper flat: a * hJ ' shipping generally; nav'igator, 
white key m keyboard musical mstru- £ who navi | at * s or sails . 
ments; naturalization.-*;, t natural- n aVi, ». a fleet of ships: the 

ize, to adapt to a different climate or to whol / of the ships _ f-war of a nation: 
different conditions of life: to grant the th officers and P men be l nging to the 
privileges of natural-born citizens or warshi of a nation , 
subjects to.-ns nat uralism, mere state y n - adv no . not onl s but . t 

of nature: a close following of nature: more . in int of fact _ n . a deniaI> 
naturalist, one who studies nature, near> n ^ r> ai n \ g ^ : not f ar away i„ 

nature, na tur, n. the power which place or time : close in kin or friendship : 
creates and regulates the material world : dear: following or imitating anything 
the power of growth: the established closely: close, narrow, so as barely to 
order of things, the universe: constitu- escape: short, as a road: greedy, stingy: 
tion : species : conformity to nature, on the left in riding or driving. — adv. 
truth, or, reality; inborn mind, charac- at a little distance: almost: clesely. — 

20 



306 neat fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; negotiate 

prep, close to. — v. t. and v. i. to ap- ried woman's maiden-name, to show her 
proach : to come nearer. — a. near'-by, own family. 

adjacent. — adv. near'ly, at no great dis- need, ned, n. necessity: a state that re- 
tance: closely: intimately: pressingly: quires relief: want of the means of liv- 
almost: stingily. — n. near'ness, the state ing. — v. t. to have occasion for: to 
of being near : closeness : intimacy : close want. — a. need'ful, full of need: hav- 
alliance : stinginess.- ing need : needy : necessary : requisite. — 

neat, net, a. belonging to the bovine adv. need'ily. — n. need'iness. — a. need'- 
genus. — n. black-cattle: an ox or cow. less (Shak.), having no need: not need- 
neat, net, a. trim: tidy: clean: well- ed: unnecessary. — adv. needlessly. — n. 
shaped: without mixture or adulteration: need'lessness. — adv. needs, of necessity, 
finished, adroit, clever, skilful. — adv. needle, ned'l, n. a small, sharp-pointed 
neatly. — n. neatness. steel instrument, with an eye for a 

nebula, neb'u-la, n. a little cloud: a thread: any slender, pointed instrument 
faint, misty appearance in the heavens, like a needle. 

as of a group of distant stars : — pi. neb'- ne'er, nar, adv. contr. of never. 
ulae. — adjs. neb'ular, neb'ulose, neb'u- nefarious, ne-fa'ri-us, a. impious: ex- 
lous, misty, hazy, vague : relating to, or tremely wicked : villainous, 
having the appearance of, a nebula. negation, ne-ga'shun, w. act of saying 

necessary, nes'es-sar-i, a. that must no: denial: (logic) the absence of cer- 
be: that cannot be otherwise: unavoid- tain qualities in anything, 
able : indispensable : under compulsion : negative, neg'a-tiv, a. that denies or 
not free. — n. that which cannot be left refuses — opp. to affirmative: implying 
out or done without (food, etc.) — used absence: that stops, hinders, neutralizes 
chiefly in pi. — adv. nec'essarily. — opp. to positive : in photography, ex- 

necessity, ne-ses'i-ti, n. state or qual- hibiting the reverse, as dark for light, 
ity of being necessary : that which is light for dark : (algebra) noting a quan- 
necessary or unavoidable : compulsion : tity to be subtracted. — n. a word or state- 
great need: poverty. — v. t. necessitate, ment by which something is denied: 
to make necessary: to render unavoid- the right or act of refusing assent: the 
able : to compel. — n. necessita'tion. — a. denial of an affirmation : in photography, 
necessitous, in necessity : very poor. an image on glass or other medium, in 
neck, nek, n. the part of an animal's which the lights and shades are the op- 
body between the head and trunk: any- posite of those in nature: (gram.) a 
thing that resembles the neck: a long word that denies. — v. t. to prove the 
narrow part or corner: (fig.) life. — ns. contrary: to reject by vote. 
necklace, a lace or string of beads, etc., neglect, neg-lekt', v. t. to treat care- 
worn on the neck by women ; necklet, lessly, pass by without notice : to omit 
a simple form of necklace; neck'tie, a by carelessness. — n. disregard: slight: 
tie or cloth for the neck. omission. — ns. neglect'edness; neglect'- 

necrolatry, nek-rora-tri, n. worship er. — a. neglect'ful, careless : accustomed 
of the dead. — adjs. necrologlc, -al, per- to omit or neglect things : slighting, 
taining to necrology. — ns. necrol'ogist; negligee, neg-li-zha.', n. easy undress : 
necrol'ogy, an account of those who a plain, loose gown: a sbft-bosomed 
have died : a register of deaths ; nee'- shirt. — a. fashioned for ease and comfort . 
romancer, one who practises necro- negligence, negli-jens, n. fact or qual- 
mancy : a sorcerer ; nee'romancy, the art ity of being negligent : want of proper 
of revealing future events by calling up care: habitual neglect: a slight: care- 
and questioning the spirits of the dead : lessness about dress, manner, etc. : omis- 
enchantment. — adjs. necroman'tic, -al, sion of duty, esp. such care for the in- 
pertaining to necromancy : performed by terests of others as the law may require, 
necromancy. — adv. necroman'tically. — — a. negligent, neglecting : careless : in- 
ns. necrop'olis, a cemetery. attentive: disregarding ceremony or 

nectar, nek'tar, n. the name given by fashion. — adv. negligently. 
ancient writers to the beverage of the negotiable, ne-go'shi-a-bl, a. that may 
gods, giving life and beauty . be transacted, transferred, or assigned. 

nee, na, a. born : placed before a mar- negotiate, ne-go'shi-at, v. i. to carry 



neigh mote, move; mute; then. next 307 

on business: to bargain: to hold inter- to form network. — p. a. net'ted, made 
course for the purpose of mutual ar- into a net, reticulated : caught in a net. 
rangement. — v. t. to arrange for by; net, nett, net, a. clear of all charges 
agreement : to manage : to transfer to or deductions — opp. to gross : lowest, 
another with all the rights of the orig- subject to no further deductions. — v. t. 
inal holder: to pass, as a bill: to sell. to produce as clear profit. 

neigh, na, v. i. to utter the cry of a nether, neth'er, a. beneath another, 
horse. — n. the cry of a horse. lower: infernal. — a. neth'ermost, lowest. 

neighbor, neighbour, na'ber, n. a per- nettle, net'l, n. a. common plant cov- 
son who dwells, sits, or stands near an- ered with hairs which sting sharply. — 
other : one who is on friendly terms v. t. to fret, as a nettle does the skin : 
with another. — v. i. to live near each to irritate, 
other. — v. t. to be near to.- neuralgia, nu-ral'ji-a, n. pain of a 

neither, nether, or nl'ther, a. and purely nervous character. 
pron. not either.— cvnj. not either : and neurasthenia, nu-ras-the'ni-a, n. nerv- 
not: nor yet.— adv. not at all: in no G us debility.— a. neurasthenic— also n. 
ca |e. # . neurotic, nu-rot'ik, a. relating to, or 

Nemesis, nem e-sis, n. (myth.) the sea ted in, the nerves.— n. a disease of the- 
goddess of vengeance: retributive jus- ner ves 
tice. [Gr.^iemein, to distribute.] neuter, nu'ter, a. neither: taking no 

nemo nemo,* nobody: a nobody. t with either side . (gram ^ neither 

neophyte neo-f it, *. a new convert, mascu i ine n or feminine: neither active 
one newly baptized or admitted to the nor pass j ve 
priesthood or to a monastery, a novice j ' , j h{ . dif _ 

neoplasm, ne o-plazm, n a morbid ferent; ^. ' * ih ; side 

new growth or formation of tissue. mibiased: ne ? ther £ ery good nor very 

nephew, nefu or nev u, n. the son of bad of nQ dedded ch / rac * ter . havi n y Q 
a brother or sister d id d color _ w a n or na & tion 

nepotism, nep o-tizm, n. undue favor- ^ takes nQ . a contest-*!, neu- 

itism to ones relations, as m the be- tralizrtion ._^ t neu'tralize, to declare 
stowal of _ patronage neutral: to make inert: to render of no 

nerve, nerv, n. bodily strength, firm- effect _ M< neu tral'ity, state of taking no 
ness, courage: coolness audacity: im- Qn j h f ^ sides> _ a ^ n & eu -_ 

pudence: (anat.) one of the fibers which £ ^ [L neutralis _ neuterj neit her.] 
convey sensation from all parts of the r~ j . ■ A 

body to the brain: (bat.) one of the + . neve . r ' nev 7' adv ' not e ^ er: at , no 
fibers or ribs in the leaves of plants.- time : m + no degree : not.-ac/z;. never- 
adjs. nerv'ous, having nerve: sinewy: JJT' ?* n °, ^w 6 time.- CO n; never- 
strong, vigorous, showing strength and theless , notwithstanding: m spite of. 
vigor: pertaining to the nerves: having new > nu a. lately made: having h.ap- 
the nerves easilv excited or weak. P ened lat , el y : recent > modern: not before 

nest, nest, »/the bed formed by a bird seen or known : strange, dirferent : re- 
fer hatching her young: the place in cently commenced : changed for the bet- 
which the eggs of any animal are laid ter : not of an ancient family : as at first: 
and hatched: a comfortable residence, unaccustomed : fresh from anything : un- 

nestle, nes'l, V. i. to lie close or snug cultivated or only recently cultivated. 
as in a nest: to settle comfortably.— v. t. newel, nu'el, n. (archit.) the upright 
to cherish, as a bird does her young. column about which the steps of a cir- 

net, net, n. an open fabric of twine, cular staircase wind, 
etc., knotted into meshes for catching newfangled, nii-fang'gld, a. fond of 
birds, fishes, etc. : anything like a net new things : newly devised, novel, 
for keeping out insects, etc. : machine- news, niiz, n. sing, something heard of 
made lace of various kinds: a snare: a that is new: recent account: first in- 
difficulty. — a. made of netting or resem- formation of something that has just 
bling it, reticulate : caught in a net. — happened or of something not formerly 
v. t. to form into network: to take with known: intelligence; 
a net : to nrotect with a net, to veil. — v. i. next* nekst, a. (superl. of nigh) near- 



308 nib 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



nobility 



est in place, time, etc. — adv. nearest or 
immediately after. — prep, nearest to. 

nib, nib, n. something small and point- 
ed: a point, esp. of a pen, the bill of a 
bird. — a. nibbed, having a nib. 

nibble, nib'l, v. t. to bite by small bits : 
to eat by little at a time. — v. i. to bite 
gently : to find fault. — n. act of nibbling . 

nice, nis, a. foolishly simple : over-par- 
ticular: hard to please: fastidious: done 
with great care and exactness, accurate: 
delicate: dainty: agreeable: delightful. — 
adv. nice'ly. — ns. nice'ness, quality of 
being nice: exactness: scrupulousness: 
pleasantness; nic'ety, quality of being 
nice: delicate management: exactness 
of treatment: fineness of perception: fas- 
tidiousness : a delicacy. 

niche, nich, n. a recess in a wall for a 
statue, vase, etc. : one's 
appointed or appropriate 
place. [Fr., — It. nicchia, 
a niche, nicchio, a shell — 
L. mytilus, a sea-mussel.] 

nick, nik, n. a notch 
cut into something: a 
score for keeping an ac- 
count: the precise mo- 
ment of time. — v. t. to 
cut in notches : to hit the 
precise time : to strike 
as if making a nick. [An- 
other spelling of nock, 
old form of notch.] 

nickel, nik'el, n. a grayish-white metal 
related to cobalt, very malleable and duc- 
tile : a U. S. coin, worth 5 cents. 

nickname, nik'nam, n. a name given 
in contempt or sportive familiarity. 

nicotine, nik'o-tin, n. a poisonous, vol- 
atile, alkaloid base, obtained from to- 
bacco. 

niece, nes, n. (fern, of nephew) the 
daughter of a brother or sister. 

niggard, nig'erd, n. a person who is 
unwilling to spend or give away : a 
miser. — adjs. nigg'ard, nigg'ardly, hav- 
ing the qualities of a niggard: miserly. 
— n. nigg'ardliness, meanness in giving 
or spending. — adv. nigg'ardly. 

nigh, ni, a. near: not distant in place 
or time : not far off in degree, kindred, 
etc.: close. — adv. nearly: almost. — prep. 
near to: not distant from.— adv. nigh'ly, 
nearly: within a little. — %. nigh'ness. 

night, nit, n. the end of the day: the 




Niche. 



time from sunset to sunrise : darkness : 
ignorance, affliction, or sorrow: death. 

nightingale, nit'in-gal, n. a small syl- 
vine bird, of the passerine family. 

nightmare, nit'mar, n. a dreadful 
dream accompanied with a feeling of 
powerlessness to move or speak. 

nihil, ni'hil, n. nothing. — ns. ni'hilism, 
belief in nothing, extreme skepticism . 

nimble, nim'bl, a. light and quick in 
motion: active: swift. — adjs. nim'ble- 
fing'ered, skilful with the fingers, thiev- 
ish; nim'ble-foot'ed, swift of foot. — ns. 
nim'bleness, quickness of motion either 
in body or mind. — adv. nim'bly. 

nimbus, nim'bus, n. the raincloud . 

nine, nin, a. and n. eight and one. 

ninny, nin'i, n. a simpleton. 

nip, nip, n. a sip, esp. of spirits. — v. i. 
to take a dram. [Dut. nip pen, to sip.] 

nip, nip, v. t. to pinch : to press be- 
tween two surfaces : to cut off the edge 
of: to check the growth or vigor of: to 
destroy: to bite, sting, satirize. 

nipple, nip'l, n. the pap by which milk 
is drawn from the breasts of females. 

nisi, ni'si, conj. unless, placed after 
the words 'decree* or 'rule', to indicate 
that the decree or rule will be made ab- 
solute unless, after a time, some condi- 
tion referred to be fulfilled. 

niter, nitre, ni'ter, n. the nitrate of 
potash — also called saltpeter. — n. m'trate, 
a salt of nitric acid. — a. ni'tric, pertain- 
ing to, formed from or containing or 
resembling niter. — n. ni'troglyc'erin, a 
powerfully explosive compound pro- 
duced by the action of nitric and 
sulphuric acids on glycerin. 

nitrogen, ni'trojen, n. a gas forming 
nearly four-fifths of common air, a nec- 
essary constituent of every organized 
bcdy, so called from its being an essen- 
tial constituent of niter. — adjs. nitro- 
gen'ic, nitrog'enous. — v. t. nitrog'enize. 

nix, niks, n. nothing: in the U. S. 
postal service, anything unmailable be- 
cause of defective address. 

no, no, adv. the word of refusal or 
denial : not at all : never : not so : not— 
n. a denial : a vote against or in the neg- 
ative: — pi. noes (noz). — a. not any: not 
one: none. — advs. no'way, in no way, 
manner, or degree — also no'ways; no'- 
wise, in no way, manner, or degree. 

nobility, no-bil'i-ti, n. the quality of 
being noble: high rank: dignity: excel- 



noble 



mote, move; mute; then. 



nonsense 



309 



lence: greatness of mind or character: 
the persons holding the rank of nobles. 

noble, no'bl, a. illustrious : high in 
rank or character : magnificent : gener- 
ous : excellent. — n. a person of exalted 
rank : a peer. — n. no'bleman, a man who 
is noble or of rank : a peer. — ns. no'ble- 
ness, the quality of being noble : excel- 
lence in quality : dignity : greatness by 
birth or character: worth. 

nobody, no'bod-i, n. no one : a per- 
son of no account. 

nocturnal, nok-ter'nal, a. pertaining 
to night: happening by night: nightly. 

nocuous, nok'u-us, a. hurtful. 

nod, nod, v. i. to give a quick forward 
motion of the head : to bend the head in 
assent : to salute by a quick motion of 
the head : to let the head drop in weari- 
ness. — v. t. to incline: to signify by a 
nod. — n. a bending forward of the head 
quickly : a slight bow : a command. — ns. 
nod'der; nod'ding. — a. inclining the 
head quickly : indicating by a nod : ac- 
knowledged by a nod merely, as a nod- 
ding acquaintance •. 

noddle, nod'l, n. properly, the project- 
ing part at the back of the head : the 
head. 

nohow, no'how, adv. (coll.) not in 
any way, not at all. 

noise, noiz, n. sound of any kind : any 
over-loud or excessive sound, din : fre- 
quent or public talk. — v. t. to spread by 
rumor. — v. i. to sound loud. — a. noise'- 
less, without noise : silent.— a dv. noise'- 
lessly. — n. noise'lessness. 

noisome, noi'sum, a. injurious to 
health : disgusting to sight or smell. 

noisy, noiz'i, a. making a loud noise 
or sound : attended with noise : clamor- 
ous : turbulent. — adv. nois'ily. — n. nois'- 
iness. 

nolens volens, n5'lens vol'ens, un- 
willing (or) willing : willy-nilly. — nolle 
prosequi (nol'e pros'e-kwi), a term 
used in law to indicate that the plaintiff 
or prosecutor does not intend to go on 
with his action. 

nomad, nom'ad, n. one of a tribe that 
wander' about in quest of game, or of 
pasture for their flocks. — a. nomad'ic, 
pastoral: pertaining to the life of 
nomads : wandering : unsettled : rude.- 

nomenclator, no'men-kla-tor, n. one 
who gives names to things : — fern, no'- 
menclatress. — a. no'menclatory. — n. 



nomenclature, a system of naming: a 
list of names : a calling by name . 

nomial, no'mi-al, n. (alg.) a single 
name or term. 

nominal, nom'in-al, a. pertaining to a 
name : existing only in name : having a 
name. — adv. nominally. 

nominate, nom'in-at, v. t. to name : to 
mention by name : to appoint : to propose 
by name, as for an office or for an ap- 
pointment. — n. nomination, the act or 
power of nominating: state of being 
nominated. — a. nom'inative, naming: 
(gram.) applied to the case of the sub- 
ject. — n. the naming case, the case in 
which the subject is expressed. — adv. 
nom'inatively. — n. nominator. 

nominee, nom-in-e', n. one who is 
nominated by another : the candidate of 
a party. 

non, non, adv. not, a Latin word used 
as a prefix. 

nonage, non'aj, n. legal infancy, mi- 
nority: time of immaturity generally. 

nonagenarian, non-a-je-na'ri-an, n. 
one who is ninety years old.- 

nonce, nons, n. (only in phrase 'for 
the nonce') the present time, occasion. 

nonchalance, non'shal-ans, n. uncon- 
cern : coolness : indifference. — a. non'- 
chalant. — adv. non'chalantly. 

nondescript, non'de-skript, a. novel: 
odd. — n. anything not yet described or 
classed : a person or thing not easily 
described or classed. 

none, nun, a. and pron. not one : not 
any : not the smallest part. — adv. in no 
respect : to no extent or degree. 

nonentity, non-en'ti-ti, n. want of 
entity or being : a thing not existing : a 
person of no importance. 

nonesuch, nun'such, n. a thing like 
which there is none such : an extraor- 
dinary thing. 

non-feasance, non-fe'zans, n. omission 
of something which ought to be done. 

nonpareil, non-pa-rel', n. a person or 
thing without equal or unique: a print- 
ing-type (6-point), between minion and 
agate. — a. without an equal: matchless. 

nonplus, non'plus, n. a statein which 
no more can be done or said: great 
difficulty. — v. t. to perplex completely, to 
puzzle. [L. non, not, plus, more.] 

nonsense, non'sens, n. that which has 
no sense: language without meaning: 



310 



noodle 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



notion 



absurdity : trifles. — a. nonsens'ical, with- 
out sense: absurd. 

noodle, nod'l, n. a simpleton: a block- 
head. [From noddy.] 

noodle, nod'l, n. dried dough of 
wheat, flour and eggs. 

nook, nok, n. a corner : a narrow place 
formed by an angle : a recess : a secluded 
retreat. 

noon, non, n. midday : twelve o'clock : 
middle : height. — a. belonging to midday : 
meridional. — v. i. to rest at noon. — n. 
noon'day, midday: the time of greatest 
prosperity. — a. pertaining to midday : 
meridional. — ns. noon'ing, a rest about 
noon : a repast at noon ; noon'tide, the 
tide or time of noon: midday. — a. per- 
taining to noon : meridional. 

noose, nos, or noz, n. a running knot 
which ties the firmer the closer it is 
drawn: a snare or knot generally. 

nor, nor, conj. and not, a particle 
introducing the second part of a negative 
proposition — correlative to neither. 

norm, norm, n. a rule : a pattern : an 
authoritative standard: a type or typical 
unit. — a. nor'mal, according to rule : reg- 
ular : exact : perpendicular. — n. a perpen- 
dicular. — n. normal'ity. — adv. nor'mally. 

north, north, n. the point opposite the 
sun at noon : one of the four cardinal 
points of the horizon : that portion of the 
United States north of the former slave- 
holding states. — adv. to or in the north. 

nose, noz, n. the organ of smell : the 
power of smelling: sagacity: the project- 
ing part of anything resembling a nose, 
as the spout of a kettle, etc. : a drip, a 
downward projection from a cornice. — 
v. t. to smell : to sound through the nose. 

nosegay, noz'ga, n. a bunch of fragrant 
flowers : a posy or bouquet. 

nostalgia, nos-tal'ji-a, n. home-sick- 
ness, esp. when morbid. — a. nostal'gic. 

nostril, nos'tril, n. one of the openings 
of the nose. 

nostrum, nos'trum, n. any secret, 
quack, or patent medicine: any favorite 
remedy or scheme. 

not, not, adv. a word expressing denial, 
negation, or refusal. 

notable, no'ta-bl. a. worthy of being 
known or noted : remarkable : memor- 
able : distinguished : notorious : capable, 
clever, industrious. — n. a person or thing 
worthy of note, esp. in pi. for persons of 
distinction. — n. pi. notabil'ia, things 



worthy of notice : noteworthy sayings. 
— ns. notabil'ity, the being notable: a 
notable person or thing; no'tableness. — 
adv. no'tably. 

notary, no'ta-ri, n. an officer author- 
ized to certify deeds, contracts, copies of 
documents, affidavits, etc. — generally 
called notary public. — a. nota'rial. 

notation, no-ta'shun, n. the act or 
practice of recording by marks or sym- 
bols : a system of signs or symbols. 

notch, noch, n. a nick cut in anything : 
an indentation, incision: a narrow pass. 
— v. t. to cut a hollow into. 

note, not, n. a distinguishing charac- 
teristic : a mark or sign calling attention : 
a brief explanation: a short remark: a 
brief report, a catalogue, a bill : a memo- 
randum: a short letter: a diplomatic 
paper : a small size of paper used for 
writing: (mus.) a mark representing a 
sound, also the sound itself, tone, also a 
digital or key of the keyboard : a paper 
acknowledging a debt and promising 
payment, as a bank-note, a note of hand : 
notice, heed, observation : reputation : 
fame. — v. t. to make a note of : to notice : 
to attend to : to record in writing. — a. 
not'ed, marked : well known : celebrat- 
ed : eminent : notorious. — adv. not'edly. 
— n. note'pa'per, folded writing-paper 
for letters. — a. note'worthy, worthy of 
note or of notice. 

nothing, nuth'ing, n. no thing: non- 
existence : absence of being : a low con- 
dition : no value or use : not anything 
of importance, a trifle: utter insignifi- 
cance : no difficulty or trouble : no mag- 
nitude : a cipher. — adv. in no degree ' 

notice, not'is, n. act of noting or ob- 
serving : attention : observation : infor- 
mation : warning : a writing containing 
information : public intimation : civility 
or respectful treatment : remark. — v. t. 
to mark or see : to regard or attend to : 
to mention : to make observations upon : 
to treat with civility. — a. not'iceable, 
that can be noticed : worthy of notice : 
likely to be noticed. — adv. not'iceably. 

notify, no'ti-fi, v. t. to make known: 
to declare : to give notice or information 
to. — a. notifiable, that must be made 
known. — n. notification, the act of noti- 
fying: the notice given: the paper con- 
taining the notice. 

notion, no'shun, n. mental apprehen- 
sion: a conception: opinion: belief: 



notorious mote, move; mute; then. number 311 

judgment: a caprice or whim: any small lakedness: want of covering: any- 

article ingeniously devised or invented, ;hing laid bare. [L. nudus, naked.] 

usually in pi.— a. no'tional, of the nature nudge, nuj, n. a gentle push.— v. t. to 

of a notion: ideal: fanciful. push gently. [Cf. knock; Dan. knuge.] 

notorious, no-to'ri-us, a. publicly nugatory, nu'ga-tor-i, a. trifling: 

known ( now used in a bad sense) : in- vain: insignificant: of no power, 

famous.—;*, notori'ety, state of being nugget, nug et, n. a lump or mass, as 

notorious : publicity : public exposure. — • of a metal. 

adv. notoriously .—n. notoriousness. nuisance, nu sans, n. that which an- 

notwithstanding, not-with-stand'ing, noys or hurts: that which troubles. _ 

prep, in spite ol.-conj. in spite of the . ™&}> nul > a - of . no le § al force: vold: 

fact that, although.-a^. nevertheless, invalid: of no importance.— n. some- 

however yet thing of no value or meaning, a cipher. 

nought, nawt, n. not anything: noth- nu l lify > ™ n : ri ' v ' .': to ma , ke nu J 1: t0 

ing.-aVin no degree. annul: to ri; re - nder v0ld or , of no f ° rCe ' 

noun, nown, n. (gram.) the name of ~? s - nuUifica tion, a rendering void or 

' 4.U- ■ of no effect, esp. of a contract by one 

any person or thing. ^ £ of a kw b ^ ig _ 

nourish, nurish, z/. f. to suckle: to lature which has been passed by another ; 
feed or bring up : to support : to help nuinfi null'ity, the state of being 
forward the growth of in any way: to u Qr void . no f hingness . 
encourage: to cherish: to educate.-* numb fl> deprived of sensation 

nourishing, giving nourishment, -n. Qr j powerless to feel or act: 

nourishment, the act of nourishing or fied . m ^ tionless ._^ t to make 

the state of being nourished: that which numb . to deaden . to render motion i ess . 
nourishes: nutriment. _ n> n umb'ness, state of being numb. 

novel, novel, a new: unusual: number , num'ber, n. that by which 
strange.— n. that which is new: a fieri- thi are counte d or computed: a col- 
tious prose narrative or tale presenting lection of things . more than one . a unit 
a picture of real life— n novelette, a in counting: a numerical figure: the 
small novel.— n. novelist, a novel- measure of multiplicity: sounds distrib- 
wnter: an innovator.— a, novelist ic— uted int0 harmonies: meter, verse, esp. 
n. novelty, newness: unusual appear- in pl . ( graw .) the difference in words 
ance : anything new strange or different t0 express singular or plural.— v. t. to 
from anything before:—/)/, novelties. count: t0 reckon as one o£ a mu i t itude : 

novice, nov is, n. one new m anything : to mark w i tn a number : to amount to. 
a beginner : one newly received into the _ a num'berless, without number : more 
church: an inmate of a convent or nun- than can be counted.— ns. numerabil'ity, 
nery who has not yet taken the vow, nu merableness.— a. nu'merable, that 

now, now, adv. at the present time : at may be numbered or counted.— adv. 
this time or a little before.— cow;, but : nu'merably.— a. nu'meral, pertaining to, 
after this : things being so. _ consisting of, or expressing number. — n. 

nowhere, no'hwar, adv. in no where a figure or mark used to express a num- 
or place: at no time. ber, as I, 2, 3, etc.: (gram.) a word 

noxious, nok'shus, a. hurtful: un- used to denote a number. — adv. mi'mer- 
wholesome : injurious ^destructive: ally, according to number. — a. nu'mer- 
poisonous. — adv. nox'iously. ary, belonging to a certain number. — 

nozle, nozzle, noz'l, n. a little nose : v. t. nu'merate, to point off and read, as 
the snout : the extremity of anything : figures. — ns. numeration, act of number- 
the open end of a pipe or tube. ing: art of reading numbers; nu'mera- 

nub, nub, n. a knob, knot: point, gist, tor, one who numbers: the upper num- 

nucleus, nu'kle-us, n. the central mass ber of a vulgar fraction. — adjs. numer'- 
round which matter gathers. ic, -al, belonging to, or consisting in, 

nude, nud, a. naked: bare: without number. — adv. numerically. — n. numer- 
drapery, as a statue : void, as a con- os'ity, numerousness. — a. nu'merous, 
tract. — n. nuda'tion, act of making bare, great in number : being many. — adv. 
— adv. nude'ly. — ns. nude'ness, nu'dity, nu'merously. — n. nii'merousness. 



312 numismatic fate, far; me, her; mine; obelisk 

numismatic, nu-mis-mat'ik, a. per- to all those fruits which have the seed 
taining to money, coins, or medals. — n. inclosed in a bony, woody, or leathery 
numismat'ics, the science of coins and pericarp, not opening when ripe; a small 
medals. — n. numis'matist. block of metal for screwing on the end 

nun, nun, n. a woman who, under a of a bolt.— v. i. to gather nuts, 
vow, secludes herself in a religious nutmeg, nut'meg, n. the aromatic ker- 
house, to give her time to devotion: nel of an East Indian tree, 
(zool.) a kind of hooded pigeon. nutriment, nu'tri-ment, n. that which 

nuptial, nup'shal, a. pertaining to mar- nourishes : that which helps forward 
riage : constituting marriage. — n. pi. growth or development : food. — a. nu'- 
nup'tials, marriage : wedding ceremony, trient, nourishing. — n. anything nourish- 

nurse, ners, n. a woman who nourishes ing. — n. nutri'tion, act of nourishing: 
an infant : one who has the care of in- process of promoting the growth of 
fants or of the sick. — v. t. to tend, as bodies: that which nourishes: nutri- 
an infant or a sick person : to bring up : ment. — a. nutri'tious, nourishing : pro- 
to manage with care and economy: to moting growth. — adv. nutritiously. — n. 
play skilfully, as billiard-balls, to get po- niitri'tiousness. — adjs. nu'tritive, nu'- 
sition. — ns. nurs'ery, place for nursing : tritory, nourishing : concerned in nutri- 
an apartment for young children : a place tion. — adv. nu'tritively. 
where the growth of anything is pro- nux vomica, nuks vom'ik-a, n. the seed 
moted: (hort.) a piece of ground where of an East Indian tree, from which the 
plants are reared; nurs'eryman, a man powerful poison known as strychnine is 
who owns or works a nursery: one who obtained, 
is employed in cultivating plants, etc. nymph, nimf, n. a young and beauti- 

nurture, nert'ur, n. act of nursing or ful maiden: {myth.) one of the beautiful 
nourishing: nourishment: education: goddesses who inhabited mountains, riv- 
instruction. — v. t. to nourish. ers, trees, etc. — adjs. nymph'al; 

nut, nut, n. the name popularly given nymphe'an, pertaining to nymphs. 



Bo, 5, the fifteenth letter and oat, 6t (oftener in pi oats, ots), n. 
fourth vowel of our alphabet, its a well-known grassy plant, the seeds of 
I sound intermediate between a which are much used as food : its seeds. 

and w— with three values in Eng- oath, 6th, n. a solemn statement with 
lish, the name-sound heard in note, the a n appeal to God as witness, also the 
shorter sound in not, and the neutral f or m of words in which such is made: 
vowel heard in son : as a numeral, 'noth- an irreverent use of God's name in con- 
ing', or 'zero'. versation or in any way: any merely 
O, oh, 6, inter j. an exclamation of exclamatory imprecation, etc. :—pl. oaths 
wonder, pain, desire, fear, etc. (dthz). [A. S. ath; Ger. eid, Ice. eithr.] 
o\ an abbrev. for of and on. _ obdurate, ob'du-rat, a. hardened in 
oak, ok, n. a tree of about 300 species, heart or in f ee lings : difficult to influence, 
the American white oak and the British esp ; n a moral sense . stubborn : harsh, 
oak valued for their timber. _ obedience, 6-be'di-ens, n. state of 
oakum, ok urn n. old ropes untwisted bd obedient: willingness to obey com- 
and teased into loose hemp for calking mands . dutifulness ._ a . obe'dient, will- 
oar, or n. a light pole with a flat . obey.-a^. obe'diently. 
or spoon-shaped end (the blade) forpro- 6 , . J _ , _, _ «->,„,,„ „„ 
pelling a boat: {tool) an oar-like ap- obeisance, o-be sans, or o-ba sans n 
pendage for swimming: an oarsman.- obedience: a bow or act of reverence 
v. t to impel by rowing.-^, i. to row. an expression of respect.-a obe isant. 
oasis, 6-a'sis, n. a fertile spot in a obelisk, ob e-lisk n. a tall, four-sided, 
sandy desert: any place of rest or pleas- tapering pillar, usually of one stone, nn- 
ure in the midst of toil and gloom :— pi. ished at the top in pyramidal^ form : 
oases (6-a'sez). (print.) a dagger (f).— a. ob eliscal. 



obese 



mote, move; mute; then. 



observe 313 



obese, 6-bes', a. fat: fleshy. — ns. 
obese'ness, obes'ity, fatness . 

obey, 6-ba', v. t. to do as told by: to 
be ruled by : to yield to : to carry out 
or perform. — v. i. to submit to power, 
etc. — adv. obey'ingly, obediently. 

obfuscate, ob-fus'kat, v. t. to darken : 
to confuse. — n. obfusca'tion. 

obit, 6'bit, or ob'it, n. death: the fact 
or the date of death. — a. obit'uary, relat- 
ing to a death. — n. an account of a de- 
ceased person, or a notice of his death. 

object, ob-jekt', v. t. to place before 
the view : to throw in the way of : to 
offer in opposition: to oppose. — v. i. to 
oppose : to give a reason against. — n. 
objec'tion, act of objecting: anything 
said or done in opposition : argument 
against. — a. objec'tionable, that may be 
objected to: requiring to be disapproved 
of. — adv. objec'tionably. — a. object'ive, 
relating to an object: being exterior to 
the mind : substantive, self-existent : per- 
taining to what is real or exists in na- 
ture: {gram.) belonging to the case of 
the object. — n. {gram.) the case of the 
object: in microscopes, etc., the lens 
which brings the rays to a focus : the 
point to which operations are directed. 
— adv. objectively.— ns. object'iveness; 
object'or. 

object, ob'jekt, n. anything perceived 
or set before the mind : that which is 
sought after, or that toward which an 
action is directed: end: motive: {gram.) 
that toward which the action of a transi- 
tive verb is directed. — a. ob'jectless, hav- 
ing no object: purposeless. 

objure, ob-jor', v. i. to swear. — n. ob- 
juration, act of binding by oath. 

objurgation, ob-jer-ga'shun, n. act 
of chiding: a blaming, reproof: repre- 
hension. — v. t. objur'gate, to chide. — a. 
objur'gatory, expressing blame or re- 
proof. 

oblate, ob-lat', a. flattened at opposite 
sides or poles : shaped like an orange. 

oblige, 6-blij', v. t. to bind or con- 
strain : to bind by some favor rendered, 
hence to do a favor to. — v. t. obligate, 
to constrain: to bind by contract or 
duty. — n. obligation, act of obliging: 
the power which binds to a promise, a 
duty, etc. : any act which binds one to do 
something for another : that to which 
one is bound: state of being indebted 
for a favor: {law) a bond with penalty 



in case of failure. — adv. obligatorily. — 
n. obligatoriness. — a. obligatory, bind- 
ing: imposing duty. — a. obliging, dis- 
posed to confer favors : ready to do a 
good turn. — adv. obligingly. — ns. ob- 
ligingness; obligor {law), the person 
who binds himself to another. 

oblique, ob-lek', a. slanting: not per- 
pendicular : not parallel : not straight- 
forward: {geom.) not a right-angle. — 
v. i. {mil.) to advance obliquely. — ns. 
oblique'ness, obliq'uity, state of being 
oblique: a slanting direction: error or 
wrong : irregularity. — adv. obliquely. 

obliterate, ob-lit'er-at, v. t. to blot 
out : to wear out : to destroy : to reduce 
to a very low state. — n. obliteration. 

oblivion, ob-livl-un, n. act of forget- 
ting or state of being forgotten: remis- 
sion of punishment. — a. oblivious, for- 
getful: prone to forget. 

oblong, oblong, a. long in one way: 
longer than broad. — n. {geom.) a rec- 
tangle longer than broad. 

obloquy, oblo-kwi, n. reproachful lan- 
guage: censure: calumny: disgrace. 

obnoxious, ob-nok'shus, a. liable to 
hurt or punishment: exposed: guilty: 
blameworthy: offensive: subject. 

obscene, ob-sen', a. offensive to chas- 
tity : unchaste : indecent : disgusting . 

obscure, ob-skur', a. dark: not dis- 
tinct: not easily understood: not clear, 
legible, or perspicuous : unknown : hum- 
ble : living in darkness. — v. t. to darken : 
to make less plain: to render doubtful. 
— n. obscura'tion, the act of obscuring 
or state of being obscured. — adv. ob- 
scurely. — ns. obscure'ment, obscure'- 
ness, obscu'rity. [Fr., — L. obscurus.] 

obsequies, ob'se-kwiz, n. pi. funeral 
rities and solemnities. — a. obse'quial. 

obsequious, ob-se'kwi-us, a. com- 
pliant to excess : meanly condescending. 

observe, ob-zerv', v. t. to keep in 
view: to notice: to subject to systematic 
observation : to regard attentively : to 
remark, refer to in words: to comply 
with: to heed and to carry out in prac- 
tice: to keep with proper ceremony: to 
keep or guard. — v. i. to take notice: to 
attend: to remark. — a. observ'able, that 
may be observed or noticed: worthy of 
observation: remarkable: requiring to 
be observed. — n. observ'ableness. — adv. 
observ'ably. — ns. observance, act of 
observing or paying attention to : per- 



i 



314 obsolescent fate, far; me, hSr; mine; occur 

formance: attention: that which is to be a leaf: stupid: not shrill: (geom.) 
observed : rule of practice, a custom to greater than a right angle. 
be observed : reverence : homage. — a. obverse, ob-vers', a. turned towards 
observ'ant, observing : having powers of one : bearing the head, as one face of a 
observing and noting : taking notice : ad- coin — opp. to reverse : a second or com- 
hering to: carefully attentive. — adv. ob- plemental aspect of the same fact : (bot.) 
serv'antly. — ns. observation, act of ob- having the base narrower than the top. 
serving: habit of seeing and noting: — n. ob'verse, the side of a coin con- 
attention: that which is observed: a re- taining the head, or principal symbol. — 
mark : performance : the fact of being adv. obverse'ly. — n. obver'sion, the act 
bserved ; observ'atory, a place for mak- of turning toward the front of any- 
ing astronomical and physical observa- thing: in logic, a species of immediate 
tions; observ'er. — a. observing, habit- inference. — v. t. obvert', to turn towards 
ually taking notice: attentive. — adv. ob- the front. 
serv'ingly. obviate, ob'vi-at, v. t. to meet on the 

obsolescent, ob-so-les'ent, a. going way, hence to remove, as difficulties, 

out of use. — n. obsolesc'ence. — a. ob'so- obvious, ob'vi-us, a. meeting one in 

lete, gone out of use : antiquated. — adv. the way : easily discovered or under- 

ob'soletely. — n. ob'soleteness. stood: evident. — adv. ob'viously. 

obstacle, ob'sta-kl, n. anything that occasion, o-ka'zhun, n. an occur- 

stands in the way of or hinders progress : rence, casualty, or incident : a special 

obstruction. time or season : an accidental cause : a 

obstetric, -al, ob'stet'rik, -al, a. per- reason or excuse : opportunity : require- 

taining to midwifery. — ns. obstetric'ian, ment, business : a special ceremony. — 

one skilled in obstetrics ; obstet'rics, the v. t. to cause indirectly : to influence. — a. 

science of midwifery. occassional, falling in the way or hap- 

obstinate, ob'sti-nat, a. excessively pening : occurring only at times : result- 
firm : unyielding : stubborn : not easily ing from accident : produced on some 
subdued or remedied. — ns. ob'stinacy, special event. — adv. occasionally, 
ob'stinateness. — adv. ob'stinately. Occident, ok'si-dent, n. the western 

obstreperous, ob-strep'er-us, a. mak- quarter of the sky : the west generally, 

ing a loud noise : clamorous : noisy. — a. occiden'tal, noting the quarter 

obstruction, ob-strik'shun, n. obliga- where the sun sets : western. — n. (0-),a 

tion. [L. obstringere, abstrictum, to bind native of some occidental country. 

up.] occult, ok-kult', a. covered over : es- 

obstruct, ob-strukt', v. t. to block up, caping observation : hidden : secret, un- 
to hinder from passing, to retard. — ns. known, transcending the bounds of 
obstruc'ter, obstruc'tor, one who ob- natural knowledge, 
structs ; obstruction, act of obstructing : occupy, ok'u-pi, v. t. to take or hold 
that which hinders progress or action : possession of : to take up, as room, etc. : 
opposition; obstruc'tionist. — a. ob- to fill, as an office: to employ. — v. i. to 
struc'tive, tending to obstruct : hinder- hold possession. — ns. occ'upancy, the act 
ing. — n. one who opposes progress. of occupying, or of taking or holding 

obtain, ob-tan', v. t. to lay hold of: possession: possession: the time during 
to hold: to procure by effort: to gain: which one occupies ; occ'upant, one who 
to keep possession of. — v. i. to be estab- takes or has possession; occupation, 
lished: to continue in use: to become the act of occupying or taking posses- 
customary or prevalent : to hold good, sion : possession : state of being em- 
— a. obtainable, that may be obtained, ployed or occupied: that which occupies 

obtrude, ob-trod', v. t. to thrust in or takes up one's attention : employment, 
upon when not wanted: to urge upon — n. occ'upier, an occupant, 
against the will of. — v. i. to thrust one- occur, o-ker', v. i. to come or be pre- 
self or be thrust upon. — ns. obtrud'er; sented to the mind: to happen: to ap- 
obtrud'ing, obtru'sion. — a. obtrus'ive, pear: to be found here and there: to 
disposed to thrust oneself among others, coincide in time. — ns. occurrence, any- 
obtuse, ob-tus', a. blunt : not pointed : thing that occurs : an event, esp. one 
(bot.) blunt or rounded at the point, as unlooked for or unplanned. 



ocean mote, move; mute; then. offer 315 

ocean, 6'shan, n. the vast expanse of ranee: perfumed. — adv. odorif'erously. 
salt water that covers the greater part — n. odorif'erousness. — a. o'dorous, 
of the surface of the globe . emitting an odor or scent : sweet-smell- 

octagon, ok'ta-gon, n. a plane figure ing: fragrant. — adv. o'dorously. 
of eight sides and eight angles. o'er, or, contracted from over. 

octave, ok'tav, a. eight : consisting of f, ov, prep, from or out from : be- 
eight— n. an eighth: that which consists longing to: out of: among: proceeding 
of eight: (mus.) an eighth, or an inter- f rom : owing to: with: over: concern- 
val of twelve semitones. ing; during. 

octavo, ok-ta'vo, a. having eight off, of, aiz>. from: away from: on the 
leaves to the sheet— n. a book printed opposite side of a question.— a. most 
on sheets folded into eight . leayesf-con- distant: on the opposite or farther side: 
tracted 8vo. [L octavus, eighth.] _ on the side of a cr i c ket-field left of the 
octodecimo, ok-to-des i-mo, a. having bowler: not devoted to usual business, 
eighteen leaves to the sheet— contracted as an off day.— prep, not on.— inter j. 
iomo. ( , . , . away ! depart ! — a. and adv. off'-and-on', 

octogenarian, . ok-to-je-na n-an n. occasional, — adv. off 'hand, at once: 
and a. one who is eighty years old, or without hesitating.— a. without study : im- 
between eighty and ninety. promptu : free and easy.— a. offish, re- 

octopus, okto-pus, n. a widely dis- served in mann er.— ns. off'scouring, 
tnbuted genus of eight-armea cuttle- matter SCOU red off: refuse: anything 
fishes, covered with suckers a devil-fish. vile or deS p ise d; off'set, a sum or value 
octoroon, ok-to-ron n. the offspring set off against ano ther as an equivalent : 
of a quadroon and a white person: one a short lateral shoot or bulb . in int . 
who has one-eighth negro blood. ingj a partial transfer f freshly printed 

octuple, oktu-pl, a. eightfold. matter t0 anot her sheet: (archit.) a hor- 

ocular, oku-lar, a pertaining to the izont al ledge on the face of a wall: in 
eye: formed m, or known by, the eye: surveying, a perpendicular from the main 
received by actual sight-adz; oc ularly line t0 an outlying point.-*/, t. to place 
-«. oculist, one skilled in diseases of against as an equiva i e nt: to make an 
the eye. [L. ocularms-o cuius the eye.] . effect orL _^. off'side, the right-hand 
odd, od. a not paired with another: side in driv ing: the farther side; off'- 
not even : left over after a round num- spring> that which • from an _ 

ber has been taken: additional to a cer- other . a child or children: issue: pro - 
tain amount in round numbers: not duction of an kind [Same as of ^ 
exactly divisible by two: strange: un- offal fal t t ^ t of 

usual in kind or appearance: trifling: an ^ j w ^ ich fa unfit f use . ^ efuse> 
remote. — ns. Oddfellow, a member of a «rc^„j t t „a> . * ^ j'„| fl „, fl n „ 
secret benevolent society called Oddfel- ^^ of - f f end ,' \ L *? dl + s P lea „se or 
lows; odd'ity, the state of being odd or make .angry: to do harm to: to affront, 
singular: strangeness: a singular person T 9 ' \ t0 sm: to c , ause ^er.-n of- 
or thing.-adv odd'ly.-n. odd'ness.- fense ' a . n ^ cause °^ an S er ? r dl ^ leas - 
«. pi. odds (odz), inequality: difference ure: an mjury : a crime : a sin: affront: 
in favor of one against another: more assault-** offender, one who offends 
than an even wager: advantage: dis- or injures : a trespasser : a criminal j^of- 
pute: scraps, as in the phrase odds and f enc . e ' sa ^ e as offense.-a. offensive, 
g n( j s causing offense, displeasure, or injury: 

ode, 6d, n. a song: a poem written to used }? attack J making the first attack. 

be set to music: a stately poem in cele- ~\ the act of the attacking party: the 

bration of a great event, etc. P os ^ re °* one who attacks. 

odious, 6'di-us, a. hateful: offensive: ° f ffer » of er ' v - *• to brm ^ to or before: 

repulsive: causing hatred.— adv. o'dious- to hold out for acceptance or rejection: 

ly. —ns. o'diousness; o'dium, hatred: to make a proposal to: to lay before: 

offensiveness : quality of provoking hate, to present to the mind : to attempt : to 

odor, odour, 6'der, n. smell : perfume : propose to give, as a. price or service : 

estimation : reputation. — a. odoriferous, to present in worship. — v. i. to present 

bearing odor or scent: diffusing frag- itself: to be at hand: to declare a will- 



316 office fate, far; me, her; mine; omni- 

ingness. — n. act of offering: first ad- ointment, oint'ment, n. anything used 
vance: that which is offered: proposal in anointing: (med.) any greasy sub- 
made. — ns. offering, act of making an stance applied to diseased or wounded 
offer: that which is offered: a gift: (B.) parts: (5.) a perfume, 
that which is offered on an altar: a sac- old, old, a. advanced in years: having 
rifice; offertory, act of offering, the been long in existence: worn out: out of 
thing offered : the verses or the anthem date, old-fashioned : ancient, former, an- 
said or sung while the offerings of a tique, early: having the age or duration 
congregation are being made : the money of: long practised: sober, wise. — v. i. 
collected at a religious service. old'en, to grow old, to become affected by 

office, of'is, n. settled duty or employ- age. — a. ancient. — adjs. old-fash'ioned, 

ment : a position imposing certain duties of a fashion like that used long ago : out 

or giving a right to exercise an employ- of date : clinging to old things and old 

ment : business : act of worship : order styles : with manners like those of a 

or form of a religious service: that grown-up person (said of a child) ; old'- 

which a thing is designed or fitted to ish, somewhat old. 

do: a place where business is carried oleaginous, 6-le-aj'in-us, a. oily: 

on: (pi.) acts of good or ill: service. — (hot.) fleshy and oily: unctuous, sanc- 

ns. off ice-bear'er, off'ice-hold'er, one timonious, fawning, 

who holds office: one who has an ap- oleander, 6-le-an'der, n. an evergreen 

pointed duty to perform in connection shrub with lance-shaped leathery leaves, 

with some organization; officer, one olein, 6'le-in, n. a natural fat, found 

who holds an office: a person who per- in the fatty oils of animals and vege- 

forms some public duty: a person in- tables. — adjs. o'leic; oleiferous, produc- 

trusted with responsibility in the army ing oil, as seeds. — ns. oleomar'garin, 

or navy. — v. t. to furnish with officers: oleomar'garine, artificial butter made 

to command as officers. — a. offic'ial, per- from tallow or suet, 

taining to an office : depending on the olfactory, ol-fak'tor-i, a. pertaining to, 

proper office or authority: done by au- or used in, smelling, 

thority. — n. one who holds an office. — n. oligarchy, ol'i-gark-i, n. government 

officialism, official position: excessive by a small exclusive class: small govern- 

devotion to official routine and detail. ing body : a state governed by such. 

— adv. officially. — v. i. officiate, to per- Olympiad, 6-lim'pi-ad, n. in ancient 

form the duties of an office: (with for) Greece, a period of four years, being 

to perform official duties in place of an- the interval from one celebration of the 

other. [Fr., — L. oflicium.] Olympic games to another. 

officious, of-fish'us, a. too forward in omega, 6-me'ga, or o'meg-a, n. the 

offering services: overkind: intermed- last letter of the Greek alphabet: (B.) 

dling. — adv. offic'iously. the end. — Alpha and Omega, the begin- 

offing, of'ing, n. the part of the sea ning and the end. 

more than half-way between the shore omelet, omelette, om'e-let, n. a. dish 

and the horizon. made chiefly of eggs, beaten up with 

oft, oft, often, of'n, adv. frequently: flour, etc., and fried in a pan. 

many times. — a. oft'en (B.), frequent. omen, 6'men, n. a sign of some future 

— advs. oft'times, oft'entimes, many event, either good or evil : a foreboding, 

times : frequently. ominous, om'in-us, a. pertaining to, or 

ogle, 6'gl, v. t. to look at fondly with containing, an omen : foreboding evil : 

side glances. — v. i to cast amorous inauspicious. — adv. ominously. 

glances. — ns. o'gle ; o'gler ; o'gling. omit, 6-mit', v. t. to leave out : to neg- 

ogre, 6'ger, n. a man-eating monster, lect : to fail : to make no use of. — a. 

oh, 6, interj. denoting surprise, pain, omiss'ible, that may be omitted. — n. 

sorrow, etc. omiss'ion, act of omitting: the neglect 

ohm, 6m, n. the unit by which elec- or failure to do something required, 

trical resistance is measured. omni-, om'ni, from L. omnis, all, a 

oil, oil, n. any greasy liquid of animal, combining form, as in — ns. omnip'- 

vegetable, or mineral origin. — v. t. to otence, omnip'otency, unlimited power, 

smear or anoint with oil. — an attribute of God. — a. omnip'otent, 



omnibus mote, move; mute; then. operate 31? 

all-powerful, possessing unlimited power. onto, on'to, prep, to and upon, as to 
— adv. omnip'otently. — n. omnipres'- open onto a lawn. 

ence, quality of being present everywhere onus, 6'nus, n. burden, responsibility. 
at the same time — an attribute of God. onward, on'werd, a. going on : advanc- 
— a. omnipres'ent, present everywhere ing: advanced. — adv. (also on'wards) 
at the same time. — n. omnisc'ience, toward a point on or in front : forward, 
knowledge of all things — an attribute of onyx, on'iks, n. (min.) an agate 
God. — a. omniscient, all-knowing: all- formed of layers of chalcedony of dif- 
seeing: infinitely wise. — adv. omnisc'- ferent colors: any stone exhibiting lay- 
iently. — a. omniv'orous, all-devouring: ers of two or more contrasting colors. 
{zool.) feeding on both animal and veg- ooze, 6z, n. soft mud: gentle flow, as 
etable food. of water through sand or earth : a mud- 

omnibus, om'ni-bus, a. including all : like deposit at the bottom of the ocean : 
covering many different cases or objects, the liquor of a tan vat. — v. i. to flow 
as 'an omnibus bill' — n. a large four- gently: to percolate. — a. ooz'y* resem- 
wheeled vehicle for passengers, a bus. bling ooze: slimy. 

on, on, prep, in contact with the upper opacity, 6-pas'i-ti, n. opaqueness : ob- 
part of: to and toward the surface of: scurity. 

upon or acting by contact with : not off : opal, o'pal, n. a precious stone of a 
at or near : at or during : in addition to : milky hue, remarkable for its changing 
toward, for: at the peril of: in conse- colors. — n. opalesc'ence. — adjs. opalesc'- 
quence: immediately aften — adv. above, ent, reflecting a milky or pearly light 
or next beyond: forward, in succession: from the interior; o'paline, relating to, 
in continuance: not off. — inter j. go on! or like, opal. 

once, wuns, adv. a single time: at a opaque, 6-pak', a. shady: dark: that 
former time : at any time or circum- cannot be seen through : not transparent, 
stances.— w. one time. — at once, without • — adv. opaque'ly. — n. opaque'ness, qual- 
delay; for once, on one occasion only, ity of being opaque. 

one, wun, pron. a person (indefinite- open, 6'pn, a. not shut: allowing one 
ly), as in 'one says': any one: some to pass out or in: free from trees: not 
one. — n. a. single person or thing : a unit, fenced : not drawn together : spread out : 

one, wun, a. single in number, posi- not frozen : free to be used, etc. : pub- 
tion, or kind: undivided: the same: a lie: without reserve: frank: easily un- 
certain, some, implying a name unknown derstood : generous : liberal : clear : un- 
or denoting insignificance or contempt, balanced, as an account: attentive: free 
as 'one Johnson'. — a. one'-horse, drawn to be discussed. — v. t. to make open: to 
by a single horse : petty, mean, inferior, remove hindrances : to bring to view : 
— n. one'ness, singleness, unity — pron. to explain: to begin. — v. i. to become 
oneself, one's self : himself or herself, open : to unclose : to be unclosed : to 
—a. one'-sided, limited to one side: begin to appear: to begin. — n. a clear 
partial: (hot.) turned to one side. space. — ns. o'pener; o'pening, an open 

onerous, on'er-us, a. burdensome: place : a breach : an aperture : beginning : 
oppressive. — a. on'erary, fitted or in- first appearance: opportunity. — adv. 
tended for carrying burdens : comprising o'penly. — n. o'penness. 
burdens. — adv. on'erously. opera, op'er-a, n. a musical drama: a 

onion, un'yun, n. the name given to place where operas are performed.— a. 
a few species of genus Allium, esp. Allium used in or for an opera, as an opera' 
cepa, an edible biennial bulbous root. glass, etc. 

onlooker, on'look-er, n. a looker on. operate, op'er-at, v. i. to work: to 

only, on'li, a. single in number or exert strength: to produce any effect: 
kind: this above all others: alone. — adv. to exert moral power: (surg.) to per- 
in one manner : for one purpose : singly : form some unusual act upon the body 
merely: barely: entirely. — conj. but; with the hand or an instrument.—^, t. 

onset, on'set, n. violent attack : as- to effect : to produce, by agency.—^, op- 
sault : storming. era'tion, act or process of operating, or 

onslaught, on'slawt, n. an attack or of being at work : that which is done or 
onset : assault. carried out : agency : influence : method 



318 operetta fate, far; me, her; mine; opus 

of working : action or movements : sur- poses : obstacle : the party that opposes 
gical performance. — a. op'erative, hav- a ministry or existing administration, 
ing the power of operating or acting: oppress, o-pres', v. t. to press against 
exerting force : producing effects : effi- or upon : to use severely : to burden : to 
cacious. — n. a workman : a laborer. — adv. lie heavy upon : to constrain : to over- 
op'eratively. — ns. op'erativeness; op'- power: to treat unjustly: to burden. — 
erator. n. oppression, act of oppressing or 

operetta, op-er-et'a, n. a short, light treating unjustly or harshly: severity: 
musical drama. [It, dim. of opera.] cruelty : state of being oppressed: misery: 

ophthalmia, of-thal'mi-a, n. inflam- hardship: injustice: dullness of spirits. 
mation of the eye — also ophthal'my. — a. — a. oppressive, tending to oppress : 
ophthal'mic, pertaining to the eye. treating with severity or injustice: 

opiate, 6'pi-at, n. a drug containing heavy: overpowering: difficult to bear, 
opium to induce sleep : that which dulls — adv. oppressively. — ns. oppressive- 
sensation, physical or mental. ness; oppress'or, one who oppresses. 

opine, o-pin', v. i. to suppose. — a. opprobrious, o-pro'bri-us, a. expres- 
opin'able, capable of being thought, sive of opprobrium or disgrace: re- 
opinion, o-pin'ytm, n . one's belief, proachful: infamous: despised. — adv. 
judgment: favorable estimation. — adjs. oppro'briously. — ns. oppro'briousness; 
opinlonable, that may be matter of oppro'brium, reproach expressing con- 
opinion ; opinionated, opinloned, firm- tempt or disdain : disgrace : infamy. 
ly adhering to one's own opinions. [L.] oppugn, o-pun', v. t. to fight against, 

opium, 6'pi-um, n. the narcotic juice esp. by argument: to oppose: to resist. 
of the white poppy. optic, -al, op'tik, -al, a. relating to 

opossum, o-pos'um, n. a small Amer- sight, or to optics. — n. op'tic (Pope), an 
ican marsupial mammal, nocturnal, organ of sight: an eye. — adv. op'tically. 
mainly arboreal, with prehensile tail. — ns. optician, one skilled in optics : 

opponent, 6-po'nent, a. opposing in one who makes or sells optical instru- 
action, speech, etc.: placed in front. — n. ments; optics (sing.), the science of the 
one who opposes. nature and laws of vision and light; 

opportune, op-or-tun', a. present at a optom'eter, an instrument for measur- 
proper time: timely: convenient. — adv. ing the refractive powers of the eye; 
opportunely. — ns. opportuneness; op- optom'etrist, one who practises optom- 
portunlsm, practice of regulating prin- etry, a refractionist ; optometry, the 
ciples by favorable opportunities with- measurement of the visual powers, esp. 
out regard to consistency; opportunist, for determining the focal lengths of 
a politician, etc., who waits for events lenses necessary to correct imperfections 
before declaring his opinions: a person of the eye. [Fr. optique — Gr. optikos.] 
without settled principles; opportunity, optimism, op'ti-mizm, n. the doctrine 
an opportune or convenient time: a good that everything is ordered for the best: 
occasion or chance. a disposition to take a hopeful view of 

oppose, o-poz', v. t. to place before things — opp. to pessimism. — n. op'timist, 
or in the way of: to set against: to one who holds that everything is ordered 
place as an obstacle : to resist : to check : for the best. — a. optimistic. — adv. opti- 
to compete with. — v. i. to make objec- mistlcally. [L. optimus, best.] 
tion. — a. oppos'able, that may be op- option, op'shun, n. act of choosing: 
posed. — n. oppos'er, one who opposes, power of choosing or wishing: wish: a 

opposite, op'6-zit, a. placed over right, often purchased, to effect a deal- 
against : standing in front : situated on ing or not at a specified future time, a 
opposite sides : contrasted with : opposed mode of speculation. — a. op'tional, left 
to : of an entirely different nature. — n. to one's option or choice, 
that which is opposed or contrary: an optometer, optometrist, optometry. 
opponent. — adv. opp'ositely. See optic. 

opposition, op-6-zish'un, n. state of opulent, op'u-lent, a. wealthy. — n. op'- 
being placed over against: repugnance: ulence, means, riches, wealth. — adv. 
contrariety: contrast: act or action of op'ulently. [Fr., — L. opulentus.} 
opposing: resistance: that which op- opus, 6'pus, n. work, a work. — opus 



opuscule mote, move; mute; then. order 319 

magnum, the great work of one's life, theater, the place where the chorus 

opuscule, 6-pus'kul, n. a little work, danced : now the part of a theater or 

or, or, adv. ere, before. concert-room in which the musicians are 

or, or, conj. marking an alternative, placed : the performers in an orchestra, 

and sometimes opposition [short for — adjs. or'chestral, orches'tric, of or 

other, modern Eng. either]. — prep. (B.) pertaining to an orchestra: performed 

before. [In this sense a corr. of ere.] in an orchestra. — v. t. or'chestrate, to 

oracle, or'a-kl, n. the answer spoken arrange for an orchestra. — ns. orches- 

or uttered by the gods : the place where tra'tion, the arrangement of music for 

responses were given, and the deity an orchestra : instrumentation : orches'- 

supposed to give them: a person famed trion, a musical instrument designed to 

for wisdom : a wise decision. — a. orac'- imitate an orchestra. 

ular, delivering oracles: resembling orchid, or'kid, n. a plant with a rich, 

oracles: grave: venerable: not to be dis- showy flower. 

puted: ambiguous: obscure. — ns. oracu- ordain, or-dan' v. t. to put in order: 

lar'ity, orac'ularness. — adv. orac'ularly. to appoint: to dispose or regulate: to set 

oral, 6'ral, a. uttered by the mouth: apart for an office: to invest with min- 

spoken, not written. — adv. o'rally. isterial functions. — ns. ordain'er; or- 

orange, or'anj, n. a gold-colored fruit dain'ment. — a. or'dinal, showing order 

with a thick, rough skin : the tree on or succession. — n. a number noting order 

which it grows : a color composed of or place among others : a body of regu- 

red and yellow. — a. pertaining to an lations, a book containing forms and 

orange: orange-colored. rules for ordination. — ns. or'dinance, 

orang-utan, 6-rang'-6-tan', n. an that which is ordained by authority: a 

anthropoid ape, of Sumatra and Borneo, law, esp. a law of a municipality; ordi- 

oration, 6-ra'shun, n. a public speech na'tion, the act of ordaining: admission 

of a formal character : an eloquent to the Christian ministry by the laying 

speech. [Fr., — L. oratio — orare, to pray.] on of hands of a bishop or a presby- 

orator, or'a-tor, n. a public speaker: tery: established order. 

a man of eloquence : a spokesman or ordeal, or'de-al, n. an ancient form of 

advocate : — fern, or'atress, or'atrix. — trial by lot, fire, water, etc. : any severe 

v. i. or'ate, to deliver an oration. — adjs. trial or examination. 

orato'rial, orator'ical, pertaining to or- order, or'der, n. a regular arrange- 

atory : becoming an orator. — adv. ora- ment, method : degree, rank, or position : 

tor'ically. — n. or'atory, the art of speak- rule, regular system or government : 

ing well, esp. publicly: the exercise of command: a class, a society of persons 

eloquence : an apartment or building for of the same profession, etc. : a religious 

private worship. fraternity: a secret society: a dignity 

oratorio, or-a-to'ri-6, n. a sacred conferred by a sovereign, etc., giving 

story set to music, requiring soloists, membership in a body, after the medie- 

chorus, and full orchestra for its per- val orders of knighthood, also the dis- 

formance. tinctive insignia thereof: social rank 

orb, orb, n. a circle: a sphere: a celes- generally: a number of genera having 

tial body: a wheel: any rolling body: many important points in common: a 

the eye: (archit.) a blank window or commission to supply, purchase, or sell 

panel: the globe forming part of regalia, something: (archit.) the column, with 

the mound or monde. — adjs. or'bate, its entablature, viewed as a whole: the 

orbed, in the form of an orb: circular: sacerdotal or clerical function: (pi.) 

orbic'ular, having the form of an orb the several degrees or grades of the 

or sphere: spherical: round. Christian ministry. — v. t. to arrange: to 

orbit, or'bit, n. the path in which one conduct : to command. — v. i. to give com- 

of the heavenly bodies, as a planet, mand. — ns. or'derer; or'dering, arrange- 

moves round another, as the sun. ment: management; orderliness. — a. 

orchard, or'chard, n. a garden of fruit- or'derly, in good order : regular : well 

trees, esp. of apple-trees, also the in- regulated: of good behavior: quiet: be- 

closure containing such. ing on duty. — adv. regularly : methodi- 

orchestra, or'kes-tra, n. in the Greek cally. — n. a soldier in attendance on an 



320 ordinary fate, far; me, her; mine; orthographer 

officer. — a. or'dinate, in order: regular, tion. — a. orig'inal, pertaining to the 

ordinary, or'di-na-ri, a. according to origin or beginning: first in order or 

the common order: usual: of common existence: in the author's own words or 

rank: plain: of little merit: (coll.) plain- from the artist's own pencil: not copied: 

looking. — n. something settled or cus- not translated : having the power to 

tomary: actual office. originate, as thought. — n. origin: first 

ordnance, ord'nans, n. great guns: copy: the precise language used by a 

artillery. writer: an untranslated tongue: a per- 

ordure, or'dur, n. dirt: dung: excre- son of marked individuality. — ns. orig- 

ment: also fig. anything unclean.- inal'ity, orig'inalness, quality or state 

ore, or, n. metal as it comes from the of being original or of originating ideas, 

mine: metal mixed with earth. — adv. orig'inally. — v. t. originate, to 

oreog'raphy = orography. give origin to: to bring into existence. 

organ, or'gan, n. an instrument or — v. i. to have origin : to begin. — ns. 
means by which anything is done: a origination; orig'inator. 
part of a body fitted for carrying on a oriole, 6r'i-6l, n. the golden thrush, 
natural or vital operation: a means ornament, or'na-ment, n. anything 
of communication, or of conveying in- that adds grace or beauty: additional 
formation or opinions, as an ambassa- beauty: a mark of honor. — v. t. to adorn: 
dor, a newspaper, etc. : a musical wind to furnish with ornaments. — a. orna- 
instrument consisting of a collection of ment'al, serving to adorn or beautify, 
pipes, and played upon by means of -—adv. ornament'ally. — n. ornamenta'- 
keys : a musical instrument having some tion, act or art of ornamenting: (archit.) 
mechanism resembling the pipe-organ, ornamental work. — a. ornate', ornament- 
as the barrel-organ, etc. — adjs. organ'ic, ed : decorated : highly finished, esp. ap- 
-al, pertaining to an organ: organized: plied to a style of writing. — adv. 
instrumental. — adv. organ'ically. — n. ornate'ly. — n. ornate'ness. 
organizabil'ity. — a. organiz'able, that Ornis, or'nis, n. the birds collectively 
may be organized. — n. organization, of a region, its avifauna. — adjs. ornith'- 
the act of organizing: the state of being ic; ornithological, pertaining to ornith- 
organized. — v. t. or'ganize, to supply ology. — adv. ornitholog'ically. — ns. 
with organs: to form several parts into ornithorogist, one versed in ornithol- 
an organized whole, to arrange. — ns. ogy, or one who makes a special study 
or'ganizer; or'ganism, organic struc- of birds; ornithol'ogy, the science and 
ture, or a body exhibiting such : a living study of birds. 

being, animal or vegetable; or'ganist, oroide, 6'ro-id, n. an alloy of copper, 

one who plays on an organ.- tin, and other metals. — Also o'reide. 

organdie, or'gan-di, n. a light, fine orphan, or'fan, n. a child bereaved of 

kind of muslin. [Fr. organdi] father or mother, or of both. — a. bereft 

orgasm, or'gasm, n. immoderate ex- of parents. — v. t. to bereave of parents, 

citement or action. — a. orgas'tic. orris, or'is, n. a species of iris, the 

orgy, or'ji, n. any drunken or riotous dried root of which has the smell of 

rite ^ or revelry, esp. by night:- violets, used in perfumery. — Also orr'ice. 

orient, 6'ri-ent, a. rising, as the sun: orthodox, or'tho-doks, a. sound in 

eastern : bright or pure in color. — n. the doctrine : believing the received or estab- 

part where the sun rises: the East, or lished opinions, esp. in religion: accord- 

the countries of the East. — v. t. to set ing to the received doctrine. — adv. or'tho- 

so as to face the east: to build, as a doxly. — ns. or'thodoxness; or'thodoxy. 

church, with its length from east to orthoepy, or'tho-e-pi, n. (gram.) cor- 

west. — a. orien'tal, eastern: pertaining rect pronunciation of words. — adjs. or- 

to, in, or from the East. — n. a native of thoep'ic, -al. — adv. orthoep'ically. — n. 

the East. or'thoepist, one versed in orthoepy. 

orifice, or'i-fis, n. something made like orthographer, or-thog'ra-fer, n. one 

a mouth or opening. who spells words correctly — also or- 

origin, or'i-jin, n. the rising or first thog'raphist. — adjs. orthographic, -al, 

existence of anything: that from which pertaining or according to orthography: 

anything first proceeds: cause: deriva- spelt correctly. — adv. orthograph'ically. 



orthopedia mote, move; mute; then. outdo 321 

— n. orthog'raphy (gram.), the art or from society. — n. os'tracism, banishment 
practice of spelling words correctly. by ostracizing: expulsion from society. 

orthopedia, orthopaedia, or-tho-pe- ostrich, os'trich, n. the largest of 
di'a, n. the art or process of curing de- birds, found in Africa, 
formities of the body, esp.. in childhood other, xxth'zr, a. and pron. different, 
— also or'thopedy. — adjs. orthope'dic, not the same : additional : second of 
-al. — ns. orthopedics, orthopedic surg- two. — advs. oth'erwhere, elsewhere; 
ery; or'thopedist, one skilled in the oth'erwise, in another way or manner: 
foregoing. by other causes: in other respects. — 

oscillate, os'sil-lat, v. i. to swing conj. else: under other conditions, 
backwards and forwards : to _ vary be- otter, ot'er, n. a large kind of weasel 
tween certain limits. — n. os'cillancy, a living on fish. 

swinging condition. — a. os'cillating.— n. ought, awt, n. (same as aught) a corr. 
osciila'tion, act of oscillating: a swing- of nought. 

ing like a pendulum: variation within ought, awt, v. i. to be under obliga- 
limits. — adjs. os'cillative, having a ten- tion: to be proper or necessary, 
dency to vibrate; os'cillatory, swinging. ounce, owns, n. the twelfth part of a 

osculant, os'kti-lant, a. kissing: ad- pound troy = 480 grains : tV of a pound 
hering closely. — v. t. os'culate, to kiss : avoirdupois = 437^ troy grains. 
to touch, as two curves : to form a con- our, owr, a. and pron. pertaining or 
necting-link between two genera. — n. belonging to us. — prons. ours, possessive 
oscula'tion. — a. os'culatory, of or per- of we; ourself, myself (a regal style of 
taining to kissing: (geom.) having the speech): — pi. ourselves (-selvz'), we, 
same curvature at the point of contact, not others: us. 

osier, o'zher, n. a name applied to oust, owst, v. t. to eject or expel. — n. 
those species of willow whose twigs are ouster (law), ejection: dispossession, 
used in making baskets, etc. out, owt, adv. without, not within : 

osprey, os'pra, n. the fish-hawk, a gone forth: abroad: to the full stretch 
species of eagle very widely distributed, or extent : in a state of discovery, devel- 

osseous, os'e-us, a. bony: composed opment, etc.: in a state of exhaustion, 
of, or resembling, bone: of the nature extinction, etc.: away from the mark: 
or structure of bone. — adjs. ossiferous, completely: at or to an end: to others, 
producing .bone: (geol.) _ containing as to hire out: freely: forcibly: at a 
bones ; ossif'ic. — n. ossifica'tion, the pro- loss : unsheltered : uncovered. — prep, forth 
cess or state of being changed into a from : outside of : exterior : outlying, re- 
bony substance. — v. t. oss'ify, to make mote. — v. i. to go or come out. — interj. 
into bone or into a bone-like ^substance, away ! begone !• 
— v. i. to become bone : — pa. p. oss'ified. outbid, owt-bid', v. t. to offer a higher 

ostensible, os-tens'i-bl, a. that may be price than another, 
shown: declared: put forth as real: ap- outbreak, owt'brak, n. a breaking 
parent. — n. ostensibil'ity. — adv. ostens'- out: eruption: a disturbance of the 
ibly. — a. ostens'ive, snowing: exhibit- peace. — v. i. outbreak', to burst forth, 
ing. — adv. ostens'ively. — n. ostenta'tion, outcast, owt'kast, a. exiled from home 
act of making a display: ambitious dis- or country: rejected. — n. a person ban- 
play: display to draw attention or ad- ished : a vagabond: an exile, 
miration: boasting. — a. ostenta'tious, outcome, owt'kum, n. the issue: con- 
given to show: fond of self-display: in- sequence: result. 

tended for display. — adv. ostenta'tious- outcrop, owt'krop, n. the appearance, 
ly. — n. ostenta'tiousness. at the surface, of a layer of rock or a 

osteopath, os'te-o-path, n. one who vein of metal, caused by tilting or inclin- 
practises osteopathy. — a. osteopathic. — ation of the strata: the part which ap- 
ns. osteop'athist: osteop'athy, a sys- pears at the surface of the ground. — 
tern in which diseases are treated by v. i. to appear at the surface, 
manipulating the bones and by other outcry, owt'kri, n. a loud cry of dis- 
manipulations intended to restore the de- tress : a confused noise. — v. t. to cry 
ranged mechanism of the body. louder than. 

ostracize, os'tra-slz, v. t. to banish outdo, owt-do', v. t. to surpass : excel. 

21 



322 



outer 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



oval 



outer, owt'er, a. more out or without : 
external — opp. to inner. — n. the part of 
a target outside the rings, a shot strik- 
ing here. — a. out'ermost, most or farth- 
est out: most distant. [Comp. of out.] 

outfield, owt'feld, n. in baseball, the 
players collectively who occupy the out- 
er part of the field : the ground they 
cover. — n. out'fielder, one of such play- 
ers. 

outfit, owt'fit, n. the act of making 
ready for a journey or a voyage: com- 
plete equipment : the articles or the ex- 
penses for fitting out: the means for an 
outfit. — v. t. to fit out, equip. 

outgeneral, owt-jen'er-al, v. t. to out- 
do in generalship . 

outgo, owt-go', v. t. to advance be- 
fore in going: to surpass: to overreach. 
— v. i. to go out : to come to an end. — 
ns. out'go, that which goes out: expen- 
diture — opp. to income; out'going, act 
or state of going out: extreme limit: 
expenditure. — a. departing — opp. to in- 
coming, as a tenant. 

outing, owt'ing, n. the act of going 
out, or the distance gone out: an excur- 
sion or airing. 

outland, owt'land, n. land beyond the 
limits of cultivation. — a. (Tenn.) for- 
eign. — n. out'lander, a foreigner, a per- 
son not naturalized. — a outland'ish, 
belonging to an out or foreign land : 
foreign: not according to custom: 
strange : rustic : rude : vulgar. 

outlaw, owt'law, n. one deprived of 
the protection of the law : a robber or 
bandit. — v. t. to place beyond the law : 
to deprive of the benefit of the law : to 
proscribe. — n. out'lawry, the act of put- 
ting a man out of the protection of the 
law : state of being an outlaw. 

outlay, owt'la, n. that which is laid 
out : expenditure. — v. t. to lay out. 

outlet, owt'let, n. the place or means 
by which anything is let out: the pas- 
sage outward, vent. 

outline, owt'lin, n. the outer line : the 
lines by which any figure is bounded : a 
sketch showing only the main lines : a 
draft. — v. t. to draw the exterior line of: 
to delineate or sketch. 

outlook, owt'look, n. vigilant watch : 
view obtained by looking out : prospect, 
or {■fig.') one's prospects. 

outlying, owt'li-ing, a. lying out or 



beyond: remote: on the exterior or 
frontier : detached. 

outmarch, owt-march', v. t. to march 
faster than: to leave behind by march- 
ing. 

outpour, owt'por', v. t. to pour out: 
to send out in a stream. — ns. outpour'. 

output, owt'poot, n. the quantity of 
material^ goods, etc., produced within a 
certain time, production generally. 

outrage, owt'raj, n. violence beyond 
measure: excessive abuse: wanton mis- 
chief. — v. t. to treat with excessive abuse : 
to injure by violence, esp. to violate, to 
ravish— v. i. to be guilty of outrage. 

outright, owt'rit, adv. immediately: 
at once : completely. — a. free from re- 
serve : positive, undisguised. 

outrun, owt-run', v. t. to go beyond 
in running : to exceed . 

outset, owt'set, n. a setting out: be- 
ginning. — Also out'setting. 

outshine, owt-shln', v. i. to shine ouf 
or forth. — v. t. to excel in shining . 

outside, owt'sid, n. the outer side : the 
farthest limit : the surface : the exterior : 
the outer or soiled sheets of a package 
of paper. — a. on the outside: exterior: 
superficial : external : extreme, beyond 
the limit. — adv. on the outside : not with- 
in. — prep, beyond. — n. out'sider, one not 
admitted to a particular company. 

outskirt, owt'skert, n. the outer skirt: 
border : suburb — often used in pi. 

outspeak, owt-spek', v. t. to say aloud : 
to 'speak more, louder, or longer than. — 
v. i. to speak boldly^ to speak up.- 

outstand, owt-stand', v. t. to resist or 
withstand: to stand beyond the proper 
time. — v. i. to stand out or project from 
a mass : to remain unpaid or unsettled 
in any way. — a. outstanding, promi- 
nent: uncollected: remaining unpaid. 

outstrip, owt-strip', v. t. to outrun: 
to leave behind. 

outward, owt'werd, a. toward the out- 
side : external : exterior : not inherent, 
adventitious: (theol.) worldly, carnal — 
opp. to inward or spiritual. — adv. toward 
the exterior : away from port : to a for- 
eign port: superficially — also out 'wards. 

outweigh, owt-wa', v. t. to exceed in 
weight or importance : to overtask. 

outwit, owt-wit', v. t. to surpass in wit 
or ingenuity: to defeat. 

oval, 6'val, a. having the shape of an 
egg.—n. anything oval, a plot of ground. 



ovary 



mote, move; mute; then. 



overrule 



323 



ovary, 6'var-i, n. the part of the fe- 
male animal in which the egg of the 
offspring is formed, the female genital 
gland: (bat.) the part of the pistil which 
contains the seed. — n. pL o'va, eggs. 

ovation, 6-va'shun, w. an outburst of 
popular applause, an enthusiastic recep- 
tion. [Fr., — L., — ovare, -alum, to shout.] 

oven, uv'n, n. an arched cavity over 
a fire for baking, heating, or drying . 

over, 6'ver, prep, higher than in place, 
rank, value, etc. : across : on the surface 
of: upon the whole surface of: through: 
concerning: on account of: longer than. 
— adv. on the top : above : across : from 
one side, person, etc., to another : above 
in measure : too much : in excess : left 
remaining: at an end: completely. — a. 
upper or superior (often used as a pre- 
fix, as in overcoat, etc.): beyond: past. 
— v. t. to go, leap, or vault over. — v. i. 
to go over. 

overalls, o'ver-awlz, n. pi. loose gar- 
ments of canvas, etc., worn to keep the 
clothing sound or clean . 

overawe, 6-ver-aw', v. t. to restrain 
by fear or by superior influence. 

overbalance, 6-ver-bal'ans, v. t. to 
exceed in weight, value, or importance. 

overbear, 6-ver-bar', v. t. to bear 
down or overpower : to overwhelm. — a. 
overbear'ing> inclined to domineer, esp. 
in manner or conduct : haughty 

overburden, 6-ver-ber'dn, v. t. to 
burden overmuch. — n. alluvial soil over- 
lying a bed of ore. 

overcast, 6-ver-kast', v. t. to cast 
over : to cloud : to cover with gloom : 
to sew over or stitch the edges of (a 
piece of cloth) slightly. — v. i. to grow 
dull or cloudy. 

overcharge, 6-ver-charj', v. t. to load 
with too great a charge : to charge too 
great a price. — n. o'vercharge, an exces- 
sive load, burden, or charge. 

overcoat, 6'ver-kot, n. an outdoor 
coat worn over all the other dress. 

overcome, 6-ver-kum', v. t. to get the 
better of: to conquer or subdue. 

overdo, 6-ver-do', v. t. to do over- 
much : to carry too far : to harass, to 
fatigue : to cook too much : to excel, 

overdraw, 6-ver-draw', v. t. to draw 
too much : to draw beyond one's credit : 
to exaggerate. — n. o'verdraft, the act of 
overdrawing, the amount by which the 



check, etc., exceeds the sum against 
which it is drawn . 

overflow, 6-ver-flo', v. t. to flow over : 
to flood : to overwhelm : to cover, as 
with numbers. — v. i. to run over : to 
abound. — n. o'verflow, a flowing over : 
that which flows over : a pipe or channel 
for spare water, etc. : an inundation : 
superabundance : abundance . 

overgrow, 6-ver-gro', v. t. to grow 
beyond : to rise above : to cover with 
growth. — v. i. to grow beyond the proper 
size. — a. overgrown', grown beyond the 
natural size. — n. o'vergrowth. 

overhang, 6-ver-hang', v. t. to hang 
over: to project over: to impend: to 
overload with ornamentation. 

overhear, 6-ver-her', v. t. to hear 
what was not intended to be heard . 

overjoy, 6-ver-joi', v. t. to fill with 
great joy: to transport with delight 

overland, o'ver-land, a. passing en- 
tirely or principally by land, as a route 

overlap, 6-ver-lap', v. t. to lap over. 

overlay, 6-ver-la', v. t. to spread over 
or across : to cover completely : to 
smother by lying on (for overlie) : to 
use overlays in printing : to cloud. 

overload, 6-ver-lod', v. t. to load or 
fill overmuch. — n. an excessive load. 

overlook, 6-ver-look', v. t. to look 
over : to see from a higher position : to 
view carefully : to neglect by careless- 
ness or inadvertence : to pass by with- 
out punishment : to pardon : to slight . 

overnight, o'ver-nit, n. the forepart 
of the evening, esp. that of the day just 
past. — adv. during the night : on the 
evening of the day just past. 

overpersuade, 6-ver-per-sv/ad', v. t. 
to persuade a person against his inclina- 
tion. 

overpower, o-ver-pow'er, v. t. to have 
or gain power over : to subdue, defeat : 
to overwhelm. — a. overpow'ering, ex- 
cessive in degree or amount : irresist- 
ible. — adv. overpow'eringly. 

overproduction, 6'ver-pro-duk-shun, 
n. the act of producing a supply of com- 
modities in excess of the demand. 

overproof, 6'ver-proof, a. containing 
more alcohol than standard proof-spirit. 

overreach, 6-ver-rech', v. t. to reach 
or extend beyond : to cheat or get the 
better of. — v. i. to strike the hindfoot 
against the forefoot, as a horse. 

overrule, 6-ver-rol', v. t. to rule over: 



324 



overrun 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



oxygen 



to influence or to set aside by greater 
power: (law) to reject or declare to be 
invalid. 

overrun, 6-ver-run', v. t. to run or 
spread over: to grow over: to spread 
over and take possession of: to crush 
down : to pass in running : to extend 
composed types beyond their first limit 

oversee, 6-ver-se', v. t. to see or look 
I over, to superintend. — n. overse'er, one 
who oversees : a superintendent . 

overshadow, 6-ver-shad'o, v. t. to 
throw a shadow over : to shelter or pro- 
tect. 

overshoe, 6'ver-sho, n. a shoe, esp. of 
waterproof material, worn over another 

overshoot, 6-ver-shot', v. t. to shoot 
over or beyond, as a mark: to pass 
swiftly over. — v. i. to shoot or fly be- 
yond the mark. — a. o'vershot, having 
the water falling on it from above, as 
a water-wheel. 

oversight, 6'ver-sit, n. a failing to no- 
tice : mistake : omission . 

overspread, 6-ver-spred', v. t. to 
spread over: to scatter over. 

overt, 6'vert, a. open to view : public : 
apparent. — adv. o'vertly. — overt act, 
something actually done in execution of 
a criminal intent. 

overtake, 6-ver-tak', v. t. to come 
up with: to catch: to come upon. 

overthrow, 6-ver-thro', v. t. to throw 
down: to upset: to bring to an end. 

overtime, 6'ver-tim, n. f ime employed 
in working beyond the repnlar hours. 

overture, 6'ver-tur, n. a proposal, an 
offer for acceptance or rejection: (mus.) 
an introductory piece. 

overturn, 6-ver-tern', v. t. to throw 
down or over: to subvert: to conquer. 

overween, 6-ver-wen', v. i. (Shak.) 
to think too highly or favorably, esp. of 
oneself. — a. overween'ing, thinking too 
highly of: conceited, vain. — n. conceit. 

overweigh, 6-ver-wa', v. t. to be heav- 
ier than: to outweigh. — n. o'verweight. 

overwhelm, 6-ver-hwelm', v. t. to 
overspread and crush by something 
heavy or strong: to flow over and bear 
down: to overcome. — p. a. overwhel'- 
ming, crushing with weight, etc. : irre- 
sistible. — adv. overwhel'mingly. 

overwise, o-ver-wiz', a. wise over- 
much : affectedly wise. 

overwork, 6-ver-werk', v. t. and v. i. 



to work overmuch or beyond the 
strength : to tire. 

overwrought, 6-ver-rawt', pa. p. of 
overwork, worked too hard : too highly 
excited : worked all over : overdone. 

oviparous, 6-vip'a-rus, a. bringing 
forth or laying eggs instead of fully 
formed young. — n. pi. Ovip'ara. 

ovum, 6'vum, n. an egg: (biol.) the 
egg-cell, in all organisms the starting- 
point of the embryo : — pi. o'va. [L.] 

owe, 6, v. t. to be indebted in: to be 
bound to pay : to be obliged for. — v. i. 
to be in debt. 

owing, 6'ing, a. due: that has to be 
paid (to) : happening as a consequence 
of: imputable to. 

owl, owl, n. a carnivorous bird that 
seeks its food by 
night, noted for 
its howling or 
hooting noise.. — ■ 
n. owl'et, a little 
or young owl. — > 
a. owl'ish, like 
an owl : stupid : 
dull - looking. — ■ 
n. owl'ishness. 
[A. S. ule; Get. 
eule, L. ulula; 
imit.] Barn 0wl - 

own, on, v. t. to grant: to allow to 
be true : concede : acknowledge. 

own, on, v. t. to possess : to be the 
rightful owner of. 

own, on, a. possessed: belonging to 
oneself and to no other : peculiar. — ns. 
own'er, one who owns or possesses ; 
own'ership, state of being an owner . 

ox, oks, n. a well-known animal that 
chews the cud, the female of which sup- 
plies the chief part of the milk used as 
food : the male of the cow, esp. when 
castrated : — pi. ox'en. 

oxid, oks'id, oxide, oks'ld, n. a com- 
pound of oxygen and some other ele- 
ment or organic radical.— -=v. t. ox'idate 
(same as oxidize). — ns. oxida'tion, act 
or process of oxidizing; ox'idator, a 
contrivance for .drawing a current of air 
to the flame of a lamp. — v. t. ox'idize, 
to convert into an oxid. — v. i. to become 
an oxid. — n. oxidiz'er. 

oxygen, oks'i-jen, n. a gas without 
taste, color, or smell, forming part of 
the air, water, etc., and supporting life 
and combustion. 




oyer 



mote, move; mute; then. 



page 



325 



oyer, 6'yer, n. a hearing in a court ozone, 6'zon, n. name given to a sup- 

of law, an assize. posed allotropic form of oxygen, when 

oyster, ois'ter, n. a well-known bi- affected by electric discharges, marked 

valve shellfish, used as food. by a peculiar smell. — n. ozonation. 



03 



p, pe, the sixteenth letter of our 
alphabet, its sound the sharp 
labial mute, interchanging with 
other labials, esp. with b, the 
flat labial mute. 

pa, j>a, n. short for .papa. 

pabulum, pab'u-lum, n. food of any 
kind : nourishment for the mind. 

pacable, pa'ka-bl, a. that may be 
calmed or quieted: willing to forgive.- 

pace, pas, n. a stride: the space be- 
tween the feet in walking, a step : gait : 
rate of walking (of a man or beast) : 
rate of speed in movement or work, 
often applied to fast living: mode of 
stepping in horses in which the legs on 
the same side are lifted together: amble. 
— v. t. to measure by steps : to cause to 
progress : to train in walking or step- 
ping. — v. i. to walk : to walk slowly : to 
amble. — a. paced, having a certain pace 

pachy-, pak'i, thick, in combination, as 
a. pach'yclerm, thick-skinned. — n. one 
of an order of non-ruminant, hoofed 
mammals, thick-skinned, as the elephant : 
pi. pachyderms, or Pachyder'mata. — 
a. pachyder'matous, thick-skinned: in- 
sensible to impressions. 

pacify, pas'i-fl, v. t. to make peaceful : 
to appease : to bring back peace to : to 
calm : to soothe. — a. pacific, peacemak- 
ing : appeasing : peaceful : mild : tran- 
quil. — adv. pacifically. — v. t. pacificate, 
to give peace to. — ns. pacifica'tion, the 
act of making peace, esp. between par- 
ties at variance; pac'ifier, a peacemaker. 

pack, pak, n. a bundle made to be car- 
ried on the back: a collection, stock, or 
store : a bale : the quantity of fish 
packed : a complete set of cards : a num- 
ber of animals herding together or kept 
together for hunting: any great num- 
ber : a large extent of floating and 
broken ice: (med.) treatment by wrap- 
ping the patient in blankets, wet or dry. 
— v. t. to press together and fasten up : 
to place in order: to crowd: to assort, 
bring together, select, or manipulate per- 
sons, cards, etc., for some unjust object: 
to send away, as from one's presence or 



employment: to surround a joint, etc., 
with any substance to prevent leaking, 
etc. — v. i. to store things away anywhere 
for safe keeping, etc. : to settle into a 
firm mass : to admit of being put into 
compact shape: to depart in haste. 

pact, pakt, n. that which is agreed 
on : an agreement : a contract or com- 
pact. 

pad, pad, n. a thief on the high-road, 
footpad : a horse for riding on the road . 

pad, pad, n. anything stuffed with a 
soft material, to prevent friction or pres- 
sure, or for filling out: a soft saddle, 
cushion, etc. : a number of sheets of 
paper, etc., fastened together: a fox's 
foot : the large floating leaf of an aquatic 
plant. — v. t. to stuff with anything soft. 
— n. pad'ding, the soft stuffing of a 
saddle, etc.: matter of less value intro- 
duced into a book or article in order 
to extend its length. 

paddle, pad'l, v. i. to dabble in water 
with the hands or feet : to beat the water 
as with the feet : to row. — v. t. to move 
by means of an oar or paddle. — n. a 
short, broad, spoon-shaped oar, used for 
moving canoes : the blade of an oar . 

paddock, pad'uk, n. a small inclosure 
under pasture, immediately adjoining a 
stable : a pasture-lot. 

padlock, pad'lok, n. a movable lock 
with a bow to enable it to pass through 
and fasten on a staple or other open- 
ing. — v. t. to fasten with a padlock. 

padre, pa'dra, n. father, a title given 
to priests in some countries. — n. pad- 
ro'ne, an Italian contractor of labor, or 
owner and renter of hand-organs, etc. 

paean, pe'an, n. a song of triumph . 

pagan, pa'gan, n. a heathen : one who 
does not worship the true God. — a. 
heathenish : pertaining to the worship 
of false gods. — n. pa'ganism, heathen- 
ism: the beliefs and practices of the 
heathen. 

page, paj, n. a boy attending on a per- 
son of distinction : a lad employed as at- 
tendant. 

page, paj, n. one side of a written or 



< 



326 pageant fate, far; me, her; mine; palliate 

printed leaf: (pi.) writings. — v. t. to paladin, pal'a-din, n. one of the twelve 
number the pages of. peers of Charlemagne's household: a 

pageant, paj'ant, or pa'-, n. a showy knight-errant, or paragon of knighthood, 
exhibition : a spectacle : a fleeting show. palate, pal'at, n. the roof of the 
— a. showy: pompous. — n. page'antry, mouth: taste: relish: mental liking. — v. 

paid, pad, pa. t. and pa. p. of pay. t. to taste. — a. pal'atable, agreeable to 

pail, pal, n. an open vessel of wood, the palate or taste : savory, 
tin, etc., for holding or carrying liquids. palatial, pa-la'shi-al, a. of or pertain- 

pain, pan, n. suffering either of body ing to a palace : resembling a palace . 
or mind : anguish : great care or trouble palatine, pal'a-tin, a. pertaining to a 
taken in doing anything: (pi.) labor: palace: possessing royal privileges. 
care : trouble : the throes of childbirth. palaver, pa-lav'er, n. talk or conversa- 
— v. t. to cause suffering to : to distress : tion, esp. idle talk : talk intended to de- 
to torment: to grieve. — adjs. pained, ceive : a public conference, esp. with 
showing or expressing pain; pain'ful, aborigines. — v. i. to use conversation, 
full of pain : causing pain : requiring pale, pal, n. a pointed stake, a picket : 
labor, pain, or care : distressing : diffi- anything that incloses or fences in : any 
cult. — adv. pain'fully. — n. pain'fulness. inclosed field or space: limit: district. 
— a. painless, without pain. — adv. pain'- pale, pal, a. somewhat white in color : 
lessly. — n. painlessness. — a. pains'tak- not ruddy or fresh: wan: of a faint 
ing, taking pains or care : laborious : luster, dim : light in color. — v. t. to make 
diligent. — n. careful labor: diligence, pale. — v. i. to turn pale. 

paint, pant, v. t. to cover over with paleontology, pa-le-on-tol'o-ji, n. 
color: to represent in a colored picture: the science of the ancient life of the 
to describe in words : to adorn. — v. i. earth : archaeology. — n. paleontol'ogist. 
to practise painting : to lay colors on the Paleozoic, pa-le-6-zo'ik, a. denoting 
face. — n. a coloring substance. — a. the lowest division of the fossiliferous 
paint'ed, covered with paint: ornament- rocks, containing the earliest forms of 
ed with colored figures : marked with life. [Gr. palaios, ancient, zoe, life.] 
bright colors. — ns. paint'er, one whose palette, pal'et, n. a little oval board 
employment is to paint : one skilled in on which a painter mixes his colors, 
painting; paint'ing, the act or employ- paling, paling, n. pales collectively: 
ment of laying on colors : the act of a fence. 

representing objects by colors: a pic- pall, pawl, n. a cloak or mantle, an 
ture : vivid description in words. outer garment : a pallium : a curtain or 

pair, par, n. two things equal, or covering : the cloth over a coffin at a 
suited to each other, or used together : funeral. — n. pall'bear'er, one of those 
a set of two equal or like things form- who attend the coffin at a funeral. 
ing one instrument, as a pair of scis- pall, pawl, v. i. to become vapid, in- 
sors, tongs, etc. : a set of like things sipid, or wearisome. — v. t. to make vapid . 
generally: a flight of stairs: a couple: palladium, pal-la'di-um, n. a statue of 
a man and his wife : two members of a Pallas, on the preservation of which the 
legislative body, holding opposite opin- safety of ancient Troy depended : any 
ions, who agree with each other to safeguard . 

abstain from voting for a certain time, pallet, pal'et, n. a palette: the shaping 
so as to permit one or both to be absent, tool used by potters : an instrument for 
— v. t. to join in couples. — v. i. to be spreading gold-leaf : a tool used in letter- 
joined in couples : to fit as a counter- ing the backs of books : one of the 
part. — a. paired, arranged in pairs : set points moved by the pendulum of a 
by twos of a like kind : mated. clock which check the motion of the 

pajamas, pa-ja'maz, n. pi. night gar- escape or balance wheel: a disk in the 
ments consisting of a loose jacket and endless chain of a chain-pump, etc. 
trousers or drawers. pallet, pal'et, n. a mattress, or couch, 

pal, pal, n. (slang) a partner, mate, properly a mattress of straw. 

palace, pal'as, n. the house of a king palliate, pal'i-at, v. t. to cover, ex- 
or a queen : a very large and splendid cuse, extenuate : to mitigate. — n. pallia'- 
house: a bishop's official residence. tion. — a. palliative, serving to extenu- 



pallid 



mote, move; mute; then. 



panoply 327 



ate: mitigating. — n. that which lessens 
pain, disease, etc. — a. pall'iatory. 

pallid, pal'id, a. pale, wan. — ns. pallid'- 
ity, pall'idness. — adv. pallidly. 

pallor, pal'or, n. quality or state of 
being pallid or pale : paleness. 

palm, pam, n. the inner part of the 
hand: a measure of length equal to the 
breadth of the hand: that which covers 
the palm: the fluke of an anchor. — v. t. 
to stroke with the palm or hand : to 
conceal in the palm of the hand . 

palm, pam, n. a tropical, branchless 
tree of many varieties : a leaf of this 
tree borne in token of rejoicing or of 
victory: (fig.) triumph or victory. 

palmetto, pal-met'6, n. a name for 
several fan-palms, esp. the cabbage-palm 
of Florida, etc. : a hat made of palmetto- 
leaves. [Sp., — L.palma.] 

palmist, pal'mist, n. one who tells 
fortunes by the lines and marks of the 
palm. — n. pal'mistry, the art or practice 
of telling fortunes by the lines, etc., of 
the palm. 

palpable, pal'pa-bl, a. that can be 
touched or felt : easily perceived or found 
out, as lies, etc. : obvious, gross. 

palpitate, pal'pi-tat, v. i. to move 
often and quickly: to beat rapidly: to 
throb : to pulsate. — n. palpita'ticn, act of 
palpitating : irregular action of the heart. 

palsy, pawl'zi, n. paralysis. — z/._ t. to 
affect with palsy: to deprive of action or 
energy : to paralyze : — pa. p. pal'sied. 

palter, pawl'ter, v. i. to trifle in talk: 
to use trickery : to dodge : to shuffle . 

paltry, pawl'tri, a. mean : vile : worth- 
less. — adv. pai'trily. — n. pal'triness. 

pampas, pam'paz, n. pi. vast plains, 
without trees, in South America. 

pamper, pam'per, v. t. to feed with 
fine food: to gratify to the full: to glut. 

pamphlet, pam'flet, n. a small book 
consisting of one or more sheets stitched 
together, but not bound: a short essay 
on some interesting subject. 

pan, pan, n. a broad, shallow vessel 
for domestic use, or for use in the arts 
or manufactures : anything resembling a 
pan in shape. — v. t. to wash in a pan, as 
earth, or to separate by shaking the 
auriferous earth with water in a pan. — 
v. i. to yield gold: to turn out well, 
according to expectation: to try to find 
gold with the pan process. 



panacea, pan-a-se'a, n. a universal 
medicine. 

panama, pan-a-ma', n. a closely- 
plaited hat made of the unexpanded 
leaves of the Central American screw- 
pine. [From the isthmus of Panama.] 

Pan-American, pan-a-mer'i-kan, a. in- 
cluding all the divisions of America col- 
lectively. 

pancreas, pan'kre-as, n. a conglom- 
erate gland secreting the pancreatic juice 
which assists digestion. — a. pancreat'ic. 

pandemonium, pan-de-mo'ni-um, n. 
any disorderly assembly, or loud tumult- 
uous noise. 

pander, pan'der, n. one who procures 
for another the means of gratifying his 
passions. — v. i. to act as a pander: to 
minister to the passions. 

pane, pan, n. a plate of glass : a square 
in a pattern : a flat division or side in 
any kind of work : a slash in a dress, 
showing an undergarment, etc. : a panel. 
— v. t. to insert panes or panels in. 

panegyric, pan-e-jir'ik, n. an oration 
or eulogy in praise of some person or 
event : an encomium. — a. panegyr'ic, 
-al. — v. t. pan'egyrize, to write or pro- 
nounce a panegyric on : to praise highly. 

panel, pan'el, n. a rectangular piece of 
any material: (archit.) a flat surface 
with raised margins, or with a surround- 
ing frame: a thin board: (law) a 
schedule containing the names of those 
summoned to serve as jurors: the jury. 
— v. t. to furnish with panels : — pr. p. 
pan'eling; pa. p. pan'eled. 

pang, pang, n. a violent but not long- 
continued pain : a sudden and bitter feel- 
ing of sorrow : a throe. — v. t. to cause a 
pang, to torture. 

panic, pan'ik, n. extreme or sudden 
fright: great terror without any visible 
ground or foundation : a state of terror 
about investments, impelling men to rush 
and sell what they possess. — a. of the 
nature of a panic : extreme or sudden . 

panidrosis, pan-i-dro'sis, n. a per- 
spiration over the whole body. 

panjandrum, pan-jan'drum, n. a bur- 
lesque potentate. [Gibberish.] 

pannade, pa-nad', n. the curvet of a 
horse. 

pannier, pan'yer, or pan'i-er, n. a 
bread-basket : one of two baskets thrown 
across a horse's back: (archit.) a corbel. 

panoply, pan'6-pli, n, complete armor : 



328 



panorama 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



paradox 



a full suit of armor. — a. pan'oplied. 

panorama, pan-6-ra'ma, n. a wide or 
complete view : a picture giving views of 
objects in all directions: a picture repre- 
senting a number of scenes unrolled and 
made to pass before the spectator. 

pansy, pan'zi, n. a species of violet 
developed by cultivation : — pi. pan'sies. 

pant, pant, v. i. to breathe hard and 
quickly : to show excitement by quick- 
ness of breathing : to gasp : to throb : to 
desire ardently : to heave, as the breast. 
— v. t. to gasp out: to long for. 

pantaloon, pan-ta-16n', n. in panto- 
mimes, a ridiculous character, a buffoon : 
(pi.) trousers. — n. pantaloon'ery, buf- 
foonery. 

pantheism, pan'the-izm, n. the doctrine 
that there is no God apart from nature 
or the universe. — n. pan'theist. 

pantheon, pan'the-on, n. a temple 
dedicated to all the gods : a complete 
mythology. 

panther, pan'ther, n. a fierce, spotted, 
carnivorous quadruped of Asia and 
Africa: the American mountain lion. 

pantomime, pan'to-mlm, n. a play 
or an entertainment in dumb show.- 

pantry, pan'tri, n. a room or closet 
for provisions and table furnishings. 

pants, n. pi. (coll.) trousers, abbrev. 
of pantaloons. 

pap, pap, n. soft food for infants : 
nourishment: (slang) the emoluments or 
perquisites of public office. [Imit.] 

pap, pap, n. a nipple or teat : a 
woman's breast. 

papa, pa-pa', or pa/pa, n. father . 

papacy, pa'pa-si, n. the office of the 
pope : the authority of the pope : popery : 
the popes, as a body. — a. pa'pal, belong- 
ing to, or relating to, the pope. 

paper, pa/per, n. the material made 
from rags or vegetable fibers on which 
we commonly write and print: a piece 
of this material : a written or printed 
document or instrument: a newspaper: 
an essay or article : paper-money : paper- 
hangings for walls : a set of examination 
questions : free passes of admission to a 
theater, etc. — a. consisting or made of 
paper. — v. t., to cover with paper : to fold 
in paper : to treat by means of paper, as 
to sand-paper, etc. 

papeterie, pap-e-tre', n. a box con- 
taining paper, etc., for writing purposes . 

papier-mache, pap'ya-ma'sha, n. a 



material consisting either of paper-pulp 
or of sheets of paper pasted together, 
treated to resemble lacquer or plaster. 

papoose, pap-pos', n. a North Ameri- 
can Indian infant — also pappoose. 

papyrus, pa-pi'rus, n. an Egyptian 
sedge, now scarce, from the inner pith 
of which the ancients made their paper : 
a manuscript on papyrus : — pi. papy'ri. 

par, par, n. state of equality : equal 
value, the norm or standard: state or 
value of bonds, shares, etc., when they 
sell at exactly the price marked on them 
— i. e. without premium or discount: 
equality of condition. 

parable, par'a-bl, n. a comparison: a 
fable or story told to illustrate some 
doctrine, or to make some duty clear. 
— v. t. to represent by a parable. — adjs. 
parabol'ic, -al, like a parable or a parab- 
ola : expressed by a parable : belonging 
to, or of the form of, a parabola. 

parabola, par-ab'o-la, n. (geom.) a 
curve or conic section, formed by cutting 
a cone with a plane parallel to its slope. 
— adjs. parabol'ic ; parabol'if orm. 

parabole, par-ab'o-le, n. (rhet.) a 
parable, a comparison or similitude. 

parachute, par'a-shot, n. an apparatus 
like an umbrella for descend- 
ing safely from a balloon. — 
v. t. and v. i. to descend by 
means of such. [Fr., for par' 
d chute, from Fr. parer — L. 
parare, to prepare, chute, a. 
fall— L. cadere.] Parachute. 

parade, par-ad', n. the orderly arrange- 
ment of troops for exercise or inspec- 
tion : a review of troops : the place where 
such a display takes place: that which 
is displayed : great or splendid show of 
any kind : a public procession. — v. t. to 
show off : to marshal in military order. — 
v. i. to march up and down as if for 
show: to pass in military order: to 
march in procession. 

paradigm, par'a-dim, n. an example: 
model: (gram.) an example of the in- 
flection of a word.- 

Paradise, par'a-dis, n. the garden of 
Eden: heaven: (p-) any place of great 
beauty or state of blissful delights : the 
happy abode of the righteous in heaven. 

paradox, par'a-doks, n. that which is 
contrary to received opinion, or that 
which is apparently absurd but really 
true. — adjs. paradoxic, -al, of the nature 




paraffin mote, move; mute; then. parent 329 

;>f a paradox : inclined to paradoxes, said paramour, par'a-mor, n. a lover of 

pf persons. — adv. paradoxically. either sex, now usually in the illicit 

paraffin, par'af-nn, n. a white, trans- sense, 

parent, crystalline substance, obtained paranoea, par-a-ne'a, n. chronic 

from coal-tar, etc. — also par'affine. mental derangement — also paranoi'a. 

parage, par'aj, n. equality in law. parapet, par'a-pet, n. a rampart 

paragoge, par-a-go'je, n. the addition breast-high: a breast-high wall on a 

of a letter or a syllable to the end of bridge, platform, etc. 

a word, as amidst for amid. paraphernalia, par-a-fer-nal'i-a, n. pi. 

paragon, par'a-gon, n. a pattern or ornaments or appendages of dress of any 

model with which comparisons are made : kind : equipments . 

something supremely excellent : a size of paraphrase, par'a-f raz, n. a saying of 
printing-type (20-point) between great- the same thing in other words: an ex- 
primer and double pica. planation of a passage: a loose or free 

paragram, par'a-gram, n. a play upon translation. — v. t. to say the same thing 

words : a pun. in other words : to render more fully. 

paragraph, par'a-graf, n. a distinct parasite, par'a-slt, n. a hanger-on: a 

part of a discourse or writing marked by sycophant: (hot.) a plant growing upon 

IT or by being begun on a new line, and nourished by the juices of another; 

indented from the margin: a short pas- (zool.) an animal which lives on another, 

sage, or a collection of sentences with parasol, par'a-sol, n. a small umbrella 

unity of purpose. — v. t. to form into used by women as a shade from the sun. 

paragraphs. parboil, par'boil, v. t. to boil slightly. 

parallel, par'al-lel, a. side by side: parcel, par'sel, n. a little part: a 

(geom.) extended in the same direction portion: a quantity, as of single articles: 

and equidistant in all parts: with the a number forming a group or a lot: 

same direction or tendency: running in a package. — v. t. to divide into portions: 

accordance with: resembling in all essen- — pa. i. and pa. p. par'celed. 

tial points : like or similar. — n. a line parch, parch, v. t. to burn slightly : to 

equidistant from another at all points : scorch. — v. i. to be scorched : to become 

a line on a map or globe, marking lati- very dry. — a. parched, scorched, 

tude: likeness: a comparison: counter- parchment, parch'ment, n. the skin 

part: (pi.) trenches dug parallel to the of a sheep or goat prepared for writing 

outline of a besieged fortress to protect on. 

the besiegers. — v. t. to place so as to be pard, pard, n. (slang) a partner, mate, 

parallel: to correspond, or to make to pard, pard, n. the panther : the leopard : 

correspond, to : — pr. p. paralleling ; pa. in poetry, any spotted animal. 

p. paralleled. — n. par'allelism. pardon, par'don, v. t. to forgive, said 

parallelogram, par-al-lel'6-gram, n. a either of an offender or of a crime : to 

plane four-sided figure, the opposite sides pass by without punishment or blame : 

of which are parallel and equal. to set free from punishment : to let off 

paralogism, par-al'6-jizm, n. reason- without doing something. — n. forgive- 

ing beside the point: a conclusion not ness, either of an offender or of his 

following from the premises. offense : remission of a penalty or 

paralyze, par'a-liz, v. t. to strike with punishment: a warrant declaring a 

paralysis or palsj^ : to make useless : to pardon : a papal indulgence. — a. par'don- 

deaden the action of: to exhaust. — n. able, that may be pardoned: excusable, 

paral'ysis, a loss of the power of motion, pare, par, v. t. to cut or shave off: 

sensation, or function in any part of the to trim, or to remove by cutting . 

body: palsy: loss of energy: state of paregoric, par-e-gor'ik, a. soothing, 

being crippled. — a. paralyt'ic, of or lessening pain. — n. a medicine that 

pertaining to paralysis : afflicted with or soothes pain : tincture of opium, 

inclined to paralysis. — n. one who is parent, par'ent, n. one who begets ot- 

affected with paralysis. brings forth : a father or a mother : one 

paramount, par'a-mownt, a. superior who or that which produces : an author : 

to all others : chief : of the highest order a cause. — n. par'entage, descent from 

or importance. — n. the chief: a superior, parents: birth: extraction: relation ©f 



330 parenthesis 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



part 



parents to their children. — a. parent'al, 
pertaining to or becoming parents: af- 
fectionate : tender. — adv. parent'ally. 

parenthesis, pa-ren'the-sis, n. a word, 
phrase, or sentence put in or inserted in 
another which is grammatically complete 
without it: {pi.) the marks ( ) used to 
mark off a parenthesis : — pi. paren'theses 
(-sez). — adjs. parenthet'ic, -al, of the 
nature of a parenthesis : expressed in a 
parenthesis : using parentheses. — adv. 
parenthetically. 

paresis, par'e-sis, n. a diminished 
activity of function — a partial form of 
paralysis. — a. paret'ic. 

pariah, par'i-a, n. one who has lost 
his caste: an outcast. [Tamil.] 

paring, paring, n. act of trimming or 
cutting off: that which is pared off. 

parish, parish, n. a district under one 
pastor: (Eng.) an ecclesiastical district 
supporting its own poor : the people 
of a parish : in Louisiana, a county. — a. 
belonging or relating to a parish : em- 
ployed or supported by the parish. — n. 
parishioner, one who belongs to a 
parish: a member of a parish church. 

parity, parl-ti, n. state of being equal 
in rank, position, quality, etc. 

park, park, n. a piece of land inclosed 
or set aside for a special purpose, as for 
public recreation . 

parlance, par'lans, n. speaking: con- 
versation : peculiar manner of conver- 
sation. — v. i. par'ley, to speak with 
another: to confer on some important 
point : to treat with an enemy .— n. talk . 

parliament, par'li-ment, n. a meeting 
for deliberation: (P-) the supreme leg- 
islature of Great Britain, also of some 
of her colonies. — n. parliamentarian, 
one versed in parliamentary law. — a. 
parliamentary, pertaining to Parlia- 
ment: enacted or done by Parliament: 
according to the rules and practices of 
legislative bodies. 

parlor, par'ler, n. an ordinary family 
sitting-room : a room for receiving guests. 

parlous, par'lus, a. perilous, venture- 
some, notable. — adv. par'lously. 

parochial, par-6'ki-al, a. of or relat- 
ing to a parish : restricted or confined 
within narrow limits — of sentiments, 
tastes, etc. 

parody, par'o-di, n. an imitation of a 
poem, etc., in which the words and ideas 
m *e changed to produce a ridiculous 




Parqeutry. 



effect. — v. t. to make a parody of : — pa. p 
par'odied. — adjs. parod'ic, -al. — n. par - 
odist, one who writes a parody. 

parole, par-6l', n. word of mouth : 
(mil.) word cf honor (esp. by a prisoner 
of war, to fulfil certain conditions) : the 
daily password in a camp or garrison. — 
a. given by word of mouth : oral. 

paroxysm, par'oks-izm, n. a fit of 
acute pain occurring at intervals : a fit 
of passion : any sudden violent action. — 
adjs.- paroxys'mal, paroxys'mic, per- 
taining to or occurring in paroxysms. 

parquet, par-ka', or -ket', n. the part 
of the floor of a theater, etc., behind 
the musicians' seats, 
but not under the 
gallery, or the 
whole of the floor 
of a theater. — n. 
par'quetry, wood- 
work inlaid with 
figures, for floors. 
[Fr. parquet, an 
inlaid floor, dim. of pare, an inclosure.] 

parrakeet, par'a-ket, n. a small long- 
tailed tropical parrot. — Also parakeet. 

parricide, par'ri-sid, n. the murder of 
one's own father or mother. 

parrot, par'rut, n. one of a family of 
tropical birds, with brilliant plumage and 
a hooked bill, remarkable for their 
faculty of imitating the human voice: 
a mere repeater of the words of others. 

parry, pari, v. t. to ward or keep off: 
to turn aside : to avoid : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
parried. — n. a turning aside of a blow or 
a thrust : a defensive movement. 

parse, pars, v. t. (gram.) to tell the 
parts of speech of a sentence and the 
relations of the various words to each 
other. — n. parsing. 

parsimony, par'si-mun-i, n. sparing- 
ness in the spending of money : frugality : 
niggardliness. — a. parsimo'nious, sparing 
in the use of money : frugal to excess : 
niggardly : covetous. — adv. parsimo'- 
niously. — n. parsim5'niousness. 

parsley, pars'li, n. a biennial herb. 

parsnip, pars'nip, n. an edible plant 
with a carrot-like root. 

parson, par'sn, n. the priest or in- 
cumbent of a parish : a clergyman : a 
preacher. — n. par'sonage, the residence 
of the minister of a parish. 

part, part, n. something less than the 
whole: a portion: a fraction: a member 



partake mote, move; mute; then. pass 331 

or essential part of a whole: a propor- single things or minute details. — n. par- 
tional quantity: one's share: interest: ticular'ity, quality of being particular: 
side or party: action: character taken minuteness of detail: a single act or 
by an actor in a play: (math.) an exact case: a single or a minute circumstance: 
divisor: (mus.) one of the melodies of something peculiar or singular. — adv. 
a harmony: (pi.) qualities: talents. — v. t. particularly, in an especial manner. 
to divide: to make into parts: to put or parting, part'ing, a. putting apart: 
keep asunder. — v. i. to be separated: to separating: departing: given at parting, 
be torn asunder : to have a part or share. — n. the act of parting: a division. 
— adv. part'ly, in part: in some degree. partition, par-tish'un, n. act of part- 
partake, par-tak', v. i. to take or have ing or dividing: state of being divided: 
a part — either absolutely or with of or in separate part : that which divides : a wall 
before the thing shared, as food, etc. : between apartments : the place where 
to have something of the nature or separation is made. — v. t. to divide into 
properties, etc. : to be admitted. — v. t. to shares : to divide into parts by walls, 
have a part in : to share : — pa. t. partook' ; partizan, partisan, par'ti-zan, n. an 
pa. p. parta'ken. — ns. parta'ker, one who adherent of a party or a faction : one 
shares in along with others: a partner: who is biased by party feelings.- 
an accomplice; parta'king. partner, part'ner, n. a sharer: an as- 
parterre, par-tar', n. an arrangement sociate : one engaged with another in 
of flower-plots with spaces for walks : business : one who plays on the same 
the part of a theater under the galleries, side in a game. 

partial, par'shal, a. relating to a part partridge, par'trij, n. a gallinaceous 

only: not total or entire: inclined to game-bird of England: one of several 

favor one person or party : having a American birds, as the quail or bobwhite. 

preference. — n. partiality, state or qual- parturient, par-tu'ri-ent, a. bringing 

ity of being partial: liking for one or about to bring forth young: fruitful, 

thing more than for others. — adv. par'- — n. parturi'tion. — a. partu'ritive. 

tially. party, par'ti, n. a part of a greater 

participate, par-tis'i-pat, v. i. to par- number of persons : a faction: a company 

take : to have a share. — v. t. to receive met for a particular purpose, as a 

a part or share of. — a. participant, par- dinner party, etc. : an assembly : one con- 

ticipating : sharing. — n. a partaker. — adv. cerned in any affair : the person or 

partic'ipantly. — n. participation. — a. persons on either side in a law-suit: 

participative, capable of participating, (colloq.) a single individual spoken of. 

— n. participator, one who partakes with — a. belonging to a party and not to the 

another : a sharer. whole: consisting of different, parties, 

participle, par'ti-si-pl, n. a word hav- parts, or things, 

ing the value of an adjective but regu- parvenu, par've-nu, n. an upstart: 

larly formed from a verb. — a. participial, one newly risen into notice, wealth, or 

having the nature of a participle : formed power. 

from a participle. — adv. particip'ially. pass, pas, v. i. to pace or walk on- 

particle, par'ti-kl, n. a little part : a ward : to move from one place or state 

very small portion: (physics) the mi- to another: to travel: to change: to 

nutest part into which a body can be circulate : to be regarded : to go by : to 

divided: an atom: (gram.) an indeclin- go unheeded or neglected: to elapse, as 

able word : a word used only in compo- time : to be finished : to move away : to 

sition, as wise in sidewise. — a. partic'- disappear: to go through an examina- 

ular, relating to a part of anything: tion or an inspection successfully: to be 

pertaining to a single person or thing: approved: to meet with acceptance; to 

individual : special : worthy of special at- happen : to fall, as by inheritance : to 

tention : exact : nice in taste : precise. — n. flow through : to thrust, as with a sword : 

a distinct or minute part : a single point : to run, as a road. — v. t. to go by, over, 

a single instance: (pi.) details. — n. par- beyond, through, etc.: to spend: to omit: 

ticulariza'tion. — v. t. partic'ularize, to to disregard : to surpass : to enact, or to 

mention the particulars of : to enumerate be enacted by: to cause to move: to 

in detail. — v. i. to mention or attend to send : to transfer : to give forth : to ap- 



332 passage fate, far; me, her; mine 1 pate 

prove: to undergo successfully: to give ing: not acting: '{gram.) expressing the 

circulation to: {fencing) to thrust: — pa. suffering of an action by the subject of 

p. passed and past. — n. a way through the verb. — adv. pass'ively. — ns. pass'ive- 

which one passes : a narrow passage, esp. ness; passiv'ity, inactivity: patience: 

over or through a range of mountains : a past, past, pa. p. of pass. — a. gone by: 

narrow defile: a passport: state or con- elapsed: ended: now retired from 

dition : a written permission to go out service : in time already passed. — prep. 

or in anywhere: a ticket: (fencing) a farther than: out of reach of: no longer 

thrust: success in any examination or capable of. — adv. by. — the past, that 

other test. — a. pass'able, that may be which has passed, esp. time, 

passed, traveled over, or navigated : that paste, past, n. a mass of anything 

may bear inspection: that may be ac- made soft by wetting: dough: a cement 

cepted or allowed to pass : a little above made of flour, water, etc. : a fine kind 

the common: tolerable. — n. pass'able- of glass for making artificial gems. — 

ness. — adv. pass'ably. — ns. pass'er, one v. t. to fasten with paste. — n. paste'- 

who passes; pass'er-by, one who passes board, a stiff board made of sheets of 

by or near ; pass'key, a key enabling one paper pasted together, etc. — a. made of 

to pass or enter a house : a key for such, unsubstantial. 

opening several locks ; pass'port, a war- pastel, pas'tel, n. a colored crayon, a 

rant of protection and permission to drawing made with such, also the art. 

travel; pass'word (mil.), a private word pastern, pas'tern, n. the part of a 

enabling one to pass or enter a camp, horse's foot from the fetlock to the hoof, 

lodge, etc. pastime, pas'tim, n. that which serves 

passage, pas'aj, n. act of passing: a to pass away the time: amusement, 

moving from one place or state to an- pastor, pas'ter, n. one who has care 

other: a journey, as in a ship: course: of a flock: a shepherd: a clergyman or 

a way : entrance or exit : enactment of a minister. — a. pas'toral, relating to shep- 

law: right of passing: price paid for herds or to shepherd life: rustic: of 

passing or for being conveyed between or pertaining to the pastor of a church: 

two places : occurrence, any incident or addressed to the clergy of a diocese by 

episode : a single clause or part of a their bishop. — n. a poem of country life : 

book, etc.: ford of a river: (zool.)- a letter or an address by a bishop to 

migratory habits. his clergy: (mus.) a simple melody.- 

passe, pas-sa', a. past one's best, pastry, pas'tri, n. articles made oi : 

faded : nearly out of date : — fern, passee. paste or dough : crust of pies, tarts, etc. 

passementerie, pas-men-te-re', n. pasture, past'ur, n. grass for graz- 

trimming for dresses, as beaded lace, ing : ground covered with grass for graz- 

passenger, pas'en-jer, n. one who ing. — v. t. to feed on pasture: to supply 

passes : one who travels in some public with grass. — v. i. to feed on pasture . 

conveyance. pat, pat, n. a light, quick blow, as 

passible, pas'i-bl, a. susceptible of suf- with the hand. — v. t. to strike gently . 

fering, or of impressions from external pat, pat, n. a small molded lump of 

agents. — n. passibil'ity. [L. passibilis — butter. [Celt, as Ir. pait, a lump.] 

pati, passus, to suffer.] pat, pat, a. fitly: at the right time or 

passing, pas'ing, a. going by, through, place. — adv. pat'ly, fitly, conveniently. — 

or away: happening now: surpassing. — n. pat'ness, fitness, appropriateness. 

adv. exceedingly: very. patch, pach, v. t. to mend by putting 

passion, pash'un, n. power of feeling in a piece: to repair clumsily: to make 

pain or suffering : strong feeling or agi- up of pieces : to make hastily. — n. a 

tation of mind, esp. rage: ardent love: piece sewed or put on to mend a 

eager desire: passive condition: the suf- defect: anything like a patch: a small 

ferings, esp. the death, of Christ: (pi.) piece of ground. — n. patch'work, work 

excited conditions of mind. — a. pass'ion- formed of patches or pieces sewed to- 

ate, moved by passion: showing strong gether: work patched up or clumsily 

and warm feeling: easily moved to executed. — a. patch'y, covered with 

anger : intense. — adv. pass'ionately. patches : inharmonious, incongruous. 

passive, pas'iv, a. suffering, unresist- pate, pat, n. the crown of the head . 



pate mote, move; mute; then. pave 333 

pate, pa-ta', n. pie: pasty. — pate de patricide, pat'ri-sid, n. the murder or 

foie gras, pasty of fat goose liver . the murderer of one's own father.- 

patent, pat'ent, or pa/tent, a. lying patrimony, pat'ri-mun-i, n. a right or 
open : conspicuous : public : protected by estate inherited from a father or from 
a patent. — n. an official document, con- one's ancestors. — a. patrimonial. 
ferring an exclusive right or privilege, patriot, pa'tri-ot, n. one who truly 
as the sole right for a term of years loves and serves his fatherland. — a. de- 
to the proceeds of an invention : some- voted to one's country. — a. patriotic, 
thing invented and protected by a like a patriot : actuated by a love of one's 
patent. — v. t. pat'ent, to grant or secure country: directed to the public welfare, 
by patent. — a, patentable, capable of — adv. patriotically. — n. patriotism. 
being patented. — ns. patentee', one who patrol, pa-trol', v. i. to go the rounds 
holds a patent, or to whom a patent is in a camp or garrison : to watch and pro- 
granted, tect. — v. t. to pass round as a sentry. 

paterfamilias, pa-ter-fa-mil'i-as, n. patron, pa'trun, n. a protector: one 

the father or head of a family. who countenances or encourages : one 

paternal, pa-ter'nal, a. fatherly : show- who has the right to appoint to any 

ing the disposition of a father : derived office : a guardian saint : — fern, pa'- 

from a father: hereditary. — n. pater'- troness. — n. pat'ronage, the support 

nalism. — adv. pater'nally. — n. pater'- given by a patron: guardianship of 

nity, state of being a father : father- saints : the right of bestowing offices, 

hood: the relation of a father to his privileges, or church benefices. — v. t. 

children : origination or authorship. pat'ronize, to act as a patron toward : 

paternoster, pa'ter-nos-ter, n. the to give countenance or encouragement 

Lord's Prayer : every eleventh bead in to : to assume the air of a patron to- 

a R. C. rosary : the whole rosary. wards. — a. pat'ronizing. — adv. pat'ronlz- 

path, path, n. a way trodden out by ingly. 

the feet: track: road: course of action patter, pat'er, v. i. to pat or strike 

or conduct: — pi. paths (paf/zz). often, as hailstones: to make the sound 

pathetic, -al, pa-thet'ik, -al, a. show- of short quick steps. [A freq. of pat.] 

ing passion: affecting the tender emo- patter, pat'er, v. i. to repeat over and 

tions : causing pity, grief, or sorrow : over again indistinctly, to mumble. — v. t. 

touching. — adv. pathet'ically. to repeat hurriedly, to mutter. — n. glib 

pathic, path'ik, a. pertaining to dis- talk, chatter. [Pafer-noster.] 

ease. — n. pathogenesis, mode of pro- pattern, pat'ern, n. a person or thing 

duction or development of disease.- to be copied: a model: an example: 

pathology, pa-thol'o-ji, n. science of style of ornamental work, 
the nature, causes, and remedies of dis- paucity, paw'sit-i, n. fewness : small- 
eases : the whole of the morbid con- ness of number or quantity, 
ditions in a disease. — adjs. patho- paunch, pansh, or pawnsh, n. the 
log'ic, -al. — adv. pathologically. — n. belly: the first and largest stomach of 
pathol'ogist, one versed in pathology, a ruminant. — a. paunch'y, big-bellied. 

pathos, pa'thos, n. that in anything pauper, paw'per, n. a very poor or 

(as a word, a look, etc.) which touches destitute person: one supported by 

the feelings or raises the tender emo- charity or by some public provision. — 

tions: the expression of deep feeling, v. t. pau'perize, to reduce to pauperism. 

pathway, path'wa, n. a path or way . pause, pawz, n. a ceasing : a tempo- 
patience, pa'shens, n. quality of be- rary stop: cessation caused by doubt: 
ing patient or able calmly to endure : a suspense. — v. i. to make a pause. — adjs. 
card-game, same as solitaire. — a. pa'- paus'al; pause'less. — advs. pause'lessly; 
tient, sustaining pain, etc., without re- paus'ingly, with pauses : by breaks : de- 
pining: not easily provoked: not in a liberately. 

hurry: persevering: long-suffering— n. pave, pav, v. t. to lay down stone, 

one who bears or suffers : a person under etc., to form a level surface for walking 

medical treatment. — adv. pa'tiently. on: to prepare, as a way or passage: 

patriarch, pa'tri-ark, n. one who to make easy and smooth in any way. — 

governs his family by paternal right . a. paved. — ns. pave'ment, a paved road ; 



334 pavilion 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



peculiar 



pa'ving, the act of laying pavement. 

pavilion, pa-vil'yun, n. a tent: an or- 
namental building often turreted. 

paw, paw, n. the foot of a beast of 
prey having claws : the hand, used in 
contempt. — v. i. to draw the forefoot 
along the ground like a horse. — v. t. to 
scrape with the forefoot : to handle with 
the paws : to handle roughly. 

pawn, pawn, n. something given as 
security for the repayment of money or 
the performance of a promise : state of 
being pledged. — v. t. to give in pledge. 

pay, pa, v. t. to satisfy or set at rest : 
to discharge, as a debt or a duty : to 
requite with what is deserved: to re- 
ward : to punish : to give, render. — v. i. 
to recompense : to be worth one's 
trouble : to be profitable : — pa. t. and 
pa. p. paid. — n. that which satisfies : 
money given for service : salary, wages. 
— a. pay 'able, that may be paid : that 
ought to be paid : due. — ns. pay '-dirt, 
earth, etc., containing enough gold to 
be worth working; payee', one to whom 
money is paid; pay'er; pay '-list, -roll, 
a list of persons entitled to pay, with 
the amounts due to each; pay'master, 
the person who pays : an officer in the 
army or navy whose duty it is to pay 
soldiers, etc. ; pay'ment, the act of pay- 
ing : the discharge of a debt : that which 
is paid : recompense : reward . 

pea, pe, n. a climbing annual herb of 
the bean family, 

peace, pes, n. a state of quiet : free- 
dom from disturbance : freedom from 
war : friendliness : calm : rest : harmony : 
silence. — inter j. silence : be silent : hist ! — 
a. peace'able, disposed to peace : free 
from war or disturbance : quiet : tran- 
quil. — n. peace'ableness. — adv. peace'- 
ably. — a. peace'ful, full of peace : quiet : 
tranquil: cak : : serene. — adv. peace'- 
fuliy. — n. peace'fulness. 

peach, pech, n. a tree with a delicious, 
juicy fruit: the fruit of this tree. 

peacock, pe'kok, n. a large gal- 
linaceous bird, remarkable for its plumage. 

peak, pek, n. a point : the pointed end 
of anything : the top of a mountain : 
(naut.) the upper outer corner of a sail 
extended by a gaff or yard, also the 
extremity of the gaff. — v. i. to rise up- 
ward in a peak: to look thin or sickly. 
— v. t. (naut.) to raise the point (of a 
gaff) more nearly perpendicular. — a. 



peaked, pointed : ending in a point : hav- 
ing a thin or sickly look. 

peal, pel, n. a loud sound: a number 
of loud sounds one after another : a set 
of bells tuned to each other : a chime 
or carillon : the changes rung upon a set 
of bells. — v. i. to resound like a bell: 
to utter or give forth loud or solemn 
sounds. — v. t. to cause to sound loudly. 

peanut, pe'nut, n. a trailing plant, 
Arachis hypogcea, and its fruit. 

pear, par, n. a common fruit of a 
somewhat conical shape, and very juicy: 
the tree on which it grows. 

pearl, perl, n. a well-known shining 
gem, found in several kinds of shellfish, 
but esp. in the mother-of-pearl oyster : 
anything round and clear : anything very 
precious: a jewel: a white speck or film 
on the eye: (print.) a size of type. 

peart, pert, a. lively: saucy: in good 
health and spirits. — adv. peart'ly. [Pert.] 

peasant, pez'ant, n. (Europe) a. 
countryman : a rustic : one whose occu- 
pation is rural labor. — a. of or relating 
to peasants, rustic, rural : rude. 

pease, pez, indef. pi. of pea. 

peat, pet, n. decayed vegetable matter 
like turf, cut out of boggy places, and 
when dried used for fuel. 

pebble, peb'l, n. a small roundish ball 
or stone : transparent and colorless rock- 
crystal used for lenses, a fine kind of 
glass.- 

pecan, pe-kan', n. a species of hickory, 
also the nut it yields. [Sp. pacana.] 

peccable, pek'a-bl, a. liable to sin. — 
ns. peccabil'ity; pecc'ancy, sinfulness: 
transgression. — a. pecc'ant, sinning . 

peccadillo, pek-a-dil'lo, n. a little or 
trifling sin : a petty fault . 

peck, pek, n. a dry measure of capacity 
= 8 quarts = 2 gallons, or one-fourth of 
a bushel : a great amount. 

peck, pek, v. t. to strike with the 
beak : to pick up with the beak : to eat : 
to strike with anything pointed : to strike 
with repeated blows. — n. peck'er, that 
which pecks: a woodpecker: (slang) 
spirit : courage. 

peculate, pek'ii-lat, v. t. to embezzle: 
to steal. — ns. peculation; pec'ulator. 

peculiar, pe-kul'yar, a. one's own: 
belonging to no other : appropriate : par- 
ticular : odd, uncommon, strange. — v. t. 
pecul'iarize, to set apart. — n. peculiar- 
ity, quality of being peculiar or singular : 



pecuniary 



mote, move; mute; then. 



penal 



335 



that which is found in one and in no 
other : individuality. — adv. peculiarly. 

pecuniary, pe-ku ni-ar-i, a. relating to 
money : consisting of money. 

pedagog. Variant spelling of peda- 
gogue. 

pedagogue, ped'a-gog, n. a teacher : a 
pedant. — v. t. to teach. — adjs. peda- 
gogic, -al (-goj'-), relating to teaching. 
— ns. pedagogics (-goj'), ped'agogism 
(-gog-), pedagogy (-go-ji ), the 
science of teaching. 

pedal, ped'al, a. pertaining to a foot. 
— n. any part of a machine transmitting 
power from the foot . 

pedant, ped'ant, n. one who makes a 
vain display of learning: a pretender to 
knowledge which he does not possess. — 
adjs. pedantic, -al, making a display of 
knowledge. — adv. pedantically, in a 
pedantic manner. — n. ped'antry, acts, 
manners, or character of a pedant . 

peddle, ped'l, v. i. to travel about with 
a basket or bundle of goods, esp. of 
smallwares, for sale. — v. t. to retail in 
very small quantities. — ns. peddler, 
pedlar, pedler, a hawker or traveling 
merchant. 

pedestal, ped'es-tal, n. anything that 
serves as a foot or a support: the foot 
or base of a pillar, etc. 

pedestrian, pe-des'tri-an, a. going on 
foot : performed on foot. — n. one journey- 
ing on foot: an expert walker, one who 
practises feats of walking or running. — 
n. pedes'trianism, a going on foot. 

pedigree, pedl-gre, n. a line of ances- 
tors : a list, in order, of the ancestors 
from whom one has descended : lineage : 
genealogy : (coll.) particulars regard- 
ing a person. — a. pedigreed, having a 
pedigree : blooded. 

pediment, pedl-ment, n. (archit.) a 
triangular or circular ornament. 

pedlar. See peddle. 

pedometer, pe-dom'et-er, n. an in- 
strument, somewhat like a watch, for 
recording the steps of a pedestrian and 
the distance he has walked. 

peek, pek, v. i. to peep. 

peel, pel, v. t. to strip off the skin or 
bark: to bare. — v. i. to come off, as the 
skin: to lose the skin: (slang) to un- 
dress. — n. the skin, rind, or bark. — a. 
peeled, stripped of skin, rind, or bark. 
— ns. peel'er; peeling, the act of strip- 
ping : that which is stripped off. 



peep, pep, v. i. to chirp, or cry as a 
chicken. — n. the cry of a young chicken. 

peep, pep, v. i. to look through a 
narrow opening : to look out from con- 
cealment : to look slyly or cautiously : 
to begin to appear. — n. a sly look : a 
beginning to appear, a glimpse : a narrow 
view, a slit. — n. peep'er, one that peeps : 
a prying person : (slang) the eye. 

peer, per, n. an equal in rank, ability, 
character, etc. : an associate : a noble- 
man : a member of the English House 
of Lords: — fern, peer'ess. — n. peer'age, 
the rank or dignity of a peer : the body 
of peers : a book containing a family 
history, etc., of the different peers. — a. 
peerless, having no peer or equal. 

peer, per, v. i. to look narrowly or 
closely : to peep : to appear. 

peevish, pevlsh, a. habitually fretful: 
easily annoyed : hard to please : showing 
ill-nature: childish. — adv. peevishly. 

peg, peg, n. a wooden pin for fasten- 
ing boards, the soles of shoes, etc. : 
one of the pins on which the strings 
of a musical instrument are stretched : 
a reason or excuse for action . 

pelf, pelf, n. riches (in a bad sense) . 

pellet, pel'et, n. a little ball, as of lint 
or wax : a small rounded boss : a small 
pill. [O. Fr. pelote—L. pila, a ball.] 

pell-mell, pel-mel', adv. in great con- 
fusion : promiscuously : in a disorderly 
manner. 

pellucid, pe-lu'sid, a. perfectly clear: 
letting light through: transparent. 

pelt, pelt, n. a raw hide. — n. pelt'ry, 
the skins of animals with the fur on 
them : furs. 

pelt, pelt, v. t. to strike with some- 
thing thrown : to cast. — v. i. to fall 
heavily, as rain. — n. a blow from some- 
thing thrown. [Cf. pellet.] 

pelvis, pel'vis, n. the bony cavity at 
the lower end of the trunk, framing the 
lower part of the abdomen. — a. pel'vic. 

pen, pen, v. t. to shut up: to confine 
in a small inclosure : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
penned or pent. — n. a small inclosure: a 
fold for animals : a coop. 

pen, pen, n. one of the large feathers 
of the wing of a bird: an instrument 
used for writing, formerly made of the 
feather of a bird, but now of metal. 

penal, pe'nal, a. pertaining ^ to, in- 
curring, or constituting ^punishment: 



336 penalty fate, far; me, her; mine; pensive 

used for punishment. — v. t. pe'nalize, to — n. penetra'tion. — a. pen'etrative, 

lay under penalty. — adv. pe'nally. tending to penetrate : piercing : sagacious : 

penalty, pen'al-ti, n. punishment : suf- affecting the mind. — adv. pen'etratively. 

fering in person or property for wrong- peninsula, pe-nin'su-la, n. land so 

doing: a line or loss in case of non- surrounded by water as to be almost 

fulfillment of a contract: a fine. an island. — a. penin'sular, pertaining to 

penance, pen'ans, n. repentance: ex- a peninsula: in the form of a peninsula, 

ternal acts performed to manifest sor- penitent, pen'i-tent, a. suffering pain 

row for sin, to seek to atone for the sin or sorrow for sin : contrite : repentant, 

and to avert the punishment . — n. one who is sorry for sin : one who 

Penates, pe-na'tes, n. pi. the house- is undergoing penance. — ns. pen'itence, 

hold or family gods of ancient Rome, pen'itency. — a. peniten'tial, pertaining 

pence, pens, n. plural of penny. to or expressive of penitence. — adv. 

penchant, pan'shan, n. inclination : de- peniten'tially. — a. peniten'tiary, relat- 

cided taste : bias. ing to penance : penitential. — n. a peni- 

pencil, pen'sil, n. a small hair brush tent: a place for the performance of 

for laying on colors: any pointed in- penance: a house of correction and pun- 

strument for writing or drawing with- ishment for offenders, a prison, 

out ink : a collection of rays of light penman, pen'man, n. a man skilled 

converging to a po.int. — v. t. to write, in the use of the pen: an author: — pi. 

sketch, or mark with a pencil: to pen'men. — n. pen'manship, the use of 

paint or draw. — a. pen'ciled, written or the pen : art or manner of writing, 

marked with a pencil : having pencils of pennant, pen'ant, n. a streamer : a 

rays : radiated. — n. pen'ciling, the art of long narrow piece of bunting at the 

writing, sketching, or marking with a mastheads of warships. — Also penn'on. 

pencil: marks made with a pencil: fine penny, pen'i, n. (Eng.) a copper coin 

lines on flowers or the feathers of birds, (bronze since i860), originally silver = 

pend, pend, v. i. to hang, as in a ^ of a shilling, or two cents: (U. S.) 

balance, to impend. — a. pend'ing, hang- a one-cent piece : a small sum : money 

ing : remaining undecided : not termi- in general : pound, in four penny, six- 

nated. — prep, during, until. penny, tenpenny nails = four, six, ten 

pendant, pen'dant, n. anything hang- pound weight to the thousand : — pi. 

ing, esp. for ornament: an earring: pennies (pen'iz), denoting the number 

something attached to another thing of of coins; pence (pens), the amount of 

the same kind. — ns. pen'dence, pen'- pennies in value. — a. penn'iless, without 

dency, a hanging in suspense : state of a penny : without money : poor. — ns. 

being undecided. — a. pen'dent, hanging, penn'ilessness; penn'y-a-lin'er, a writer 

pendulum, pen'du-lum, n. any weight for pay; penn'yweight, twenty- four 

so hung from a fixed point as to swing grains of troy weight (the weight of a 

freely: the swinging weight which regu- silver penny). 

lates the movement of a clock. — a. pen'- pennyroyal, pen'i-roi-al, n. a species 

dular, relating to a pendulum. — v. i. pen'- of mint, used in domestic medicine. 

dulate, to swing, vibrate. — a. pen'dulous, penology, pe-nol'6-ji, n. the study of 

hanging loosely : swinging freely. punishment in its relation to crime : the 

penetrate, pen'e-trat, v. t. to thrust management of prisons. — n. penol'ogist. 
into the inside: to pierce into: to enter pension, pen'shun, n. a stated allow- 
and to fill: to understand: to find out. ance to a person for past services per- 
— v. i. to make way: to pass inwards. — formed by himself or by some relative: 
ns. penetrabil'ity, pen'etrableness. — a. (Europe) a boarding-school or boarding- 
pen'etrable, that may be penetrated or house (pron. pon-siong'). — v. t. to 
pierced by another body. — adv. pen'- grant a pension to. — adjs. pen'sionable, 
etrably, so as to be penetrated. — n. pi. entitled or entitling to a pension; pen'- 
penetra'lia, the inmost parts of a build- sionary, receiving a pension : consisting 
ing: secrets: mysteries. — adjs. pen'- of a pension. — n. one who receives a 
etrant, subtle, penetrating; pen'etrating, pension. — n. pen'sioner, one who re- 
piercing ^ or entering : sharp : subtle : ceives a pension : a dependent, 
acute: discerning. — adv. pen'etratingly. pensive, pen'siv, a. thoughtful: re- 



pent mote, move; mute; then. percussion 337 

fleeting: expressing thoughtfulness with formed by the action of the chemical 

sadness. — adv. pen'sively. — n. pen'sive- ferment pepsin and hydrochloric acid, 

ness, state of being pensive: gloomy. per, per, prep, through, by means of, 

pent, pa. t. and pa. p. of pen, to according to. — per annum, year by year : 

shut up. for each year; per cent., per hundred; 

pentad, pen'tad, n. the number five, a per diem, every day: day by day; per 

group of five things . se, by himself, etc. : essentially. 

pentangular, pen-tang'gu-lar, a. hav- peradventure, per-ad-vent'ur, adv. by 

ing five angles. adventure: by chance: perhaps. 

Pentateuch, pen'ta-tuk, n. a name perambulate, per-am'bu-lat, v. t. to 

used to denote the first five books of walk through or over : to pass through 

the Old Testament. — a. Pen'tateuchal. for the purpose of surveying: to survey 

Pentecost, pen'te-kost, n. a Jewish the boundaries of. — ns. perambula'tion; 

festival held on the fiftieth day after the peram'bulator, one who perambulates . 

Passover, in commemoration of the giv- perceive, per-seV, v. t. to become 

ing of the law . aware of through the senses : to get 

penuchle, pe'nuk'l, n. a game of knowledge of by the mind: to see: to 

cards played with two packs. understand : to discern. — a. perceiv'able. 

penult, pe'nult, penult 'ima, n. the percentage, per-sen'taj, n. rate per 

syllable last but one. — a. penultimate, hundred: an allowance of so much for 

last but one. — n. the penult. every hundred. [Cf. cent.] 

penury, pen'u-ri, n. want: absence percept, per'sept, n. that which is 

of means or resources : great poverty. — perceived by means of the senses. — n. 

a. penu'rious, showing penury: not perceptibil'ity, quality of being per- 

bountiful: too saving: sordid: miserly, ceptible. — a. percep'tible, that can be 

— adv. penii'riously. — n. penu'riousness. perceived. — adv. percep'tibly. — n. per- 

people, pe'pl, n. persons generally: cep'tion, act of perceiving : discernment : 

the men, women, and children of a (phil.) the faculty of perceiving. — adjs. 

country or a nation: an indefinite num- percep'tional; percep'tive, having the 

ber : inhabitants : the populace : — pi. power of perceiving or discerning. — ns. 

peoples (pe'plz), races, tribes.. percep'tiveness, the faculty or power of 

pepper, pep'er, n. a pungent aromatic perceiving: readiness to perceive; per- 

condiment consisting of the dried berries ceptiv'ity. [L. percipere, perceptus.] 

of the pepper-plant, entire or powdered : perch, perch, n. a food-fish of num- 

any plant _ of genus Piper. — v. t. to erous varieties. — a. per'coid, like the 

sprinkle with pepper: to hit or pelt perch: pertaining to the perch family, 

with shot, etc.: to pelt thoroughly: perch, perch, n. a rod on which birds 

to do for. — a. pepp'er-and-salt', of a roost: any high seat or position: a 

color composed of a light ground dotted measure = 5^ yards: a square measure 

with fine spots of a dark color, or vice =30^ square yards. — v. i. to sit or 

versa. — ns. pepp'ercorn, the berry of roost on a perch: to settle. — v. t. to 

the pepper plant: something of little place, as on a perch, 

value; pepp'eriness; pepp'ermint, a perchance, per-chans', adv. by chance . 

species of mint, aromatic and pungent: percipient, per-sip'i-ent, a. perceiving: 

a liquor distilled from the plant : a con- having the faculty of perception, 

fection flavored with peppermint. — a. percolate, per'ko-lat, v. t. to strain 

pepp'ery, possessing the qualities of through pores or small openings, as 

pepper: hot, choleric. a liquid: to filter. — v. i. to pass or ooze 

pepsin, pepsine, pep'sin, n. one of the through very small openings : to filter, 

essential constituents of the gastric — n. a filtered liquid. — ns. percola'tion, 

juice: the active agent in fermenting act of filtering; per'colator, a filtering 

food in the stomach — a hydrolytic vessel. 

ferment. — a. pep'tic, relating to or pro- percurrent, per-kur'ent, a. running 

moting digestion : having a good diges- through the whole length. — n. percur'- 

tion. — ns. pep'tics, digestion considered sory (same as cursory). 

as a science: the digestive organs; pep'- percussion, per-kush'un, n. the forcible 

tone, one of a class of albuminoids striking of one body against another : 
22 



338 perdition fate, far; me, her; mine; perish 

collision, or the shock produced by it. something done, esp. of a public char- 
perdition, per-dish'un, n. utter loss or acter: a piece of work: an exhibition in 
ruin: the utter loss of happiness in a a theater or a place of amusement; per- 
future state. for'mer, one who performs, esp. one 
peregrinate, per'e-gri-nat, v. i. to who engages in a public exhibition : an 
travel through the country: to travel actor, an actress, etc. — a. perfor'ming, 
about from place to place. — ns. pere- doing : trained to perform tricks. 
grina'tion; per'egrinator, one who perfume, per'fum, n. sweet-smelling 
travels about. — a. per'egrine, foreign, smoke : sweet scent : anything which 
peremptory, per'emp-to-ri, a. pre- yields a sweet odor. — v. t. (per-fum') to 
venting debate : authoritative : dogmat- fill with a pleasant odor : to scent. — ns. 
ical : final, determinate : fully resolved or perfu'mer, one who makes or sells per- 
determined : that must be done. fumes ; perfu'mery, perfumes in gen- 
perennial, pe-ren'i-al, a. lasting through eral : the art of preparing perfumes, 
the year : perpetual : never failing : grow- perfunctory, per-fungk'to-ri, a. done 
ing constantly. — n. a plant which lives merely as a duty to be passed over : per- 
more than two years. — a dv. perennially, formed carelessly or without interest: 
perfect, per'fekt, a. done thoroughly negligent: slight. — adv. perfunc'torily. 
or completely : completed : without blem- perhaps, per-haps', adv. it may be : 
ish, fault, or error: entire, very great: possibly. 

in the highest degree: possessing every peril, per'il, n. danger: a source of 

moral excellence : completely skilled or danger : exposure to danger. — v. t. to 

acquainted: {gram.) expressing an act expose to danger. — a. perilous, full of 

completed. — v. t. (or per-fekt') to make peril: dangerous. — adv. perilously. 

perfect : to finish : to teach fully, to make period, pe'ri-ud, n. the time in which 

fully skilled in anything. — ns. per'- anything is performed: (astron.) the 

fecter; perfectibility, quality of being time occupied by one of the heavenly 

made perfect. — a. perfectible, that 'may bodies in making its revolution : a stated 

be made perfect. — ns. perfection, state interval of time, at the end of which 

of being perfect: a perfect quality or certain events recur: a series of events: 

acquirement : the highest state or degree ; a series of years : length of duration : 

perfectionist, an enthusiast in religion : the time at which anything ends : con- 

(P-) one of a religious community elusion: (gram.) a mark at the end of 

founded at Oneida, N. Y. — adv. per'- a sentence: (rhet.) a complete sentence, 

fectly, in a perfect manner : completely : — adjs. periodic, -al, pertaining to a 

exactly : without fault. — n. per'fectness. period : occurring at regular intervals : 

perfidious, per-fidl-us, a. faithless : pertaining to periodicals. — n. periodical, 

unfaithful : basely violating trust : treach- a magazine or other publication which 

erous. — adv. perfidiously. — ns. perfid'- appears at regular periods. — adv. period'- 

iousness; per'fidy, treachery. ically. — n. periodicity. 

perforate, per'fo-rat, v. t. to bore peripatetic, -al, per-i-pa-tetlk, -al, a. 
through: to pierce: to make a hole walking about: relating to the phi- 
through. — a. per'forable, capable of be- losophy of Aristotle, who taught while 
ing perforated. — adjs. per'forant, perfor- walking up and down in the Lyceum at 
ating; perforate, -d (bot.), pierced with Athens. — n. peripatetic, one accustomed 
holes: having transparent dots, as the or obliged to walk: (pi.) instruction 
leaves of certain flowers. — ns. perfora'- by lectures. 

tion, act of boring through: a hole periphery, pe-rif'er-i, n. (geom.) the 
through or into anything; perforator, circumference of a circle or of any closed 
perforce, per-fors', adv. by force: of figure: the outside of anything generally, 
necessity. periphrase, perl-fraz, n. a round- 
perform, per- form', v. t. to do thor- about way of speaking: (rhet.) a figure 
oughly : to carry out : to achieve : to act, employed to avoid a trite expression. 
as on the stage. — v. i. to do : to act a periscope, perl-skop, n. an instru- 
part: to play, as on a musical instru- ment like the altiscope, used in direct- 
ment. — ns. performance, act of per- ing submarine boats. — a. periscoplc. 
forming : a carrying out of something : perish, perish, v. i to pass away com- 



perissology 



mote, move; mute; then. 



persiflage 339 



pletely: to waste away: to decay: to 
lose life: to be destroyed: to be ruined 
or lost. — ns. perishabil'ity, per'ishable- 
ness. — a. per'ishable, that may perish. 

perissology, per-i-sol'6-ji, n. verbiage. 

peristaltic, per-i-stalt'ik, a. noting the 
involuntary muscular action of the 
alimentary canal, by which it forces its 
contents onwards. — n. peristal'sis. 

of 



n. a range 




peristyle, per'i-stil, 
columns round a 
building or round a 
square: a court, 
square, etc., with col-' 
umns all round. 

peritoneum, per-i- 
to-ne'um, n. a serous 
membrane which in- 
closes the viscera and Peristyle, 
lines the walls of the abdomen— adjs. 
peritone'al; peritonit'ic. — n. peritoni'- 
tis, inflammation of the peritoneum: 

perityphlitis, per-i-tif-li'tis, n. inflam- 
mation of the caecum, appendix, and con- 
nective tissue, or of the peritoneum 
covering caecum and appendix — now gen- 
erally diagnosed as appendicitis. 

periwig, per'i-wig, n. a peruke or 
small wig: an artificial head of hair. 

perjure, per'jor, v. t. to swear falsely 
(followed by a reciprocal pronoun) : to 
cause to swear falsely. — v. i. to be false 
to one's oath. — a. per'jured, having 
sworn falsely: being sworn falsely, as 
an oath. — n. per'jurer. — n. per'jury, false 
swearing: the breaking of an oath: the 
wilful giving of false evidence under oath. 

perk, perk, a. trim: spruce: jaunty: 
proud. — v. t. to make smart or trim. — 
v. i. to hold up the head with smartness . 

permanent, per'ma-nent, a. lasting: 
durable: not subject to change: not to 
be removed: (zool.) always present. — ns. 
per'manence, per'manency, state or 
quality of being permanent: continu- 
ance in the same state, position, etc. 

permeate, per'me-at, v. t. to pass 
through the pores of: to penetrate and 
fill the pores of. — n. permeability. — a. 
per'meable, that may be permeated. 

permit, per-mit , v. t. to give leave to : 
to allow to be or to be done : to afford 
means : to give opportunity. — n. (per'mit) 
a written permission. — n. permissibil'ity. 
— a. permissible, that may be permit- 
ted : allowable. — adv. permissibly. — n. 
permis'sion, act of permitting: liberty 



granted : allowance. — a. permiss'ive, 
granting permission or liberty : allowing : 
granted: not hindered. — adv. permiss'- 
ively, by permission : without prohibition. 

pernicious, per-nish'us, a. killing 
utterly : hurtful : destructive : highly in- 
jurious. — adv. perni'ciously. 

peroration, per-6-ra'shun, n. the re- 
capitulatory conclusion of a speech. 

peroxid, peroxide, per-ox'id, n. an 
oxid having a larger proportion of 
oxygen than any other oxid of the same 
series.- 

. perpend, per-pend', v. t. to weigh in 
the mind, to consider carefully. 

perpendicular, per-pen-dik'u-ler, a. 
exactly upright: (geom.) at right angles 
to a given line or surface. — n. a per- 
pendicular line or plane. — n. perpendic- 
ularity. — adv. perpendicularly. 

perpetrate, per'pe-trat, v. t. to per- 
form or commit (usually in a bad sense) : 
to produce (as a poor pun). — a. per'- 
petrable. — ns. perpetra'tion; per'petra- 
tor. 

perpetual, per-pet'u-al, a. never ceas- 
ing: everlasting: not temporary. 

perpetuate, per-pet'u-at, v. t. to make 
perpetual: to preserve from extinction 
or oblivion. — adjs. perpet'uate, -d, made 
perpetual : continued for an indefinite 
time. — ns. perpetua'tion; perpetu'ity. 

perplex, per-pleks', v. t. to make dif- 
ficult to be understood : to embarrass : 
to puzzle : to tease with suspense or 
doubt. — adv. perplex'edly. — n. perplex'- 
edness. — a. perplex'ing. — adv. perplex'- 
ingly. — n. perplex'ity, state of being 
perplexed: confusion of mind arising 
from doubt, etc. : intricacy . 

perquisite, per kwi-zit, n. an allow- 
ance or privilege over and above a 
settled wage : a fee allowed for a specific 
service. — n. perquisi'tion, a strict search : 
diligent inquiry. 

persecute, per'se-kut, v. t. to pursue 
so as to injure or annoy: to annoy or 
punish, esp. for religious or political 
opinions. — ns. persecution; per'secutor. 

persevere, per-se-ver', v. i. to persist 
in anything : to pursue anything steadily : 
to be constant : not to give over. — n. 
perseve'rance, act or state of persever- 
ing: continued application. — a. perseve'- 
ring. — adv. perseve'ringly. 

persiflage, per'si-flazh, n. a frivolous 
way of talking or treating any subject. 



340 persimmon fate, far; me, her; mine; pessimism 

persimmon, per-sim'on, n. a tree can be seen through: easily understood: 
native to the southern states, also its perspire, per-spir', v. i. and v. t. to 
fruit, extremely luscious and nutritious, emit or to be emitted, as moisture, 

persist, per-sist', v. i. to continue in through the pores of the skin : to sweat, 
any course, esp. against opposition :_ to — n. perspira'tion, act of perspiring: 
persevere. — ns. persistence, persis'- that which is perspired: sweat. 
tency — a. persis'tent, persisting : push- persuade, per-swad', v. t. to influence 
ing on, esp. against opposition : tenacious: successfully by argument, advice, etc.: to 
fixed.— a dvs. persis'tently, persis'tingly. bring to any particular opinion : to cause 

person, per'sun, n. character repre- to believe: to convince.— adjs. persuad'- 
sented, as on the stage : character : an able , persua'sible, capable of being per- 
individual, sometimes used slightingly: a suaded— n. persua'sion, act of persuad- 
living soul : a human being : the outward ing : state of being persuaded : settled 
appearance,_ etc. : bodily form : one of opinion : a creed : a party adhering to a 
the three individualities in the triune creed. — adjs. persua'sive, persua'sory, 
God: {gram.) a distinction in form, ac- having the power to persuade: influenc- 
cording as the subject of the verb is the ing the mind or passions.— n. that which 
person speaking, spoken to, or spoken persuades or wins over.— adv. persua'- 
of. — a. per'sonable, of good appearance, sively. — n. persuasiveness. 
— n. per'sonage, a person: character per t, pert, a. forward: saucy, 
represented: an individual of eminence. pertain, per-tan', v. i. to belong: to 
—a personal, belonging to a person: relate (with to )._ WJ . per'tinence, per'- 
pecuhar to a person or to his private tinency, state of being pertinent.— a. 
concerns : pertaining to the external ap- per'tinent, pertaining or related to a 
pearance: done m person: applied of- su bject: being to the point', 
fensiyely to ones character: {gram) pert i nacious> pgr-ti-na'shus, a. thor- 
iT tm i? u% P erso . n ;- w - Personality, hl tenacious: holding obstinately to 

that which distinguishes a person from an inion or a . obstinate / un - 

a thing, or one person from another: yie lding.-a^. pertinaciously.-^, per- 
individuahty: a derogatory remark or tina'ciousness; pertinac'ity, quality of 
reflection directly applied to a person- bei per tmacious or unyielding, 
esp. in pi. personalities. — adv. person- w °. r . ~ .- u , \ , b ,. , , 

r,„„4.. 4-~ ^^^4-^f^t-. i-^ t a ;„„ .*>. Z~*. contused. — ns. perturbance; perturba - 

SSV't \L ^wSin?. «iS^l' P J?; tion ' act of Perturbing or state of being 
sonation; per senator; personnel the t ; rbed: ^ iet s f m}nd> 

persons employed in any service, as dis- y > ". , . i j 

tinguishing from the material. ,. Pf rus + e ' P e " r ? z » v - f : ,\° rea , d 3 tt en- 

personify, per-son'i-fi, v. t. to treat, tlvel y ; to examine carefully or in detail, 

look on, or describe as a person: to be ~«- Penis al, the act of perusing 

the embodiment of.— ft. personifica'tion. Pervade, per-vad , v t to go through 

perspective, per-spek'tiv, n. a view or or penetrate: to spread all over.— n. per- 

a vista: the art of drawing objects on ya sion.— a. pervasive, tending or hav- 

a plane surface, so as to give the picture m S P ower to pervade, 

the same appearance to the eye as the perverse, per-vers , a. turned aside : 

objects themselves: a telescope or field- obstinate in the wrong: stubborn: vexa- 

glass: a picture in perspective. — a. per- tious. — adv. perversely, 

taining or according to perspective. pervert, per-vert', v. t. to turn from 

perspicacious, per-spi-ka'shus, a. of the right course : to change from its true 

clear or acute understanding: quick- use : to corrupt : to turn from truth, 

sighted.— adv. perspica'ciously.— ns. per- pervious, per'vi-us, a. permeable, pen- 

spica'ciousness; perspicac'ity, state of etrable: open, perforate, 

being acute in discerning: keenness of pessimism, pes'i-mizm, n. a temper of 

sight or of understanding; perspicu'ity, mind that looks too much on the dark 

clearness in expressing ideas : freedom side of things : a depressing view of life, 

from, obscurity. — a. perspic'uous, that — v. i. pess'imize. — n. pess'imist, one 



pest mote, move; mute; then. phenix 341 

who looks too much on the dark side skirt worn by women: (coll.) a woman, 
of things — opp. to optimist. pettifogger, pet'i-fog-er, ft. a lawyer 

pest, pest, n. a deadly disease : a who practises only in paltry cases. — v. i. 
plague : anything destructive : a trouble- pett'if og, to play the pettifogger. — n. 
some person. — n. pest'house, a hospital pett'ifoggery, mean tricks : quibbles, 
for persons afflicted with any contagious petty, pet'i, a. small : of less impor- 
disease. — a. pestiferous, contagious : tance : lower in rank, power, etc. : in- 
pestilent : annoying. — adv. pestiferously, considerable, insignificant : contemptible. 
— n. pest'ilence, any contagious deadly petulant, pet'u-lant, a. showing peevish 
disease: anything that is hurtful to the impatience, irritation, or caprice. — ns. 
morals. — adjs. pest'ilent, producing pet'ulance, pet'ulancy, peevishness or 
pestilence : hurtful to health and life : impatience. — adv. pet'ulantly. 
corrupt: troublesome; pestilen'tial, of pew, pii, ft. an inclosed seat in a 
the nature of pestilence : destructive. church. 

pester, pes'ter, v. t. to disturb, to pewter, pu'ter, ft. an alloy of tin and 
annoy. — n. pes'terer, one who pesters. lead, or tin with copper and antimony. 

pestle, pes'l, n. an instrument for phaeton, fa'e-ton, n. a kind of open 
pounding anything in a mortar. — v. t. pleasure-carriage on four wheels. •, 
and v. i. to pound with a pestle. phalange, fa-lanj', n. a phalanx of a 

pet, pet, 11. any animal tame and digit: any of the joints of an insect's 
fondled : a word of endearment often tarsus — generally in pi., the usual sing. 
used to young children : a favorite child, being pha'lanx. 

— a. indulged: cherished: favorite. — v. t. phalanx, fal'angks, or fa.'-, ft. a line 
to treat as a pet : to fondle. of battle : any compact body of men : 

pet, pet, n. a sudden fit of peevishness one of the small bones of the fingers 
or slight passion : ill-humor. and toes : — pi. phalan'ges. 

petal, pet'al, n. a flower-leaf: a phantasm, fan'tazm, ft. a vain, airy 
corolla leaf. — adjs. pet'aled, pet'alous. appearance: a fancied vision: an appari- 

petard, pe-tard', n. a device formerly tion or specter, 
used for breaching walls, etc. : a pyro- phantasmagoria, fan-taz-ma-go'ri-a, 
technic bomb. ft. a fantastic series of illusive images . 

peter, pe'ter, v. i. in mining, to be- phantom, fan'tom, ft. a phantasm. — a. 
come exhausted (with out) : (fig.) to unreal, 
lose power or value. Pharaoh, fa'ro, ft. a title of the kings 

petit, pet'i, a. small: — fern, petite of ancient Egypt. — a. Pharaon'ic. 
(pe-tef). [Fr.] Pharisee, far'i-se, ft. one of a re- 

petition, pe-tish'un, n. a request, gen- ligious school among the Jews, marked 
erally from an inferior to a superior : by strict observance of the law and 
a written request presented to a court ordinances : a formalist. — adjs. phar- 
of law, to a body of legislators, etc. : a isa'ic, -al, pertaining to or like the 
prayer : a supplication. — v. t. to present Pharisees : hypocritical.- 
a petition to : to ask as a favor : to sup- pharmaceutic, -al, far-ma-sii'tik, -al, 
plicate. — a. petitionary. — n. petitioner, a. pertaining to the knowledge or art of 

petrify, pet'ri-fi, v. t. to turn into preparing medicines, 
stone: to make hard like a stone: to pharmacopoeia, far-ma-k5-pe'ya, ft. a 
fix in amazement. — v. i. to become stone, list of the articles in the materia medica . 
or hard like stone : — pa. t. and pa. p. pharmacy, far'ma-si, ft. the art of 
pet'rified. — n. petrifac'tion, the act of preparing and mixing medicines : a drug- 
turning _ into stone : the state of being store. — ft. phar'macist, a druggist, 
turned into stone. phase, faz, ft. aspect, appearance, at 

petroleum, pe-tro'le-um, n. a liquid any stage: an era: appearance to the 
inflammable substance issuing or pumped mind : the appearance at a given time, 
up from the earth. pheasant, fez'ant, ft. a gallinaceous 

petted, pet'ed, a. treated as a pet: bird abundant in Great Britain, and 
indulged. — a. pett'ish, given to bad tern- highly valued as food — also applied to 
per: peevish: fretful. — adv. pettishly, the American ruffled grouse. 

petticoat, pet'i-kot, ft. a loose under- phenix, phoenix, fe'niks, n. a fabu- 



342 phenol 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



phrenology 



lous bird said to have burned itself and 
risen from its own ashes — hence the 
emblem of immortality. 

phenol, fe'nol, n. phenyl alcohol or 
carbolic acid. [Fr.] 

phenomenon, fe-nom'e-non, n. an ap- 
pearance : an observed result : a remark- 
able or unusual person, thing, or ap- 
pearance : — pi. phenom'ena. — a. phe- 
nom'enal, pertaining to a phenomenon . 

phenyl, fe'nil, n. an organic radical 
found esp. in carbolic acid, benzol, and 
aniline. 

phial, fi'al, n. a small glass vessel or 
bottle. [L. phiala — Gr. phiale, a vial.] 

philanthropy, fi-lan'thro-pi, n. love of 
mankind : good-will towards all men. — 
His. phil'anthrope, philan'thropist, one 
who tries to benefit mankind. — adjs. 
philanthropic, -al, doing good to others, 
benevolent. — adv. philanthroplcally. 

philately, fi-lat'e-li, n. the study and 
collection of postage and revenue stamps. 

philippic, fil-iplk, n. one of the three 
orations of Demosthenes against Philip 
of Macedon: any discourse full of in- 
vective. 

Philistine, fills-tin, n. one of the 
ancient enemies of the Israelites — also 
Philis'tian, an uncultured person. 

philology, n-lol'6-ji, n. the science of 
language : the study of etymology, gram- 
mar, rhetoric, and literary criticism. 

philopena, fil-6-pe'na, n. a game in 
which each of two persons eats a twin 
kernel of a nut, and one pays a forfeit 
to the other on certain conditions : the 
gift made as a forfeit, or the twin 
kernels shared. 

philoprogenitiveness, fil-o-pro-j en'i- 
tiv-nes, n. (phren.) the instinctive love 
of offspring. 

philosopher, fi-los'6-fer, n. a lover of 
wisdom : one versed in or devoted to 
philosophy: one who acts calmly and 
rationally in all the affairs and changes 
of life: — adjs. philosophic, -al, pertain- 
ing or according to philosophy: skilled 
in or given to philosophy : rational : 
calm. — adv. philosophically. — v. i. 
philos'ophize, to reason like a philoso- 
pher : to form philosophical theories. — n. 
philos'ophy, the knowledge of the causes 
and laws of all phenomena: reasoning: a 
particular philosophical system . 

phlegm, flem, n. the thick, slimy 
matter secreted in the throat, and dis- 



charged by coughing : sluggishness : in- 
difference : calmness. — a. phiegmagogic 
(fleg-ma-gojlk). — adjs. phlegmatic, -al, 
abounding in or generating phlegm: 
cold : sluggish : not easily excited. 

Phcebus, fe'bus, n. the sun-god : the sun. 

phonetic, -al, fo-netlk, -al, a. per- 
taining to or in accordance with the 
sound of the voice : representing elemen- 
tary sounds : vocal. — adv. phonetically. — 
n. sing, phonetics, the science of sounds, 
esp. of the human voice. — a. phonic, 
pertaining to sound. — n. sing, phonics, 
acoustics. — phonetic spelling, the spell- 
ing of words as they are pronounced. 

phonograph, fo'no-graf, n. a character 
or mark used to represent a sound (also 
phd'nogram) : an instrument by which 
spoken words or other sounds can be 
recorded, and afterwards given out again 
almost in the original tones. 

phosphorus, fos'fo-rus, n. a yellowish 
substance, like wax, inflammable and 
giving out light in the dark. — n. phos'- 
phate, a salt formed by the combination 
of phosphoric acid with a base. — v. t. 
phos'phorate, to combine or impregnate 
with phosphorus. — v. i. phosphoresce', 
to shine in the dark like phosphorus. — n. 
phosphoresc'ence. — adjs. phosphor- 
escent, shining in the dark like phos- 
phorus ; phosphoric, phos'phorous, per- 
taining to or obtained from phosphorus ; 
phos'phureted, combined with phos- 
phorus. 

photography, fo-tog'ra-fi, n. the art 
of producing pictures by the action of 
light on chemically prepared surfaces. — 
n. pho'tograph, a picture so produced. 

phrase, fraz, n. part of a sentence: a 
short pithy expression : phraseology : 
(mus.) a short clause or portion of a 
sentence. — v. t. to express in words : to 
style. — ns. phra'seogram; phra'seo- 
graph, a combination of shorthand 
characters to represent a phrase. — adjs. 
phraseologlc, -al, pertaining to phrase- 
ology. — adv. phraseologlcally. — ns. 
phraseol'ogy, s'.yle or manner of ex- 
pression or arrangement of phrases : 
peculiarities of diction : a collection of 
phrases in a language; phra'sing, the 
wording of a speech or passage . 

phrenology, fre-nol'6-ji, n. the study 
of the mind and character from the 
shape of the skull. — adjs. phrenologlc, 
-al. — adv. phrenologlcally. — n. phre- 



phthisis 



mote, move; mute; thei. 



picture 343 




Phylacteries. 



nol'ogist, one who believes or is versed 
in phrenology. 

phthisis, ti'sis, n. consumption or 
wasting away of the lungs. 

phylactery, fi-lak'te-ri, n. a charm or 
amulet : among the Jews, 
a slip of parchment in- 
scribed with certain pas- 
sages of Scripture, worn 
on the left arm or fore- 
head. — adjs. phylacter'ic, 
-al. 

phylum, fi'lum, n. any primary divi- 
sion of the animal or vegetable kingdom : 
— pi. phy'la. [Low L., from Gr. phylon, 
tribe.] 

Phylloxera, fil-ok-se'ra, n. a genus of 
insects, nearly related to aphides and 
coccus insects, very destructive to vines. 

physic, fiz'ik, n. the science of medi- 
cine : the art of healing : a medicine. — 
v. t. to give medicine to : — pr. p. phys'- 
icking: pa. t. and pa. p. phys'icked. — n. 
physician (fi-zish'an), one skilled in the 
use of physic or the art of healing: one 
who prescribes femedies for diseases. 

physical, fiz'ik-al, a. pertaining to' 
nature, to natural objects, or to material 
things : of or pertaining to natural phi- 
losophy : known to the senses : pertain- 
ing to the body. — adv. phys'ically. — n. 
phys'icist (-sist), a student of nature. 

physics, fiz'iks, n. the study of matter 
and the general properties of matter as 
affected by energy or force — also called 
natural philosophy. 

physiognomy, fiz-i-og 'no-mi, n. the 
art of judging character from external 
appearance, especially from the coun- 
tenance : expression of countenance : 
the face. — adjs. physiognomic, -al. 

physiology, fiz-i-ol'o-ji, n. the science 
of the nature and processes of life, of 
the vital phenomena of animals and 
plants and the functions of their parts. 

physique, fiz-ek', n. the physical 
structure or natural constitution of a 
person. [Fr.] 

pi, pie, pi, n. a mass of types con- 
fusedly mixed. — v. t. to reduce to a 
mixed mass, or to a state of pi, as types. 

pianoforte, pi-a'no-for'ta, generally 
shortened to piano (pi-an'6), n. a musi- 
cal instrument furnished with wires 
struck by little hammers which are moved 
by keys, so as to produce both soft and 



strong sounds. — adv. pianis'simo, very 
softly. — u. pian'ist, one who plays on the 
piano, or one well skilled in it. 

piazza, pi-az'a, n. a place or square 
surrounded by buildings : a walk under 
a roof supported by pillars : a portico. 

pica, pi'ka, n. a. size of type, equal to 
12-point, used by printers as a standard. — 
small pica, a size smaller than pica and 
larger than long-primer, about n-point. 

picayune, pik-a-yon', n. a small coin 
worth 6% cents, current in Louisiana, 
etc., before 1857: anything insignificant. 

piccolo, pik'6-lo, n. a flute of small 
size. [It] 

pick, pik, v. t. to prick with a sharp- 
pointed instrument : to peck, as a bird : 
to pierce: to open with a pointed instru- 
ment, as a lock: to pluck or gather, as 
flowers, etc. : to separate or pull apart : 
to clean with the teeth : to gather : to 
choose : to select : to call : to seek, as a 
quarrel: to steal. — v. i. to do anything 
carefully : to eat by morsels. — n. any 
sharp-pointed instrument, esp. for loosen- 
ing and breaking up hard soil, etc. : a 
picklock : right or opportunity of first 
choice. — a. picked (pikt), selected, hence 
the choicest or best. 

pickax, pickaxe, pik'aks, n. a pick- 
ing tool, used in digging. 

pickerel, pik'e-rel, n. a small or young 
pike : any one of several North American 
fishes of the pike family. [Dim. of pike.] 

picket, pik'et, n. a pointed stake : (mil.) 
a small outpost: a number of men sent 
out by a trades-union to forward the 
purposes of a strike : a game at cards. 
— v. i. to fasten to a stake, as a horse : 
to post a vanguard : to place a picket 
at or near. 

pickle, pik'l, n. a liquid of salt and 
water in which meat and vegetables are 
preserved : vinegar, etc., in which articles 
of food are preserved : anything pickled : 
a disagreeable position. — v. t. to season 
or preserve with salt, vinegar, etc. 

picnic, pik'nik, n. a short excursion 
into the country, etc., by a pleasure- 
party, tailing provisions with them. 

picture, pik'tiir, n. a painting: a like- 
ness in colors: a drawing or painting: a 
resemblance : an image : a vivid verbal 
description. — v. t. to paint, to represent 
by painting : to form a likeness of in the 
mind : to describe vividly in words. — 
a. picto'rial, relating to pictures. 



344 picturesque fate, far; me, her; mine; • pilot 

picturesque, pik-tu-resk', a. like a pilaster, pi-las'ter, n. a square column, 
picture: such as would make a good or partly built into, partly pro- ^ 
striking picture: expressing the pleasing jecting from a wall. [Fr. sp 

beauty of a picture. — adv. picturesquely . pilastre — It. pilastro — L. pila, 

pie, pi, n. a quantity of meat, fruit, a pillar.] 
etc., baked with a crust of prepared flour. pilchard, pil'cherd, n. a H 

piebald, pi'bawld, a. of various sea-fish like the herring. 
colors: having spots and patches. [Prob. Celt., Ir. pilseir.] _ gift 

piece, pes, n. a part of anything: a pile, pil, n. a roundish 
single article : a definite quantity, as of mass : a heap of separate "aster, 
cloth or paper: an amount of work to objects: combustibles, esp. for burning 
be done at one time: a separate per- dead bodies: a large building: a heap of 
formance: a literary or artistic compo- shot or shell : (elect.) a form of battery : 
sition: a gun: a coin: a man in chess or (slang) a large amount of money: a 
draughts.— v. t. to enlarge by adding a fortune. — v. t. to lay in a pile or heap, 
piece: to patch. — v. i. to unite by a join- pile, pil, n. a pillar: a large stake 
ing of parts: to join. driven into the earth to support founda- 

pied, pid, a. variegated like a mag- tions. — v. t. to drive piles into, 
pie : of various colors : spotted.- pile, pil, w. hair, fur : the nap on 

pier, per, n. the mass of stone-work cloth, esp. if regular and closely set. 
between the openings in the wall of a piles, pilz, n. pi. hemorrhoids, 
building: an arch, bridge, etc.: a pro- pilfer, pil'fer, v. i. to steal small 
jecting wharf or landing-place. things. — v. t. to steal by petty theft 

pierce, pers, v. t. to make a hole pilgrim, pil'grim, n. one who travels 
through: to enter, or force a way into: to a distance to visit a sacred place: a 
to touch or move deeply: to dive into, wanderer: a traveler.— a. of or pertain- 
as a secret— v. i. to penetrate. ing to a pilgrim: like a pilgrim: con- 
piety, pi'e-ti, n. the quality of being sisting of pilgrims.— n. pilgrimage, the 
pious: reverence for the Deity, and journey of a pilgrim: the journey of 
desire to do His will: sense of duty. h fe, a lifetime. 

pig, pig, n. a swine of either gender: P^ng* P r i in g> ». the act of making 
an oblong mass of unforged metal, as a pile: the driving of piles: a series of 
first extracted from the ore, so called piles placed in order: pilework. _ 

because it is made to flow when melted P 1 } 1 ? P l] » n - a llttle ba v ° f medicine : 
in channels called pigs, branching from anything nauseous which must be 
a main channel called the sow. — a. pig'- acce Ptea. 

gish, belonging to or like pigs : greedy, P^Jage, pil aj n. (Shak.) act of 
said of persons plundering: plunder: spoil, esp. taken in 

pigeon, pij'un, n. a well-known bird, war r^ '• .\? P lund f °J., s P° iL A „ . J. 
the dove: any bird of the dove family. P lllar > P 1 } ar ' n ' (?. r chit) a _ detached 
-a. pig'eon-breast'ed, having a physi- s ?PP? rt ? not necessarily cylindrical, or of 

, %f .. . 1 • i ^i i i. • classical proportions: one who or any- 
cal deformity in which the chest is.^j th £ s P ustains ._ a . p m'ared, sup- 
flattened and the sternum or breast-bone porte( j b y a p iH ar 

is thrown forward.— n. pig'eon-hole, a p in ry, pil'o-ri," n. a wooden frame, 
division of a case or desk, for papers, supported by a pillar, and having holes 
etc.— v t to put into a pigeon-hole: to through which the head and > hands of 
lay aside and neglect.. a criminal were put as a punishment. — 

pigment, pig'ment, n. paint: any sub- Vm t. pill'ory, to punish in the pillory: 
stance used for coloring. to expose to ridicule. 

pike, pik, n. a sharp point: a weapon pillow, piro, n. a cushion filled with 
with a long shaft and a sharp head, feathers, etc., for resting the head on: 
formerly used by foot-soldiers: a vora- any cushion. — v. t. to lay or rest on for 
cious fresh-water fish. support. — v. i, to rest the head on. 

pike, pik, v. i. to go quickly. — n. pilot, pi'lut, n. the steersman of a 
a turnpike. — n. pi'ker, a tramp: (slang) ship: one who conducts ships in and 
a cheap sport. out of a harbor, along a dangerous coast, 



pimento 



mote, move; mute; then, 



pistil 345 



etc. : a guide. — z: t. to conduct as a 
pilot : to direct through dangerous places. 

pimento, pi-men'to, n. allspice or 
Jamaica pepper : the tree producing it. 

pimple, pim'pl, n. a pustule: a small 
swelling. 

pin, pin, n. a piece of wood, metal, 
etc., used for fastening things together : 
a peg or nail : a sharp-pointed piece of 
wire with a rounded head, for fastening 
clothes, papers, etc. : anything that holds 
parts together : a piece of wood set up 
on end to be knocked down by a ball, 
as in bowling : an ornament used as a 
pin : anything of little value. — v. t. to 
fasten with a pin : to fasten : to inclose . 

pincers, pin'serz, n. sing, and pi. a 
tool for gripping anything firmly, for 
drawing out nails, etc. : the nippers of 
certain crustaceans. — Also pinch'ers. 

pinch, pinsh, v. t. to grip hard: to 
squeeze between two hard or firm sub- 
stances : to squeeze the flesh so as to 
give pain : to nip : to distress : to gripe : 
(slang) to arrest. — v. i. to act with force : 
to bear or press hard : to live sparingly. 
— n. a close compression with the fingers : 
what can be taken up between the 
finger and thumb : a gripe : distress . 

pine, pin, n. a northern cone-bearing, 
evergreen, resinous tree, furnishing val- 
uable timber, 

pine, pin, v. i. to waste away under 
pain or mental distress : to languish with 
longing. — v. t. to grieve for : to bewail. 
— n. wasting pain: weary suffering. 

ping, ping, n. the whistling sound of 
a bullet. — v. i. to produce such a sound. 

pinion, pin'yun, n. a wing: the joint 
of a wing most remote from the body 
of the bird: a small wheel with teeth 
working into others. — v. t. to confine the 
wings of: to cut off the pinion of: to 
confine by binding the arms. 

pink, pingk, v. t. to stab or pierce, 
esp. with a sword or rapier : to decorate 
by cutting small holes or scallops.- 

pink, pingk, n. a flower of any one 
of several plants of the genus Dianthus. 

pink, pingk, v. i. to wink: to half- 
shut. — n. pink'eye, a disease in horses 
in which the eye turns somewhat red. 

pinnacle, pin'a-kl, n. a slender turret : 
a high point like a spire : the highest 
point of a mountain, etc. 

pint, pint, n. a measure of capacity 
t=i^ quart or 4 gills: (vied.) 12 ounces. 



pioneer, pi-6-ner', n. one who goes 

before to prepare the way for others: 
an early settler.- 

pious, pi'us, a. having reverence and 
love for the Deity: proceeding from re- 
ligious feeling. — adv. pi'ously. 

pip, pip, n. a disease of fowls. 

pip, pip, n. the seed of fruit. 

pip, pip, n. one of the spots on dice 
or playing-cards. 

pipe, pip, n. a musical wind instru- 
ment consisting of a long tube : any long 
tube: a tube of clay, etc., with a bowl 
at one end for smoking tobacco : a pipe- 
ful : the note of a bird: a cask contain- 
ing two hogsheads. — v. i. to play upon a 
pipe : to whistle, to chirp : to make a 
shrill noise.— v. t. to play on a pipe: to 
call with a pipe, as on "board ships: to 
give forth shrill notes: to supply with 
pipes, to convey by pipes. 

piping, piping, a. uttering a weak 
shrill, piping sound, like the sick : sickly : 
feeble : boiling. — n. act of playing a pipe : 
sound of pipes: a system of pipes for 
any purpose: small cord used as trim- 
ming for dresses, etc. 

pippin, pip'in, n. a kind of apple. 

piquant, pe'kant, a. stimulating to the 
taste : lively : sparkling. — n. piq'uancy. 

pique, pek, n. an offense taken: a 
feeling of anger or vexation caused by 
wounded pride: spite: nicety: punctilio. 
— v. t.to wound the pride of: to offend: 
to pride or value (oneself) : — pr. p. 
piq'uing; pa. t. and pa. p. piqued. 

pique, pe-ka', n. a heavy cotton fabric. 

piquet, pi-ket', n. a game at cards. 

pirate, pi'rat, n. one who, without 
authority, attempts to capture ships at 
sea: a sea-robber, or his ship: one who 
steals or infringes a copyright. — v. t. to 
rob at sea : to take without permission, 
as books or writings. — n. pi'racy, the 
crime of a pirate . 

Pisces, pis'ez, n. the Fishes, the 
twelfth sign of the zodiac. — a. piscato'- 
rial, relating to fishes or fishing: fond 
of fishes — also pis'catory. — n. pis'ci- 
culture, the rearing of fish by artificial 
methods. 

pistachio, pis-ta'shi-o, n. the almond- 
flavored fruit of the Pista'chia, a small 
genus of trees of the cashew family. 

pistil, pis'til, n. (hot.) the female 
organ of a flower. 



346 pistol fate, far; me, her; mine; plagiarize 

pistol, pis'tol, n. a small hand-gun, a. pith'y, full of pith: forcible: strong. 
held in one hand when fired. pithecoid, pith'e-koid, a. pertaining to 

piston, pis'tun, n. a circular plate or a class of monkeys and to the anthro- 
cylindrical piece of metal, or other ma- poid apes. 

terial, used in pumps, steam-engines, etc., pittance, pit'ans, n. an allowance of 
fitting and moving up and down within food or drink: a dole: a very small 
a tube or hollow cylinder. portion or quantity. 

pit, pit, n. a hole in the earth : a mine : pity, pit'i, n. a strong feeling for or 
the grave : the abode of evil spirits : a with the sufferings of others : sympathy 
hole used as a trap for wild beasts : the with distress : a cause or source of pity 
hollow of the stomach, or that under the r grief. — v. t. to feel pity with : to 
arm at the shoulder : the indentation left sympathize with :— pa. t. and pa. p. 
by smallpox: an .inclosed space for a pit'ied.— a. pit'iable, deserving pity: af- 
cockfight, etc.— v. t. to mark with little fecting: wretched.— n. pit'iableness.— 
hollows : to lay in a pit : to set in com- a dv. pit'iably.— a. pit'iful, feeling pity : 
petition. ■ compassionate: exciting pity: sad: 

pitapat, pit'a-pat, adv. with palpitation despicable.— adv. pit'ifully.— n. pit'iful- 
or quick beating.— a. fluttering.— n. a ness.— a. pit'iless, without pity: cruel.— 
light, quick step: a succession of light a dv. pit'ilessly.— n. pit'ilessness.— adv. 
taps.— v. i. to step or tread quickly. pityingly, in a pitying manner. 

pitch, pich n. the solid black shining pivot> piv ' ut> M- the pin on which any . 
substance obtained by boiling down thing turns : the officer or soldier at the 
common tar — z/. t. to # smear with pitch. nan k U p n whom a company wheels: 
—adjs. pitch-black, pitch -dark, dark as that on which anything depends or 
pitch: very dark.— ns. pitch blende a turns.— a. piv'otal, of the nature of a 
black oxid of uranium, which yields p { vot • acting as a pivot 
radium; pitch-pine, a kind of pine placable, & pla'ka-bl, a. that may be 
which yields pitch, much used as fuel, appeased: relenting: willing to forgive. 

pitcn, pich, v t. to thrust or fix in _ ns , pi aC abil'ity, pla'cableness.-aJi/. 
the ground: to fix or set in array: to pia 'cably.-^ t. pla'cate, to conciliate, 
fling or throw: (mus) to set the key- lacard laVard or pla _ kar<r M< a 
note of.-*/, i. to settle as something * ft ^ > printed paper posted up as 
pi died: to come to rest from flight: to an advertise P ment5 e £ P a P ubHc ^ 
fall headlong: to fix the choice: to en- mation! _^ t ' lacard ( ^ la _ kar V, r 
camp: to rise and fall, as a ship.-n. plak - ard)) to ^ ublish ^ notif ' b 
a throw or cast from the hand, as in D i acards 
baseball: any point or degree of eleva- , "' ,_ , . 

tion or depression: degree: degree of P lace ' P las ' n - a broad t wa y in f. Clt y : 
slope: a descent: the height of a note f n open s P ac f : a Particular locality: a 
in speaking or in music: (mech.) dis- ? wn : T °? m i° d \ e11 ' S \°J stand / n: 
tance between the centers of two teeth the P os ^ lon he . ld by anybody employ- 
in a wheel or a saw, or between the ment, office, a situation : a residence with 
threads of a screw measured parallel to lts . g r f ounds: proper position or dignity, 
the axis etc priority m such: stead: position in a 

pitcher, pic'h'er, n. a vessel with a book: J{J f°l t{ ^ contes ts, position 
spout and handle, for holding liquids. amon f the first th r ee.-^. t. to put in 

piteous, pit'e-us, a. showing or feeling any place or condition, 
pity: fitted to excite pity: mournful: placer, plas er, n. a place where the 
compassionate: paltry.— adv. pit'eously. superficial detritus is washed for gold. 

pitfall, pit'fawl, n. a pit slightly placid, plas'id, a %% gentle: peaceful- 
covered, so that wild beasts may fall ns - placid'ity, plac'idness.- 
into it : any concealed danger. placket, plak'et, n. (Shak.) the slit in 

pith, pith, n. the marrow or soft sub- a woman's skirt or dress, 
stance in the center of the stems of plagiarize, pla'ji-ar-iz, v. t. to steal 
dicotyledonous plants : force or energy : from the writings or ideas of another. — 
importance: condensed substance: quint- ns. pla'giarism, the act or practice of 
essence. — adv. pith'ily. — ». pith'iness. — plagiarizing; pla'giarist, one who pla- 



plague 



mote, move; mute; then. 



plastic 347 



giarizes; pla'giary, the crime of pla- 
giarism : a plagiarist. 

plague, plag, n. any great natural evil : 
a deadly disease or pestilence: a very 
troublesome person or thing, esp. a 
malignant kind of contagious fever, the 
bubonic or Oriental plague. — v. t. to in- 
fest with disease or trouble : to harass or 
annoy:— pr. p. plag'uing; pa. t. and pa. 
p. plagued. — n. plag'uer, one who 
plagues, vexes, or annoys. — adv. plag'- 
uily, vexatiously. — a. plaguy (pla'gi). 

plaid, plad, n. a loose outer garment 
of woolen cloth, often of a tartan, or 
colored striped pattern, a special dress 
of the Highlanders of Scotland. — a. like 
a plaid in pattern or colors. — a. plaid'ed, 
wearing a plaid: made of plaid cloth. 

plain, plan, a. without elevations, even, 
flat : level, smooth, without obstructions : 
free from difficulties, easy, simple: with- 
out ornament or beauty, homely : art- 
less : sincere: evident, unmistakable: 
mere : not colored, figured, or variegated : 
not highly seasoned, natural, not cooked 
or dressed. — n. an extent of level land: 
an open field. — adv. clearly: distinctly. 
— adv. plainly. — n. plain'ness. 

plaint, plant, n. lamentation : com- 
plaint : a sad song. — n. plaintiff (law), 
one who commences a suit against an- 
other — opp. to defendant. — a. plaintive, 
complaining: expressing sorrow: sad. — 
adv. plaintively. — n. plaint'iveness. 

plait, plat, n. a fold : a doubling over, 
as of cloth upon itself: a braid. — v. t. 
to fold : to double in narrow folds : to 
interweave. — a. plait'ed, folded over in 
narrow folds : braided : interwoven : in- 
tricate. — ns. plait'er; plait'ing, the act 
of making plaits. 

plan, plan, n. a drawing of anything 
on a plane or flat surface : a drawing 
of a building as it stands on the ground : 
a scheme or project: a contrivance: a 
method or custom. — v. t. to make a 
sketch of on a flat surface: to form in 
design : to lay plans for. 

plane, plan, n. (geom.) a surface on 
which, if any ^ two points be taken, the 
straight line joining them will lie en- 
tirely on the surface: any flat or level 
surface: any grade of life or of devel- 
opment. — a. pertaining to, lying in, or 
forming a plane. — v. t. to make plane 
or smooth.- 

plane, plan, n. a carpenter's tool for 



producing a level or smooth surface. — > 
v. t. to make level by means of a plane. 
— n. pla'ner, a tool or machine for plan- 
ing: a smooth wooden block used for 
leveling a form of type. — v. t. plan'ish. 

planet, plan'et, n. one of the bodies 
in the solar system which revolve in 
elliptic orbits round the sun. — a. plan'- 
etary, pertaining to the planets : consist- 
ing of or produced by planets : under the 
influence of a planet : erratic : revolving. 
— n. plan'etoid, one of a number of very 
small planets, often called asteroids. 

plank, plangk, n. a long piece of 
timber, thicker than a board : one of the 
principles or aims of an associated 
party, collectively forming a platform. 

plant, plant, n. a vegetable as dis- 
tinguished from an animal : a sprout : 
the tools or material of any trade or 
business : (slang) a trick, dodge, hidden 
plunder. — v. t. to put into the ground for 
growth : to furnish with plants : to set 
in the mind, implant : to establish. — v. i. 
to set shoots in the ground. — ns. planta- 
tion, a place planted : a wood or grove : 
a large estate: a colony: act or process 
of introduction; plant'er, one who plants 
or introduces : the owner of a planta- 
tion. 

plantain, plan'tan, n. an important 
food-plant of tropical countries. 

plaque, plak, n. a flat piece of metal, 
china, etc., used for ornament. 

plash, plash, n. a dash of water: a 
puddle : a splashing sound. — v. i. to dab- 
ble in water: to splash. [Imit] 

plasm, plazm, n. a mold or matrix : 
protoplasm — also plas'ma. — adjs. plas- 
matic, -al, plastic, formative; plas'mic, 
pertaining to plasma, protoplasmic. 

plasma, plas'ma, n. a green variety 
of translucent quartz or silica. — a. plas'- 
mic. 

plaster, plas'ter, n. something that 
can be molded into figures : a compo- 
sition of lime, water, and sand for over- 
laying walls, etc.: (med.) a medicinal 
agent consisting of an adhesive substance 
spread upon cloth, etc., applied to the 
body. — a. made of plaster. — v. t. to cover 
with plaster : to cover with a plaster, as 
a wound: to besmear: (fig.) to smooth 
over. — ns. plas'terer, plas'tering. 

plastic, plas'tik, a. having power to 
give form to: capable of being molded: 
of or pertaining to molding. 



348 plat fate, far; me, her; mine; plenary 

plat, plat, n. a piece of ground: a pete with. — n. amusement: any exercise 
piece of ground ornamentally laid out. for amusement : a contending for vic- 
— v. t. to make a map or plan of: to tory or for a prize: practice in a con- 
divide into lots, etc. [Plot] test: gaming: action or use: manner of 

plate, plat, n. something flat: a thin dealing, as fair play: a dramatic corn- 
piece of metal: wrought gold and silver: position: movement: room for action or 
household utensils in gold and silver: motion: liberty of action, 
a shallow dish nearly flat: an engraved plea, pie, n. the defendant's answer 
sheet of metal, as an electroplate. — v. t. to the plaintiff's demand or charge: an 
to overlay with a coating of plate or excuse : an apology : urgent entreaty, 
metal: to arm or defend with metal plead, pled, v. i to carry on a plea 
plates. — a. pla'ted. — ns. plate'ful, as or lawsuit: to argue in support of a 
much as a plate will hold; plate'-glass, cause against another: to seek to per- 
a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, suade : to admit or deny a charge of 

plateau, pla-to', n. a broad flat space guilt. — v. t. to discuss by arguments : 

on an elevated position : a tableland : — to allege in pleading or defense : to 

pi. plateaus', plateaux (pla-toz'). offer in excuse: — pa. t. and pa. p. 

platform, plat' form, n. a raised level plead'ed, or (less correctly and coll.) 

surface: a part of a floor raised above pled. — n. plead'er. — a. plead'ing, implor- 

the rest : any elevated standing-place : a ing. — n. act of pleading or of conducting 

statement of principles to which a body any cause: (pi.) the statements of the 

of men declare their adhesion. two parties in a lawsuit (law). 

platinum, plat'in-um, n. an important please, plez, v. t. to give pleasure to : 

metal of a dim silvery appearance, be- to delight: to satisfy. — v. i. to like: to 

tween gold and silver in value — older think fit: to choose: to give pleasure: 

name plat'ina. — n. plat'inotype, a used impers., followed by an object, 

method of producing photographs by originally dative, of the person = if it 

means of paper coated with a prepara- please you. — a. pleas'ant, pleasing : 

tion of platinum: a picture so produced, agreeable: cheerful: gay: facetious. — 

platitude, plat'i-tud, n. flatness: that adv. pleas'antly. — ns. pleas'antness; 

which exhibits dullness of thought: an pleas'antry, anything that promotes 

empty remark made as if it were im- pleasure : merriment : lively or humor- 

portant. — n. platitudinarian, one who ous talk: a trick.— a. pleas'ing, giving 

indulges in platitudes. — a. platitu'dinous. pleasure : agreeable : gratifying. — adv. 

Platonic, -al, pla-ton'ik, -al, a. per- pleas'ingly. — a. pleas'urable, able to 

taining to Plato, the Greek philosopher: give pleasure: delightful: gratifying, 

philosophic: purely spiritual, or devoid — adv. pleas'urably. — n. pleasure 

of sensual feeling: controlling desire.- (plezh'iir), agreeable emotions: gratifi- 

platoon, pla-ton', n. a subdivision of cation of the senses or of the mind: 

a military company. plebeian, ple-be'an, a. pertaining to 

platter, plat'er, n. a large flat plate, or consisting of the common people: 

plaudit, plawd'it, n. a mark of ap- popular: vulgar. — n. in an aristocracy, 

plause: praise bestowed. — a. plaud'itory. one of the lower classes: a vulgar person. 

plausible, plawz'i-bl, a. that may be plebiscite, pleb'i-sit, n. the decree of 

applauded: seemingly worthy of ap- a whole people, expressed by a vote 

proval or praise: superficially pleasing: upon a particular point of public policy, 

apparently right : fair-spoken : popular. plebs, plebz, n. the common people. 

— ns. plausibil'ity, plaus'ibleness. — adv. pled, pled, (coll.) pa. t. and pa. p. of 

plaus'ibly. plead. 

play, pla, v. i. to engage in some pledge, plej, n. something given as a 

amusing exercise: to take part in a security: a promise: a toast. — v. t. to 

game, etc.: to gamble: .to sport: to give as security: to engage for by 

trifle: to move irregularly or (mech.) promise: to drink to the health of. 

freely: to operate: to act in a theater: plenary, ple'na-ri, f a. full: entire: 

to perform on a musical instrument: to complete: (law) passing through all its 

act a character. — v. t. to put in motion: stages — opp. to summary: having full 

to perform upon: to perform: to com- powers. — adv. plen'arily. — n. plen'itude. 



plenipotentiary 



mote, move; mute; then. 



plunge 349 



plenipotentiary, plen-i-po-ten'shi-a-ri, 
a. conferring or having full powers. — n. 
a person invested with full powers, 

plenty, plen'ti, n. a full supply: all 
that can be reeded: abundance. — a. be- 
ing in abundanc — a. plen'teous, fully 
sufficient: abundant: fruitful: well pro- 
vided : rich. — adv. plen'teously. — n. 
plen'teousness. — a. plentiful, copious : 
abundant : yielding abundance. — adv. 
plentifully. — n. plen'tifulness. 

plethora, pleth'o-ra, n. excessive full- 
ness of blood: over-fullness in any way. 
— adjs. plethor'ic, -al. 

pleura, plo'ra, n. a delicate serous 
membrane which covers the lungs and 
lines the cavity of the chest: — pi. 
pleu'rae. — a. pleu'ral. — n. pleu'risy, in- 
flammation of the pleura. — adjs. pleu- 
rit'ic, -al, pertaining to or affected with 
pleurisy: causing pleurisy.- 

plexus, pleks'us, n. a number of things, 
as veins, nerves, etc., woven together : 
a network: (anat.) an interlacing of 
nerves, vessels, or fibers, as the solar 
plexus: a great network of nerves and 
ganglia on the dorsal aspect of the 
stomach. 

pliable, pli'a-bl, a. easily bent or 
folded : supple : easily persuaded : yield- 
ing to influence. — ns. pliabil'ity, pli'- 
ableness. — adv. pli'ably, in . a pliable 
manner. — ns. pli'ancy, pli'antness. — a. 
pli'ant, bending easily : flexible : tract- 
able: easily influenced. — adv. pli'antly. 

pliers, pli'erz, n. pi. small pincers. 

plight, plit, n. security: pledge: en- 
gagement: promise. — v. t. to pledge: to 
promise solemnly : to give as security. 

plight, plit, n. condition : state. 

plod, plod, v. i. to travel slowly and 
steadily: to study or work on steadily: 
to toil. — v. t. to get along by slow and 
heavy walking. — n. plod'der. — a. plod'- 
ding, laborious but slow. — n. slow move- 
ment: patient study. — adv. plod'dingly. 

plot, plot, n. a small piece of ground: 
a plan of a field, etc., drawn on paper. 

plot, plot, n. a complicated scheme, 
esp. for a mischievous purpose: a con- 
spiracy : stratagem : the chain of inci- 
dents which are gradually unfolded in 
the story of a play, etc. — v. i. to scheme : 
to form a scheme of mischief: to con- 
spire. — v. t to devise. — n. plot'ter, one 
who plots: a conspirator; plot'ting. 

plow, plough, n. an instrument for 



turning up the sou to prepare it for 
seed : tillage. — v. t. to turn up with the 
plow : to make furrows or ridges in : 
to tear : to divide : to run through, as in 
sailing. — v. i. to work with a plow. 

pluck, pluk, v. t. to pull off or away: 
to snatch : to strip, 

pluck, pluk, n. the heart, liver, and 
lungs of an animal — hence heart, courage, 
spirit. — adjs. plucked; pluck'y, having 
pluck or spirit. — adv. pluck'ily. 

plug, plug, n. a block or peg used to 
stop a hole : a bung : a stopper : a branch 
from a water-pipe to supply a hose: a 
flat cake of tobacco : any worn-out or 
useless article : (slang) a silk hat. — v. t 
to stop with a plug : to drive plugs into : 
to shoot a bullet into : (slang) to boom. 

plum, plum, n. a well-known stone- 
fruit of various colors, of the natural 
order Rosacea: the tree producing it: 
the best part of all: a fat office, a sine- 
cure: a handsome fortune. 

plumage, plom'aj, n. the whole of the 
feathers of a bird. 

plumb, plum, n. a mass of lead or 
other material, hung on a string, to show 
the perpendicular position. — a. perpen- 
dicular. — adv. perpendicularly. — v. t to 
adjust by a plumb-line: to make perpen- 
dicular : to sound the depth of, as water 
by a plumb-line. 

plumbago, plum-ba'go, n. a mineral 
used for pencils, etc., popularly called 
'blacklead': graphite. — a. plumbag'inous. 

plumber, plum'er, n. one who works 
in lead, esp. one who fits into buildings 
the tanks, pipes, and fittings for convey- 
ing water, gas, and sewage. 

plume, plom, n. a feather: a tuft of 
feathers : a feather worn as an ornament : 
a crest: a token of honor: a prize in a 
contest. — v. t. to dress the feathers of, 
as a bird: to adorn with plumes: to 
strip of feathers : to boast. 

plump, plump, adv. falling straight 
downward (like lead): heavily: sud- 
denly. — a. downright: unqualified. — v. i. 
to fall or sink suddenly. — v. t. to cause 
to fall suddenly. — adv. plump'ly, fully. 

plump, plump, a. fat and rounded: 
sleek: in good condition. 

plunder, plun'der, v. t. to seize the 
goods of by force: to pillage. — n. that 
which is seized by force : booty. 

plunge, plunj, v. t. to cast suddenly 
into water or other fluid: to force sud- 



350 pluperfect fate, far; me, her; mine; poise 

denly (into): to immerse. — v. i. to sink billiard table, etc.: any cavity in which 
suddenly into any fluid : to dive : to pitch anything can lie : in mining, an irregular 
forward, as a horse: (slang) to gamble cavity filled with veinstone and ore: 
recklessly. — n. act of plunging: act (fig.) money. — v. t. to put in the pocket : 
of rushing headlong, as a horse. — n. to take stealthily : to conceal.- 
plung'er, one who plunges: a diver: a pod, pod, n. the covering of the seed 
long solid cylinder used as a forcer in of plants, as the pea or bean, 
pumps: one who bets or speculates podgy, poj'i, a. short and fat: thick, 
heavily. — a. plung'ing, rushing headlong . poem, po'em, n. a composition in 
pluperfect, plo'per-fekt, a. (gram.) verse: any composition of great beauty 
noting that an action happened before poesy, po'e-si, n. the art of corn- 
some other past action referred to. posing poems : poetry : a poem : 

plural, plo'ral, a. containing or ex- poet, po'et, n. the author of a poem : 
pressing more than one. — n. (gram.) the one skilled in making poetry: one with 
form denoting more than one. — n. a strong imagination : — fern, po'etess. 
plurality, the state of being plural: a — n. po'etaster, a petty poet. — adjs. 
number consisting of more than one : the poet'ic, -al, pertaining or suitable to a 
majority: the largest of three or more poet or to poetry: expressed in poetry: 
numbers : excess of votes cast for a marked by poetic language : imaginative, 
candidate over those of any other. — adv. poet'ically. — ns. po'et-lau'reate 

plus, plus, a. more: to be added: (see laureate); po'etry, expression of 
positive. — n. the sign (-{-) of addition, thought with verbal melody : utterance in 

plush, plush, n. a variety of cloth song: metrical composition, 
woven like velvet. — a. plush'y. poignant, poin'ant, a. stinging, prick- 

plutocracy, plo-tok'ra-si, n. govern- ing : sharp : penetrating : acutely pain- 
ment by the wealthy. — n. plu'tocrat.- ful : satirical : pungent. — n. poign'ancy, 

Plutonian, plo-to'ni-an, a. infernal : point, point, n. anything coming to a 
dark: (geol.) formed by the agency of sharp end: the mark made by a sharp 
heat at a depth below the surface of instrument: (geom.) that which has 
the earth, as granite — also Pluton'ic. position but not length, breadth, or 
ply, pli, v. t. to work at steadily : to thickness : a mark showing the divisions 
use diligently : to urge : to address with of a sentence : needle-point lace : a very 
importunity. — v. i. to work steadily : to small space : a small affair : a single 
go in haste: to make regular passages, thing: a single assertion: the precise 
as a boat, between two ports. — n. a fold . thing to be considered : anything in- 
pneumatic, -al, nu-mat'ik, -al, a. re- tended: exact place: degree: the unit 
lating to air: consisting of air: moved of count in a game: (print.) a unit of 
by air or wind: filled or distended with measurement for type-bodies, one point 
air, as rubber tires. — adv. pneumat'- being .0138 inch — old nonpareil is 6- 
ically. — n. sing, pneumat'ics, the science point, pica 12-point : an advantage : that 
which treats of air and other elastic which stings, as the point of an epigram . 
fluids or gases. — n. pneumo'nia, inflam- — v. t. to give a point to: to sharpen: 
mation of the tissues of the lungs. — a. to aim : to direct one's attention to : 
pneumon'ic, pertaining to the lungs. — n. to punctuate, as a sentence : to fill the 
a medicine for lung diseases. — pneu- joints of with mortar, as a wall. — v. i. 
matic tire, a flexible air-inflated tube. to direct the finger, the eye, or the mind 
poach, poch, v. t. to cook eggs by towards an object: to show game by 
breaking them into boiling water. looking, as a dog. — a. point'ed, having a 

poach, poch, v. i. to intrude on an- sharp point: charp: intended for some 
other's preserves in order to steal game, particular person : personal : keen . 
— v. t. to steal game. — ns. poach'er: point-blank, point'-blangk', a. aimed 

pock, pok, n. a small elevation of the directly at^ the mark : direct, 
skin containing matter, as in smallpox. — poise, poiz, v. t. to balance : to make 
n. pock'mark, the mark, pit, or scar of equal weight: to examine. — v. i. to 
left by a pock. hang in suspense. — n. weight: state _ of 

pocket, pok'et, n. a little pouch or bag, balance : equilibrium : a weight which 
esp. one attached to a garment, to a balances another: a regulating power. 



poison mote, move; mute; thtn. poltroon 351 

poison, poi'zn, n. any substance which, polish, pol'ish, v. t. to make smooth 
introduced into the living organism, and glossy by rubbing: to refine: to 
tends to destroy its life or impair its make elegant. — v. i. to become smooth 
health : anything malignant or infec- and glossy. — n. a smooth, glossy surface : 
tious : that which taints or destroys refinement of manners : anything used 
moral purity. — v. t. to infect or to kill to produce a polish. — adjs. pol'ishable; 
with poison: to taint: to mar: to em- pol'ished, made smooth by rubbing: re- 
bitter: to corrupt. — n. poi'soner, — a. fined : polite. — n. polisher, 
poi'sonous, having the quality of polite, po-Ht', a. polished: smooth: 
poison : destructive . refined : well-bred : obliging. — adv. polite'- 

poke, pok, v. t. to thrust or push ly. — n. polite'ness, state or quality of 
against with something pointed: to being polite: refinement of manners, 
search for with a long instrument: to politic, pol'i-tik, a. pertaining to 
thrust at with the horns. — v. i. to grope policy: well-devised: judicious in man- 
or feel, as in the dark. — n. act of push- agement: skilled in political affairs: 
ing or thrusting : a thrust : a bonnet prudent : discreet : cunning. — a. polit'- 
having a projecting front — also poke'- ical, pertaining to polity or government : 
bonn'et. — n. po'ker, an iron rod for pertaining to states or nations, or to 
poking or stirring a fire. — a. po'ky, parties in a state or nation who differ 
stupid : dull : confined, with little room, in their views of how it ought to be 

poker, po'ker, n. a round game at governed: derived from government. — 
cards, in which the players bet on the adv. politically. — ns. polit'icaster 
value of their hands. [Ety. dub.] (Milt.), a petty politician; politic'ian, 

polar, po'ler, a. pertaining to or situ- one versed in or devoted to politics : a: 
ated near either of the poles: pertaining man of artifice and cunning.— adv. pol'- 
to the magnetic poles : having a common iticly. — n. sing, pol'itics, the art or 
meeting-point. — ns. polariza'tion (opt.), science of government: the management 
a particular modification of rays of light : of a political party : political affairs or 
state of having polarity; polar'iscope, opinions. — n. polity, the constitution of 
an instrument for polarizing light and the government of a state or an insti- 
analyzing its properties. — v. t. polarize, tution : civil constitution : a body of 

pole, pol, n. that on which anything people arranged under a system of gov- 
turns, as a pivot or axis : one of the ernment. 

ends of the axis of a sphere, esp. of polka, pol'ka, n. a round dance. 
the earth : (physics) one of the two Poll, pol, n. a familiar name, often of 
points of a body in which the attractive a parrot. 

or repulsive energy is concentrated, as poll, pol, n. the round part of the 
in a magnet. head, esp. the back of it : a register of 

pole, pol, n. a long piece of wood : heads or persons : an election of civil 
an instrument for measuring : a measure officers : the place where the votes are 
of length, S Z A yards: in square measure, taken. — v. t. to. remove the top: to cut: 
30% yards. — v. t. to push or stir with to clip : to lop, as the branches of a 
a pole. — v. i. to use a pole. tree : to enter one's name in a register . 

polemic, -al, po-lem'ik, -al, a. given ■ — a. polled, deprived of a poll: lopped: 
to disputing : controversial. — n. one who cropped, hence bald : having cast the 
disputes : one who speaks or writes in horns, hence wanting horns, 
opposition to another : a controversy. pollen, pol'en, n. the fertilizing powder 

police, po-les', n. the system of regu- contained in the anthers of flowers: the 
lation of a city, town, or district for male or fecundating element in flowers, 
the preservation of order. pollute, pol-lut', v. t. to soil: to de- 

policy, pol'i-si, n. the art or manner file: to make foul: to taint: to corrupt: 
of regulating or guiding conduct : method to profane: to violate. — a. pollut'ed.— 
prescribed for doing business: plan of ns. pollut'er; pollu'tion, act of pollut- 
administration : dexterity of manage- ing: state of being polluted: defilement, 
ment^ prudence: cunning. poltroon, pol-tron', n. an idle, lazy 

policy, pol'i-si, n. 3. writing contain- fellow: a coward: a dastard. — a. base, 
ing a contract of insurance. vile, contemptible. — n. poltroon'ery. 



352 polyandry fate, far; me, her; mine; pop 

polyandry, pol-i-an'dri, n. the social to think (with on and over). — ns. pon- 
usage of certain races in which the derabil'ity, pon'derableness. — a. pon'- 
woman forms a union with several hus- derable, that may be weighed: having 
bands. — a. polyan'drous. sensible weight. — ns. pon'derance, pon- 

polygamy, po-lig'a-mi, n. the practice dera'tion, weight; pon'derer. — adv. 
of having more than one wife at the pon'deringly. — a. pon'derous, weighty : 
same time. — n. polyg'amist. — a. polyg'- massive : forcible : important : clumsy or 
amous. unwieldy by reason of weight. — adv. 

polygenesis, pol-i-jen'e-sis, n. origin pon'derously. — ns. pon'derousness, 
from many separate germs . ponderosity. 

polyglot, pol'i-glot, a. having or con- pone, pon, n. bread made from corn- 
taining many languages. meal. [Am. Ind.] 

polyhedron, pol-i-he'dron, n. a solid pongee, pon-je', n. a soft kind of silk, 
body with many bases or sides. poniard, pon'yard, n. a small dagger. 

polymorphous, pol-i-mor'fus, a. hav- pontiff, pon'tif, n. (R. C.) a bishop, 
ing many forms : varying in appearance . esp. the pope. — adjs. pontif ic, -al, of or 

polyp, polype, pol'ip, n. any radiate belonging to a pontiff: splendid: mag- 
animal organism: something with many nifkent— acfo. pontif'ically. — n. pi. pon- 
feet or roots: a pedunculated tumor tif'icals, the robes, etc., of a bishop 
attached to ^ the surface of a mucous or pope. — n. pontificate, the dignity of 
membrane — in the nose, etc. — also pol'- a pontiff: the office and dignity or 
ypus: — pi. polypes (pol'ips), polypi reign of a pope. — v. i. to perform the 
(pol'i-pi). — a. pol'ypous. duties of a pontiff. 

polyscope, pol'i-skop, n. a multiply- pontoon, pon-ton', n. (mil.) a flat 
ing lens: (surg.) an instrument for kind of boat used in forming a bridge 
throwing light into cavities of the body, for the passage of troops : a bridge of 

polysyllable, pori-sil-a-bl, n. a word boats : a lighter or barge, 
of many or of more than three syllables. pony, po'ni, n. a small horse — one less 

polytechnic, -al, pol-i-tek'nik, -al, a. than 13 hands high: (college slang) a 
comprehending many arts. — n. a school key or translation of the writings of an 
of mechanical arts. — n. polytech'nics, author: a small glass or small drink.- 
the science of the mechanical arts. poodle, po'dl, n. one of a breed of 

pomade, po-mad', n. an unguent for small curly-haired pet dogs, 
the hair — also poma'tum. pooh, po, inter j. of disdain. — v. t 

pome, pom, n. an apple or a fruit pooh'-pooh, to express contempt for. 
like an apple. — n. pom'ace, the substance pool, pol, n. a small body of water: a 
of apples or similar fruit : fish-scrap. deep part of a stream of water. 

pomegranate, pom'gran-at, n. a fruit pool, pol, n. the receptacle for the 
resembling a medium-sized orange. stakes in certain games: the stakes 

pommel, pum'el, n. a knob or ball: themselves : a game played on a billiard- 
the knob on a sword-hilt : the high part table with six pockets by two or more 
of a saddle-bow. — v. t. to beat as with a persons : a combination of commercial 
pommel, or with anything thick or interests or speculators for mutual ad- 
heavy: to beat soundly: to bruise. vantage and profit-sharing. — v. t. to put 

pomp, pomp, n. great show or display: into a common fund for redistribution, 
ceremony : splendor : ostentation : gran- poop, pop, n. the hinder part of a 
deur. — a. pomp'ous, displaying pomp or ship: a deck above the ordinary deck 
grandeur : grand : magnificent : dignified : in the after part of a ship, 
boastful, self-important. — adv. pomp'- poor, por, a. having little or nothing: 
ously. — ns. pomp'ousness, pompos'ity. without means: needy: spiritless: de- 
pompon, pom'pon, n. a tuft of pressed: contrite: wanting in appear- 
feathers, etc., for a hat : the colored ance^ strength, value, etc. : lean : weak : 
woolen ball on the front of a shako, inferior: sterile: wanting in fitness, 

pond, pond, n. a pool of standing beauty, or dignity: trifling: paltry, 
water. pop, pop, v. i. to make a sharp, quick 

ponder, pon'der, v. t. to weigh in the sound: to dart: to move quickly: to 
mind : to think over : to consider. — v. i. propose marriage. — v. t. to cause to make 



pope mote, move; mute; then. portico 353 

a sudden report: to thrust suddenly: to porphyry, por'fir-i, n. a very hard, 
bring suddenly into notice : (slang) to variegated rock, of a purple and white 
pawn. — n. a sharp, quick sound or re- color, used in sculpture. — n. por'phyrite. 
port: an effervescent beverage: (slang) porpoise, por'pus, n. a cetaceous mam- 
a pistol. — adv. suddenly. — a. coming mal, 4 to 8 feet long, gregarious, afford- 
without warning. ing oil and leather. 

pope, pop, n. the bishop of Rome, porridge, por'ij, n. a kind of pudding 

head of the R. C. Church: a priest of usually made by slowly stirring oatmeal 

the Eastern Church. in boiling water. 

popinjay, pop'in-ja, n. a parrot: a port, port, n. the larboard or left side 

fop or coxcomb. of a ship. — v. t. to turn to the left, as 

poplar, pop'ler, n. a soft-wood tree the helm. — v. i. to turn to larboard, 

of rapid growth common in the northern port, port, n. bearing: demeanor: 

hemisphere. carriage of the body. — v. t. to hold, as a 

poplin, pop'lin, n. a fabric consisting rifle, in a slanting direction upward 

of a warp of silk and a weft of worsted, across the body. — ns. portabil'ity, port'- 

poppy> pop'ij n. a plant having large ableness, the state of being portable. — 

showy flowers, from one species of which a. port'able, that may be carried : not 

opium is obtained. bulky or heavy. 

populace, pop'u-las, n. the common or port, port, n. a harbor : a haven or 

plain people. [Fr., — L. populus, people.] safe station for vessels: a place from 

popular, pop'u-ler, a. pertaining to which vessels start, and at which they 

the people : pleasing to or prevailing finish their voyages.- 

among the people: enjoying the favor of port, port, n. a gate or entrance: an 

the people : easily understood : inferior, opening in the side of a ship for light 

— v. t. pop'ularize, to make popular or or air : an opening through which guns 

suitable to the people : to spread among can be fired : the lid of a porthole, 

the people. — ns. popularity, pop'ular- port, port, n. a dark-red sweet wine, 

ness, quality or state of being popular portal, port'al, n. a small gate: any 

or pleasing to the people: favor with the entrance: (archit.) the arch over a gate i 

people.— adv. pop'ularly. — v. t. pop'u- portcullis, port-kul'is, n. a heavy slid- 

late, to people : to furnish with inhabi- ing door hung over a gateway, 

tants. — v. i. to increase in numbers. — n. portend, por-tend', v. t. to foretell by 

population, act of populating : the num- signs : to betoken, presage. — n. por'tent, 

ber of the inhabitants of any place. — a. that which portends or foreshows : an 

pop'ulous, full of people: numerously evil omen. — a. portent'ous, serving to 

inhabited. portend : foreshadowing ill : wonderful. 

porcelain, pors'lan, n. a fine earthen- porter, port'er, n. one who carries 

ware, white, thin, and semi-transparent, burdens, etc., for hire: one employed to 

porch, porch, n. a structure forming do the heavy work about hotels, stores, 

an inclosure or protection for a door- etc. : a dark-brown malt liquor, 

way : a portico : a veranda : a stoop. portfolio, port-f 6'li-o, n. a portable 

porcine, por'sin, a. pertaining to or case for loose papers, drawings, etc. : a 

resembling swine : swinish. collection of such papers : the office of a 

porcupine, por'ku-pm, n. one of the minister of state, 

largest of rodent quadrupeds, covered porthole, port'- 

with spines or quills. hoi, 11. a hole or 

pore, por, n. a minute passage in the opening in a ship's 

skin for the perspiration : an opening be- side for light and 

tween the molecules of a body. — ns. air, or for point- 

poros'ity, po'rousness, quality of being ing a gun through, 

porous — opp. to density. — adjs. po'rose, portico, por'ti- 

containing pores ; po'rous, having pores : ko, n. a colon- 

that can be penetrated by fluid. nade : a porch be- 

pore, por, v. i. to look with steady fore the entrance 

attention on : to study closely. to a building : — pi. 

pork, pork, n. the flesh of swine. por'ticos, por'ti- Portico. 

23 




354 portiere fate, far; me, her; mine; posterior 

coes.,, [It, — L. porticus, a porch.] (of). — a. possessed', influenced by some 

portiere, por-tyar', n. a curtain hung evil spirit, demented. — n. possession, 
over the door or doorway of a room, act of possessing: the thing possessed: 
[Fr.] a territory taken by conquest: property: 

portion, por'shun, n. a part: an allot- state of being possessed, as by an evil 
ment: fate: destiny: dividend: the part spirit: madness. — a. posses'sive, pertain- 
of an estate descending to an heir. — ing to or denoting possession. — n. posses'- 
V. t. to divide into portions: to allot sive (gram.), a pronoun denoting pos- 
a share of: to furnish with a portion, session: the possessive case. — adv. pos- 
s—adjs. por'tioned, having a portion or ses'sively. — n. posses'sor, one who 
endowment; por'tionless, having no possesses: owner: proprietor: occupant, 
portion, dowry, or property. possible, pos'i-bl, a. that may be or 

portly, port'li, a. having a dignified happen: that may be done: not con- 
port or mien: corpulent. — n. portliness, trary to the nature of things. — n. pos- 

portrait, por'trat, n. the likeness of sibil'ity, state of being possible: that 
a person, esp. of his face: a vivid which is possible: a contingency. — adv. 
description in words. — n. por'traiture, a poss'ibly. 

likeness: the drawing of portraits, or post, post, n. a piece of timber fixed 
describing in words : a collection of i n the ground, generally as a support to 
pictures.— v. t. portray (por-tra'), to something else: a pillar.—^, t. to fix on 
paint or draw the likeness of: to de- r to a post, or to any conspicuous 
scribe in words.— ns. portray'al, the act position, in a public place: to expose to 
of portraying; portray'er. public reproach, etc.— n. post'er. 

pose, poz, n. a position: an attitude, post, post, n. a fixed place, as a mili- 
either natural or assumed. — v. i. to tary station: a fixed place or stage on 
assume an _ attitude. — v. t. to put in a a road : an office : one who travels by 
suitable attitude : to posit. stages, esp. carrying letters, etc. : a pub- 

pose, poz, v. t. to puzzle: to perplex He letter-carrier: an established system 
by questions: to bring to a stand. — ns. of conveying letters: a size of writing- 
po'ser, one who or that which poses: a paper. — v. t. to set or station: to put in 
difficulty question; po'sing. the post-office: (book-k.) to transfer 

position, po-zish'un, n. place, situa- from the journal to the ledger : to supply 
tion: attitude: a place taken or to be with necessary information. — v. i. to 
taken by troops: state of affairs: the travel with posthorses, or with speed. — 
ground taken in argument or in a dis- ns. post'al-card (abb. post'al), post'- 
pute; principle laid down. card, a stamped card on which a mes- 

positive, poz'i-tiv, a. definitely placed sage may be sent by mail; posthaste', 
or laid down: clearly expressed: really haste in traveling like that of a post, 
existing: actual: not admitting of any —a. speedy: immediate. — adv. with 
doubt or qualification : decisive : settled haste or speed.- 

by distinct appointment: arbitrarily pre- post, post, adv. and prep, after, be- 
scribed: too confident in opinion: fully hind — in compounds as post-abdominal, 
assured: certain: (gram.) noting the post-axial, post-canonical, post-clavicle, 
simple form of an adjective: (math.) etc. — v. t. postdate', to date^ after the 
greater than zero: (phot.) having the real time. — adjs. post'-dilu'vial, post'- 
lights and shades in the picture the same dilu'vian, being or happening after the 
as in the original, instead of being re- deluge; post'-grad'uate, belonging to 
versed: (electr.) having a relatively high study pursued after graduation; post'- 
potential — opp. to negative. — n. that merid'ian, coming after the sun has 
which is placed or laid down: that crossed the meridian: in the afternoon 
which may be affirmed: reality. (written P. M.) ; post'-mor'tem, after 

posse, pos'e, n. power: possibility: a death. — n. a post-mortem examination, 
body of peace-officers. posterior, pos-te'ri-or, a. coming 

possess, poz-zes', v. t. to have or hold after : later in time or in position : 
as an owner : to have the control of : situated behind : hinder. — n. _ posterity, 
to inform: to seize: to enter into and those coming after: succeeding genera- 
influence: to put (oneself) in possession tions: descendants: a race. 



posthumous mote, move; mute; then. powder 355 

posthumous, post'u-mus, a. born potion, po'shun, n. a draught: a liquid 

after the father's death: published after medicine: a dose, 

the death of the author. pot-pourri, po-po-re', n. a stew of 

postpone, post-pon', v. t. to put off meats, vegetables, etc.: a medley of 

to a future time: to defer: to delay: to musical airs: a miscellany, 

subordinate. — n. postpone'ment, act of potter, pot'er, n. one who makes 

putting off to an after-time: temporary earthenware. — n. pott'ery, earthenware 

delay. vessels : a place where earthenware is 

post-prandial, post-pran'di-al, a. manufactured: the business of a potter, 
after dinner. potter, pot'er, v. i. to be fussily en- 
postscript, post'skript, n. a part gaged about trifles: to loiter, 
added to a letter after the signature : an pouch, powch, n. a poke, pocket, or 
addition to a book after it is finished. bag : the bag or sac of an animal. 

postulate, pos'tu-lat, v. t. to assume poult, polt, n. a little hen or fowl: 

without proof : to take for granted. — v. i. a chicken. — ns. poult'erer, one who 

to make demands. — n. a position assumed deals in fowls ; poult'ry, domestic fowls, 

as self-evident: (geom.) a self-evident poultice, pol'tis, n. a soft composition 

problem: a petition: a condition. of meal, etc., applied to sores. 

posture, pos'tur, n. attitude: state or pounce, powns, v. i. to fall (upon) 

condition : disposition of mind. — v. t. to and seize with the claws : to dart sud- 

place in a particular manner. — v. i. to denly (upon). — v. t. to strike with the 

assume an affected manner : to pose, claws. — n. a hawk's claw. 

posy, po'zi, n. a verse of poetry, esp. pound, pownd, n. a common unit of 

a motto, etc., on a ring : a bouquet, weight, 16 oz. avoirdupois for merchan- 

pot, pot, n. a vessel for various dise, the troy-pound of 12 oz. being for 
purposes, esp. for cooking : a drinking bullion (the troy lb. is defined as 5760 
vessel : an earthen vessel for plants : the grains, of which the lb. avoirdupois con- 
quantity in a pot : (slang) a large sum tains 7000) : the pound sterling, an Eng- 
of money, a prize : the pool or stakes at lish standard of money : a sovereign or 
cards, etc. — v. t. to preserve in pots : to 20 shillings, equal to about $4.87. 
put in pots : to cook in a pot : to plant pound, pownd, v. t. to shut up or con- 
in a pot: to shoot, as game. fine, as strayed animals. — n. an inclosure 

potable, po'ta-bl, a. that may be in which strayed animals, unlicensed 

drunk : liquid. — n. something drinkable, dogs, etc., are confined. 

potash, pot'ash, n. a powerful alkali, pound, pownd, v. t. to beat into fine 

obtained from the ashes of plants. pieces : to bruise : to bray with a pestle. 

potassium, po-tas'i-um, n. the metal- — v. i. to walk with heavy steps. 

lie base^ of the alkali potash. pour, por, v. t. to cause to flow or 

potation, po-ta'shun, n. act of drink- fall in streams or drops : to throw with 

ing : a draught : the liquor drunk. force : to send forth in great quantity : 

potato, po-ta'to, n. one of the tubers to give vent to : to utter. — v. i. to flow . 

of a plant almost universally cultivated pout, powt, v. i. to push out the lips, 

for food in the temperate parts of the in contempt or displeasure : to look 

globe: the plant itself: — pi. pota'toes. sulky: to push out or be prominent. — n. 

potent, po'tent, a. strong : powerful a fit of sulkiness or ill-humor. — ns. 
in a physical or a moral sense : having pout'er, one who pouts : a variety of 
great authority or influence. — ns. po'- pigeon, having its breast inflated ; pout'- 
tency, power : authority : influence ; ing, childish sullenness. 
po'tentate, one who possesses power : a poverty, pov'er-ti, n. the state of be- 
prince. — a._ poten'tial, powerful, effica- ing poor: necessity: want: meanness, 
cious : existing in possibility, not in powder, pow'der, n. dust : any sub- 
reality. — n. anything that may be pos- stance in fine particles : gunpowder, a 
sible : a possibility : the power of a mixture of charcoal, sulphur, and salt- 
charge or current of electricity to do peter: face-powder. — v. t. to reduce to 
work. — n. potentiality. — adv. poten'- powder : to sprinkle with powder. — v. i. 
tially. — n. po'tentite, a blasting sub- to crumble into powder: to use powder 
stance. — adv. pd'tently. for the face or hair. — adjs. pow'dered, re- 



856 power fate, far; me, her; mine; precaution 

duced to powder : sprinkled with powder , ing, as of God in worship. — v. t. to 
power, pow'er, n. strength: energy: express estimation of: to commend: to 
faculty of the mind: any agency: mov- honor: to glorify, as in worship. — adv. 
ing force of anything: right to com- praise'worthily. — n. praise'worthiness. 
mand : rule : authority : influence : ability : — a. praise'worthy, worthy of praise . 
capacity of suffering: a ruler: a di- prance, prans, v. i. to strut about in 
vinity : the result of the continued mul- a showy or war-like manner : to ride 
tiplication of a quantity by itself: showily: to bound gaily, as a horse. 
{optics) magnifying strength. — a. pow'- prandial, pran'di-al, a. relating to 
erful, having great power: mighty: in- dinner. [L. prandium, breakfast.] 
tense: forcible: efficacious. — adv. pow'- prank, prangk, v. t. to display or 
erfully. — ns. pow'erfulness; pow'er- adorn showily.— v. i. to make great 
house, a house where mechanical power show. — n. a. sportive action: a mis- 
(esp. electric) is generated.— a. pow'er- chievous trick.— prank'ish. 
less, without power : weak : ^impotent— prate , prat) Vm i to ta ik idly : to tattle : 
adv. pow'erlessly— n. pow'erlessness. to be loquacious.— v. t. to utter foolishly : 
powwow, pow' wow, n. a dance, feast, t0 i et out> as a secret.— w. trifling talk, 
etc., before an expedition : any disorderly _ a# pra 'ting, talking idly or unmean- 
meeting.— v. i. to hold such a meeting. i ng ly.— n. idle talk.— adv. pra'tingly. 
practice prak tis, n. the habit of doing prattle prat q Vm i to ta i k much and 
anything: frequent use : state of being idI tQ utter chnd>s talk ._s,. t t0 talk 
used: regular exercise for instruction: a bout in a prattling way.— n. empty talk, 
performance: method: medical treat- __ M . pratt 'ler, one who prattles : a child, 
ment: exercise of any profession : a rule - • tQ ask earnestl t0 
or method m arithmetic.-^, practica- * / f k and make knQwn one , s 
b^ Practicalness -a. P ractl " desires to God.-*, t. to ask earnestly 
cable, that may be practised, used, or and reverent] as in wors hip: to suppli- 
followed: passable, as a road.-a^. cate ._^ pray ' er , the act of praying: 
practicably -a. practical that can be entreaty: the words used: a form for 
put m practice: useful: applying knowl- bHc y { . a tition to a public 
edge to some useful end: derived from g od _£ pray 'erful, given to prayer: 
practice -n*. practicality; practical- >. m Uc h or often: devotional- 
joke, a trick of an annoying kind played ^ ° ray ' e rfully.-n.. pray'erfulness ; 
on any one.-adv. practically a a pray ^ r . rug> a small carpet on which a 
practical way : actually : by actual trial, fo J k * j J pray ' ing) the 
practise, prak tis, v. t. to do habitually: f maki £ / ^ er ^ ade> 
to perform: to exercise, as a profession: - Z c • j a 
to use or exercise: to teach by prac- ,. P r ^ P^e, before, in compound words 
tice: to commit.-^, i to have or to llke Preaxial, prebrachial etc 
form a habit: to exercise any employ- Pf. eac > P rech > *• *• to pronounce a 
ment or profession: to try artifices.-a. P ubllc discourse on sacred subjects: to 
practised, skilled through practice.-n. discourse earnestly : to give advice m an 
prac'tiser.-a. prac'tising, actively en- oS ™ sl J e . or obtrusive manner.-^ t to 
gaged in professional employment. P ubllsh m religious discourses : to de- 
practitioner, prak-tish'un-er, n. one hver > as a sermon : to teach publicly.-*, 
who practises or is engaged in the exer- preacher, one who discourses publicly 
cise of any profession, esp. medicine. on religious matters: a minister. ^ 

prsetor, pretor, pre'tor, n. a magis- preamble, pre-ambl, n. preface: m- 

trate of ancient Rome, next in rank to troduction. 

the consuls.— adjs. praeto'rian, preto'- precarious, pre-ka'ri-us, a. uncertain, 
rian, pertaining to a prsetor or magis- because depending upon the will of an- 
trate: judicial. other: held by a doubtful tenure: de- 
prairie, pra'ri, n. an extensive tract pending on chance: dangerous, risky.— 
of land, level or rolling, without trees, adv. precariously ,—n. preca nousness. 
and covered with coarse grass. precaution, pre-kaw'shun, n. caution 
praise, praz, n. commendation on ac- or care beforehand: a preventive meas- 
count of excellence or beauty : a glorify- ure. — v. t. to warn or advise beforehand. 



precede mote, move; mute; thtn. predict 857 

f—a. precautionary, containing or pro- ta'tion, act of precipitating: rash haste: 

ceeding from precaution . deposition of water from the air, etc. 

precede, pre-sed', v. t. to go before precise, ore-sis',' a. definite: exact: 

in time, rank, or importance.— v. i. to not vague: just of the right amount or 

be before in time or place. measure : adhering too much to rule : 

precedence, pre-se dens, n. the act of excessively nice, punctilious, prim.— adv. 

going before in time: priority: the state precise'ly.— ns. precise'ness; preci'sian, 

of being before in rank: the place of an over-precise person: a formalist; 

honor: the foremost place in ceremony, preci sionist; precision, quality of be- 

—a. precedent, going before in order mg precise: exactness: accuracy, 

of time : anterior.— n. precedent (pres'e- preclude, pre-klod , v. t. to shut out 

dent), a parallel case in the past: an beforehand: to keep back: to prevent 

established habit or custom.— a. prec'- from taking place.— n. preclusion.— a. 

edented, having a precedent: warranted preclusive, tending to preclude. 

by an example.— adv. prece'dently.— a. precocious, pre-ko shus, a. having the 

preceding, going before in time, rank, mind developed very early, or too 

etc. : antecedent : previous : former. early : premature : forward, 

precentor, pre-sen'tor, n. the leader preconceive, pre-kon-sey , y. t to 

of a choir in a cathedral, etc.: a leader conceive or form a notion of before hav- 

of congregational singing. in g actual knowledge. 

precept, pre'sept, n. rule of action: . precurrent, pre-kur ent, a. running 

a commandment, principle, or maxim: forward : antrorse-opp. to recurrent.-* 

(law) the written warrant of a magis- «• precur sive, anticipatory.-*, precur - 

trate: a mandate.-a. precep'tive, con- s <"> * forerunner: one who or that 

taining or giving precepts: didactic.-w. which indicates the approach of an event 

precep'tor, one who delivers precepts: T~ a - precursory forerunning: mdicat- 

a teacher: the head of the preceptory: m S something to follow _ 

—fern, precep'tress.— a. precep'tory. predaceous, pre-da shus a. living by 

precession, pre-sesh'un, n. the act of Pf^j predatory.-n. preda tion, the act 
going before: a moving forward. ? f plundermg,-a. pred atory, plunder- 
s' s . -f . , f. .^ , j mg: characterized by plundering. 

precinct, pre smgkt, n. limit or bound- predeC e S sor, pre-de-ses'or, n. one who 
ary of a place : a district or division has been before another in any omce . 
within certain boundaries esp. a voting predesign> pr e-de-zm', v. t. to design 
district or a police district. beforehand.— v. L predes'ignate, to de- 
precious, presh'us, a. of great price termine upon in advance, 
or worth : costly : highly esteemed : predestine, pre-des'tin, v. t. to destine 
worthless, contemptible (in irony) : fas- r decree beforehand : to foreordain.— 
tidious, overnice: (coll.) considerable.— v% t . predes'tinate, to determine before- 
adv. (coll.) extremely. — adv. prec- hand: to preordain by an unchangeable 
iously.— n. prec'iousness. purpose. — a. foreordained: fated. 

precipice, pres'i-pis, n. a very steep predicable, pred'i-ka-bl, a. that may 

place: any steep descent: a perpendicu- be predicated or affirmed of something. 

lar bank or cliff. — a. precipitous, like predicament, pre-dik'a-ment, n. 

a precipice: very, steep: hasty: rash.- (logic) a class or category: condition: 

precipitate, pre-sip'i-tat, v. t. to throw an unfortunate or trying position. 
headlong: to urge with eagerness: to predicant, pred'i-kant, a. predicating: 
hurry rashly: to hasten: (chem.) to preaching.— n. one who affirms anything; 
cause to fall to the bottom, as a sub- predicate, pred'i-kat, v. t. to affirm 
stance in solution or suspension. — v. i. one thing of another : to assert : to base 
to fall headlong: to make too great on certain grounds. — n. (logic and gram.) 
haste. — a. falling, flowing, or rushing that which is stated of the subject. — n. 
headlong: lacking deliberation: over- predica'tion. — a. predica'tive, express- 
hasty: (med.) ending soon in death. — n. ing predication or affirmation: affirming. 
(chem.) a part of a solution falling to predict, pre-dikt', v. t. to declare or 
the bottom. — adv. precipitately, head- tell beforehand: to prophesy. — a. pre- 
long: without due thought. — n. precipi- dic'table. — n. prediction, act of pre- 



358 predilection fate, far; me, her; mine; preoccupy 

dieting: that which is predicted or fore- prejudge, pre-juj', v. t. to judge or 
told: prophecy. — a. predic'tive, foretell- decide upon before hearing the whole 
ing : prophetic. — n. predic'tor. case : to condemn unheard. — n. prejudg'- 

predilection, pre-di-lek'shun, n. a ment. — v. t. prejudicate (-jod'-), to 
choosing beforehand: favorable prepos- prejudge. — v. i. to decide without exam- 
session of mind: partiality, ination. — n. prejudication (-jod-). — a. 

predispose, pre-dis-poz', v. t. to dis- prejudicative (-jod'-), forming a judg- 
pose or incline beforehand: to render ment or opinion beforehand, 
favorable. — a. predispo'sing, inclining prejudice, prej'u-dis, n. a judgment 
beforehand: making liable. — n. predis- or opinion formed beforehand or with- 
posi'tion, state of being predisposed. out due examination: bias: injury or 

predominate, pre-dom'in-at, v. t. to wrong of any kind: disadvantage: mis- 
dominate or rule over.— -v. i. to be dom- chief. — v. t. to fill with prejudice: to 
inant over: to prevail. — ns. predom'- cause a prejudice against : to prepossess . 

inance, predominancy, superior influ a. prejudicial, causing prejudice or 

ence: superiority: ascendancy. — a. pre- injury: disadvantageous: injurious. 
dom'inant, ruling: having superior prelate, prel'at, n. a clergyman of a 
power : ascendant. — adv. predominantly, superior order, having jurisdiction over 

preeminence, pre-em'i-nens, n. state lower orders of the clergy, 
of being preeminent: superiority in ex- preliminary, pre-lim'in-ar-i, a. intro- 
cellence. — a. preeminent, eminent above ductory: preparatory: preceding or pre- 
others: surpassing others. paring for the main discourse or busi- 

preemption, pre-em'shun, n. act or ness. — n. that which precedes, 
right of purchasing before others. — v. t. prelude, pre-lud', or prel'ud, n. the 
preempt', to secure, as land, by the right introductory movement of a musical 
of preemption. work: a musical introduction: a preface: 

preface, pref'as, n. something usually a forerunner. — v. t. prelude', to play be- 
of an explanatory kind, spoken before: fore: to preface, as an introduction, 
the introduction to a book, etc. — v. t. to premature, pre-ma-tur', a. mature be- 
introduce with a preface. — adjs. prefa- fore the proper time: happening before 
to'rial, prefatory, serving as an intro- the proper time: too soon believed, 
duction: introductory. premeditate, pre-med'i-tat, v. t. to 

prefer, pre-f er', v. t. to regard or hold meditate upon beforehand : to design 
in higher estimation : to choose or previously. — v. i. to deliberate before, 
select before others, promote :*to exalt: premier, pre'mi-er, a. prime or first. 
to offer or present as a request: to premise, prem'is, n. that which is. 
place in advance. — ns. pref erabil'ity ; premised or stated at the outset : {logic) 
pref'erableness. — a. preferable, worthy one of the two propositions in a syllo- 
to be preferred: more desirable or ex- gism from which the conclusion is 
cellent : of better quality. — adv. prefer- drawn : the thing set forth in the begin- 
ably, by choice. — n. preference, act of ning of a deed, etc. — n. pi. premises, a 
preferring: state of being pref erred : that building and its adjuncts, 
which is preferred: choice. — a. prefer- premise, pre-miz', v. t. to send or 
ential (pref-er-en'shal), having a pref- state before the rest: to make an intro- 
erence. — adv. pref eren'tially. — n. pre- duction : to lay down propositions for 
fer'ment, act of preferring: state of be- subsequent reasonings. 
ing preferred or advanced: promotion. premium, pre'mi-um, n. a reward^ a 

prefix, pre-fiks', v. t. to put before, prize : a bounty : payment made for in- 
or at the beginning: to fix beforehand, surance: the difference in value above 
— n. pre'fix, a letter, syllable, or word the original price or par of stock, 
put before another word to affect its premonish, pre-mon'ish, v. t. to ad- 
meaning, monish or warn beforehand. — n. pre- 

pregnant, preg'nant, a. being with moni'tion, a warning or sign (often a 
child or young : fruitful : abounding with feeling) of what is going to happen. — 
results : full of meaning : full of promise, adjs. premonltive, premonitory, giv- 

prehensile, pre-hen'sil, a. seizing: ing warning or notice beforehand, 
adapted for seizing or holding. preoccupy, pre-ok'u-pi, v. t. to occupy 



preparation mote, move; mute; then. press 359 

or take possession of beforehand: to it becomes a right or has the force of 

fill beforehand or with prejudices. — ns. law. — a. prescriptive, 

preoe'eupancy, the act or the right of presence, prez'ens, n. state of being 

occupying beforehand; preoccupa'tion. present — opp. to absence: situation near 

— a. preoe'eupied, already occupied: or within sight, etc.: approach face to 

lost in thought, abstracted. face: $ nearness to the person of a 

preparation, prep-a-ra'shun, n. the act superior: mien: personal appearance : an 
of preparing : previous arrangement : the apparition : calmness, readiness, as of 
state of being prepared or ready: that mind. — a. pres'ent, being in a certain 
which is prepared or made ready. — a. place : now under view or consideration : 
prepar'ative, having the power of pre- being at this time : not past or future : 
paring or making ready: fitting for any- ready at hand: attentive: (gram.) de- 
thing. — n. that which prepares the way: noting time just now, or making a gen- 
preparation. — adv. prepar'atively, by eral statement. — n. present time or busi- 
way of preparation. — a. preparatory, ness: (pi.) any deed or writing. 

prepare, pre-par', v. t. to make ready present, pre-zent', v. t. to set before, 
beforehand: to make ready for use: to to introduce into the presence of: to in- 
adapt: to form: to set or appoint: to troduce : to exhibit to view: to offer as 
provide: to equip. — v. i. to get oneself a gift: to make a gift of: to appoint to 
ready : to put everything in proper order : a benefice : to lay before for considera- 
te lead up to. — a. prepared', made ready, tion: to point, as a gun before firing. — 
fit, or suitable : ready. — adv. prepa'redly. n. pres'ent, that which is presented or 

preponderate, pre-pon'der-at, v. t. to given, a gift. — a. present'able, fit to be 

outweigh: to incline to one side: to presented. — n. presenta'tion, act of pre- 

exceed in power or influence. senting: a setting forth, as of a truth: 

preposition, prep-6-zish'un, n. a word representation. — adv. pres'ently, after a 
placed before a noun or pronoun to show little, by-and-by, shortly. — n. present'- 
its relation to some other word of the ment, act of presenting: the thing pre- 
sentence. — a. preposi'tional. sented or represented: (law) accusation 

prepossess, pre-poz-zes', v. t. to pos- presented to a court by a grand jury, 
sess beforehand : to fill beforehand, as "presentiment, pre-sen'ti-ment, n. a 
the mind with some opinion : to bias or sentiment or feeling beforehand : a fore- 
prejudice, boding of something unpleasant. 

preposterous, pre-pos'ter-us, a. con- preserve, pre-zerv', v. t. to keep safe 

trary to nature or reason: wrong. from harm or injury: to defend: to 

prerequisite, pre-rek'wi-zit, n. some- keep in a sound state: to season for 

thing previously necessary. — a. required preservation : to make lasting. — n. that 

as a condition of something else. which is preserved, as fruit, etc. : a place 

prerogative, pre-rog'a-tiv, n. a privi- for the protection of animals, as game, 

lege shared by no other : a right arising — n. preservation, act of preserving or 

out of one's rank, position, or nature. — keeping safe: state of being preserved: 

a. arising out of or held by prerogative, safety. — adjs. preservative, preser'va- 

presage, pres'aj, n. something that tory, tending to preserve: having the 

gives warning of a future event : a fore- quality of preserving. — n. that which 

boding : a presentiment. preserves . 

prescience, pre'shi-ens, n. knowledge preside, pre-zld', v. i. to direct or 

of events beforehand : foresight. control, esp. at a meeting : to superin- 

prescribe, pre-skrib', v. t. to lay down tend. — ns. presidency, the office of a 
as a rule or direction : to give as an president, or his term of office : a 
order: to appoint: (med.) to order for division of British India, as the presi- 
a patient, as a remedy. — v. i. to lay down dency of Bengal; president, one who 
rules. — ns. prescrib'er; pre'script, some- presides over a meeting: a chairman: the 
thing prescribed : direction : model pre- chief officer of a college, institution, etc. : 
scribed; prescription, act of prescrib- the chief executive officer of a republic, 
ing or directing : (med.) a written direc- — a. presidential, presiding over: per- 
son for the preparation of a medicine: taining to a president. 
a recipe: (law) custom continued until press, pres, v. t. to push on or against 



360 press fate, far; me, her; mine; price 

with a heavy weight or with great force : thing pretended : false or fictitious ap- 

to squeeze out, as juice: to clasp or em- pearance. — a. preten'tious, marked by or 

brace : to bear heavily on : to distress : to containing pretense : presumptuous . 

urge strongly : to lay stress upon : to preternatural, pre-ter-nat'u-ral, a. be- 

hurry on with great speed : to shape or yond what is natural : out of the regu- 

smooth by the application of weight. — ■ lar course of things: extraordinary. 

v. i. to exert pressure : to push with pretext, pre tekst, or pre-tekst', n. an 

force : to crowd : to go forward with assumed motive or reason put forward 

violence : to urge with vehemence and to conceal the real one : a pretense, 

importunity : to exert a strong influence. pretty, pret'i, a. tasteful : pleasing to 

— n. press'er. — a. press'ing, urgent: im- the eye: having attractive but not strik- 

portunate : forcible. — adv. press'ingly. ing beauty : neat : small : moderately 

press, pres, n. an instrument for large, considerable: (in contempt) fine, 

squeezing bodies: a printing-machine: — adv. in some degree: moderately. — 

the art or business of printing and pub- adv. prett'ily, in a pretty manner . 

lishing: act of urging forward: urgency: prevail, pre-val', v. i. to be very 

strong demand: a crowd: a closet for powerful: to gain the victory: to have 

clothes, etc.- _ greater influence or effect: to overcome: 

press, pres, v. t. to carry (men) off to be in force : to succeed. — a. prevail'- 

by violence to become soldiers or sailors, ing, having great power: controlling: 

pressure, presh'ur, n. act of pressing bringing about results : very general or 

or squeezing: the state of being pressed: common. — adv. prevailingly . — ns. prev'- 

constraining force or influence . alence, prev'alency, the state of being 

prestige, pres'tij, or pres-tezh', n. prevalent or widespread : superior 

influence arising from past conduct or strength or influence : preponderance : 

from reputation. efficacy. — a. prev'alent, prevailing: hav- 

presto, pres'to, adv. quickly : at once, ing great power : victorious . 

presume, pre-zum', v. t. to take as prevaricate, pre-var'i-kat, v. i. to 
true without examination or proof: to shift about from side to side, to evade 
take for granted. — v. i. to venture be- the truth: to quibble, 
yond what one has ground for: to act prevent, pre-vent', v. t. to hinder: to 
forwardly or without proper right. — a. check: to render impossible. — n. pre- 
presumable, that may be presumed or ventabil'ity, the quality of being pre- 
supposed to be true. — adv. presumably, ventable. — a. preventable, that may be 
— a. presuming, venturing without per- prevented or hindered. — ns. preven'ter, 
mission: unreasonably bold. — adv. pre- one who or that which prevents or 
sum'ingly. — n. presump'tion, act of hinders: (naut.) an additional rope or 
presuming : supposition : strong proba- spar for strengthening the ordinary one ; 
bility: that which is taken for granted: preven'tion, act of preventing: antici- 
confidence grounded on something not pation or forethought: obstruction. — 
proved: conduct going beyond proper adjs. preventive, preven'tative, tend- 
bounds. — a. presump'tive, presuming: ing to prevent. — n. that which prevents, 
grounded on probable evidence. previous, pre'vi-us, a. going before in 

presumptuous, pre-zump'tu-us, a. full time: former. — adv. pre'viously. — n. pre'- 

of presumption : going beyond the viousness, antecedence : priority in time, 

bounds of right or duty : bold and con- prey, pra, n. that which is taken by 

fident : founded on presumption : wilful. robbery or force : booty : plunder : that 

presuppose, pre-sup-poz', v. t. to sup- which is or may be seized to be de- 
pose before actual knowledge: to assume voured: a victim. — v. i. to take plunder: 
or take for granted. — n. presupposi'tion. to seize and devour : to waste or impair 

pretend, pre-tend', v. t. to lay claim gradually: to weigh heavily on or 

to : to attempt, undertake : to offer as upon, as the mind. 

true something that is not so : to affect _ price, pris, n. that at which anything 

to feel. — v. i. to put in a claim : to make- is prized, valued, or bought : excellence : 

believe. — ns. pretense', pretence', some- recompense. — v. t. to set value on : (coll.) 

thing pretended : false show or reason ; to ask the price of. — adjs. priced, set at 

pretention, act of pretending: some- a value; priceless, beyond price? 



prick mote, move; mute; then. privy 361 

prick, prik, n. a sharp point : the act — a. resembling a primrose in color . 
or feeling of pricking : a puncture : a prince, prins, n. one of the highest 
sting: remorse. — v. t. to pierce with a rank: a sovereign: son of a king or 
sharp instrument: to erect any pointed emperor: a title of nobility, 
thing : to fix by the point : to put on by principal, prin'si-pal, a. taking the first 
puncturing: to mark or make by prick- place: highest in rank, character, or im- 
ing: to incite: to pain. — v. i. to have a portance: chief. — n. a principal person 
sensation of puncture : to stand erect . or thing : a head, as of a school or col- 
pride, prid, n. state or feeling of being lege : one who takes a leading part : 
proud : haughtiness : a proper sense of money on which interest is paid . 
what is becoming to oneself: elevation, principle, prin'si-pl, n. a fundamental 
loftiness : beauty displayed, ostentation : truth : a law or doctrine from which 
high spirit, mettle. others are derived : an original faculty 
priest, prest, n. one who offers sacri- of the mind: a settled rule of action, 
fices or officiates in sacred offices : a print, print, v. t. to press or impress : 
minister above a deacon and below a to mark by pressure: to impress letters 
bishop : a clergyman : — fern, priest'ess.- on paper, etc.: to publish: (phot.) to 
prig, prig, n. a pert fellow who gives produce a positive picture from a nega- 
himself airs of superior wisdom. tive. — v. i. to practise the art of print- 
prim, prim, a. exact and precise in ing: to publish a book, 
manner : affectedly nice. — v. t. to deck prior, pri'or, a. former : previous : 
with great nicety. coming before in time. — n. the head of a 
primary, prl'mar-i, a. first: original: priory: — fern, pri'oress. — ns. pri'orate, 
chief: primitive: elementary, prepara- pri'orship, the office of a prior; prior'- 
tory. — n. that which is highest in rank ity, state of being prior or first. 
or importance: a planet in relation to its prism, prizm, n. (geom.) a solid whose 
satellite or satellites : a caucus for the ends are similar, equal, and parallel 
selection of delegates to a convention or planes, and whose sides are parallelo- 
for the selection of political candidates, grams: (opt.) a solid glass triangular- 
primate, pri'mat, n. the first or shaped body, used for refracting rays of 
highest dignitary in a church . light. — adjs. prismat'ic, -al, resembling 

prime, prim, a. first in order of time, or pertaining to a prism, 
rank, or importance : chief : excellent : prison, priz'n, n. a building for the 
original: early: in early manhood. — n. confinement of criminals, etc.: a jail: 
the beginning : the dawn : the spring : the any place of confinement. — v. t. to shut 
best part : the height of perfection : full in prison, restrain. — n. pris'oner, one 
health and strength. — a. pri'mal, first . arrested or confined in prison : a captive. 
prime, prim, v. t. to put powder on pristine, pris'tin, a. as at first: former, 
the nipple of (a firearm) : to lay the privacy, pri'va-si, n. state of being 
first coating of color on : to instruct or private or retired : a place of seclusion . 
prepare beforehand. private, pri'vat, a. apart- from the 
primer, prim'er, n. a first book: a state: not invested with public office: 
first reading-book: an elementary intro- peculiar to oneself: belonging to an in- 
duction to any subject: a kind of type, dividual person or company: not public: 
primitive, prim'i-tiv, a. belonging to privation, pri-va'shun, n. state of be- 
the beginning, or to the first times . ing deprived of something, esp. of what 
primogeniture, pri-m5-jen'i-tur, n. is necessary for comfort : destitution. — a. 
state of being born first of the same priv'ative, causing privation, 
parents: (Eng. law) the right of the privilege, priv'i-lej, n. an advantage 
eldest son to inherit his father's estates, to an individual: a right enjo}^ed only 
primordial, pri-mor'di-al, a. first in by a few: prerogative: a sacred and 
order : original : existing from the be- vital civil right. — v. t. to grant a priv- 
ginning. — n. first principle or element, ilege to : to exempt : to authorize, license. 

primp, primp, v. t. to dress in an — a. privileged, 

affected or formal manner.- privy, priv'i, a. private: pertaining to 

primrose, prim'roz, n. an early spring one person : for private uses : secret : 

flower: a plant of the genus Primula, admitted to the knowledge of something 



362 prize fate, far; me, her; mine; product 

secret. — n. (law) a person having an process, pros'es, or pro'-, n. a graduaV 

interest in an action: a necessary place, progress: manner of acting or happen- 

— adv. priv'ily, privately: secretly. — n. ing: the whole proceedings in an action 

priv'ity, secrecy : something kept private . or prosecution : series of measures . 

prize, priz, w. that which is taken or procession, pro-sesh'un, n. the act of 
gained by competition : anything taken proceeding : a train of persons in a 
from an enemy in war: a captured formal march, a parade. — a. proces'- 
vessel : that which is won in a lottery : sional, pertaining to a procession . 
anything offered for competition: a proclaim, pro-klam', v. t. to cry 
gain : a reward. — a. worthy of a prize. aloud: to publish abroad: to announce 
prize, priz, v. t. to set a price on: officially. — ns. proclaim'; proclaim'er; 
to value : to value highly. proclamation, the act of proclaiming . 
pro, pro, Latin prep, meaning before, > proclivity, pro-kliv'i-ti, n. tendency: 
used in English in many phrases. — pro inclination: aptitude. — a. procli'vous. 
and con, abbrev. of pro et contra, for procrastinate, pro-kras'ti-nat, v. t. to 
and against. put off till some future time: to post- 
probable, prob'a-bl, a. that can be pone. — v. i. to delay. — ns. procrastina'- 
proved : having more evidence for than tion, procras'tinator. 
against : giving ground for belief : likely. _ procreate, pro'kre-at, v. t. to bring 
— n. probable opinion. — n. probabil'ity, into being: to generate: to propagate, 
quality of being probable : appearance of procure, pro-kiir', v. t. to obtain for 
truth: that which is probable: chance, oneself or for another: to bring about: 
— pi. probabilities. — adv. prob'ably. to attract. — v. i. to pander. — a. procur'- 
probate, pro'bat, n. legal proof of a able, that may be procured. — ns. proc- 
will : the official copy of a will, with the ura'tion, the act of managing another's 
certificate of its having been proved . affairs ; proc'urator, one who takes care 
probation, pro-ba'shun, n. act of of a thing for another: a lawyer. — a. 
proving: any proceeding to elicit truth, proc'uratory. — ns. procure'ment, the 
etc. : trial : time of trial : moral trial : act of procuring : a bringing about : 
novitiate. — adjs. proba'tional, proba'- management: agency; procur'er, one 
tionary. — n. probationer, one who is who procures: a pander, 
on probation or trial. — adjs. ^pro'bative, prodigal, prod'i-gal, a. spending with- 
pro'batory, serving for proof or trial, out necessity: wasteful: lavish: pro- 
probe, prob, n. a proof or trial: a fuse. — n. one who disposes of property, 
long, thin instrument for examining a etc., without necessity : a waster . 
wound, etc.: that which tries or probes. prodigy, prod'i-ji, n. any person or 
probity, prob'i-ti, n. uprightness: thing that causes great wonder: a 
honesty : virtue that has been tested. wonder : a monster. — a. prodigious, as- 
problem, prob'lem, n. a matter dif- tonishing: more than usually large in 
ficult of settlement or solution: (math.) size or degree: monstrous. 
a proposition in which something is re- produce, pro-dus', v. t. to bring for- 
quired to be done. — adjs. problematic, ward: to make longer: to bring forth: 
-al, of the nature of a problem : doubtful, to bear: to exhibit: to yield: to bring 
proboscis, pro-bos'is, n. the trunk of about: to cause: (geom.) to extend. — 
some animals, as the elephant, for con- v. i. to yield : to create value. — ns. 
veying food to the mouth : anything like prod'uce, that which is produced : 
a trunk: — pi. probos'cides. product: proceeds: crops: yield; pro- 
proceed, pro-sed', v. i. to go forward : duc'er, producibil'ity. — a. producible. 
to advance: to act according to a — n. produc'ibleness. — a. produc'tile. 
method: to go from point to point: to product, prod'ukt, n. that which 
issue : to be produced : to prosecute. — ns. grows or is produced : work : compo- 
proce'dure, the act of proceeding: proc- sition: effect: (arith.) the result of num- 
ess : conduct ; proceeding, a going bers multiplied together. — n. produc'- 
forward : step : operation : transaction : tion, act of producing : that which is 
(pi.) a record of transactions. — n. pi. produced: fruit: product: (pol. econ.) 
pro'ceeds, the money arising from any- creation of values. — a. productive, hav- 
thing: rent: produce. ing the power to produce: generative: 



proem m5te, move; mute; then. prohibit 363 

fertile: efficient. — adv. productively. profound, pro-fownd', a. far below 

proem, pro'em, n. an introduction, the surface: low: very deep: intense: 

profane, pro-fan', a. not sacred : com- abstruse : mysterious : _ occult : intellect- 

mon : secular : speaking or acting in ually deep : penetrating deeply into 

contempt of sacred things : uninitiated : knowledge. — n. the sea or ocean : an 

impious: impure. — v. t. to violate (any- abyss. — adv. profoundly, deeply: with 

thing holy) : to abuse (anything sacred) : deep knowledge or insight, 

to put to a wrong use: to pollute: to profuse, pro-fus', a. liberal to excess: 

debase. — n. profana'tion. — a. profan'a- lavish : extravagant. — adv. _ profusely. 

tory. — adv. profane'ly. — ns. profane'- — ns. profuse'ness, profu'sion, state of 

ness; profan'er; profan'ity, irreverence: being prof use : extravagance: prodigality, 

that which is profane: profane language. progenerate, pro-jen'e-rat, v. t. (obs.) 

profess, pro-fes', v. t. to own freely: to beget. — ns. progenitor, a forefather: 
to make open declaration of: to declare an ancestor: a parent: the founder of 
in strong terms : to announce publicly a family; progen'iture, a begetting; 
one's skill in: to affirm one's belief in. prog'eny, that which is brought forth. 
— v. i. to enter publicly into a religious prognosis, prog-no'sis, n. foreknowl- 
state. — a. professed', openly declared: edge: (med.) the act or art of foretell- 
avowed : acknowledged. — adv. profess'- ing the course of a disease from the 
edly. — n. profes'sion, the act of pro- symptoms : the opinion thus formed. — n. 
fessing : open declaration : pretense : an prognostic, a foretelling : an indica- 
employment not mechanical and requir- tion: a presage. — a. foreknowing: forc- 
ing some degree of learning : calling or showing : indicating what is to happen by 
known employment : the collective body signs or symptoms. — v. t. prognos'ti- 
of persons engaged in any profession. — cate, to foreshow : to foretell. — ns. prog- 
a. professional, pertaining to a profes- nostica'tion; prognos'ticator, a pre- 
sion : engaged in a profession : under- dictor of future events, 
taken as a means of subsistence, as op- program, programme, pro'gram, n. 
posed to amateur. — n. one who makes an outline of subjects and the order in 
his living by an art. — n. profes'sion- which they are to be taken up at a 
alism. — adv. professionally. meeting, exhibition, concert, etc. 

proffer, prof'er, v. t. to bring for- progress, prog'res, n. a going forward 

ward: to propose: to offer for accept- or onward: advance: improvement of 

ance. — n. an offer made : a proposal. any kind : proficiency : course : passage 

proficience, pro-fish'ens, n. state of from place to place: procession: a 
being proficient: improvement in any- journey of state: a circuit. — v. i. pro- 
thing: advancement — also profi'ciency. gress', to go forward : to make progress : 
— a. profi'cient, competent : well skilled : to grow better : to proceed : to advance : 
thoroughly qualified. — n. one who has to improve. — n. progression, motion 
made considerable advancement in any- onward : progress : increase or decrease 
thing : an adept : an expert. of numbers or magnitudes according to 

profile, pro'fel, or pro'fil, n. an out- a fixed law. — a. progres'sional. — ns. 

line : a head or portrait in a side view : progres'sionist, prog'ressist, one who 

the side-face : a vertical section. believes in progress. — a. progressive, 

profit, profit, n. gain: the difference progressing or moving forward: advanc- 
between the selling price and the cost : ing gradually : improving. — n. one in 
advantage: benefit: improvement. — v. t. favor of reform. — adv. progressively, 
to benefit or to be of advantage to : to prohibit, pro-hib'it, v. t. to hinder : 
improve. — v. i. to be of or gain advan- to check or repress : to prevent : to for- 
tage: to receive profit: to improve: to bid: to interdict by authority. — ns. pro- 
bring good. — a. profitable, yielding or hiblter; prohibi'tion, the act of pro- 
bringing profit or gain: lucrative: pro- hibiting, forbidding, or interdicting: an 
ductive: beneficial. — n. profitableness, interdict: the forbidding by law of the 

profligate, profli-gat, a. abandoned manufacture and sale of alcoholic 

to vice: without virtue or decency: dis- drinks; prohibi'tionism; prohibi'tionist, 

solute: prodigal. — n. one leading a one who favors prohibitory duties in 

profligate life: an abandoned person, commerce: one who advocates the pro- 



364 project fate, far; me, her; mine; propagate 

hibition of the liquor traffic. — a. prohib'- sea: (anat.) a projecting eminence or 

itory, that prohibits or forbids . process. 

project, proj'ekt, n. a plan: a scheme; promote, pro-mot', v. t. to move 

project, pro-jekt', v. t. to throw out forward: to help on the growth or im- 
or forward: to contrive or devise: to provement of anything: to advance: to 
exhibit (as in a mirror) : to delineate: to further: to encourage: to raise to 
exhibit in relief. — v. i. to shoot forward : a higher position : to elevate, 
to jut out: to be prominent. — a. projec'- prompt, promt, a. prepared: ready 
tile, projecting or throwing forward: and willing : acting with alacrity : cheer- 
impelling or impelled forward : that can ful : unhesitating.— v. t. to incite : to 
be thrust forward.— n. a. body projected move to action: to assist (a speaker) 
by force, esp. through the air : a cannon when at a loss for words : to suggest to 
or rifle ball. — a. projecting. — n. pro- the mind. 

jec'tion, the act of projecting: that promulgate, pro-mul'gat, v. t. to pub- 

which juts out: a plan or design. lish : to proclaim : to make widely known. 

prolific, pro-hf'ik, a. bringing forth _ n ^ promulgation, act of promulgat- 

offsprmg: producing young or fruit : m g: publication: open declaration : (law) 

productive : bringing about results. the first official publication of a new law , 

prolix, pro'hks, a. tedious: long and pr0 ne, pron, a. with the face down- 
wordy —ns prolix ity, prolix'ness. ward: bending forward: headlong: dis- 

prolog. Variant spelling of prologue. posed . i nc ii ne d or sloping. 

intZucfor; Versl7be?or! T^v"'' *" pr ° ng ' P ron ^ n ' the s P ike of a fork 
introductory verses beiore a play. Qr gimilar instrument: one of several 

prolong, pro-long, v t to lengthen ints or projections> as on an antler . 

out: to continue. — v. i. to lengthen out. _, , ; 

—n. prolongation, act of prolonging. . Pronoun, pro nown, n. a word used 

promenade, prom-e-nad', or -nad', n. instead of a "oun.-a. pronominal. 

a walk for pleasure, show, or exercise . pronounce, pro-nowns , v. t. to make 

prominent, prom'i-nent, a. standing known by speaking: to utter with the 

out beyond the line or surface of some- proper sound and accent : to speak dis- 

thing: projecting: most easily seen: con- tmctly: to utter formally: to declare. 

spicuous : principal : eminent : distin- — v. i. to utter confidently : to utter 

guished— ns. prominence, prominency, words.— adjs. pronounce'able, capable 

— adv. prominently. of being pronounced; pronounced', 

promiscuous, pro-mis'ku-us, a. mixed : marked with emphasis: marked.— adv. 

confused: collected together without pronoun'cedly. — ns. pronounce'ment, 

order: indiscriminate: not restricted to act of pronouncing: an announcement or 

one individual.— n. promiscuity.— adv. proclamation; pronoun'cer. — a. pro- 

promis'cuously.— n. promis'cuousness. noun'cing,^ ^ giving pronunciation.— n. 

promise, promls, n. an engagement pronunciation, act or mode of pro- 
made by a person either verbally or in nouncing: art of speaking distinctly, 
writing to do or keep from doing some- proof, prof, n. that which proves or 
thing: expectation or that which causes establishes the truth of anything: test: 
expectation: a ground for hope of any process to discover or establish a 
future excellence.—^, t. to make an en- truth: that which convinces^ demon- 
gagement to do or not to do something: stration: evidence which convinces the 
to afford reason to expect: to assure: mind: state of having been proved, 
to engage to bestow. — v. i. to assure one prop, prop, n. anything on which a 
by a promise: to afford hopes or ex- weight rests for support: a support: a 
pectations. — ns. promlser, promisor. — stay. — v. t. to keep from falling by means 
a. promising, affording ground for of something placed under or against, 
hope or expectation: likely to turn out propagate, prop'a-gat, v. t. to in- 
well. — advs. promisingly, promlssorily. crease by generation or other natural 
— a. promissory, containing a promise process : to multiply, as plants by layers : 
of some engagement to be fulfilled. to extend : to produce : to impel forward 

promontory, prom'on-tor-i, n. a head- in space, as sound, light, energy, etc. : 

land or high cape jutting out into the to spread from one to another: to pro- 



propel mote, move; mute; then. prospect 365 

mote : to extend the knowledge of. — v. i. which affirms or denies something . 

to be produced or multiplied . propound, pro-pownd', v. t. to offer 

propel, pro-pel', v. t. to drive for- for consideration: to exhibit, 

ward: to urge onward by force. — ns. proprietor, pro-pri'e-tor, n. one who 

propeller, one who or that which pro- has anything as his property : an owner : 

pels : any kind of mechanism for mov- — fern, proprietress. — a. proprietary, 

ing a ship through the water. belonging to a proprietor. — n. a pro- 

propense, pro-pens', a. inclined: dis- prietor, owner: a body of proprietors, 

posed. — adv. propense'ly. — n. propens'- propriety, pro-pri'e-ti, n. state of be- 

ity, inclination of mind: tendency to ing proper or right: agreement with 

good or evil : disposition. established principles or customs . 

proper, prop'er, a. one's own: fitted propulsion, pro-pul'shun, n. act of 

for a person's nature or qualities : propelling : a driving forward, 

peculiar : belonging to only one of a pro rata, pro ra'ta, according to one's 

species (as a name): natural: suitable: share: in proportion. — v. t. prorate', 

correct: just: right: becoming. — adv. prosaic, -al, pro-za'ik, -al, a. pertain- 

prop'erly, in a proper manner. ing to prose: like prose: commonplace 

property, prop'er-ti, n. that which is in style, manner, or thought : dull, 

proper to any person or thing: a quality proscenium, pro-se'ni-um, n. the 

which is always present : any quality : front part of the stage : the curtain and 

that which is one's own : an estate . its framework. 

prophecy, prof'e-si, n. a prediction. proscribe, pro-skrlb', v. t. to put be- 

prophesy, prof 'e-si, v. t. to foretell : yond the protection of law : to banish : 

to predict. — v. i. (B.) to exhort. to prohibit: to denounce, as doctrine. 

prophet, prof'et, n. one who an- prose, proz, n. the direct, straight- 
nounces things to come : one who pre- forward arrangement of words, free 
diets or foretells events: (B.) one in- from poetical measure: ordinary spoken 
spired by God to warn and teach : — and written language : all writings not in 
fern, proph'etess. — adjs. prophet'ic, -al. verse. — a. pertaining to prose: not poet- 
propinquity, pro-ping'kwi-ti, n. near- ical : plain : dull. — v. i, to write prose : to 
ness in time, place, or blood : proximity . speak or write tediously. — adv. pro'sily, 

propitiate, pro-pish'i-at, v. t. to make tediously. — ns. pro'siness, the state or 

propitious : to render favorable. — ns. quality of being prosy ; pr5'sing, speak- 

ropitia'tion, act of propitiating : (theol.) ing or writing in a dull or prosy way. 

that which propitiates : atonement ; — a. pro'sy, dull, tedious. 

propi'tiator. — adv. propi'tiatorily. — adjs. prosecute, pros'e-kiit, v. t. to follow 

propi'tiatory, having power to propiti- onwards or pursue, in order to reach or 

ate: expiatory; propi'tious, favorable; accomplish: to continue: to pursue by 

proportion, pro-por'shun, n. the rela- law : to bring before a court. — v. i. to 

tion of one thing to another in regard carry on a legal prosecution. 

to magnitude: fitness of parts to proselyte, pros'e-lit, n. a convert, 

each other : symmetrical arrangement : prosody, pros'6-di, n. that part of 

(math.) the identity or equality of grammar which treats of quantity, 

ratios : the 'rule of three' : equal or just accent, and the laws of verse or versifi- 

share. — v. t. to adjust: to form sym- cation. — adjs. proso'dial, prosod'ic, -al. 

metrically : to correspond to : to divide prospect, pros'pekt, n. a looking for- 

into proper shares. ward: a view.- object of view: a scene: 

propose, pro-poz', v. t. to put for- expectation : a long, straight, wide street: 

ward or offer for consideration, etc. : to outlook, exposure. — v. i. prospect', to 

purpose or intend. — v. i. to form an in- make a search, esp. for chances of min- 

tention or design: to offer, especially ing for precious metals. — ns. prospec'- 

marriage.^ # tor; prospec'ting, searching a district 

proposition, prop-6-zish'un, n. a for gold or silver mines with a view 

placing before: offer of terms: that to further operations. — a. prospective, 

which is proposed: the act of stating looking forward: expected: relating to 

anything : that which is stated : (gram, the future : distant. — n. outlook : prospect, 

and logic) a complete sentence, or one — adv. prospec'tively. — ns. prospec'- 



366 prosper fate, far; me, her; mine; providence 

tiveness; prospec'tus, the outline of draft of an instrument or transaction, 
any plan submitted for public approval, as of a treaty: the original copy. 

prosper, pros'per, v. t. to make for- protophyte, pro'to-fit, n. one of the 
tunate or happy.— v. i. to be successful : first or lowest order of plants. 
to succeed: to turn out well.— n. pros- prototype, pro'to-tip, n. the first or 
per'ity, the state of being prosperous: original type or model from which any- 
success : good fortune.— a. prosperous, thing is copied : an exemplar : a pattern, 
according to hope: in accordance with protract, pro-trakt', v. t. to draw out 
one's wishes : making good progress . or lengthen in time : to prolong : to put 

prostitute, pros'ti-tut, v. t to expose off in time: to draw to a scale.—/), a. 
for sale for bad ends: to sell to lewd- protracted, drawn out in time: tedious: 
ness: to devote to any improper pur- prolonged: postponed.— adv. protrac'- 
p 0se , tedly. — n. protrac'ter. — a. protrac'tile, 

prostrate, pros'trat, a. lying at length : susceptible of being thrust out.— n. pro- 
lying at mercy: bent in adoration.—^, t. trac tion.— a. protective, prolonging, 
to lay flat: to overthrow: to bow in protrude, pro-trod, v. t. to thrust or 
humble reverence.— n. prostration, act P ush forward: to drive along : to put 
of throwing down or laying flat: act of oat.— ^ %. to be thrust forward or be- 
falling down in adoration: dejection. y° nd the usual limit— n. protrusion.— 

protect, pro-tekf, V. t. to cover in ?• Protrusive, thrusting or impelling 
front: to cover over: to shield from forward : protruding, 
danger: to defend: to shelter.-a^. protuberance pro-tub er-ans ». a 
protec'tingly.-n^. protection, act of prominence: a tumor.-*, protuberant, 
protecting? state of being protected: s wellin §* prominent 
preservation: defense: that which pro- proud, prowd (comp. proud er; super. 
tects: guard: refuge: security: a foster- Proudest), a. having excessive _ sell- 
ing of home produce and manufactures esteem: arrogant: haughty: having a 
by laying taxes on the importation of F°P er sense of what is becoming: dar- 
foreign goods; protectionist, one who ln ^ : S ra * d - ostentatious, 
favors the protection of trade by a tariff. Provable, prov a-bl, a. that may be 
-a. protec'tive, affording protection: V^ed.-n. prov ableness.-a^ prov - 
defensive : sheltering.-^*/? protec'tive- abl ^ m a manner capable of proof. < 
ly.-ns. protec'tor, one who protects P'ove, prov, v t. to try by expen- 
from injury or oppression: a guardian: mentor by a test or standard: to make 
a regent :~f em. protec'tress, protec'- certam: °. tr ^ by suffering: to establish 
trix.-adjs. protec'toral, protecto'rial, or ascertain as truth by argument or 
pertaining to a protector or a regent.- other evidence: to demonstrate . 
ns. protectorate, government by a pro- h P'oven Prov n, (law) same as proved, 
tector J * pa. p. of prove. 

' • -,,- • ,« r , 1 provender, prov'en-der, n. dry food 

. protein, pro te-in, n. the first elemen for P beasts . fo ' d £ en 

in any compound.-,*, pro teid, one of proverb proV erb, n. a short familiar 

several bodies which go to make up the se £ ence ^ ressi \ we ll-known truth 

soft tissues o_f animals and vegetables. or moral les P son . a % ywor d.-a. prover'- 

protest -, Pro-test , v. % to bear witness bial like or per taining to proverbs: 

before others: to declare openly: % to widel ken ot _^ dVm pr0 ver'bially. 

give a solemn declaration of opinion provide pr o- v id', v. t. to make ready 

(against). -v t. to make a solemn beforehand: to prepare for future use: 

declaration of: todeclareagainst.asanote to supp iy._„. L to procure supplies or 

ordraftbecauseofnon-payment.-n.pro- means of defense . to take meaS ures.- 

test, a solemn or formal declaration ex- • provi'ded, (often with that) on 

pressing dissent: the noting by a notary- condition . upon these terms . 

public of an unpaid draft or note.— a. prov idence, prov'i-dens, ft. timely 

prot estant, protesting : (P-) pertaining preparation: (theol.) the care of God 

to the faith of those who protest against over His creatures: (P-) God: some- 

the doctrines of the Church of Rome, thing occurring in which God's care is 

protocol, pro'to-kol, n. the rough clearly shown: prudence in managing 



province mote, move; mute; then. psychic 367 

one's affairs. — adjs. prov'ident, cautious : modesty: one who pretends extreme 
prudent: economical; providen'tial, ef- propriety. — n. pru'dery, manners of a 
fected by or proceeding from divine prude. — a. pru'dish, like a prude : af- 
providence. — advs. providentially , prov'- fectedly modest or reserved. 
idently. — n. prov'identness. prudent, pro'dent, a. cautious and wise 

province, prov'ins, n. a portion of an in conduct : careful : discreet : dictated by 
empire or a country marked off for forethought: frugal. — n. pru'dence, 
purposes of government, as in Canada : quality of being prudent : wisdom applied 
a business or duty : a person's business to practice : attention to self-interest : 
or calling: a department of knowledge, caution. — a. pruden'tial, using or prac- 
— a. provincial, relating to a province: tising prudence. — advs. pruden'tially, 
local: unpolished: narrow. pru'dently. 

provision, pro-vizh'un, n. act of pro- prune, pron, v. t. to trim by lopping 
viding: that which is provided or pre- off superfluous parts: to divest of any- 
pared : measures taken beforehand : a thing superfluous : to preen, 
clause in a law or a deed : a rule for prune, pron, n. a plum, esp. a dried 
guidance: preparation: previous agree- plum. — a. prunif'erous, bearing plums, 
ment : a store of food : provender. — v. t. prurience, pro'ri-ens, n. state of be- 
to supply with provisions or food. — ing prurient: eager desire — also pru'- 
adjs. provisional, provi'sionary, pro- riency. — a. pru'rient, itching or uneasy 
vided for the occasion: temporary: con- with desire: given to unclean thoughts, 
taining a provision. — adv. provisionally. Prussian, prush'an, a. of or pertain- 

proviso, pro-vi'zo, n. a provision or ing to Prussia. — n. an inhabitant of 
condition in a deed or other writing: Prussia. — n. pruss'iate, a salt of prussic 
the clause containing it: any condition: acid: a cyanide. — a. pruss'ic, pertaining 
— pi. provisos (pro-vi'zoz). — adv. pro- to or derived from Prussian blue, 
vi'sorily. — a. provi'sory, containing a cyanide of potassium and iron. — prussic 
proviso or condition : conditional. acid, a deadly poison. 

provoke, pro-vok', v. t. to call forth : pry, pri, v. i. to peer or peep into that 
to summon : to excite or call into action : which is closed : to inspect closely : to try to 
to excite with anger: to offend. — n. discover with curiosity : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
provocation, act of provoking: that pried. — n. one who pries. — ns. pri'er, 
which provokes: any cause of danger. — pry'er. — p. a. pry'ing, looking closely 
adjs. provoc'ative; provoc'atory, tend- into: inquisitive: curious, 
ing to provoke or excite. — n. provoc'a- psalm, sam, n. a sacred song. — ns. 
tiveness. — adjs. provo'kable; pro- psalmist (sam'ist, or sal'mist), a com- 
vo'king, irritating. — adv. provo'kingly. poser of psalms, applied to David and to 

provost, prov'ost, n. the chief or the writers of the Scriptural psalms, 
head of certain bodies. psalter, sawl'ter, n. the book of 

prow, prow, n. the forepart of a ship : Psalms, esp. when separately printed, 
the bow or beak. pseudo-, su'do,, a prefix signifying 

prowess, prow'es, n. bravery, esp. in false or spurious, as in ns. pseudaesthe'- 
war: valor: daring. sia, imaginary feeling, as in an ampu- 

prowl, prowl, v. i. to keep poking tated limb; pseudog'raphy, bad spell 
about: to rove about in search of prey ing: false writing; pseudorogy, the 
or plunder. science of lying; pseu'do-mar'tyr, a 

proximate, proks'i-mat, a. nearest or false martyr. — a. pseudomor'phous, de- 
next: without any one between, as a ceptive in form. — ns. pseu'donym, a 
cause andits < effect. — adv. proximately, fictitious name assumed, as by an author, 
—n. proxim'ity, immediate nearness in pshaw, shaw, interj. expressing con- 
time, place, relationship, etc. — a. prox'- tempt. [Imit] 
imo, (in) the next (month). psychic, -al, si'kik, -ai, a. pertaining 

proxy, prok'si, n. the agency of one to the soul or living principle in man: 
who acts for another: one who acts or spiritual: pertaining to the mind, or to 
votes for_ another, or the writing by its faculties and functions. — ns. psy'che, 
which he is authorized to do so . the personified soul or spirit : the human 

prude, prod, n. a woman of affected soul or spirit or mind; psy'chic, a 



368 pterygoid fate, far; me, her; mine; pull 

spiritualistic medium; psy'chics, the puddle, pud'l, n. a small pool of 
science of psychology; psychog'raphy, muddy water: a mixture of clay and 
the natural history of mind : supposed sand. — v. t. to make muddy : to stir up 
spirit-writing by the hand of a medium, mud in : to convert into bar or wrought 
— adjs. psycholog'ic, -al, pertaining to iron. — n. pudd'ler. — a. pudd'ly, dirty, 
psychology: pertaining to the mind. — pudency, pu'dens-i, n. (Shak.) shame- 
adz;, psychologically. — ns. psychol'- facedness, modesty. — n. pudic'ity, mod- 
ogist, one who studies psychology; psy- esty. 

chol'ogy, the science which classifies and pudgy, puj'i, a. fat and short: fleshy, 
analyzes the phenomena or varying states puerile, pu'er-il, a. pertaining to 
of the human mind ; psychom'etry, the children : childish : trifling : silly, 
science of the measurement of the dura- puff, puf, v. i. to blow in puffs or 
tion, etc., of mental processes ; psy'- whiffs : to swell or fill with air : to 
chopath, a morally irresponsible person ; breathe with vehemence : to blow at, in 
psychop'athist, an alienist; psychop'- contempt: to bustle about. — v. t. to drive 
athy, derangement of mental functions ; with a puff : to swell with a wind : to 
psycho'sis, mental condition : a change praise in exaggerated terms. — n. a sud- 
in the field of consciousness : any mental den, forcible breath : a sudden blast of 
disorder. wind: a gust or whiff: anything light 

pterygoid, ter'i-goid, a. like a wing, and porous, or swollen and light: a kind 
i — n. (anat.) any wing-shaped part. of light pastry: a part of a fabric 

ptomaine, ptomain, to'ma-in, n. a gathered up so as to be left full in 
somewhat loosely used generic name for the middle: a light ball or pad for dust- 
those bodies, usually poisonous, formed ing powder on the skin, etc. : an exag- 
from animal tissues during putrefaction, gerated expression of praise. — n. puff- 
puberty, pu'ber-ti, n. the age of full ball, a fungus, ball-shaped and turning 
development : early manhood or woman- to dust. — a. puffed, gathered up into 
hood: the period when a plant begins rounded ridges, as a sleeve. — ns. puff'er, 
to flower. one who puffs ; puff'ery, puffing or ex- 

public, pub'lik, a. of or belonging to travagant praise. — adv. puff'ily. 
the people : pertaining to a community or pug, pug, n. a small kind of dog — 
a nation : general : common to or shared also called pug'-dog, with wrinkled face 
in by all : generally known. — n. the and upturned nose. — n. pug'-ncse, a 
people: the general body of mankind: short thick nose with the tip turned up. 
the people, indefinitely. — ns. publica'- pugilism, pu'jil-izm, n. the art of 
tion, the act of publishing or making boxing or fighting with the fists, esp. in 
public : a proclamation : the act of print- the prize-ring. — n. pu'gilist. 
ing and sending out for sale, as a book: pugnacious, pug-na'shus, a. fond of 
that which is published ; publicist, one fighting : combative : quarrelsome. — adv. 
who writes on or is skilled in public law, pugna'ciously. — n. pugnac'ity, 
or on current political topics ; publicity, puissant, pu'is-ant, a. potent or 
the state of being public or open. powerful: strong: forcible. — n. pu'is- 

publish, pub'lish, v. t. to make public : sance, power, strength, force.- 
to divulge : to announce : to proclaim : puke, puk, v. i. to spew, vomit : to 
to send forth to the public: to print sicken. [Perh. for spuke. Ci. spew.] 
and offer for sale : to put into circu- pulchritude, pul'kri-tud, n. beauty, 
lation. — a. pub'lishable. — ns. publisher, pull, pool, v. t. to draw, or try to 
one who makes public : one who pub- draw, with force : to draw or gather 
lishes books, newspapers, etc. with the hand : to tear : to pluck : to 

Puck, puk, n. a goblin or mischievous extract : to move, propel by tugging, row- 
sprite. — a. puck'ish, mischievous : elfish, ing, etc. : to transport by rowing : in 
pucker, puk'er, v. t. to gather into horse-racing, to check a horse in order 
folds: to wrinkle. — n. a fold or wrinkle, to prevent its winning: to produce on 
pudding, pood'ing, n. a skin filled with a printing-press worked by hand : to 
seasoned minced meat, etc., a sausage : raid or seize. — v. i. to give a pull : to 
a soft kind of food, variously composed, draw. — n. the act of pulling: a struggle 
as of flour, milk, eggs, etc. or contest: exercise in rowing: (slang) 




pulley mote, move; mute; then. pungent 369 

influence, a favorable chance, advantage : in air.— v. t. to raise with a pump : to 

{coll.) a drink, draught: {print.) a draw information from by artful ques- 

single impression of a hand-press. tions. — v. i. to work a pump: to raise 

pulley, pool'i, n. a wheel turning about water by pumping, 

an axis, and having a pump, pump, n m a thin-soled shoe 

groove on its rim in which JL 1 used in dancing. 

a cord runs, used for rais- \Z^ 7^ pumpkin, pump'kin, {coll) pun'kin, 

ing weights : — pi. pull'eys. |w #JB n. a plant of the gourd family and its 

—n. pull'ey-block, a shell \S"~JpMm f rlnt 

containing one or more Y "§ ' P un > P un > Vm ^ t0 p * a y upon wor( ^ s 

sheaves, the whole forming Conical similar m sound but different in mean- 

a pulley. [Fr. poulie; prob. Pulleys. ing so as to produce a ludicrous idea, 

orig. from pull.] — n. a play upon words. 

pulmonary, pil'mo-na-ri, a. pertain- punch, punsh, n. a drink of wine or 

ing to or affecting the lungs: done by spirits compounded with water, sugar, 

the lungs : having lungs : pulmonic. — lemon-juice, spice, etc. 

adjs. pul'monate, having lungs, lung- punch, punsh, v. t. to prick or pierce 

sacs, or lung-like organs. with something 

pulp, pulp, n. the soft fleshy part of sharp or blunt: 

bodies: marrow: the soft part of plants, to make a hole 

esp. of fruits : any soft mass : the soft in with a steel 

mass obtained from the breaking and tool. — n. a tool 

grinding of rags, etc., before it is for stamping or 

hardened into paper. perforating: a Punches. 

pulpit, pool'pit, n. a platform for kind of awl. 

speaking from: an elevated or inclosed punch, punsh, v. t. to strike or hit: 

place in a church. to beat with the fist. — n. a stroke or blow 

pulpous, pulp'us, a. consisting of or with the fist, etc. 

resembling pulp: soft. — ns. pulp'iness, puncheon, punsh'un, n. a steel tool 

pulp'ousness. — a. pulp'y* like pulp : soft, with a die or a sharp point at one end 

pulsate, pul'sat, v. i. to beat, as the for stamping or perforating metal plates, 

heart or as a vein: to throb. — n. pulsa'- puncheon, punsh'un, n. a. cask: a 

tion, a beating or throbbing: a motion liquid measure of from 72 to 120 gallons, 

of the heart or pulse: any measured punctate, -d, pungk'tat, -ed, a. 

beat: a vibration. pointed: {bot.) punctured: full of small 

pulse, puis, n. a beating or throbbing: holes. — n. puncta'tion. 

a measured beat or throb: a vibration: punctilio, pungk-til'yo, n. a nice 

the beating of the heart and the arteries : point in behavior or ceremony : nicety 

{fig.) feeling, sentiment. — v. i. to beat, in forms: exact observance of forms. — 

as the heart: to throb. — a. pulseless, a. punctil'ious, attending to little points 

having no pulsation : without life. or matters : very nice or exact in be- 

pulse, puis, n. grain or seed of beans, havior or ceremony, 

peas, etc. punctual, pungk'tu-al, a. of or per- 

pulverable, pulVer-a-bl, a. that may taining to a point: observant of nice 

be reduced to fine powder — also pul'- points: punctilious: exact in keeping 

verizable. — a. pulvera'ceous, having a time and appointments: done at the 

powdery surface. — v. t. pul'verize, to re- exact time. — n. punctuality . — adv. punc'- 

duce to dust or fine powder. — v. i. to tually. 

fall down into dust or powder: to roll punctuate, pungk'tu-at, v. t. to mark 

or wallow in the dust. — ns. pulveriza'- with points: to divide (sentences) by the 

tion, pul'verizer. — a. pulver'ulent, con- usual points or marks: to emphasize. — 

sisting of fine powder: powdery: dusty, n. punctua'tion. — punctuation marks, 

pumice,, pum'is, or pu'mis, n. a hard, the comma, semicolon, colon, period, etc. 

light, spongy substance, formed of lava. puncture, pungk'tur, n. a pricking: a 

pump, pump, n. a machine for raising small hole made with a sharp point, 

water and other fluids to a higher level: pungent, pun'jent, a. sharp: pricking 

a machine for drawing out or forcing or acrid to taste or smell : keenly touch- 

24 



370 Punic fate, far; me, her; mine; purple 

ing the mind: painful: keen: sarcastic, able, that may be purchased: (hence, of 

Punic, pu'nik, a. pertaining to or like persons) venal, corrupt. — n. pur'chaser. 

the ancient Carthaginians: faithless, pure, pur, a. {comp. pur'er; superl. 

treacherous, deceitful. pur'est) clean : unsoiled : unmixed : not 

puniness, pu'ni-nes, n. the state or adulterated: real: free from guilt or 

quality of being puny or feeble: small- defilement: chaste: modest: mere: that 

ness: pettiness. [Puny.] and that only: complete: involving an 

punish, pun'ish, v. t. to cause to pay exercise of mind alone, without admix- 
a penalty : to cause loss or pain to a ture of the results of experience. — n. 
person for a fault or crime: {coll.) to purity. — adv. quite. — adv. purely. 
handle or beat severely, maul: {coll.) purge, perj, v. t. to make pure: to 
to consume a large quantity of: to carry off whatever is impure or super- 
chasten. — ns. punishabil'ity, pun'ish- fluous from : to clear from guilt or from 
ableness. — a. punishable, that may be accusation : to evacuate, as the bowels. — 
punished — said both of persons and v. i. to cause or have frequent evacua- 
crimes. — ns. pun'isher; pun'ishment, tions. — n. act of purging: a medicine 
act or process of punishing : loss or pain that purges. — n. purga'tion, a purging : 
inflicted for a crime or fault: the con- a clearing away of impurities. — a. pur'- 
sequences of a broken law. — adjs. puni- gative, cleansing: having the power of 
tive (pu'ni-tiv), pertaining to punish- evacuating the intestines. — n. a medicine 
ment: inflicting punishment; pu'nitory, that evacuates. — adjs. purgato'rial, per' 
punishing: tending to punishment. taining to purgatory; pur'gatory, purg- 

punk, pungk, n. rotten wood or a ing or cleansing: expiatory, 

fungus used as tinder: touchwood. purify, pu'ri-fi, v. t. to make pure: to 

punt, punt, n. a flat-bottomed boat cleanse from foreign or hurtful matter: 
with square ends. — v. t. to propel, as a to free from guilt or uncleanness : to 
boat, by pushing with a pole against the free from improprieties or barbarisms, 
bottom of a river: to kick the ball as language. — v. i. to become pure. — n. 
{in football) before it touches the purification, act of purifying, 
ground, when let fall from the hands. purism, pur'izm, n. exclusion of mix- 
puny, pu'ni, a. {comp. pii'nier; ture of any kind: pure or immaculate 
superl. pii'niest) small: feeble: petty, conduct or style: the doctrine of a 

pup, pup, v. t. to bring forth pup- purist: great nicety or care in the use 

pies : to whelp. — n. a puppy. of words. — n. purist. — a. puris'tic. 

pupil, pu'pil, n. a little boy or girl: puritan, pur'i-tan, n. one aiming at 

one under the care of a teacher: a greater strictness in religious life, esp. 

scholar. — n. pu'pilage, state of being a (P-) one of an English religious and 

pupil: the time during which one is political party having such aims in the 

a pupil. — a. pu'pilary. time of Elizabeth and the Stuarts: one 

pupil, pu'pil, n. the round opening in of the Pilgrim settlers of New England, 

the middle of the eye through which — a. pertaining to the Puritans. — adjs. 

the light passes. puritanic, -al, like a Puritan: rigid: 

puppet, pup'et, n. a small doll or exact. — adv. puritanically. — n. puritan- 
image moved by wires in a show: a ism, a puritan manner of life, 
marionette: one who acts just as another purity, purl-ti, n. condition of being 
tells him. pure: freedom from mixture of any 

puppy, pup'i, n. a young dog : a whelp : kind :_ freedom from sin or defilement : 

a conceited young man. chastity: sincerity: freedom from 

purblind, per'blmd, a. nearly blind, foreign or improper idioms or words. 

purchase, per'chas, v. t. to acquire by purl, perl, v. i. to flow with a mur- 

seeking : to obtain by paying : to obtain muring sound, as a stream, 

by labor, danger, etc. : to raise or move purloin, per-loin', V. t to carry off to 

by mechanical means. — n. act of pur- a distance: to take for one's own use: 

chasing : that which is purchased or got to steal : to plagiarize. — v. i. to practise 

for a price: value, advantage, worth: theft. — n. purloin'er. 

any ^ mechanical power or advantage in purple, per'pl, n. a very dark red 

raising or moving bodies. — a. pur'chas- color formed by the mixture of blue 



purport mote, move; mute; thm. puzzle 371 

and red: a purple dress or robe, orig- against: to burst out. — n. a thrust: an 
inally worn only by royalty : the dignity impulse : assault : effort : exigence. — n. 
of a king or emperor: a cardinalate. — push'er. — a. push'ing, pressing forward 
a. red tinged with blue . in business : enterprising : vigorous. 

purport, per'port, n. design: meaning: pusillanimous, pu-si-lan'i-mus, a. 
signification. — v. i. (also purport') to wanting firmness of mind: of small 
give out as its meaning: to convey to courage: having a little mind: mean- 
the mind: to seem to mean. spirited: cowardly. 

purpose, per'pos, n. idea or aim kept pustule, pus'tul, n. a small pimple 
before the mind as the end of effort: containing pus: a small blister, 
aim, intention: effect. put, poot, v. t to push or thrust: to 

purpose, per'pos, v. t. to intend cast, throw: to drive into action: to 
(often followed by an infinitive or par- throw suddenly, as a word: to set, lay, 
ticipial clause as its object). — v. i. to have or deposit: to bring into any state or 
an intention. — adv. pur'posely, with pur- position : to offer : to propose : to ex- 
pose: intentionally. press, state: to apply: to oblige: to in- 

purr, pur, per, v. i. to utter a low, cite : to add. — v. i. to place : to turn : — 
murmuring sound, as a cat when pleased, pa. t. and pa. p. put. — n. a push or 

purse, pers, n. a small bag or case thrust': a cast, throw, esp. of a heavy 
for money: a sum of money, esp. a sum stone or shot from the shoulder (see 
given as a present or offered as a putting) : a game at cards : a contract 
prize : a treasury : a person's finances. — by which one person, in consideration 
v. t. to put into a purse: to draw into of a certain sum of money paid to an- 
folds or wrinkles. other, acquires the privilege of selling or 

pursue, per-su', v. t. to follow after delivering to the latter within a certain 
in order to overtake: to follow with time certain securities or commodities, 
haste: to chase: to follow up: to be at a stipulated price. — n. put'ter. 
engaged in: to carry on: to seek to putative, pu'ta-tiv, a. supposed: re- 
obtain: to seek to injure: to imitate: to puted : commonly supposed to be. 
continue. — v. i. to follow : to go on or putrefy, pu'tre-fl, v. t. to make putrid 
continue. — n. pursu'ance, the act of pur- or rotten : to corrupt. — v. i. to become 
suing or following out : process : conse- putrid : to rot. — a. putrefac'tive, pertain- 
quence. — a. pursu'ant, done while pur- ing to or causing putrefaction. — ns. 
suing or seeking any purpose, hence putrefac'tion, the act or process of 
agreeable. — adv. agreeably: conformably, putrefying: rottenness: corruption; 

pursuit, per-sut', n. the act of pursu- putres'cence. — adjs. putrescent, becom- 
ing : endeavor to attain : occupation : em- ing putrid : pertaining to putrefaction ; 
ployment. pu'trid, in a state of decay: showing 

purulence, pu'ru-lens, n. the forming putrefaction: stinking: rotten: corrupt. 
of pus or matter: pus — also pu'rulency. putt, put, v. i. in golf, to play so as 
— a. pu'rulent, consisting of, full of, or to place the ball in a hole, with a 
resembling pus or matter. putter. — n. a short stroke made with a 

purvey, per-va', v. t. to provide, esp. putter in attempting to hole a ball. — ns. 
with provisions or conveniences : to pro- putt'er, a short stiff wooden or iron- 
cure. — v. i. to provide: to buy pro- headed golf club, used when the ball is 
visions for several persons. — ns. purvey'- on the putting-green; putt'ing (poot'-), 
ance, the act of purveying; purvey'or. the act of hurling a heavy stone or shot 

purview, per'vu, n. a condition or dis- from the hand by a sudden push from 
position : the body of a statute, beginning the shoulder: (put'-), the act of strik- 
with 'Be it enacted': scope: limits. ing a golf-ball when near a hole, so as 

pus, pus, n. a. thick yellowish fluid to cause it to fall into it. 
exuded from inflamed tissues. putty, put'i, n. a cement of whiting 

push, poosh, v. t. to thrust or press and linseed-oil, used in glazing windows, 
against: to drive by pressure: to press — v. t. to fix or fill with putty: — pa. t. 
forward : to urge : to press hard : to and pa. p. putt'ied. 

thrust, as with a sword. — v. i. to make a puzzle, puz'l, n. a difficulty to be 
thrust : to make an effort : to press solved : perplexity : something to try the 



372 pygmy 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



quadrillion 



ingenuity, as a toy or riddle. — v. t. to 
set a difficult question to : to pose : to 
perplex. — v. i. to be bewildered: to think 
long and carefully (with out, over). — ns. 
puzz'lement, the state of being puzzled; 
puzz'ler. — a. puzzling, posing : perplex- 
ing. — adv. puzz'lingly. 

pygmy, pigmy, pig'mi, n. one of a 
fabulous dwarfish race of antiquity: a 
dwarf: any diminutive thing. 

pyjamas. See pajamas. 

pyramid, pir'a-mid, n. a solid figure 
on a triangular, square, or polygonal 
base, with triangular sides meeting in 
ft ] ' a point: (pi.) 'the Pyramids', or great 
V monuments of Egypt: a game played on 
a t>iljiard-table. — adjs. pyram'idal, pyra- 
mid'ic, -al, having the form of a pyramid. 
— advs. pyram'idally, pyramid'ically. 

pyre, pir, n. a pile of wood, etc., on 
which a dead body is burned. — a. pyr'al. 

pyretic, pl-ret'ik, a. pertaining to fever. 

pyrite, pi'rit, n. native iron disulphid 
of a pale-yellow color and very hard. 

pyrites, pir-i'tez, n. a term applied to 
a large class of mineral compounds of 
metals with sulphur, or with arsenic, or 
with both. — adjs. pyrit'ic, -al. 

pyrography, pi-rog'ra-fi, n. the- art of 
producing a design on wood by applying 
heat and pressure. 

pyrogravure, pi-ro-gra-vur', n. a 
picture produced by pyrography. 

pyromania, pl-ro-ma'ni-a, n. a mania 
for destroying things by fire: insanity 



which takes this form. — n. pyroma'niac. 

pyronomics, pi-ro-nom'iks, n. the 
science of heat. 

pyroscope, pl'rd-skop, n. an instru- 
ment for measuring the intensity of 
radiating heat. 

pyrotechnics, pi-ro-tek niks, n. the 
art of making fireworks: the use and 
application of fireworks — also py'ro- 
techny —adjs. pyrotech'nic, -al, 

pyrotic, pi-rot'ik, a. burning: caustic. 

pyroxylic, pl-rok-sil'ik, a. obtained by 
distilling wood. — n. pyrox'ylin, gun- 
cotton. 

pyrrhic, pir'ik, n. a kind of ancient 
Greek war-dance: a poetical foot con- 
sisting of two short syllables. — Also a. 

pythogenic, pi-tho-jen'ik, a. produced 
by filth. — n. pythogen'esis. 

python, pi'thon, n. a serpent of the 
boa family: a demon, spirit. 

pyx,piks, n. (R. C.) the sacred box 
in which the host is 
kept after consecration : 
a box at the British 
Mint containing the 
sample coins. [L. pyxis, 
a box — Gr. pyxis — ■ 
pyxos (L. buxus), the 
box-tree.] 

pyxidium, pik-sid'- 
i-um, n. (hot.) a pod Pyx. 

or seed-vessel which opens in two halves, 
the upper one resembling a lid. [Gr. 
pyxidion, dim. of pyxis.] 




I q, ku, the seventeenth letter of 
our alphabet — absent from the 

Anglo-Saxon alphabet, in which 

the sound was expressed by cw. 
quack, kwak, v. i. to cry like a duck : 
to boast. — n. the cry of a duck : a boast- 
ful pretender to skill which he does not 
possess, esp. medical skill: a mounte- 
bank. — a. pertaining to quackery: used 
by quacks. — n. quack'ery, the preten- 
sions or practice of a quack. 

quadragenarian, kwod-ra-je-na'ri-an, 
a. consisting of forty: forty years old. 

quadrangle, kwod'rang-gl, n. a square 
surrounded by buildings: (geom.) a 
plane figure having four equal sides and 
angles. — a. quadrang'ular. 

quadrant, kwod'rant, n. (geom.) the 
fourth part of a circle, or an arc of 



90 : an instrument for measuring angu- 
lar altitudes. — a. quadrant'al. 

quadrate, kwod'rat, a. squared: hav- 
ing four equal sides and four right 
angles : divisible into four equal parts. 
— n. a square or quadrate figure. — v. i. to 
square or agree with : to correspond. 

quadrennial, kwod-ren'yal, a. compris- 
ing four years : once in four years. 

quadric, kwod'rik, a. (alg.) of the 
second degree, quadratic — esp. in solid 
geometry. 

quadrilateral, kwod-ri-lat'er-al, a. 
having four sides. — n. (geom.) a plane 
figure having four sides. 

quadrille, kwa-dril', or ka-dril', n. a 
square dance for four couples : music for 
such dances. — v. i. to dance quadrilles. 

quadrillion, kwod-ril'yun, n. (U. S.) 



quadrisyllable 



mote, move; mute; then. 



quarter 373 



a thousand raised to the fifth power, rep- 
resented by a unit with fifteen ciphers. 

quadrisyllable, kwod-ri-sil'a-bl, n. a 
word consisting of four syllables. 

quadroon, kwod-ron', n. the offspring 
of a mulatto and a white person, one 
'quarter-blooded'. 

quadruped, kwod'ro-ped, n. a four- 
footed animal.— a djs. quad'ruped, -al. 

quadruple, kwod'ro-pl, a. fourfold. — 
n. four times the quantity or number. — 
v. t. to increase fourfold. — v. i. to be- 
come four times as many. — n. quad'- 
ruplet, any combination of four things 
— also quart'et: one of four born at a 
birth. — a. quad'ruplex, fourfold. 

quaff, kwaf, v. t. to drink in large 
draughts. — v. i. to drink largely. 

quagga, kwag'a, n. one of the three 
species o f 
striped wild 
horses, o r 
wild asses, of 
which the 
zebra is the 
type. [Hot- 
tentot.] 

quagmire, 
kwag'mir, n. 
a piece of 
wet, boggy 
ground that yields 

quail, kwal, v. i. 
in spirit. 

quail, kwal, n. a small gallinaceous 
bird, related to the partridge family . 

quaint, kwant, a. unusual : odd : 
whimsical. — adv. quaint'ly. — n. quaint'- 
ness. [O. Fr. coint — L. cognitus, known.] 

quake, kwak, v. i. to tremble, esp. 
with cold or fear : to tremble from want 
of firmness. — n. a shake : a shudder. 

Quaker, kwa'ker, n. one of the 
Society of Friends, a religious sect 
founded by George Fox (1624-90). 

qualify, kwol'i-fi, v. t. to render ca- 
pable or suitable : to furnish with legal 
power: to limit by modifications: to 
soften : to abate : to reduce the strength 
of: to vary. — v. i. to take the necessary 
steps to fit oneself for a certain posi- 
tion. — a. qual'ifiable. — n. qualifica- 
tion, act of qualifying : that which qual- 
ifies : a quality that fits a person for a 
place, etc. : abatement. — p. a. qualified, 
fitted: competent: modified: limited. 




Quagga. 

under the feet, 
to cower : to fail 



quality, kwol'i-ti, n. that which 
makes a thing what it is : property : 
peculiar power : acquisition : character : 
rank: superior birth or character. 

qualm, kwam, n. a sudden attack of 
illness : a sensation of nausea : a scruple, 
as of conscience. — a. qualm'ish, affected 
with qualm : uneasy. — adv. qualm'ishly. 

quandary, kwon'da-ri, n. a state of 
difficulty or uncertainty : a hard plight. 

quantity, kwon'ti-ti, n. the amount of 
anything : bulk : size : a determinate 
amount : a sum or bulk : a large portion : 
(gram.) the measure of a syllable: 
(mus.) the relative duration of a tone: 
(math.) anything which can be in- 
creased, divided, or measured. — a. quan- 
titative, relating to quantity : measur- 
able in quantity: (chem.) determining 
the relative proportions of components. 

quarantine, kwor'an-ten, n. a forced 
abstinence from communication with the 
shore which ships are compelled to 
undergo when they are last from some 
port where certain infectious diseases 
are raging — the time originally forty 
days: (coll.) the isolation of a person, 
house, district, etc., afflicted with or re- 
covering from contagious disease. — v. t. 
to prohibit from intercourse from fear 
of infection. 

quarrel, kwor'el, n. an angry dispute : 
a breach of friendship: (Shak.) a cause 
of complaint : a brawl. — v. i. to cavil, 
find fault : to dispute violently : to fight : 
to disagree. — ns. quarr'eler; quarr'el- 
ing, strife : dissension : brawling. — a. 
quarr'elsome, disposed to quarrel: 
brawling: easily provoked. — adv. quarr'- 
elsomely. — n. quarrelsomeness. 

quarry, kwor'i, n. an excavation from 
which stone is taken for building, etc., 
by cutting, blasting, etc. — v. t. to dig 
from a quarry : — pa. t. and pa. p. quarr'- 
ied. 

quarry, kwor'i, n. the object of the 
chase : a heap of dead game. 

quart, kwawrt, n. the fourth part of 
a gallon, or two pints : a vessel contain- 
ing two pints. 

quarter, kwawr'ter, n. a fourth part: 
the fourth part of a hundredweight — 
25 or 28 lb. avoirdupois (abbrev. qr.) : 
(Eng.) 8 bushels, as a measure of capac- 
ity, for grain, etc. : the fourth part of 
a dollar, a silver coin — 25 cents : the 



i 



374 quartz fate, far; me, her; mine; quidnunc 

fourth part of an hour — of the year — querimonious, kwer-i-mo'ni-us, a. 
of the moon's period— of a carcass (in- complaining: discontented, 
eluding a limb) — of the horizon, etc.: querist, kwe'rist, n. one who inquires 
a cardinal point: a division of a town, or asks questions. [Query.'] 
etc. : place of lodging, as for soldiers, _ querulous, kwer'u-lus, a. complain- 
esp. in pi.: mercy granted to a disabled ing: discontented: quarrelsome. — adv. 
antagonist: (naut.) the part of a ship's quer'ulously. — n. quer'ulousness. 
side between the mainmast and the query, kw'e'ri, n. an inquiry : the mark- 
stern. — v. t. to divide into four equal of interrogation. — v. t. to inquire into: 
parts: to divide into parts or compart- to question: to doubt of: to mark with 
ments: to furnish with quarters: to a query. — v. i. to question: — pa. t. and 
lodge : to furnish with entertainment. — v. pa. p. que'ried. 

i. to be stationed: to shift or change quest, kwest, n. the act of seeking: 
position : to drive across a road from search : ^ pursuit : inquiry, investigation ; 
side to side.- question, kwest'yun, n. a seeking: an 

quartz, kwawrts, n. the common form inquiry : an examination, esp. by torture : 
of native silica, or the oxid of silicon, an investigation: dispute: doubt: a sub- 
quash, kwosh, v.'t. to crush: to sub- ject of discussion, esp. the point or 
due or extinguish suddenly and com- measure to be voted upon.— v. t. to ask 
pletely: to annul. questions of: to examine by questions: 

quasi, kwa'si, conj. and adv. as if : in to inquire of : to regard as doubtful : to 
a certain manner, sense, or degree: in challenge, take exception to : to have no 
appearance only, as 'oiam-historical'. confidence m—v. t. to ask questions : to 

quatrain, kwot'ran, n. a stanza of inquire : to debate, consider, to converse, 
four lines rhyming alternately. [Fr.] T a - 5 u « st ""J^ 1 * that , P a ^ be <l uest - 

quaver, kwa'ver, v. i. to shake: to loned : doubtful : uncertain : suspicious, 
sing or play with tremulous modula- "Tjf- quest ionabeness.-a^ quest lon- 
tions.-n. a trembling: a vibration of the abl ^- questioner; quest lomng, a 
voice: a note in music = half a crotchet. S' ly SUSpiC1 ° n - a ^' qUeSt " 

quay, ke n. a landing-place: a wharf J u l kfi „ a dent braid of hair 
for the loading or unloading of vessels. at ^ the back of th P e head> a pigtail . a 

queen, kwen, n. the wife of a king: line of pe0 le wait i ng: a tailpiece, as of 
a female sovereign : the best or chief of a v i H n 

her kind: a queen-bee or queen-ant: a qu ibble, kwib'l, n. an evasion: a petty 
playing-card with the queen painted on CO nceit.— */. *. to evade a question by a 
it: the piece in chess which is the most play upon words . to cavil: to trifle in 
deadly in attack.— n^ queen -bee, the argume nt.— n. quibb'ler.— adv. quibb'- 
sole female of a bee-hive ; queen -con - Hngly. 

sort, the wife of the reigning sovereign; qui ck, kwik, a. living: lively: speedy: 
queen dom, queenly rule or dignity: the n i mb le: ready: sensitive: hasty: preg- 
realm of a queen; queen -dow ager, the nant . actIve: piercing.— adv. without de- 
widow of a deceased king.— a. queen ly, lay . ra .pidly : soon.— n. a living animal 
like a queen: becoming or suitable to a G r plant: the living: the living flesh: 
queen.— n. queen liness.— adv. queenly. the sen sitive parts.— v. t. quick'en, to 

queer, kwer, a. odd, singular, quaint : ma k e quick or alive : to revive : to rein- 
open to suspicion, dubious : counterfeit : vigorate : to cheer : to excite : to sharpen : 
having a sensation of coming sickness, to hasten.—?/, i. to become alive: to 
— v. t. (slang) to spoil, to injure: to m0V e with activity, 
ridicule.— a. queer'ish, somewhat singu- qu id, kwid, n. something chewed or 
\zr.-adv. queer'ly. — n. queer'ness. k ep t in the mouth, esp. a piece of 

quell, kwel, v. t. to crush: to subdue, tobacco. [A corr. of cud.] 

quench, kwensh, v. t. to put out: to quiddity, kwid'i-ti, n. the essence of 
destroy : to check : to allay. — v. i. to lose anything : any trifling nicety : a cavil . 
zeal, grow cold. — a. quench'able, that quidnunc, kwid'nungk, n. one always 
may be extinguished. — ns. quench'er, on the lookout for news: one who pre- 
quench'ing. — a. quench'less. tends to know all occurrences. 



i 



quiescent mote, move; mute; then. quondam 875 

» quiescent, kwl-es'ent, a. being quiet, musical composition for five voices or 

resting : not sounded, as a quiescent instruments : a company of five. 

letter: still: unagitated: silent. quintillion, kwin-til'yun, n. (U. S.) 

quiet, kwi'et, a. at rest : calm: smooth: the sixth power of one thousand, or a 
peaceable: gentle, inoffensive: silent, unit followed by eighteen ciphers, 
still : free from gaudiness, in good taste : quintuple, kwin'tu-pl, a. fivefold.— 
free from bustle or formality.— n. the v. t. to make or to increase fivefold- 
state of being at rest: repose: calm: quip, kwip, n. a sharp, sarcastic turn, 
stillness : peace.— v. t. to bring to rest : a gibe : a quick retort.— v. i. to use sar- 
to stop motion: to calm or pacify: to casms. 

lull: to allay.— v. I to become quiet, to quire, kwir, n. a quantity of paper 

abate.— n. qui'etive, anything that in- consisting of twenty-four sheets, the 

duces quiet.— adv. qui'etly, in a quiet twentieth part of a ream, 

manner: without motion or alarm: quirk, kwerk, n. a quick turn: an 

calmly: silently: patiently.— ns. qui'et- artful evasion: a quibble: a taunt. 

ness, qui' etude, rest: repose: freedom quit, kwit, v. t. to release from obli- 

from agitation or alarm: stillness: gation, accusation, etc.: to acquit: to 

peace: silence; quie'tus, a final set- depart from: to give up: to clear by 

tlement or discharge: ending generally, full performance: (coll.) to give over, 

quill, kwil, n. a reed-pen : the feather cease :—pa. t. and pa. p. quit or quitted, 

of a goose or other bird used as a — »• quit -claim, a deed of release.— 

pen, hence a pen generally: anything v. t to relinquish claim or title to.—**, 

like a quill: the hollow basal stem of quittance, a quitting or discharge from 

a feather: the reed on which weavers a debt or obligation: acquittance, 

wind their thread : the tube of a musical <l u ! te > kwit, ? dv - completely : wholly : 

instrument quiver, kwiv er, n. a case for arrows. 

quilt, kwilt, n. a bed-cover of two quiver kwiv'er, v. i. to shake with 

cloths sewed together with something sight and tremulous motion: to trem- 

soft between them: a thick coverlet- ble ^ to shiver.— p. quiver, quivering, 

v. t. to make into a quilt: to stitch to- a tremulous motion, shiver.— adv. quiv - 

gether with something soft between, to ermgly. _ _ 

stitch in: to sew like a quilt.-a. quilt'ed, * m ™*> ke /cv, Who goes there?— 

stitched together as a quilt— ns. quilt'er; the challenge of French sentries to those 

quilt'ing, the act of making a quilt: w . ho approach their posts.— on the qui 

that which is quilted. vive,on the alert [Fr] 

quince, kwins, n. the golden, globose q.^otic kwiks-ot ik, a. like Don 

or pear-shaped fragrant fruit Qnxote, of Cervantes _ romance, extrav- 

v . . , . ._ f. _ , . ., . agantly romantic, aiming at an lmpos- 

quinine kwin en, ki-nen or kmmn, sible ideal _ ad ^ qu i xo t'ically. 
n a colorless^ inodorous and very bitter { kw{ n a Hddle Qr eni Qne 
alkaloid, obtained from the bark of the who izzeg another . a mon ocular eye- 
cinchona tree, its .salts used for agues glasS) often with a handle . {coll) an 
and levers.— a. qum ic, oral examination of a pupil or class by 

qumquenniad, kwin-kwen i-ad, n. a a teacher.— v. t. to puzzle : to banter or 

period of five years—also quinquenn - make sport of . to examine na rrowly 

mm— a. quinquenn ml occurring once and with an air of mockery ._ Vm i t0 

in five years: lasting five years.— n. a pract i se derisive joking, 

fifth anniversary or its celebration. quoin> ko[ ^ n (archit) a wedge used 

quinsy, kwin zi, n. an inflammatory t0 SU pp rt and steady a stone: an ex- 

affection of the substance of the tonsils. terna i ang i e> esp . f a building: (gun.) 

quintal, kwin'tal, n. a hundredweight, a wedge of wood or iron used to raise 

either 112 or 100 pounds according to heavy guns and mortars: (print.) a 

the scale. wedge used to fasten the types in the 

quintessence, kwin-tes'ens, n. the forms. [Coin.] 

pure concentrated essence or the most quoit, koit, n. a heavy flat ring of iron, 

essential part of anything. quondam, kwon'dam, a. that was 

quintet, quintette, kwin-tet', n. a formerly: former. [L., formerly.] 



376 quorum 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



racy 



quorum, kwo'rum, n. a number of 
the members of any body sufficient to 
transact business. [L., 'of whom'.] 

quota, kwo'ta, n. the part or share 
assigned to each. 

quote, kwot, v. t. to repeat the words 
of any one: to adduce for authority or 
illustration : to give the current price of : 
to inclose within quotation marks. — v. i. 
to make a quotation. — a. quo'table, that 
may be quoted. — ns. quo'tableness, quo- 
tabil'ity. — adv. quo'tably. — ns. quota- 
tion, act of quoting : that which is 
quoted: the current price of anything. 



quoth, kwoth, v. t. say, says, or said 
— used only in the ist and 3d persons 
present and past, and always followed 
by its subject. — inter j. quo'tha, forsooth. 

quotidian, kwo-tid'i-an, a. every day: 
occurring daily. 

quotient, kwo'shent, n. (math.) the 
number which shows how often one 
number is contained in another. 

quo warranto, kwo wa-ran'to, n. 
(law) a writ by which a person or cor- 
porate body is summoned to show by 
what warrant a particular franchise or 
office is claimed. [L., by what warrant?] 



0r, ar, the eighteenth letter in 
our alphabet, belonging to the 
I class of liquids. 

rabate, ra-bat', v. t. to beat 
down. — n. abatement. 

rabbet, rab'et, n. a groove cut in the 
edge of a plank so that another may 
fit into it. — v. t. to groove (a plank) 
thus. 

rabbi, rab'i, or rab'i, rabbin, rab'in, 
n. Jewish title of a doctor or expounder 
of the law: — pi. rabbis (rab'iz), rabb'- 
ins. — adjs. rabbin'ic, -al, pertaining to 
the rabbis or to their opinions, learning, 
and language. — adv. rabbin'ically. 

rabbit, rab'it, n. a rodent burrowing 
animal of the hare family : a cony : any 
member of the hare family .- 

rabble, rab'I, n. a disorderly, noisy 
crowd : a mob : the lowest class of 
people. — a. disorderly. 

rabid, rab'id, a. furious : mad : af- 
fected with rabies, as a dog: foolishly 
intense. — adv. rab'idly. — ns. rab'idness; 
ra'bies, the disease (esp. of dogs) from 
which hydrophobia is communicated . 

race, ras, n. the human family : the 
descendants of a common ancestor . 

race, ras, n. rapid motion : trial of 
speed : progress : course of action : a 
strong and rapid current : a canal to a 
water-wheel : a competitive trial of 
speed. — v. i. to run swiftly: to contend 
in running. — v. t. to cause to race, as 
steamers, horses, etc. 

rachis, ra'kis, n. the spine. — a. 
rachit'ic, rickety. — n. rachi'tis, rickets 
in children. [Gr. rachis, the spine.] 

racial, ra'si-al, a. relating to lineage, 
peculiar to a race. — adv. ra'cially. 



rack, rak, n. an instrument for rack- 
ing or extending: an engine for stretch- 
ing the body in order to extort a con- 
fession, hence (fig.) extreme pain, 
anxiety, or doubt : a framework on 
which articles are arranged, as hat-rack, 
etc. : the grating above a manger for 
hay: (mech.) a straight bar with teeth 
to work into those of a wheel, pinion, or 
endless screw. — v. t. to stretch forcibly: 
to strain: to stretch on the rack or 
wheel : to torture : to exhaust : to worry, 
agitate: to wrest, overstrain: to practise 
rapacity: to extort: to place in a rack 
or frame. — a. rack'ing, tormenting. 

rack, rak, n. same as wrack = wreck 
— now used only in the phrases go to 
rack, go to rack and ruin. 

racket, racquet, rak'et, n. a bat for 
playing tennis, etc.: (pi.) a modern 
variety of the old game of tennis. 

racket, rak'et, n. a clattering noise : 
hurly-burly. — v. i. to make a clattering 
noise: to engage in racket of any kind: 
to be dissipated. — n. rack'eter.- 

raconteur, ra-kon-ter', n. 
teller. 

racoon, ra-kon', 
n. an American 
carnivore, 
about the size 
of a small fox, 
lodging in hol- 
low trees. 
[Amer. Ind.] 

racy, ra'si, 
a. having a 
strong flavor Racoon, 

imparted by the soil, as wine : exciting 
to the mind by strongly characteristic 




radial 



mote, move; mute; then. 



rail 377 



thought or language: spirited: pungent, 
as a racy story: peculiar to the race. — 
adv. ra'cily. — n. ra'ciness. 

radial, ra'di-al, a. shooting out like 
a ray or radius : pertaining to the radius 
of the forearm: (bot.) developing uni- 
formly on all sides. — adv. ra'dially, in 
the manner of a radius or of rays. — n. 
ra'dio-activ'ity, the emission of rays 
capable of penetrating opaque objects, a 
property possessed by certain substances. 
— a. radio-ac'tive. 

radiant, ra'di-ant, a. emitting rays^of 
light or heat : issuing in rays : beaming 
with light: shining. — n. (opt.) the 
luminous point from which light ema- 
nates. — ns. ra'diance, ra'diancy, quality 
of being radiant : brilliancy : splendor. 

radiate, ra'di-at, v. i. to emit rays of 
light : to shine : to proceed in direct lines 
from any point or surface. — v. t. to send 
out in rays : to furnish with rays. — adjs. 
ra'diate, -d, formed of rays "diverging 
from a center: (bot.) consisting of a 
disk in which the florets are tubular: 
belonging to the Radiata, or animals hav- 
ing radial instead of bilateral symmetry. 
— advs. ra'diately, in a radiate manner : 
with radiation from a center ; ra'diat- 
ingly. — n. radia'tion, act of radiating: 
the emission and diffusion of rays of 
light or heat. — a. ra'diative. — ns. ra'- 
diator, a body which radiates or emits 
rays of light or heat : a part of a heat- 
ing apparatus for a room; ra'diograph, 
an instrument by which solar radiation 
is measured : an X-ray picture, skia- 
graph; radiom'eter, an instrument for 
measuring the mechanical effect of 
radiant energy. 

radical, rad'i-kal, a. pertaining to the 
root or origin : original : fundamental : 
intrinsic: primitive: implanted by nature . 
— n. a root : a primitive word or letter : 
an uncompromising political reformer. — n. 
radicalism, the principles or spirit of 
a radical. — adv. radically. — n. rad'ical- 
ness. [L. radix, a root.] 

radicate, rad'i-kat, a. deeply rooted: 
firmly established: (conch.) adhering 
like a limpet. — v. t. to root : to plant or 
fix deeply and firmly. — ns. rad'icel, a 
rootlet ; rad'icle, a little root . 

radio-activity. See under radial. 

radiobe, ra'di-obe, n. (biol.) a micro- 



organism produced by the action of 
radium on beef gelatin. 

radish, rad'ish, n. an annual whose 
succulent pungent root is eaten raw. 

radium, ra'di-um, n. an intensely 
radio-active element discovered in pitch- 
blende, extensively used in physical and 
chemical experiments, also in medicine, 
etc. — n. ra'diograph, a picture taken by 
means of radio-active rays, a skiagraph. 

radius, ra'di-us, n. (geom.) a straight 
line from the center to the circumference 
of a circle : anything like a radius. 

raffle, raf'l, n. a kind of sale by chance 
or lottery. — v. t. to sell by a raffle. 

raft, raft, n. a collection of pieces of 
timber fastened together for a support 
on the water: logs or planks fastened 
together for conveyance , by water. 

rafter, raft'er, n. an inclined beam 
supporting the roof of a building. 

rag, rag, n. a fragment of cloth: a 
remnant, scrap : anything rent or worn 
out. — a. made of rags. — v. t. to make 
ragged. — v. i. to become ragged, to fray. 

rag, rag, v. t. to banter, torment. 

rage, raj, n. violent excitement: en- 
thusiasm: rapture: furious anger: in- 
tensity: any object much sought after, 
the fashion. — v. i. to be furious with 
anger : to exercise fury : to prevail 
fatally, as a disease : to be violently 
agitated, as the waves. — a. ra'ging, 

ragged, rag'ed, a. torn or worn into 
rags : having a rough edge : ruggedly 
uneven, jagged: wearing ragged clothes; 

ragout, ra-go', n. a stew of meat. 

raid, rad, n. a hostile or predatory 
invasion : a sudden onset : an irruption, 
as if for assault or seizure. — v. t. to 
make a sudden attack. — n. raid'er. 

rail, ral, n. a bar of timber or metal 
extending from one support to another, 
as in fences, staircases, etc. : one of the 
steel bars used on the permanent right 
of way of a railroad : a barrier : the rail- 
road as a means of travel or transport: 
(naut.) the upper part of the bulwarks. 
■ — v. t. to inclose with rails : to furnish 
with rails. — ns. rail'ing, a fence of posts 
and rails: material for rails; rail'road, 
rail'way, a road or way laid with steel 
or iron rails on which cars run. — v. t. 
rail'road, to push forward: to ex- 
pedite with unusual haste. — n. rail'- 
roader, one employed about a railway, 




378 rail fate, far; me, her; mine; ramp 

rail, ral, v. i. to brawl: to use in- libertine. — n. ra'kery, dissoluteness. — a. 
solent language: to scoff. — a. railing, ra'kish, like a rake: dissolute: de- 
reproachful, insulting. — n. reproachful bauched. — adv. ra'kishly. — n. ra'kish- 
and insulting language. — adv. rail'ingly, ness, dissoluteness : the state of being 
in a railing manner : scoffingly : insult- rakish or dissolute : dissolute practices, 
ingly. — n. raillery (ral'er-i, or ral'-), rally, ral'i, v. t. to gather again: to 
railing or mockery : banter : good- collect and arrange, as troops in con- 
humored irony. fusion: to recover. — v. i. to reassemble, 

rail, ral, n. a wading-bird with a esp. after confusion : to recover wasted 

harsh cry. strength: — pa. t. and pa. p. rallied 

raiment, ra'ment, n. that in which (ral'id). — n. act of rallying: recovery of 

one is dressed : clothing in general. order : recovery of prices : the return 

rain, ran, n. water from the clouds of the ball in tennis. 
in drops : a shower : a fall of any kind rally, ral'i, v. t. to attack with raillery : 

in the manner of rain. — v. i. to fall from to banter. — v. i. to exercise raillery: — 

the clouds: to drop like rain. — v. t. to pa. t. and pa. p. rallied. — n. satirical 

pour like rain. merriment. — adv. rall'yingly. 

raise, raz, v. t. to cause to rise: to ram, ram, n. a male sheep: (astron.) 
lift up: to hoist: to set upright: to orig- Aries, one of the signs of the zodiac: 
inate or produce : to bring together : to an engine of war for 
cause to grow or breed: to produce: battering: a hydraulic 
to give rise to : to exalt : to increase the engine, called water- 
strength of: to excite: to collect, muster : ram: a ship -of -war 
to recall from death: to cause to swell, armed with a heavy 
as dough: to bring up: to remove, take iron beak for running 
off, as a blockade: to collect, as a com- down a hostile vessel, ...Ram. 
pany: to give rise to, as a laugh. — n. also the beak itself. — v. t. to thrust with 
an ascent, a cairn: (coll.) an enlarge- violence, as a ram with its head: to 
ment, increase. — a. rais'able, capable of force together: to drive hard down, 
being raised. — n. rais'er, one who or ramble, ram'bl, v. i. to go from place 
that which raises a building, etc. to place without object: to visit many 

raisin, ra'zn, n. a dried ripe grape, places: to be desultory, as in discourse. 

raison-d'etre, ra-zon'-da'tr, n. reason ~ n - a roving about : an irregular excur- 

or excuse for being : rational ground for sion : a place in which to ramble. — 

existence. n. ram'bler. — a. ram'bling, moving about 

rajah, raja, ra'ja, n. a native prince irregularly: desultory. — adv. ram'bling- 

or king in Hindustan. ly, in a rambling manner. 

rake, rak, n. an instrument with teeth rambunctious, ram-bungk'shus, a. 

or pins for smoothing earth, etc.: any (slang) pugnacious. _ 
tool consisting of a flat blade at right ramify, ramification, etc. See under 

angles to a long handle. — v. t. to scrape ramus. 

with something toothed: to draw to- rammer, ram'er, n. one who or that 

gether: to gather with difficulty: to which rams or drives: an instrument 

level with a rake : to search diligently : used by founders and pavers 

to pass over violently and swiftly: for ramming, also by gun- 

(naut.) to fire into, as a ship, length- ners. 

wise. — v. i. to work with a rake: to ramollescent, ram-o-les'- 

search minutely. — ns. ra'ker; ra'king, ent, a. softening, mollifying. 

rake, rak, n. (naut.) the projection ramose, ra'mos, a. branch- 
of the stem and stern of a ship beyond ing, much-branched: (hot.) 
the extremities of the keel: the inclina- branched as a stem or root, 
tion of a mast from the perpendicular. — adv. ra'mosely. — a. ra'- 
— v. i. to incline from the perpendicular mous, branched, branchy. Ramose Root » 
or the horizontal. — v. t. to cause to in- ramp, ramp, v. i. to climb or creep 
cline or slope. — a. ra'kish, having a rake up, as a plant : to leap or bound : to 
or inclination of the masts. adapt a piece of iron to the wood- 
rake, rak, n. a dissolute person: a work of a gate. — n. a leap or bound: 




rampant 



mote, move; mute; then. 



rant 



379 




Rampant, 
assault or 



a gradual slope or inclined plane be- 
tween one level and another: a concave 
bend at the top or cap of a railing, 
wall, or coping : a romp. — n. ram'page, 
a state of passion or excitement. — v. i. 
to storm or prance violently. — a. ram- 
pa'geous, unruly: boisterous: glaring. 

rampant, ramp'ant, a. overgrowing 
usual bounds : rank in 
growth : overleaping re- 
straint: {her.) standing on 
the hind legs. — n. ramp'- 
ancy, state of being 
rampant — adv. ramp'- 
antly. 

rampart, ram'part, ft. 
that which defends from 
danger: {fort.) a mound or wall sur- 
rounding a fortified place. 

ramrod, ram'rod, n. a rod used in 
ramming down the charge in a gun. 

ramshackle, ram'shak'l, a. tumble- 
down : ill-made : out of repair. 

ramus, ra'mus, n. a small spray or 
twig. — adjs. ra'mal, ra'meal, pertaining 
to a branch; ra'meous (bot.), belonging 
to or growing on a branch. — n. ramifica.'- 
tion, division or separation into branches : 
a branch: a division or subdivision: 
(bot.) manner of producing branches. — 
adjs. ram'ified, branched; ramiflo'rous, 
flowering on the branches; ra'miform 
(bot.), resembling a branch. — v. t. ram'- 
ify, to make or divide into branches. — 
v. i. to shoot into branches : to be divided 
or spread out: — pa. t. and pa. p. ram'- 
ified. 

ran, pa. t. of run. 

ranch, ranch, n. a stock farm: a 
tract of grazing land : by extension, any 
large piece of land used for raising fruit, 
etc. — v. i. to manage or work upon a 
ranch. — ns. ranch'er, 
cha'ro), ranch'man, 
ranching ; ranch'ing, 
cattle-breeding. 

rancid, ran'sid, a. partially decom- 
posed (used of oil or any greasy sub- 
stance) : sour: disgusting. — a. rances'- 
cent, becoming rancid. — adv. ran'cidly. 
— ns. ran'cidness, rancid'ity, the quality 
of being rancid. [L. rancidus, putrid.] 

rancor, rang'ker, n. deep-seated en- 
mity : spite : virulence. — a. ran'corous, 
malicious : virulent. — adv. ran'corously. 

random, ran'dum, a. done or uttered 
at haphazard: left to chance: aimless, — 



ranchero (ran- 

one employed in 

the business of 



n. something done without aim, chance 
— now only in phrase, at random, hap- 
hazard. — adv. ran'domly, without direc- 
tion: by chance. 

rang, rang, pa. t. of ring. 

range, ranj, v. t. to rank or set in 
a row : to place in proper order : to rove 
or pass over : to sail in a direction 
parallel to. — v. i. to be placed in order: 
to lie in a particular direction : to have 
range or direction: to rove at large: to 
beat about, as for game : to sail or pass 
near: to be on a level: to extend. — n. a 
row or rank : a class or order : a wan- 
dering: room for passing to and fro: 
space occupied by anything moving: 
capacity of mind: extent of acquire- 
ments : scope : the horizontal distance to 
which a shot is carried: a space through 
which a body moves, as the range of a 
thermometer : a kitchen cooking-stove . 

rank, rangk, n. a row or line, esp. of 
soldiers standing side by side: class or 
order: grade or degree: station: high 
social position or standing. — v. t. to place 
in a line : to range in a particular class : 
to place methodically: to take rank over. 
— v. i. to be placed in a rank or class: 
to have a certain degree of distinction.- 

rank, rangk, a. growing high and 
luxuriantly : coarse from excessive 
growth: raised to a high degree: ex- 
cessive : very fertile : strong-scented : 
strong-tasted: rancid: utter, as rank 
nonsense: coarse: indecent: (slang) 
eager: (law) excessive: (mech.) cutting 
deeply. — v. i. rank'le, to be inflamed: to 
fester: to be a source of disquietude or 
excitement : to rage. — v. t. to irritate. — 
adv. rank'ly, offensively: to an inor- 
dinate degree. — n. rank'ness, exuberant 
growth. 

ransack, ran'sak, v. t. to search thor- 
oughly: to plunder: to pillage. — n. eager 
search. — n. ran'sacker. 

ransom, ran'sum, n. price paid for re- 
demption from captivity or punishment : 
release from captivity : atonement : ex- 
piation. — v. t. to redeem from captivity, 
punishment, or ownership. 

rant, rant, v. i. to use extravagant 
language : to be noisy in words : to be 
noisily merry. — n. empty declamation: 
bombast. — ns. rant'er, a noisy talker : 
a boisterous preacher; rant'erism. — adv. 
rant'ingly, boisterously. — a. rant'ipole, 
wild. — n. a reckless fellow. 



380 rap 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



rat 



rap, rap, n. a sharp blow: a knock, 
or a sound made by knocking: a coun- 
terfeit coin current in Ireland for a 
halfpenny in the time of George L— 
hence, 'Not worth a rap'. — v. t. and v. i. 
to strike with a quick blow: to knock. 

rap, rap, v. t. to transport out of one- 
self: to affect with rapture: — pr. p. 
rapping; pa. p. rapt. 

rapacious, ra-pa'shus, a. seizing by 
violence : given to plunder : ravenous : 
greedy of gain. — n. Rapa'ces, the beasts 
and birds of prey. — adv. rapa'ciously. — 
ns. rapa'ciousness, rapacity, the qual- 
ity of being rapacious : ravenousness . 

rape, rap, n. the act of seizing and 
carrying away by force: carnal knowl- 
edge of a woman without her consent. 

rapid, rap'id, a. hurrying along: very 
swift: speedy. — ». that part of a river 
where the current is most rapid (gen. 
in pi.). — n. rapidity, quickness of 
motion or utterance : swiftness : velocity. 
— adv. rap'idly. — n. rap'idness. 

rapier, ra'pi-er, n. a light, highly 
tempered, edgeless, thrusting weapon, 
finely pointed, and about 3 feet in length, 
long the favorite weapon in dueling. 

rapine, rap'in, n. act of seizing and 
carrying away forcibly : plunder : vio- 
lence. [Fr., — L. rapina — rapere, to seize.] 

rapt, rapt, a. raised to rapture: trans- 
ported: ravished: — pa. t. and pa. p. of 
rap (2). 

rapture, rap'tur, n. a seizing and 
carrying away: extreme delight: trans- 
port: ecstasy. — adjs. rnp'tured; rap'- 
turous, seizing and carrying away : 
ecstatic. — adv. rapturously. 

rara avis, ra'ra &Vis, n. a rare bird: 
a remarkable person : — pi. ra'rse aVes. 

rare, rar, a. (comp. ra'rer; sisperl. 
ra'rest) thin: not dense, as rarefied 
atmosphere : sparse : seldom mot with : 
uncommon: excellent: especially good: 
extraordinary. — ns. rare'bit, an erro- 
neous form of Welsh-rabbit; rarefac'- 
tion, act of rarefying: expansion of 
aeriform bodies. — a. rar'efiable, capable 
of being rarefied. — v. .'. rarefy (rar'e-fl), 
to make rare, thin, or less dense: to 
expand. — v. i. to become less dense: — 
pa. t. and pa. p. rar'efied. — adv. rare'ly, 
seldom: remarkably well. — ns. rare'- 
ness, tenuity: scarcity; rarity (rar'i-ti), 
state of being rare: thinness: subtilty: 



something valued for its scarcity: un- 
commonness. 

rare, rar, a. underdone — of meat. 

rascal, ras'kal, n. a dishonest fellow: 
a knave, rogue, scamp. — a. worthless: 
mean. — ns. ras'caldom, the class of 
rascals; ras'calism, rascal'ity, mean 
trickery or dishonesty: fraud: villainy: 
the rabble; rascall'ion, a rascal: one of 
the lowest people: a low, mean wretch. 
— a. ras'cally, mean: vile: base. 

rase, raz, v. t. (obs.) to scratch or 
blot out: to efface: to cancel: to level 
with the ground, demolish, or ruin (in 
this sense raze is generally used). 

rash, rash, a. {comp. rash'er; superl. 
rash'est) hasty: headstrong: incautious. 
— n. rash'er, a thin slice of broiled bacon, 
perh. because quickly cooked. — adv. 
rash'ly, precipitately. — n. rash'ness. 

rash, rash, n. a slight eruption. 

rasorial, ra-so'ri-al, a. belonging to 
an order of 
b j r d c which 
scrape the 
ground for their 
food, as the 
hen. — n. pi. Ra- 
so'res, the Gal- 
lince. [Rase.] 

rasp, rasp, v. 
t. to rub with 
a coarse file : to 
utter in a grat- 
ing manner. — v. 
i. to have a 
grating effect. 
— n. a coarse 
file. — ns. rasp'- 

atory, a SUr- a , a, head and foot of Gallus 
o-pnn'c rocf)' bankiva; o, b, do. of common 
geU , . Idb V pheasant; c, c, do. of wild 
rasp er; rasp - turkey: d, d, do. of common 
ing, a filing.— grouse. 
a. exasperating. — adv. rasp'ingly. — a. 
rasp'y, rough. 

raspberry, raz r ber-i, n. the fruit of 
several plants of genus Rubus: the plant 
producing it. 

rat, rat, n. an animal of the genus 
Mus, larger and more destructive than 
the mouse: a renegade, turncoat: a 
workman who accepts lower than the 
union wages, who declines to join in a 
strike, or who takes a striker's work: a 
roll of anything used to puff out the 
hair. — v. i. (coll.) to desert one's party 
and join their opponents for gain or 




Rasorial Birds. 



ratable mote, move; mute; then. ravine 381 

power: to accept lower than current guided in his opinions solely by reason, 
wages, to refuse to join in a strike, to esp. in regard to religion— denying 
take a striker's place. — ns. rat'ter, a supernatural revelation. — adjs. rational- 
terrier which catches rats. ist'ic, -al.— n. rationality, quality of be- 

ratable, rateable, ra'ta-bl, a. See ing rational : the possession or due exer- 

ra te. cise of reason: reasonableness. — adv. 

ratch, rach, n. a rack or bar with rationally, reasonably, 

teeth into which a click drops : the wheel ratline, ratlin, ratlin, n. one of the 

which makes a clock strike.— v. i. to sail small lines or ropes traversing the 

by tacks. shrouds and forming the steps of the 

rate, rat, n. a ratio or proportion: rigging of ships, 

amount, quantity, or charge per unit: rattan, rat-an', n. one of the long, 

allowance: standard: value: price: the slender, and flexible stems of various 

class of a ship or of seamen : movement, species of erect and climbing palms . 

as fast or slow : a tax. — v. t. to calcu- rattle, rati, v. i. to clatter : to move 

late: to estimate: to settle the relative along rapidly, with a clattering noise: 

rank, scale, or position of. — v. i. to make to speak eagerly and noisily. — v. t. to 

an estimate: to be placed in a certain cause to make a clatter: to stun with 

class : to ratify. — adjs. ra'table, ra'te- noise : to speak rapidly : to scold loudly : 

able, that may be rated or set at a (coll.) to confuse. — n. a sharp noise 

certain value: subject to taxation. — adv. rapidly repeated, as the death-rattle: a 

ra'tably. — n. ra'ting, a fixing of rates: clatter: loud empty talk: loud scolding :- 

classification according to rank or grade, a toy or instrument for rattling. — adjs. 

rate, rat, v. t. to tax : to scold : to rattle-brained, -head'ed, -pat'ed, noisy : 

chide : to reprove. giddy : unsteady. — ns. rattlepate, a 

rather, rattier, adv. more willingly: noisy chatterer; rattler, a loud, incon- 

in preference: especially: more so than siderate talker: a rattlesnake: (coll.) a 

otherwise: on the contrary: somewhat, stunning blow; rattling, a clattering: 

in some degree: more properly. railing.— a. making a rattle: smart, 

rathskeller, raths-kel-ler, n. [Ger.] a lively: (coll.) strikingly great, 

restaurant where beverages are sold. raucity, rawsl-ti, n. hoarseness : 

ratify, ratl-fi, v. t. to approve and harshness of sound. — adjs. raucld, 

sanction: to settle:— pa. t. and pa. p. raucous (raw'kus), hoarse.- 

ratified. — ns. ratification, act of ratify- ravage, rav'aj, v. t. to lay waste: to 

ing or confirming : confirmation , destroy : to pillage. — n. devastation . 

ratio, ra'shi-o, n. the relation or the rave, rav, v. i. to be mad: to be 

proportion of one thing to another, wild or raging, like a madman: to talk 

ratiocinate, rash-i-osl-nat, v. i. to irrationally.—^, t to utter wildly.— n. 

reason:— pr. p. ratiocinating; pa. p. raving, furious talk.— a. delirious: dis- 

ratioclnated. — n. ratiocination, the tracted.— adv. ra'vingly, in a raying 

process of reasoning: deduction from manner: with frenzy: with distraction, 

premises.— adjs. ratioclnative, ratioc'- ravel, rav'el, v. t. to confuse, entangle: 

inatory. to untwist or unweave : to unravel (in 

ration, ra'shun, or rash'un, n. the * his sens . e usually with out).— v. i. to 

quantity of provisions distributed to a be untwisted or unwoven, 

soldier or sailor daily: an allowance. raven, ra'vn, n. a kind of crow, noted 

rational, rash'un-al, a. pertaining to for its croak and glossy black plumage. 
the reason: endowed with reason: sane: raven, ravin (B.), rav'n, v. t. to ob- 
intelligent: Judicious: (arith., alg.) not- tain by violence: to devour with great 
ing a quantity which is exactly expressed eagerness or voracity. — v. i. to prey 
by numbers. — ns. rationale, a rational rapaciously. — n. prey: plunder. — ns. rav'- 
account of anything, with reasons for its ener, a plunderer ; rav'ening (B.), eager- 
existence : a theoretical explanation or ness for plunder. — a. rav'enous, vora- 
solution ; rationalism, the religious cious : eager for prey or gratification. — 
system or doctrines of a rationalist; adv. rav'enously. 
rationalist, one who believes himself ravine, ra-ven', n. a long, deep hoi- 



382 ravish 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



ray 



low, worn away by a torrent: a deep, 
narrow mountain-pass. 

ravish, rav'ish, v. t. to seize or carry 
away by violence: to rob: to have 
sexual intercourse with by force: to fill 
with ecstasy. — n. rav'isher. — p. a. rav'- 
ishing, delighting to rapture : trans- 
porting: ecstatic. — adv. rav'ishingly.- 

raw, raw, a. not altered from its 
natural state: not cooked or dressed: 
unbaked: not prepared or manufactured: 
not mixed : having the skin abraded : 
chilly and damp. — n. a galled place : an 
inveterate sore: hence (fig.) a point on 
which one is particularly sensitive. 

ray, ra, n. a line of light or heat : 
one of the component elements of light: 
a beam or gleam of intellectual light : a 
radiating part of any structure: {hot.) 
the outer part of a flower-cluster. — v. t. 
to radiate : -to furnish with rays. — v. i. 
to shine out. — adjs. rayed, having rays; 
ray 'less, without rays : destitute of 
light. — alpha rays, those rays emitted 
by uranium, thorium, and radium dis- 
tinguishable from cathode rays by their 
comparatively small power of penetra- 
tion and also by the fact that they are 
not ordinarily deflected either by a mag- 
net or by an electrically charged body. 
These rays are supposed to consist of 
particles of matter shot off from a radio- 
active substance, the particles being 
charged with positive electricity. — 
Becquerel rays, the generic name for 
the rays emitted by uranium, which 
possess the properties of Rontgen and 
cathode rays : named after their dis- 
coverer, Henri Becquerel. — beta rays, 
the cathode rays emitted by radioactive 
substances, separable from the alpha 
rays by a thin sheet of metal, as alumin- 
ium, and distinguished by a relatively 
strong power of penetration and a com- 
paratively weak power to render a gas 
electrically conductive. Their compo- 
sition is supposed to be the same as 
that of alpha rays, but they are charged 
with negative electricity. — cathode rays, 
the rays originating at the cathode, or 
negative electrode of a discharge-tube 
when the tube is put in connection with 
an induction-coil or static machine, con- 
sidered by physicists as streams of 
minute charged particles shot forth in 
straight lines from the surface of the 
negative electrode in a direction at right 



angles to that surface, and traveling 
through the tube with great velocity. 
These rays, in common with X-rays, 
have the power of penetrating opaque 
objects and of affecting a photographic 
plate, but differ from X-rays by being 
subject to deflection by a magnet or by 
electrically charged bodies. They also 
impart negative charges to bodies upon 
which they fall, a -manifestation not 
common to X-rays. — gamma rays, 
rays, more penetrative than beta rays, 
emitted by radioactive substances. — 
N-rays, certain rays emitted by heated 
steel and silver, and other sources of 
radiant energy. These rays seem to be 
similar to X-rays but may be reflected 
and refracted, and increase the lumin- 
osity of a body without a correspond^ 
ing rise in temperature. They were named 
in honor of the University of Nancy, 
by theii discoverer, M. Blondlot. — Ront- 
gen rays, the rays emitted when the 
cathode rays of a Crookes tube meet a 
resisting medium, as the walls of the 
tube. These rays were discovered in 
1895 by Prof. W. C. Rontgen, of the 
University of Wurzburg, Bavaria. Their 




Method of Examination by X-Rays. 2. Screefv 
of Fluoroscope showing arm with bullet. 

most striking characteristics are their 
inability to be refracted or polarized, 
their penetration of substances opaque 
to ordinary light, and the fact that 
they do not affect the retina sensibly. 
These rays were first called X-rays by 
their discoverer and are still so called 
popularly, especially in connection with 
photography. — violet rays, blue violet 
and ultra violet rays are named for 
their colors, the former being a light 
of deep blue violet and the latter a pure, 



ray mote, move; mute; then. real 383 

pale violet. The violet ray is a light stream between bends: (naut.): the dis- 
produced in a vacuum tube or sparks tance traversed between* tacks. — a. 
of violet color produced by an elec- reach'able, within reach. — n. reach'er. 
trical current of high frequency. The react, re-akt', v. t. to act anew. — v. i. 
high frequency current is a static current to return an impulse in the opposite 
secured through induction coils leading direction : to act mutually on each other, 
into Leyden jars that serve the purpose — n. reac'tion, action resisting other 
of storing the discharge from the coils, action : mutual action : backward tend- 
which discharge is then transferred to ency from revolution, reform, or prog- 
a resonator, in which it is stepped-up ress. — a. reactionary, for or implying 
to the voltage required to produce the reaction. — n. one who attempts to re- 
violet ray. — X-rays, the Rontgen rays, verse political action. — n. reac'tionist. 
used in various methods of examina- read, red, v. t. to utter aloud written 
tion, as in therapeutics and in the tak- or printed words: to peruse: to com- 
ing of radiographs. For examination prehend: to study, as to read law: to 
of a part of the human body there are teach : to make out, from signs : to solve, 
two appliances necessary : the Crookes as to read a dream : to interpret : to 
tube affected by an electric current to understand, as to read the stars : to note 
produce the rays, and the fluoroscope the indication of, as to read a barometer : 
which makes the rays visible. The ex- to impute by inference, as to read a 
aminer places the part to be viewed meaning into a book. — v. i. to perform 
between the fluoroscope and the tube, the act of reading: to practise much 
and a distinct shadow marks the inter- reading: to appear on reading: to ad- 
vention of bony matter, metals, or sim- vise : to speak : to acquire information : 
ilar substance, the flesh not being opaque to utter the words of a book: (mus.) 
to the rays. In making X-ray photo- to render music at first sight: to be 
graphs a photographic plate is substi- suitable for perusal: — pa. t. and pa. p. 
tuted for the fluoroscopic screen, being read (red). — n. read, a reading, perusal: 
afterward developed as in ordinary pho- also (obs.) same as rede. — adjs. read 
tography. [Fr. rate — L. radius, a rod.] (red), versed in books: learned; read- 
ray, ra, n. a popular name for such able (red'a-bl)*, that may be read: worth 
flat, cartilaginous fishes as the skate, reading: interesting: enabling to read. 
ray, ra, n. (mus.) the second note readjust, re-ad-just', v. t. to adjust 
of the diatonic scale. or put in order again, or in a new way. 

raze, raz, v. t. to lay level with the ready, red'i, a. prepared at the 
ground: to overthrow: to destroy, moment: in proper time: prepared in 
razor, ra'zor, n. a keen-edged imple- mind : willing : not slow or awkward : 
ment for shaving: a tusk, as of a boar, dexterous : prompt: quick: at hand: near: 
— ns. ra'zor-back, a kind of baleen easy : on the point of : opportune: off-hand, 
whale, also called rorqual, -finback, or — n. read'iness. — a. read'y-made, made 
tinner: a hog whose back has the form and ready for use: not made to order, 
of a ridge; ra'zor-bill, a species of auk. real, re'al, a. actually existing: not 
re, ra, n. (mus.), same as ray. counterfeit or assumed: true: genuine: 

re, re, n. a word used in the legal sincere: authentic: (law) pertaining to 
phrase in re, in the case (of). things fixed, as lands or houses. — a. 

reabsorb, re-ab-sorb', v. t. to absorb, realizable, that may be realized. — n. 
suck in, or swallow up again. realization, act of realizing or state of 

reach, rech, v. t. to stretch or extend : being realized : a realizing sense or feel- 
to attain or obtain by stretching out the ing. — v. t. re'alize, to make real: to 
hand : to hand over : to extend to : to bring into being or fact : to accomplish : 
arrive at: to get at: to gain. — v. i. to to convert into real property or money: 
be extended: to mount up in quantity p. a. re'alizing, serving to make real or 
or number: to stretch out the hand: bring home to one as a reality. — ns. 
to try to obtain : to arrive. — n. act or re'alism, the doctrine that in external 
power of reaching: extent of stretch: perception the objects immediately 
extent of force : penetration : artifice : known are real existences : the tendency 
contrivance: a straight portion of a in art to accept and to represent tkmgs 



3§4 realm ' fate, far; me, her; mine; receipt 

i 
as # they really are — opp. to idealism; re'- rebate, re-bat', v. t. to allow as dis- 
alist, one who holds the doctrine of count. — n. diminution, esp. discount : a 
realism : one who believes in the exist- deduction allowed from a price or rate. 
ence of the external world. — a. realistic, rebel, reb'el, n. one who rebels. — a. 
pertaining to the realists or to realism: rebellious. — v. i. (re-bel') to renounce 
life-like. — adv. realistically. — n. reality, the authority of the laws and govern- 
that which is real and not imaginary: ment to which one owes allegiance, or 
truth : verity : (law) the fixed, permanent to take up arms and, openly oppose 
nature of real property. — adv. re'ally, them: to oppose any lawful authority: 
in reality: actually: in truth. — ns. re'al- — pr. p. rebelling; pa. t. and pa. p. 
ness, the condition of being real; rebelled'. — n. rebellion, act of rebelling: 
re'alty, real estate, immovable prop- open opposition to lawful authority, 
erty, such as lands and tenements. rebound, re-bownd', v. i. to bound or 

realm, relm, n. a regal or royal juris- start back: to bound repeatedly: to 

diction : kingdom : province : country ; recoil : to reverberate : to re-echo. 

ream, rem, n. a quantity of paper con- rebuff, re-buf ', n. a beating back : 
sisting of 20 quires of 24 sheets. sudden check : defeat : unexpected re- 
reanimate, re-an'i-mat, v. t. to restore fusal. — v. t. to beat back : to check . 
to life: to infuse new life or spirit rebuke, re-buk', v. t. to check with 
into: to revive. — n. reanima'tion. reproof: to chide or reprove. — n. direct 

reap, rep, v. t. to cut down, as grain: reproof: reprimand: reprobation: (B.) 

to clear off a crop : to gather by effort : chastisement : a severe check, 

to receive as a reward : to obtain a rebus, re'bus, n. an enigmatical repre- 

harvest. — ns. reap'er; reaping-hook. sentation of a name or thing. 

reapportion, re-ap-por'shun, v. t. to rebut, re-but', v. t. to drive back: to 

apportion again. — n. reappor'tionment. repel: to reject: (law) to oppose by 

rear, rer, n. the back or hindmost argument or proof. — ns. rebut'tal; re- 
part: the last part of an army or fleet, but'ter, that which rebuts: a plaintiff's 

rear, rer, v. t. to bring up to maturity : answer to a defendant's rejoinder. 
to educate : to erect : to stir up. — v. i. to recalcitrant, re-kal'si-trant, a. show- 
rise on the hind legs, as a horse. ing repugnance or opposition . 

rearrange, re-ar-ranj', v. t. to arrange recall, re-kawl', v. t. to call back: to 

anew. — n. rearrangement. command to return : to revoke : to call 

reason, re'zn, n. an idea which sup- back to mind. — n. act of recalling or re- 
ports or justifies an act or belief: a voking: a signal to soldiers to return, 
motive: proof: excuse: cause: an ex- recant, re-kant', v. t. to withdraw (a 
planation : the faculty of the mind by former declaration) : to retract. — v. i. to 
which man draws conclusions, and de- revoke a former declaration . 
termines right and truth : the exercise recapitulate, re-ka-pit'u-lat, v. t. to 
of reason: just view of things: right repeat the chief points of. — n. recapitu- 
conduct : propriety: justice: that which la'tion, act of recapitulating: a sum- 
is conformable to reason: (logic) a mary of the main points of anything, 
premise placed after its conclusion. — v. i. recapture, re-kap'tur, v. t. to retake, 
to exercise the faculty of reason: to esp. a prize from a captor, 
deduce inferences from premises : to recast, re-kast', v. t. to cast or throw 
argue: to debate: (B.) to converse. — again: to cast or mold anew: to com- 
v. t. to examine or discuss : to debate : pute a second time, 
to persuade by reasoning. — a. rea'son- recede, re-sed', v. i. to go or fall 
able, endowed with reason : rational : back : to retreat : to bend or tend in a 
acting according to reason : agreeable backward direction : to withdraw : to 
to reason: just: not excessive: mod- give up. — v. t. to cede back, as to a 
erate. — n. rea'sonableness. — adv. rea'- former possessor. — a. receding, 
sonably. — ns. rea'soner; rea'soning. receipt, re-set', n. act of receiving: 

reassure, re-a-shor', v. t. to assure place of receiving: power of holding: 

anew : to give confidence to : to con- a written acknowledgment of anything 

firm: (Eng.) to insure an insurer. — n. received, a legal acknowledgment of 

reassur'ance, repeated assurance: money received in discharge of a debt 



receive mote, move; mute; then. recoil 385 

or demand: that which is received: a ternation. — a. recip'rocative, acting re- 
recipe in cookery. — v. t. to give a ciprocally. — n. reciprocity, mutual ob- 
receipt for: to sign: to discharge. ligation: action and reaction: equality 

receive, re-seV, v. t. to take when of commercial privileges, 
offered : to accept : to embrace with the recite, re-sit', v. t. to read aloud from 
mind: to assent to: to allow: to give paper, or repeat from memory: to nar- 
acceptance to: to give admittance to: rate: to give the particulars of.— v. i. 
to welcome or entertain : to hold or con- to rehearse in public— ns. reci'tal, act 
tain: (laiv) to take (goods) knowing of reciting: rehearsal: that which is re- 
them to be stolen.— v. i. to be a re- cited: a narration: a vocal or mstru- 
cipient: to hold a reception of visitors, mental performance, as a piano recital; 
—a. receivable, that may be received: recitation (res-i-ta'shun), act of recit- 
awaiting pavment, as bills receivable. ing : a public reading : rehearsal ; recita- 

recent, re'sent, a. of late origin or tive (-teV), (mus.) a style of song 
occurrence: fresh: modern: (geol.) be- resembling declamation, a kind of union 
longing to the present geological period, oi song and speech —a. m the style of 
— adv. re'cently.— n. re'centness. recitative.— adv. recitative ly. 

receptacle, re-sep'ta-kl, n. that into reck, rek */. t. to care for: to regard 
which anything is received or «* ~ v - *. (usually with not, and fol. by of) 

in which it is contained.— ». >_ care : heed.-a. reck less, careless : heed- 
receptibil'ity, receivability.-a. //8^ ess ° f consequences: rash.— adv. reck - 
recept'ible, receivable.-*, re- 1^ lessly -n. reck lessness. 
cep'tion, the act of receiving: W . reckon, rek n, v. t. to count: to place 
admission: state of being re- JJL m the number or rank of: to esteem: 
ceived: acceptance: a formal or Mm *? thmk ' believe.-^, i. to calculate: to 
hospitable receiving : welcome : V 7 charge t0 , account : to make up accounts 
treatment at first coming.-a. Receptacle ~/ s : recko ^ er ' reckoning, an account 
recept'ive, having the quality (Bit.) of time: settlement of accounts, etc* 
of receiving or containing. reclaim, re-klam , v i .to demand the 

recess, re-ses', n. a going back or return of : to regain : to bring back from 
withdrawing: retirement: seclusion: a a wild or barbarous state, or from error 
period of remission of business. or vlc e : to bring into a state of anti- 

recession, re-sesh'un, n. act of reced- ^on: to bring into the desired con- 
ing : withdrawal : the state of being set dlt / on : to m ±V^t ° ,/ g ™l a \w 
bzck.-adjs. reces'sional, recess'lve? reform.-a. reclaim able.-a^. reclaim - 

, \ , _ , , ' ., , ably. — n. reclama tion. 

recherche, re-sher sha a. extremely ^ vhtim\ v. t. to lean or bend 
nice ^peculiar and refined: rare. [Fr.] backwards . to lean to or on one side . 

recipe, res i-pe, n a medical pre- _ v7 • to kan . t0 rest or rep ose.-a. 
scnption: any formula for the prepara- recK ' n£ng {bot ) y bending away from 
tion of a compound: a receipt :—/>/. the perpendicular : recumbent. 
recipes (resi-pez). recluse, re-klos', a. secluded: retired: 

recipient, re-sip'i-ent, a. receiving.— solitary.— n. one shut up or secluded: 
n. one who receives, that which receives, one who lives retired from the world : 

reciprocal, re-sip'ro-kal, a. acting in a religious devotee living in a single 
return : mutual : alternating : inter- cell, generally attached to a monastery, 
changeable : giving and receiving. — n. recognize, rek'og-niz, v. t. to know 
that which is reciprocal: {math.) the again: to recollect: to acknowledge: to 
quotient resulting from the division of see the truth of. — a. rec'ognizable, that 
unity by any given quantity. — n. recip- may be recognized or acknowledged. — 
rocal'ity. — adv. recip'rocally, mutually: adv. rec'ognizably. — ns. recog'nizance, 
interchangeably: inversely. — v. t. recip'- a recognition: an avowal: a profession: 
rocate, to give and receive mutually : to a legal obligation entered into before a 
requite: to interchange: to alternate. — court to do or not to do some particular 
v. i. to move backward and forward: act; rec'ognizer; recogni'tion, act of 
(coll.) to make a return or response. — n. recognizing: state of being recognized. 
reciproca'tion, interchange of acts : al- recoil, re-koil', v. t. to start back : to 
25 



886 recollect fate, far; me, her; mine; rectify 

rebound: to return: to shrink from. — n. recoup, re-kop', v. t. to make good: 

a starting or springing back: rebound. — to indemnify. — n. recoup'ment. 

a. recoil'ing. — adv. recoil'ingly. recourse, re-kors', n. a. going to for 

recollect, rek-ol-ekt', v. t. to remem- aid or protection : access. — v. i. to return. 
ber: to recover composure or resolution recover, re-kuv'er, v. t. to get pos- 
(with reflex, pron.). — n. recollec'tion, session of again: to make up for: to 
act of recollecting or remembering: the retrieve: to cure: to revive: to bring 
power of recollecting : memory . back to any former state : to rescue : to 

recommend, rek-o-mend', v. t. to obtain as compensation: to obtain for 
commend to another: to bestow praise injury or debt: to reconcile — v. i. to 
on: to introduce favorably: to give in regain health: to regain any former 
charge: to commit, as in prayer: to state: (law) to obtain a judgment. — n. 
advise. — a. recommend'able. — n. recom- recoverabil'ity. — a. recov'erable, that 
mend'ableness. — adv. recommend'ably. may be recovered or regained: capable 
— n. recommenda'tion, act of recom- of being brought to a former condition, 
mending: act of introducing with com- ■ — ns. recov'erableness; recov'ery, the 
mendation: repute. act of recovering: the act of regaining 

recompense, rek'om-pens, v. t. to re- anything lost: restoration to health 
turn an equivalent for anything: to re- recreant, rek're-ant, a. cowardly: 
pay or requite: to reward: to com- false: apostate: renegade. — n. a mean- 
pensate: to remunerate. — n. repayment, spirited wretch: an apostate: a rene- 

reconcile, rek'on-sil, v. t. to restore gade. — n. rec'reancy, the quality of a 
to friendship or union : to bring to agree- recreant. — adv. rec'reantly. 
ment: to bring to contentment: to recreate, rek're-at, v. t. to revive: to 
pacify: to make consistent: to adjust or reanimate: to cheer or amuse: to re- 
compose. — a. rec'oncilable, that may be fresh : to delight. — v. i. to take recrea- 
reconciled: consistent. — adv. rec'oncil- tion. — n. recrea'tion, the act of recreat- 
ably. — ns. rec'onciler; reconciliation; ing or state of being recreated: refresh- 
rec'oncilement, act of reconciling: state ment after toil, sorrow, etc.: diversion, 
of being reconciled; recriminate, re-krim'in-at, v. t. to 

recondite, rek'on-dit, a. secret: ab- criminate or accuse in return. — v. i. to 
struse: profound. — n. recondite'ness. charge an accuser with a similar crime. 

reconsider, re-kon-sid'er, v. t. to — n. recrimina'tion, the act of recrimin- 
consider again, as to reconsider a motion ating : a countercharge or accusation. 
or vote : to review. — n. reconsidera'tion. recrudescent, re-kro-des'ent, a. grow- 

reconstruct, re-kon-strukt', v. t. to ing sore or painful again. — v. i. recru- 
construct again: to rebuild. desce', to become raw again: to be 

reconvey, re-kon-va', v. t. to transfer renewed. — ns. recrudes'cence, recru'- 
back to a former owner, as an estate, dency, recrudes'cency, the state of be- 

record, re-kord', v. t. to write any- coming sore again: a state of relapse: 
thing formally, to preserve evidence of (med.) increased activity after recovery, 
it : to bear witness to : to register or recruit, re-krot', v.^ i. to obtain fresh 
enroll: to celebrate. — n. record'er, one supplies: to recover in health, etc.: to 
who records or registers, esp. municipal enlist new soldiers. — v. t. to repair: to 
affairs: a judge of a city court: a regis- supply: to supply with recruits— n. a 
tering apparatus in telegraphy, newly enlisted soldier. — n. recruit'ing. 

record, rek'ord, n. a register : a formal rectangle, rek'_tang-gl, n. a four-sided 
writing of any fact or proceeding: a figure with all its angles right angles 
book of such writings: a witness, a and its opposite sides equal. — adjs. rec'- 
memorial: memory, remembrance: any- tangled, having right angles; rectang'- 
thing entered in the register of a court, ular, right-angled. — n. rectangular'ity, 
esp. the formal statements or pleadings rectify, rek'ti-fi, v. t. to make straight 
of parties in a litigation: the best re- or right : to adjust : to correct or redress : 
corded performance. to purify by repeated crystallization or 

recount, re-kownt', v. t. to count sublimation, or by distillations : (math.) 
again: to tell over again: to narrate the to determine the length of a curve in- 
particulars of : to detail. eluded between two limits : to prepare a 



rectitude mote, move; mute; then. reef 387 

sun-dial for an observation: — pa. t. and redolent, red'6-lent, a. diffusing odor 

pa. p. rectified.— a. rectifi'able, that may or fragrance : scented. 

be rectified or set right. — n. rectifica'- redouble, re-dub'l, v. t. to double 

tion, the act of rectifying or setting again or repeatedly: to increase greatly, 

right: the process of refining any sub- redoubt, re-dowt', v. t. (arch.) to 

stance by repeated distillation. fear. — a. redoubt'able, valiant. 

rectitude, rek'ti-tud, n. uprightness: redound, re-downd', v. i. to be sent 

correctness of principle or practice . back by reaction, to rebound : to result, 

rector, rek'tor, n. (orig.) a ruler: a turn out. — n. redound'ing. 
common name for all clergymen in redout, redoubt, re-dowt', n. (fort.) 
charge of a parish in the Episcopal a fieldwork inclosed on all sides, its 
churches of the United States. ditch not flanked from the parapet: a 
rectum, rek'tum, n. the lowest part central or retired work within a fortress. 
of the large intestine : — pi. rec'ta. redraw, re-draw', v. t. to draw again . 
recubant, rek'u-bant, a. reclining, redress, re-dres', v. t. to set right: to 
recumbent. — n. recuba'tion. relieve from : to make amends to : to 
recumbent, re-kum'bent, a. lying compensate: to dress again.— n. relief. 
back: reclining: idle. — ns. recum'bence, reduce, re-dus', v. t. to bring into a 
recum'bency. — adv. recum'bently. lower state, as to reduce the ores of 
recuperative, re-ku'per-a-tiv, a. tend- silver: to lessen: to impoverish: to sub- 
ing to recovery — also recu'peratory.— due: to arrange: (arith. and alg.) to 
a. recu'perable, recoverable. — v. t. re- change numbers or quantities from one 
cu'perate, to recover, to regain strength, denomination into another : to reduce to 
— ns. recupera'tion, recovery, as of its proper form, as to reduce a fracture: 
something lost; recu'perator, to bring into a new form, as to reduce 
recur, re-ker', v. i. to return, resort: Latin to English: to weaken: to bring- 
to happen at a stated interval :—pr. p. into a class: (mil.) to degrade to a 
recur'ring; pa. t. and pa. p. recurred'.— lower rank.— ns. reduc'er, one who re- 
ft*, recurrence, recur'rency, return.— duces: a joint-piece for connecting pipes 
a. recurrent, returning at intervals, of varying diameter; reducibil'ity, re- 
red, red, a. (comp. red'der; superl. duc'ibleness.— a. reducible, that may be 
red'dest) of a color like blood: ultra- reduced.— n. reduction, act of reducing 
radical, revolutionary.— n. one of the or state of bem S reduced: diminution, 
primary colors, of several shades, as redundance, re-dun'dans, n. quality 
scarlet, pink, carmine, vermilion, etc. of bem S superfluous: superabundance- 
redeem, re-dem', v. t. to ransom: to also redun'dancy.-a. redun'dant, super- 
relieve from captivity by a price: to fluous > as in words or images, 
rescue, deliver: to pay the penalty of: reecho, re-ek'o, v. t. to echo back.— 
to atone for : to perform, as a promise : v. i. to give back echoes : to resound. 
to improve, put to the best advantage: reed, red, n. the common English 
to recover, as a pledge. — a. redeem'able, name of certain tall grasses, growing in 
that may be redeemed. — ns. redeem'able- moist or marshy places, and having a 
ness; redeem'er, one who redeems or very hard or almost woody culm: the 
ransoms, esp. (R-) Jesus Christ, the sounding part of several musical instru- 
Saviour of the world. — adjs. redeeming, ments, as the clarinet, bassoon, oboe, and 
saving : good, as exceptional to what is bagpipe : the speaking part of the organ, 
bad ; redeem'less, incurable ; redemp'- though made of metal : the appliance in 
tive, pertaining to redemption: serving weaving for separating the threads of 
or tending to redeem; redemp'tory, the warp, and for beating the weft up 
serving to redeem : paid for ransom. to the web, etc. — v. t. to thatch. 

redemption, re-demp'shun, n. act of reef, ref, n. a chain of rocks lying at 

redeeming or buying back : ransom : re- or near the surface of the water : a 

lease : the deliverance of mankind from shoal or elevated bank : a lode, vein, or 

sin and misery by Christ. ledge, in Australian mining phraseology. 

redivivus, red-i-vi'vus, a. alive again: reef, ref, n. a portion of a sail rolled 

restored. or folded up. — v. t. to reduce the exposed 



388 reek fate, far; me, her; mine,- refract 

surface of, as a sail: to gather up any refined: purification: separation from 
material in a similar way. what is impure, etc. : cultivation : ele- 

reek, rek, n. smoke: vapor. — v. i. to gance: polish: purity: an excessive 
emit smoke or vapor: to steam. — a. nicety; refin'er, one who or that which 
reek'y, full of reek: smoky: soiled with refines anything; refin'ery. 
steam or smoke: foul. refit, re-fit', v. t. to fit or prepare 

reel, rel, n. a rolling or turning frame again. — v. i. to repair damages, 
for winding yarn, etc. — v. t. to wind on reflect, re-flekt', v. t: to bend back: 
a reel. to throw back after striking upon any 

reel, rel, v. i. to stagger : to vacillate, surface, as light, etc. — v. i. to be thrown 
— n. giddiness. back, as light, heat, etc. : to revolve in 

reeming, rem'ing, n. the act of open- the mind: to consider attentively or 
ing the seams between the planks of a deeply: to ponder: to cast reproach or 
vessel with a calking-iron, in order to censure (with on, upon). — p. a. re- 
admit the oakum. flect'ed, cast or thrown back: turned 

re-enter, re-en'ter, v. t. and v. i. to upward : reflexed. — a. reflecting, throw- 
enter again or anew : in engraving, to ing back light, heat, etc. : given to re- 
cut deeper where the aqua fortis has not flection: thoughtful. — adv. reflect/in gly. 
bitten sufficiently. — p. a. re-en'tering. reflection, re-flek'shun, n. the act of 

refection, re-f ek'shun, n. refreshment : reflecting : the change of direction when 
a meal or repast. — n. refec'tioner. — a. a ray of light, etc., strikes upon a sur- 
refec'tive, refreshing. — n. refec'tory, face and is thrown back : the state of 

refer, re-f er', v. t. to submit to another being reflected : that which is reflected : 
person or authority: to assign: to re- the action of the mind by which it is 
duce : to carry back: to trace back: to conscious of its own operations: at- 
hand over for consideration: to deliver tentive consideration: contemplation: 
over, as to refer a matter : to appeal : to censure or reproach. — a. reflect'ive. 
direct for information. — v. i. to direct reflex, re'fleks, a. bent or turned 
the attention : to give a reference : to back : reflected : reciprocal : acting and 
have reference or recourse: to relate: reacting, as reflex influence: (physiol.) 
to allude : — pr. p. referring ; pa. t. and said of certain movements which take 
pa. p. referred'. — adjs. referable, refer'- place independent of the will, being sent 
rible, that may be referred or assigned back from a nerve-center in answer to a 
to. — ns. referee', one to whom anything stimulus from the surface. — n. reflection : 
is referred : an arbitrator, umpire, or light reflected from an illuminated sur- 
judge; reference, the act of referring: face: a copy. — v. t. reflex', to bend back, 
relation : allusion : one who or that a. reflex'ive, turning backward : re- 
which is referred to: (law) the act of flective : respecting the past: relating to 
submitting a dispute for investigation or a verb in which the action turns back 
decision: a testimonial: a direction in a upon the subject, as / bethought myself. 
book, a quotation; referen'dary, one to refluent, ref'16-ent, a. flowing back: 
whose decision a cause is referred, a ebbing. — ns. refluence, refluency. — a. 
referee; referen'dum, the right of the re'flux, flowing or returning back: re- 
people to have legislative acts referred to flex. — n. a flowing back : ebb. 
them en masse. — a. referen'tial, contain- reforest, re-for'est, v. t. to plant 
ing a reference : pointing or referring to again with trees. — n. reforestation. 
something else. reform, re-form', v. t. to form again 

refine, re-fin', v. t. to separate from or anew : to transform : to make better : 
extraneous matter : to reduce to a fine to remove that which is objectionable 
or pure state : to purify : to clarify : to from : to repair or improve : to reclaim, 
polish : to make elegant : to improve, as the — v. i. to become better : to abandon evil : 
manners, morals, language, etc. — v. i. to to be corrected or improved. — n. a form- 
become fine or pure : to affect nicety : to ing anew : change, amendment, improve- 
improve in any kind of excellence. — p. a. ment. — a. refor'mable. — n. reformation, 
refined', made fine : polished : highly cul- a. reformed', formed again or anew : 
tivated.— adv. refin'edly. — ns. refine'- changed : amended : improved . 
ment, act of refining or state of being refract, re-frakt', v. t. to break back 



refractory mote, move; mute; then. regimen 389 

or open: to break the natural course, or — n. that which is rejected or left as 

bend from a direct line, as rays of light, worthless : dross. 

etc. — a. refrac'table. — p. a. refrac'ted. refuse, re-fuz', v. t. to melt again. — n. 

refractory, re-frak'to-ri, a. breaking refu'sion, repeated fusion or melting, as 

through rules: unruly: unmanageable: of metals: restoration, 

obstinate: perverse: difficult of fusion, refute, re-fut', v. t. to_ repel: to op- 

as metals, etc. : not susceptible, as to pose : to disprove. — n. refutabil'ity.— a. 

disease. refu'table, that may be refuted or dis- 

refragable, ref'ra-ga-bl, a. that may proved.— adv. refa'tably. — n. refutation, 

be resisted : capable of refutation.- regain, re-gan', v. t. to gain back or 

refrain, re-fran', n. a phrase recurring again : to recover. 

at the end of each division of a poem. regal, re'gal, a. belonging to a king: 

refrain, re-fran', v. t. to curb: to kingly: royal. — adv. re'gally. 

restrain. — v. i. to keep from action: to regale, re-gal', v. t. to entertain in a 

forbear. — ns. refrain'er, refrain'ment. sumptuous manner: to refresh: to grat- 

refrangible, re-fran'ji-bl, a. that may ify. — v. i. to feast. 

be refracted, or turned out of a direct regalia, re-ga'li-a, n. pi. the ensigns 

course, as rays of light, heat, etc. of royalty: the crown, scepter, etc., esp. 

refresh, re-fresh', v. t. to give new those used at a coronation : the rights 
strength, spirit, etc., to : to revive after and privileges of kings : the distinctive 
exhaustion : to enliven : to restore a symbols of a particular order, 
fresh appearance to. — v. i. to become regard, re-gard', v. t. to observe par- 
fresh again: (coll.) to take refreshment, ticularly : to hold in respect or affection: 
as food and drink. — n. refresh'er, one to pay attention to : to care for : to keep 
who or that which refreshes : a fee paid or observe : to esteem : to consider as 
to counsel for continuing his attention important or valuable : to have respect 
to a case, esp. when adjourned. — p. a. or relation to. — n. (orig.) look, gaze: 
refreshing, reviving, invigorating. — adv. attention with interest : observation : 
refresh'ingly. — n. refreshment, respect : affection : repute : relation : 

refrigerant, re-frij'er-ant, a. making reference: (pi.) good wishes. — n. re- 
cold : cooling : refreshing. — n. that which gar'der. — a. regard'ful, full of regard : 
cools. — v. t. refrig'era te, to make cold : taking notice : heedful : attentive. — adv. 
to cool : to refresh. — n. refrigera'tion. regard'fully. — n. regard'fulness. — prep. 
— adjs. refrig'erative, refrig'eratory, regar'ding, respecting, concerning. — a. 
cooling: refreshing. — n. refrig'erator, regard'less, without regard: not attend- 
an apparatus for preserving food by ing: negligent: heedless, 
keeping it at a low temperature . regatta, re-gat'a, n. a race of yachts : 

refuge, ref'uj, n. that which affords any rowing or sailing match, 

shelter or protection: an asylum or re- regency, re'jen-si, n. the office, juris- 

treat : a resource or expedient. — v. t. to diction, or dominion of a regent : a body 

find shelter for. — v. i. to take shelter. intrusted with vicarious government. 

refulgence, re-ful'jens, n. state of be- regenerate, re-jen'er-at, v. t. to pro- 

ing refulgent: brightness: brilliance— duce anew: (theol.) to renew and turn 

also reful'gency. — a. reful'gent, casting to the love of God, as the heart — a. 

a flood of light : shining : brilliant. regenerated, renewed : changed from a 

refund, re-fund', v. t. to repay: to natural to a spiritual state. — ns. regen'- 

restore: to return what has been taken, eracy; regen'erateness, state of being 

refuse, re-fuz', v. t. to reject: to den}', regenerate; regeneration, act of re- 

as a request, etc. : to disown : to fail to generating : state of being regenerated, 

receive, to repel: (mil.) to hold troops _ regent, re'jent, a. invested with 

back from the regular alignment. — v. i. interim or vicarious sovereign authority. 

to decline acceptance : not to comply. — a. — «. one invested with interim authority . 

refu'sable, capable of being refused. — regicide, rej'i-sld, n. the murderer of 

ns. refu'sal, denial of anything re- a king. — a. regici'dal. 

quested: rejection: the right of taking regime, ra-zhem', n. mode of ruling 

in preference to others ; refu'ser. one's diet : form of government . 

refuse, ref'us, a. refused: worthless. regimen, rej'i-men, n. rule prescribed. 



390 



regiment 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



rejoin 



regiment, rej'i-ment, n. a body of 
soldiers constituting the largest per- 
manent unit, commanded by a colonel. 

region, re'jun, n. a portion of land: 
country: any area or district, with 
respect to fauna, flora, etc. : any par- 
ticular part of the body. — a. re'gional, 

register, rej'is-ter, n. a written record, 
regularly kept : the book containing the 
register : that which registers or records : 
one who registers : that which regulates, 
as the damper of a furnace or stove, or 
the perforated plate, etc., regulating the 
admission of heat or air to a room : a 
stop or range of pipes on the organ, etc. : 
the compass of a voice or of a musical 
instrument: (print.) exact adjustment 
of position in the presswork of matter 
printed on both sides of a sheet. — v. t. 
to enter in a register : to record. — v. i. 
to have one's name placed on a poll-list. 

regnal, reg'nal, a. pertaining to the 
reign of a monarch. — n. reg'nancy. 

regress, re-gres', n. passage back: re- 
turn : power of returning : re-entry. — v. L 
to go back : to return to a former place 
or state: (astron.) to move from easj 
to west. — n. regres'sion, act of going 
back or returning. — a. regressive. 

regret, re-gret', v. t. to grieve at : 
to remember with sorrow. — n. sorrow 
for anything : concern : remorse : a writ- 
ten expression of regret. — a. regret'ful, 

regular, reg'u-lar, a. according to 
rule, or to law, order, custom, established 
practice, or mode prescribed: in ac- 
cordance with nature or art, or the 
ordinary form or course of things : gov- 
erned by rule : uniform : periodical : un- 
broken : methodical, orderly, systematic : 
strict : pursued with steadiness : straight . 
— adv. reg'ularly. — n. leg'ularness. — v. t. 
reg'ulate, to make regular : to adjust by 
rule: to subject to rules or restrictions: 
to put in good order. — ns. regulation, 
act of regulating: state of being regu- 
lated: a rule or order prescribed; reg'- 
ulator, one who or that which regulates : 
a lever which regulates the motion of a 
watch, etc. : anything that regulates 
motion. — a. reg'ulatory. 

regurgitate, re-ger'ji-tat, v. t. to 
throw or pour back from a deep place. 
— v. i. to be thrown or poured back. 

rehabilitate, re-ha-bil'i-tat, v. t. to 
reinstate, restore to former privileges. 



rehash, re-hash', v. t. to hash over 
again. — n. something made up of ma- 
terials formerly used. 

rehear, re-her', v. t. to hear again : to 
try over again, as a lawsuit. 

rehearsal, re-her'sal, n. act of re- 
hearsing: recital: recital and perform- 
ance for practice previous to public rep- 
resentation. — v. t. rehearse', to repeat 
what has already been said: to narrate: 

reign, ran, n. rule : dominion, as reign 
of terror: royal authority: supreme 
power: influence: time during which a 
sovereign rules. — v. i. to rule: to have 
sovereign power : to be predominant. 

reimburse, re-im-burs', v. t. to re- 
fund: to pay an equivalent to. 

rein, ran, n. the strap of a bridle : 
an instrument for curbing or governing : 
government. — v. t io govern with the 
rein or bricle : to restrain or control : to 
reiiiin, to curb. — v. i. to obey the rein. 

reincarnate, re-in-kar'nat, v. t. to em- 
body anev/. — n. reincarna'tion. 

reincorporate, rc-in-kor'po-rat, v. t. 
to incorporate or embody again or anew. 

reindeer, ran'der, n. a kind of deer 
in the north of 
Europe and Asia, 
valuable for the 
chase and for do- 
mestic uses. — n. 
rein'ecer-moss, a 
lichen, the winter 
food of the rein- 
deer. [Ice. hreinn, 
and Eng. deer.] Reindeer. 

reinforce, re-in-fors', v. t. to enforce 
again : to strengthen with new force or 
support. — 11. reinforce'ment, 

reinstate, re-in-stat', v. t. to place in 
a former state. — w. reinstate'ment. 

reiterate, re-it'e-rat, v. t. to iterate 
or repeat again: to repeat again and 
again. — a. reit'erant, reiterating. 

reject, re-jekt', v. t. to throw away: 
to refuse : to renounce : to despise. — adjs. 
rejec'table, rejec'tible. — n, pi. rejec- 
tamenta, excrement. — ns. rejec'ter, -or; 
rejec'tion, act of rejecting: refusal. 

rejoice, re-jois', v. i. to feel and ex- 
press joy again and again: to be glad: 
to exult or triumph. — v. t. to make joy- 
ful: to gladden.- 

rejoin, re-join', v. t. to join again : to 
unite what is separated: to meet again. 
— v. i. to answer to a reply. — n. rejoin'- 




rejuvenate mote, move; mute; then. reluctant 391 

der, an answer joined on to another, tender: to feel compassion. — a. soft- 
answer to a reply: (law) the defendant's hearted: yielding. — adjs. relent'ing, in- 
answer to a plaintiff's replication. clining to yield: too soft; relentless, 

rejuvenate, re-jo've-nat, v. t. to re- without relenting: merciless, 
new: to make young again. relevancy, rel'e-van-si, n. state of 

relapse, re-laps', v. i. to slide, sink, being relevant: pertinence: applica- 
or fall back: to return to a former state bility: obvious relation — also rel'evance. 
of practice: to backslide. — n. a falling — a. rel'evant, bearing upon, or apply- 
back into a former bad state: (med.) ing to, the purpose: pertinent: related, 
the return of a disease after convales- reliable, re-li a-bl, a. that may be 
cence. relied upon : trustworthy. — ns. reUabil'- 

relate, re-lat', v. t. to describe: to ity, rell'ableness. — adv. reli'ably. — ft. 
tell : to ally by connection or kindred. — reli'ance, trust : confidence. — a. reli'ant. 
v. i. to have reference: to refer. — a. relic, rel'ik, n. that which is left after 
rela'ted, allied or connected by kindred loss or decay of the rest : a corpse 
or blood. — ns. rela'tedness; rela'ter, -or, (gener. pi.) : a memorial, a souvenir, 
one who relates ; rela'tion, act of relat- relict, rel'ikt, n. a woman surviving, 
ing or telling: recital: that which is re- her husband, a widow, 
lated : mutual connection between two relief, re-lef, n. the removal of any 
things, analogy : resemblance, affinity : evil : release from a post or duty, re- 
connection by birth or marriage : a placement : one who replaces another : 
person related by Wood or marriage, a that which relieves or mitigates: aid: 
relative. — a. relational. — ns. rela'tion- (tine art) the projection of a sculptured 
ship; rela'tor (law), an informant on design from its ground, 
whose behalf certain writs are issued. relieve, re-lev', v. t. to remove from 

relative, rel'a-tiv, a. having relation: that which weighs down or depresses: 
respecting : not absolute or existing by to lessen : to ease : to help : to release : 
itself : considered as belonging to some- to support : to mitigate : to raise the 
thing else: (gram.) expressing relation, siege of: (art) to set off by contrast: 
— n. that which has relation to some- (lazv) to redress. — a. reliev'able. 
thing else: a relation: (gram.) a pro- religion, re-lij'un, n. the recognition 
noun which relates to something before, of supernatural powers and of the duty 
called its antecedent. — adv. rel'atively. lying upon man to yield obedience to 

relax, re-laks', v. t. to loosen one these : the performance of our duties of 
thing away from another : to slacken : to love and obedience towards God : piety : 
make less close, tense, or rigid : to make any system of faith and worship . 
less severe: to relieve from attention or religious, re-lij'us, a. pertaining to re- 
effort : to divert : to open or loosen, as ligion : concerned with or set apart to 
the bowels : to make languid. — v. i. to religion, as a religious society, religious 
become less close : to become less books : pious : godly . 
severe: to attend less. — a. relax'able. — relinquish, re-ling'kwish, v. t. to 
n. relaxation, act of relaxing : state of abandon : to give up : to renounce a 
being relaxed: remission of application: claim to. — ns. relinquisher; relin'quish- 

relay, re-la', n. a supply oi horses, ment, act of giving up. 
etc., to relieve others on a journey or relish, rel'ish, v. t. to like the taste 
in a race: a shift of men: a supple- of : to be pleased with : to enjoy. — v. i. to 
mentary store of anything . have an agreeable taste : to give pleasure. 

release, re-les', v. t. to let loose — n. an agreeable peculiar taste or qual- 
from: to set free: to discharge from: to ity: enjoyable quality: power of pleas- 
relieve: to let go, give up a right to. — ing: inclination or taste for: appetite: 
— n. a setting free: discharge or acquit- just enough to give a flavor: a sauce, 
tance : the giving up of a claim . reluctant, re-luk'tant, a. struggling or 

relegate, rel'e-gat, v. t. to send away, striving against: unwilling: disinclined, 
to consign: to exile: to dismiss: to — v. i. reluct', to make resistance. — ns. 
remit. — n. relega'tion. reluc'tance, reluc'tancy, state of being 

relent, re-lent', v. i. to slacken, to reluctant: unwillingness. — adv. reluc'- 
soften or grow less severe: to grow tantly. 



392 rely 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



renaissance 



rely, re-li', v. i. to rest or repose: to 
have full confidence in : to lean : — pa. t. 
and pa. p. relied'. — n. reli'er. 

remain, re-man', v. i. to stay or be 
left behind : to continue in the same 
place : to be left after or out of a greater 
number : to continue in an unchanged 
form or condition: to last. — n. stay: 
abode : what is left, esp. in pi. remains'. 

remand, re-mand, v. t. to recommit 
or send back. — n. state or act of being 
remanded or recommitted, as a prisoner. 

remark, re-mark', v. t. to mark or 
take notice of: to express what one 
thinks or sees : to say. — n. words regard- 
ing anything : notice : any distinguishing 
mark on an engraving or etching indi- 
cating a certain state of the plate before 
completion, also a print or proof bear- 
ing this special remark — also remarque'. 
■ — a. remark'able, deserving remark or 
notice : distinguished : famous : that may 
excite admiration or wonder : strange ; 

remedy, rem'e-di, n. any medicine, ap- 
pliance, or particular treatment that 
cures disease : that which counteracts 
any evil or repairs any loss. — v. t. to 
remove, counteract, or repair : — pa. t. 
and pa. p. rem'edied. — a. reme'diable, 
that may be remedied: curable. — n. 
reme'diableness. — adv. reme'diably. — a. 
reme'dial, tending to remedy or remove. 
— adv. reme'dially. — a. rem'ediless. 

remember, re-mem'ber, v. t. to keep 
in mind: to recall to mind: to recollect: 
(B.) to meditate on: to bear in mind 
with gratitude and reverence : to attend 
to : to give money for service done. — a. 
remem'berable. — ns. remem'berer; re- 
mem'brance, memory : that which serves 
to bring to or keep in mind : a memorial . 

remind, re-mind', v. t. to bring to the 
mind of again : to bring under the notice 
or consideration of. — n. remind'er, one 
who or that which reminds. — a. remind'- 
ful, tending to remind : calling to mind. 

reminiscence, rem-i-nis'ens, n. recol- 
lection: an account of what is remem- 
bered : the recurrence to the mind of the 
past. — n. reminis'cent, one who calls 
past events to mind. — a. capable of call- 
ing to mind. — a. reminiscen'tial. 

remise, re-mlz', v. t. to send or give 
back: to release, as a claim. — n. {law) 
return or surrender, as of a claim. 

remiss, re-mis', a. remitting in atten- 
tion, etc. : negligent : not punctual : slack : 



not vigorous. — n. remissibil'ity. — a. re- 
miss'ible, that may be remitted or 
pardoned. — n. remis'sion, slackening: 
abatement : relinquishment of a claim : 
release : pardon : remission of sins, the 
forgiveness of sins. — a. remissive. 

remit, re-mit', v. t. to relax: to 
pardon: to resign: to restore: to trans- 
mit, as money, etc. : to put again in 
custody : to transfer from one tribunal 
to another: to refer for information. — 
v. i. to abate in force or violence. — ns. 
remit'ment, act of remitting; remit'tal, 
a remitting: surrender; remit'tance, 
that which is remitted: the sending of 
money, etc., to a distance: also the sum 
or thing sent. — a. remit'tent. 

remnant, rem'nant, n. that which re- 
mains behind after a part is removed, of 
a web of cloth, etc. : remainder . 

remonstrance, re-mon's trans, n. 
strong statement of reasons against an 
act : expostulation. — a. remon'strant, in- 
clined to remonstrate. — n. one who re- 
monstrates. — adv. remon'strantly. — v. i. 
remon'strate, to set forth strong reasons 
against a measure. — n. remonstra'tion. 

remorse, re-mors', n. the gnawing 
pain of anguish or guilt. — n. remord'- 
ency, compunction. — a. remorse'ful, full 
of remorse: compassionate. — adv. re- 
morse'fully. — n. remorse'fulness, the 
state of being remorseful. — a. remorse'- 
less, without remorse : cruel. — adv. re- 
morselessly. — n. remorse'lessness. 

remote, re-mot', a. moved back to a 
distance in time or place: far: distant: 
primary, as a cause: not agreeing. 

remove, re-mov', v. t. to put from its 
place : to take away : to withdraw : to 
displace : to make away with. — v. i. to go 
from one place to another. — n. any in- 
definite distance: a step in any scale of 
gradation, also a class or division. 
■ — n. remo'val, the act of taking away: 
displacing : change of place . 

remunerate, re-mu'ne-rat, v. t. to 
render an equivalent for any service: to 
recompense. — n. remunerabil'ity, capa- 
bility of being rewarded. — a. remu'ner- 
able, that may be remunerated: worthy 
of being rewarded. — n. remunera'tion, 
reward : recompense : requital. — a. re- 
mu'nerative, fitted to remunerate : lucra- 
tive : yielding due return. 

renaissance, re-na'sans, n. a new 
birth: (R-) the period (in the 15th 



renascent mote, move; mute; then. repent 393 

century) at which the revival of arts reorganize, re-or'gan-Iz, v. t. to or- 

and letters took place, marking the ganize anew : to rearrange, 

transition from the Middle Ages to the rep, repp, rep, n. a fabric with a 

modern world. finely corded surface. 

renascent, re-nas'ent, a. rising again repaid, re-pad', pa. t. and pa. p. of 

into being. — ns. renas'cence, renas'- repay. 

cency, the same as renaissance.— a. re- repair, re-par', v. i. to betake oneself 

nas'cible, capable of being reproduced, to : to go : to resort. 

rend, rend, v. t. to tear asunder with repair, re-par', v. t. to restore after 

force: to split: to tear away.— v. i. to injury: to make amends for: to make 

become torn :— pa. t. and pa. p. rent. good, as a loss : to mend.— n. restoration 

render, ren'der, v. t. to give up: to after injury or decay: supply of loss.— 

make up: to deliver, furnish, present: 1ls . repair'er, reparabil'ity.— a. rep'ar- 

to cause to become: to translate into able, that may be repaired.— a dv. rep'- 

another language: to deliver officially, arably.— n. reparation, repair: supply 

as judgment: to cause to be: to repro- G f what is wasted: amends.— a. repar'- 

duce, as music: to boil down in order ative, amending defect or injury. 

to clarify, as lard : to plaster without repartee, rep-ar-te', n. a smart, ready, 

the use of lath— a. ren'derable.— ns. an d witty reply.— v. i. to make witty 

renderer; rendering, the act of ren- re pHes 

dering: version: translation: interpre- ast r £_ past ' M> a meal: the f ood 

tation; rendition the act of surrender- taken . victua i s . rep ose. 

mg, as fugitives from justice: transla- repa triate, re-pa'tri-at, v. t. to restore 

on ' , , , .. , to one's country. — n. repatriation, 

rendezvous, ren de-vo, or ran-, n. . ., , f , , 

an appointed place of meeting, esp. for r ^ ay ' re "P a ' v ' *• t0 ^ back: to 

troops or ships: a place for enlistment: make return for: . to . recompense: to pay 

a refuge:-/ rendezvous.-*. L to as- a * am or 1 a l** "? tlme -~^ *• to requite. 

semble at any appointed place. r fP e . al > TG ~P*} > v - L *° revoke h y 

renegade, ren'e-gad, n. one faithless authority, as a law: to abrogate: to re- 

to prindple or party: an apostate. ^t dismiss.-n. a revoking or an- 

renev/, re-nu', v. t. to renovate: to in S- _ 

transform to new life, revive: to begin re P eat ' je-pet , v. *. to do again: to 

again: to make again: to invigorate : to s P eak a ^ am ' to u lterate: to quote from 

substitute: to regenerate.-^, i. to be memory : to rehearse -v. i. to strike the 

made new: to begin again. hours as a watch: to recur: the act of 

55 **e~~ m repeating. — n. (mus.) a part performed 

renounce, re-nowns v t. to disclaim: a second time . a mark directi a t 

to disown: to reject publicly and finally. to be repeated.— adjs. repeat'able; re- 
renovate, reno-vat, v. t. to renew or pea t'ed, done again: frequent.— a dv. re- 
make new again: to restore to the pea t'edly, many times repeated: again 
original state.— n. renova tion, renewal. and agam . frequently 

renown, re-nown', n. a great name: j rg r R f to drive back . tQ 
celebrity: eclat— v t .to make famous.- lse . to check the advance of to re _ 
a. renowned, celebrated;, illustrious. sis L-v. i. to act with opposing force: 
rent, rent, n. an opening made # by ( wz ^.) to check or drive inwards.— ns. 
rending: fissure: break: tear: a schism, repel'lence, repel'lency.— a. repellent, 
rent, rent, n. payment in return for driving back: able or tending to repel, 
the use of property held of another.— repent, re-pent', v. i. to regret or 
v. t to hold or occupy by paying rent : sor row for what one has done or left 
to let or to hire for a rent.— v i to lm done : to change from past evil: 
be let for rent: to endow.— a. rentable. ( t h eo l.) to feel such sorrow for sin as 
rent, rent, pa. t. and pa. p. of rend. produces newness of life. — z/. t. to re- 
renunciation, re-nun-si-a'shun, n. member with sorrow— often used im- 
disowning: rejection: abandonment. personally, as 'it repenteth me'.— a. re- 
reoccupy, re-ok'u-pl, v. t. to occupy pent'able. — n. repent'ance, sorrow for 
anew. — n. reoccupa'tion. what has been done or left undone : con* 



394 repertoire fate, far; me, her; mine; reprieve 

trition for sin. — a. repent'ant, repenting cision: rumor: sound: noise: (B.) 
or sorry for past conduct. repute: hearsay: reputation. 

repertoire, rep'er-twor, n. the list of repose, re-poz', v. t. to lay at rest : to 
musical works, etc., which a performer is compose: to place in trust (with on or 
ready to perform, a repertory. in) : to deposit: to tranquillize. — v. i. to 

repetition, rep-e-tish'un, n. act of re- rest: to sleep: to rest in confidence (with 
peating: recital from memory. on or upon) : to lie. — n. a lying at rest: 

repine, re-pin', v. i. to fret oneself sleep: quiet: rest of mind: (fine art) 
(with at or against) : to feel discontent : that harmony which gives rest to _ the 
to murmur : to envy. — ns. repi'ner; repi'- eye. — n. repo'sal, the act of reposing: 
ning, the act of one who repines. that on which one reposes. — a. reposed', 

replace, re-plas', v. t. to place back: calm: settled.— adv. repo'sedly — n. re- 
to put again in a former place, condition, po'sedness.— a. repose'ful.— v. t. re- 
etc. : to repay : to provide a substitute pos'it, to lodge, as for safety— also w.— 
for: to take the place of.— a. replace'- ns. reposition, reduction; repos'itor, 
able.— n. replace'ment, act of replacing, an instrument for restoring a displaced 

replenish, re-plen'ish, v. t. to fill organ; repository, a place where any- 
again : to fill completely : to stock abun- thing is laid up for safe keeping : a place 
dantly.— p. a. replenished. where things are kept for sale. 

replete, re-plet', a. full: completely repousse, re-po'sa, a. raised in relief 
filled, abounding.— v. t. to fill to repletion, by means of the hammer. 
— ns. replete'ness; reple'tion, super- reprehend, rep-re-hend', v. t. to blame: 
abundant fullness: surfeit: (med.) full- to reprove. — n. reprehen'der. — a. repre- 
ness of blood: plethora. — a. reple'tive. hen'sible, worthy of being reprehended 

replevy, re-plev'i, v. t. (law) to re- or blamed. — n. reprehen'sibleness. — adv. 
cover goods distrained upon giving a reprehen'sibly, culpably. — n. reprehen'- 
pledge or security to try the right to sion, reproof: censure. — a. reprehen'- 
them at law. — n. replevin. — a djs. replev'- sive, containing reproof : given in re- 
iable, replev'isable.— n. replev'in, an proof.— adv. reprehen'sively. 
action # for replevying.— v. t. to replevy. represent, rep-re-zent', v. t. to exhibit 

replica, rep'li-ka, n. (fine art) a copy the image of: to serve as a sign of: to 
of a work done by the same hand that personate or act the part of: to stand in 
did the original. the place of: to bring before the mind: 

replicant, rep'li-kant, n. one who to describe : to portray : to exemplify. — n. 
makes a reply. representabil'ity. — adjs. represent'able, 

replicate, rep'li-kat, a. folded— w. that may be represented; represent'ant, 
replica'tion. — a. rep'licative. having vicarious power. — n. representa'- 

reply, re-pli', v. t. to fold back: to tion, act of representing or exhibiting: 
answer.— v. i. to make response : to meet that whicn represents : an image : picture : 
an attack, as to renly to the enemy's fire dramatic performance : part performed 
or (law) to a defendant's plea.— n. an by a representative : share, participation : 
answer: the power of answering: a statement: delegation. — adjs. repre- 
counter-attack : (mus.) the answer of a senta'tional; representative, represent- 
fugue.— ns. replicant; replica'tion, a m S'- showing a likeness: bearing the 
reply: repetition: (law) the plaintiff's character or power of others : replacing : 
answer to a plea.— a. replica'tive. presenting the full character of a class : 

report, re-port', v. t. to bring back, as ( l °S\ c ) mediately known.— n. one who 
an answer or account of anything: to stands for another, a deputy delegate: 
give an account of: to relate: to cir- a t member of a legislative body, esp. of 
culate publicly: to write down or take , th ? low f house of Congress: (law) an 
notes of, esp. for a newspaper : to lay a heir.— adv. represent atively, 
charge against : to echo back.— v. i. to repress, re-pres', v. t. to restrain, quell, 
make a statement: to write an account reprieve, re-prey', v. t. to delay the 
of occurrences. — n. a statement of facts : execution of a criminal : to give a respite 
description: a formal or official state- to. — n. a suspension of a criminal sen- 
ment, esp. of a judicial opinion or de- tence: interval of ease or relief. 



reprimand mote, move; mute; thm. rescript 395 

reprimand, rep'ri-mand, or -mand', n. repugn, re-pun', v. t. (Shak.) to fight 
a severe reproof. — v. t. to chide: to re- against, to oppose. — a. repug'nable, 
prove severely : to administer reproof. capable of being resisted. — ns. repug'- 

reprint, re-print', v. t. to print again: nance, the state of being ^repugnant: 
to print a new impression of. — n. re- resistance: aversion: reluctance; repug'- 
print, another impression of a printed nancy. — a. repug'nant, hostile: adverse: 
book or paper : printed matter from contrary : distasteful : at variance. 
some other publication, 'copy' in printed repulse, re-puls', v. t. to drive back: 
form. _ p to repel: to beat off: to refuse, reject. 

reprisal, re-pri'zal, n. a seizing back — n> the state of being repulsed or driven 
or in retaliation: the retaking of goods back: the act of repelling: refusal.— ns. 
captured by an enemy: anything seized, repul'ser; repul'sion, act of repulsing 
or inflicted, in retaliation: that which is r driving back: state of being repelled: 
seized for injury inflicted. _ aversion: the action by which bodies or 

reproach, re-proch', v. t. to cast in their particles repel each other.— a. re- 
one's teeth: to censure severely: to up- pul'sive, that repulses or drives off: 
braid : to revile : to treat with contempt, repelling : cold, reserved, ' forbidding : 
— n. the act of reproaching: reproof: causing aversion and disgust, 
censure : blame in opprobrious language . reputation, rep-u-ta'shun, n. state of 

reprobate, rep'r6-bat, a. condemned: k er ng held in repute: estimation: char- 
base : given over to sin : depraved : vile. acter j n public opinion : credit : fame.— a. 
—n. an abandoned or profligate person : rep'utable, in good repute : respectable : 
one lost to shame.— v. t. to .disapprove : honorable: consistent with reputation, 
to censure: to disown. repute, re-put', v. t. to account or 

reproduce, re-pro-dus , v. t. to pro- estimate: to hold.— n. estimate: estab- 
duce again: to form anew: to propa- Hshed opinion: character.— adv. reput'- 
gate: to represent, — ns. reproducer, ed i 7) j n common repute or estimation, 
one who or that which reproduces; request re -kwest', v. t. to ask for 
reproduc tion, the act of producing new earnestl tQ entreat . tQ desire ._ M< 
orgamsms-the whole process whereby tition . p . desire . demand . that 

life is continued from generation to gen- whkh . r ted . a want: a quest ion . 

eration: repetition. — a. reproductive. ^ _„ . 7; 

reproof, re-prof, n. a reproving or requiem, re kwi-em, n a hymn or 
blaming: rebuke: censure: reprehension. ^ ass , su f g for th ^ rest . °^ the sou . 1 f . of 
-a. reprov'able (-6v'-), deserving re- the dead : a grand musical composition 
proof/blame, or censure.-a^. reprov'- m hon ? r of th f dead - 
ably.— n. repro'val, the act of reproving: require, re-kwir , v. t. to ask: to de- 
reproof.— v. t. reprove', to condemn : to mand : to need : to exact : to direct.— 
chide: to convict: to censure. a - reqmr able, that may be required: 

reptile, rep'til, a. moving or crawling fit or proper to be required, 
on the belly or with very short legs : , requisite, rek wi-zit, a required : need- 
groveling: low.— n. an animal that moves ful : indispensable.— n. that which is re-. 
or crawls on its bellv or with short legs, quired: anything necessary or mdis- 

republic, re-pub'lik, n. a common- pensable.— adv. req'uisitely.— ns. req^- 
wealth: a form of government without uisiteness, state of being requisite ; req- 
a monarch, in which the supreme power lusi tion, the act of requiring: an appli- 
is vested in representatives elected by the nation madeas by right: a demand, as 
people.— a. republican, belonging to a for necessaries for a military force, 
republic : agreeable to the principles of a requite, re-kwit', v. t. to repay: to 
republic. — n. one who advocates a repub- retaliate.— a. requi'table.— n. requi'tal, 
lican form of government: one of a the act of requiting: payment in return, 
great political party in the United States. g res, rez, n. a thing, a point.— res 

repudiate, re-pu'di-at, v. t. to reject: judicata, a matter decided. [L.] 
to disclaim, as liability for debt : to dis- rescind, re-sind', v. t. to cut away oi 
avow : to divorce. — a. repudiable, that off : to annul : to repeal : to reverse, 
may be repudiated: fit to be rejected. — rescript, re'skript, n. the official 
n. repudiation, the act of repudiating, answer of a pope or an emperor to any 



396 rescue fate, far; me, her; mine; resolve 

legal question : an edict or decree. — n. the difference between one of a series 

rescrip'tion, the answering of a letter, of observed values and the mean of the 

rescue, res'ku, v. t. to free from series, etc. — a. resid'uary, pertaining to 

danger or violence : to deliver : to lib- the residue : receiving the remainder, as 

erate: — pr. p. res'cuing; pa. t. and pa. p. a residuary legatee. — v. t. resid'uate, to 

res'cued. — n. the act of rescuing : deliver- find the residual of. — ns. residua'tion, 

ance from violence or danger. the act of finding the residual; resid'- 

research, re-serch', n. a careful uent, a by-product left after the removal 

search: diligent examination or investi- of a principal product. — a. resid'uous, 

gation : scrutiny. — v. t. to examine anew, residual. — n. resid'uum, that which is 

resemble, re-zem'bl, v. t. to be similar left after any process of purification . 

to: to have the likeness of: to possess resign, re-zin', v. t. to yield up to 

similar qualities or appearance to : to another : to submit calmly : to relinquish : 

compare : to make like. — n. resem'blance, to intrust. — v. i. to submit oneself : to 

the state of resembling : similitude : like- give up an office, etc. — n. resignation, 

ness : similarity : that which is similar. act of giving up : state of being resigned 

resent, re-zent , v. t. to take ill: to or quietly submissive: acquiescence: 
consider as an injury or affront: to be patience. — p. a. resigned', calmly sub- 
indignant at : to show indignation at : missive : uncomplaining. — adv. resign- 
to have a strong perception of : to per- ed'ly, with submission, 
ceive by the sense of smell. — v. i. to be resile, re-zu", v. i. to leap back: to 
indignant. — n. resent'er. — a. resent'ful, fly from : to recoil, to recede : — pr. p. 
full of or prone to resentment. resil'ing; pa. p. resiled'. — ns. resile'- 

reserve, re-zerv', v. t. to keep back: ment; resilience, resil'iency, act of 

to keep for future or other use: to springing back or rebounding. — a. resil'- 

retain, except : to keep safe. — n. that ient, springing back or rebounding, 

which is reserved : that which is kept resin, rez'in, n. an amorphous sub- 

for future use : a part of an army or a stance that exudes from plants, supposed 

fleet reserved to assist those engaged in to be the product of oxidation of volatile 

action : that which is kept back in the oils secreted by the plant : the precipi- 

mind : mental concealment : absence of tate obtained from a vegetable tincture 

freedom in words or action : caution : by treatment with water, 

that part of capital which is retained resist, re-zist', v. t. to strive against : 

to meet average liabilities. — n. reserva'- to oppose. — v. i. to make opposition. — n. 

tion, the act of reserving or keeping a material, as a paste, applied to a 

back: the withholding from a statement fabric to prevent the action of a dye or 

of a word or clause necessary to convey mordant from affecting the parts not 

its real meaning : something withheld . to be colored. — ns. resistance, act of 

reserved, re-zervd', a. characterized resisting: opposition: (mech.) the power 

by reserve: not free or frank in words of a body which acts in opposition to the 

or behavior: shy: cold. — adv. reser'- impulse of another: (electr.) that prop- 

vedly. — n. reser'vedness. erty of a conductor by which the passage 

reservoir, rez'er-vwor, n. a place of a current through it is accompanied 
where anything is kept in store: a place with a dissipation of energy; resis'tant. 
where water and other liquids are stored. resolute, rez'6-lut, a. resolved : de- 
reside, re-zid', v. i. to remain sitting : termined : having a fixed purpose : con- 
to dwell permanently: to abide: to live: stant in pursuing a purpose: bold, 
to inhere. — ns. residence, act of dwell- resolution, rez-o-lu'shun, n. act of re- 
ing in a place: place where one resides, solving: analysis: solution: state of be- 
a domicile : that in which anything per- ing resolved : fixed determination : stead- 
manently inheres ; residency, residence . iness : that which is resolved : certainty . 

residue, rez'i-du, n. that which is left resolve, re-zolv', v. t. to separate into 

behind after a part is taken away : the parts : to analyze : to free from doubt 

remainder : the residuum of an estate or difficulty : to explain : to decide : to fix 

after payment of debts and legacies. — a. by resolution or formal declaration: 

resid'ual, remaining as residue. — n. that (math.) to solve: (med.) to disperse, as 

which remains after a subtraction, as a tumor. — v. i. to determine. — n. any- 



resonance mote, move; mute; then, restore 397 

thing resolved or determined: resolu- or reply: to correspond to or suit; to 
tion: fixed purpose. — n. resolvabil'ity. — be answerable: to make a liturgical 
a. resol'vable, that may be resolved or response : to be liable for payment. — v. t. 
reduced to its elements. to satisfy. — n. a responsive versicle, etc. : 

resonance, rez'6-nans, n. act of re- (archit.) a pilaster, etc., in a wall for 
sounding: the returning of sound by re- receiving the impost of an arch. — ns. 
flection or by the production of vibra- respon'dence, respon'dency, act of 
tions in other bodies: the sound responding: reply. — a. respon'dent, an- 
discovered by auscultation — also res'- swering: corresponding to expectation. 
onancy. — a. res'onant, returning sound : — n. one who answers, esp. in a lawsuit : 
vibrating. — adv. res'onantly. ■ one who refutes objections. — ns. re- 

resort, re-zort', v. i. to go : to betake sponse', a reply : an oracular answer : 
oneself: to have recourse: to apply. — n. the answer made by the congregation to 
act of resorting: a place much fre- the officiant during divine service; re- 
quented: a haunt: resource: company. sponsibil'ity, respon'sibleness, state of 

resound, re-zownd', v. t. to sound being responsible: what one is respon- 
back : to echo : to praise or celebrate sible for : a trust. — a. responsible, liable 
with sound : to spread the fame of. to be called to account or render satis- 

resource, re-sors', n. a source of help : faction : answerable : capable of dis- 
an expedient: (pi.) means of raising charging duty: able to pay. — adv. re- 
money: means of any kind: funds. spon'sibly. — a. respon'sive, inclined to 

respect, re-spekt', v. t. to esteem for respond : answering : correspondent. — 
merit : to honor : to relate to : to regard adv. respon'sively.— n. respon'siveness. 
unduly: to heed. — n. act of esteeming — adjs. responso'rial, responsive; re- 
highly: regard: expression of esteem: spon'sory, making answer, 
deportment arising from esteem : rela- rest, rest, n. cessation from motion or 
tion: reference: point of view, any par- disturbance: peace: quiet: sleep: the 
ticular : partiality : reflection : decency : final sleep, or death : place of rest, as 
reputation. — n. respectability, state or an inn, etc.: repose: release: security: 
quality of being respectable. — a. respec'- tranquillity : stay : that on which anything 
table,worthy of respect or regard : mod- rests or is supported : a pause of the 
erate in excellence or number: not mean voice in reading: (mus.) an interval be- 
or despicable: reputable: moderately tween tones, also its mark. — v. i. to 
well-to-do. — n. respec'tableness. — adv. cease from action or labor: to be still: 
respec'tably, moderately: pretty well. — to repose: to sleep: to be dead: to be 
11. respec'ter. — a. respect'ful, full of supported: to lean or trust: 
respect: marked by civility. — adv. re- rest, rest, n. that which remains after 
spect'fully. — n. respectfulness. — prep, the separation of a part; remainder: 
respec'ting, regarding: considering. — a. others. — v. i. to remain, 
respec'tive, having respect or reference restaurant, res'to-rant, n. an estab- 
to: relative: relating to a particular lishment for the sale of refreshments, 
person or thing: particular. restitution, res-ti-tu'shun, n. act of 

respire, re-spir', v. i. to breathe again restoring what was lost or taken away: 
and again: to breathe: to take rest. — indemnification: a making good: (law) 
v. t. to breathe out. — n. respirabil'ity, the restoration of what a party had 
quality of being respirable. — a. respir'- gained by a judgment. — a. res'titutive. 
able, that may be breathed : fit for res- restive, res'tiv, a, unwilling to go 
piration. — ns. respir'ableness ; respira'- forward: obstinate: jibbing back like a 
tion, the function of breathing . restive horse. — adv. res'tively. 

respite, res'pit, n. temporary cessation restless, rest'les, a. ^ in continual 
of anything : pause : interval of rest : motion : uneasy : passed in unquietness : 
(law) temporary suspension of the exe- seeking change or action: unsettled, 
cution of a criminal. — v. t. to grant a * restore, re-stor', v. t. to repair: to 
respite to : to relieve by a pause . replace : to return : to bring back to its 

resplendent, re-splen'dent, a. very former state : to revive : to cure : to com- 
splendid, shining brilliantly : very bright, pensate : to mend. — a. restor'able, that 

respond, re-spond', v. i. to answer may be restored to a former owner or 



398 restrain fate, far; me, her; mine; retouch 

condition. — ns. restor'ableness; restora'- retake, re-tak', v. t. to take or re- 
tion, act of restoring: replacement: re- ceive again: to recapture, 
covery: revival: reparation: renewal. — a. retaliate, re-tal'i-at, v. t. to return 
restor'ative, able or tending to restore, like for like: to repay. — v. i. to return 
restrain, re-stran', v. t. to hold back: like for like. — n. retaliation, act of re- 
to check: to withhold, to forbid: to taliating: lex talionis' : retribution, 
hinder: to limit — a. restrain'able, retard, re-tard', v. t. to keep back: 
capable of being restrained.— adv. re- to delay: to defer.— a. retar'dant.— n 
strain'edly. — n. restrain'er. — pa. a. retardation, delay: hindrance: ob- 
restrain'ing. — ns. restrain'ment; re- stacle: (phys.) a continuous decrement 
straint', act of restraining : state of be- in velocity . 

ing restrained: want of liberty: limita- re tch, rech, v. i. to try to vomit: to 
tion: hindrance: reserve. strain- to reach 

restrict, re-strikt' v t to limit :: to retention, re-ten'shun, n. act or power 
confine: to repress: to attach limitations of reta ining: memory: restraint : cus- 
to.-adv. restric tedly.--n. restriction, tod preservation: (med.) power of re- 
act of restricting; limitation: confine- taining, inability to void.—*, retent', 
ment-a. restric tive, having the power that which is retained.— a. retentive 
or tendency to restrict : # astringent having power to retain. 

• , result » r e-^lt, v. t. to issue (w.th retic e n ce, refi-sens, n. concealment 
m): to follow as a consequence from b sflence: reserve in speech-also ret'- 
facts; to rebound: to be the outcome: to ice ncy.-a. ret'icent, concealing by 
termmate.-n consequence: conclusion: silenc *. reserved in * K * * 

decision: resolution, as the result of a „^<.:„„i^ u- 1 -i 1-^1 1 

council,-* resul'tance, act of resulting. h £?*f*J IT ^ % ° * httle netW ° rk 

resume, ri-zum', v. t to take back bag : a lady s workbag. _ 
what has been given: to take up again: . retma » "t i-na, n. the innermost coat- 
to begin again after interruption. ing . ttie eye ;. _ 
resume, ra-zo-ma', n. a summing up: retinue, ret l-nu, n. the body of re- 
resumption, re-zump'shun, n. act of tamers who follow a person of rank: a 
resuming or taking back again, as the smte: . a cortege. [Retain.] 
resumption of a grant: the return to retire, re-tir , v. i. to draw back: to 
special payments.— a. resumptive. retreat: to recede: to go to bed.— v. t. 
resurge, re-serj', v. i. to rise again.— to withdraw from circulation, as to re- 
n. resur'gence.— a. resur'gent, rising tire a bill: to cause to retire.— n. a call 
again or from the dead.— v. t. resurrect', sounded on a bugle : act of retiring : 
to restore to life : (coll.) to disinter.— n. retreat— a. retired, withdrawn: se- 
resurrec'tion, the rising again from the eluded: private : withdrawn from busi- 
dead: the life thereafter: a restoration, ness.— ns. retired ness; retirement, act 
resuscitate, re-sus'i-tat, v. t. to revive, of retiring or withdrawing from society 
to revivify.—^, i. to revive: to awaken or from public life, or from the army 
and come to life again.— adjs. resus'- or navy: state of being retired: solitude: 
citable, resus'citant.— n. one who or privacy.—/?, a. retir'ing, reserved: un- 
that which resuscitates.— n. resuscita'- obtrusive: retreating: modest. 
tion, act of reviving from. a state of retold, re-told', pa. t. and pa. p. of 
apparent death : state of being revivified, retell. 
— a. resus'citative, tending to resus- retort, re-tort, v. t. to 
citate: reviving: revivifying. throw back: to return: 
retail, re-tal', v. t. to sell or deal out retaliate: to separate 
in small lots or quantities: to sell in means of a retort, 
broken parts, or at second hand: to to make a sharp reply.— 
hand down by report. n. a ready and sharp re- Ketort - 

retain, re-tan', v. t. to keep in posses- ply : a witty answer : a vessel used in 
sion : to detain : to employ by a fee paid : distillation, properly a spiral tube, 
to restrain: to keep 'up, as to retain a retouch, re-tuch', v. t. to improve, as 
custom: to keep in mind. — a. retain'- a picture, by new touches. — n. the re- 
able, that may be retained. application of the artist's hand to a 



v. t. to ^^a 

irn: to >0\ 

ate by yWj 
.—v. i. <6^ , |j|p 



retrace • mote, move; mute; then. reverse 399 

work: (phot.) the act of finishing and the same place or state: to answer: to 
correcting. retort: to turn back: to repeat: to re- 
retrace, re-tras', v. t. to trace back: vert: to recur: to reappear. — v. t. to 
to go back by the same course . bring or send back : to transmit : to give 
retract, re-trakt', v. t. to retrace or back: to repay: to give back in reply: 
draw back: to recall: to recant. — v. i. to report: to give an account: to cast 
to take back what has been said or back : to reflect : to re-echo : to revolve . 
granted. — adjs. retractable, retrac'- reunion, re-un'yim, n. a union after 
tible. — n. retracta'tion. — p. a. retrac'ted separation : an assembly or social gather- 
(bot.), bent back. — a. retrac'tile, that ing. 

may be drawn back, as claws. — n. re- reunite, re-u-nit', v. t. to join after 

trac'tion, act of retracting or drawing separation : to reconcile after variance. — 

back: recantation. — a. retrac'tive, able v. i. to become united again. 

or ready to retract. — adv. retrac'tively. reveal, re-veT, v. t. to unveil : to make 

— n. retrac'tor, one who or that which known, as by divine agency: to disclose, 

retracts or draws back. reveille, re-val'ye, or rev-el-e', n. the 

retreat, re-tret ; , n. a drawing back or sound of the drum or bugle at daybreak, 

retracing one's steps : retirement : place revel, rev'el, v. i. to feast in a riotous 

of privacy : withdrawal . or noisy manner : to carouse. — n. a 

retrench, re-trensh', v. t. to cut off or riotous feast : carousal. — ns. rev'eler, 

away: to render less: to curtail. — v. i. one who takes part in carousals; rev'- 

to live at less expense: to economize. elry, riotous or noisy festivity. 

retribute, re-trib'ut, v. t. (obs.) to revelation, rev-e-la'shun, n. the act 
give back: to make repayment of. — ns. of revealing: that which is revealed. 
retrib'iiter, -or; retribu'tion, repay- revenge, re-venj', v. t. to punish in 
ment : suitable return : reward or punish- return : to avenge. — v. i. to take ven- 
ment: retaliation. — a. retrib'titive, re- geance. — n. the act of revenging: injury 
paying : rewarding or punishing suitably . inflicted in return : the passion for re- 
retrieve, re-trev', v. t. to recover: to taliation. — a. revenge'ful. 
recall or bring back: to bring back to a revenue, rev'en-u, n. the receipts or 
former state: to repair: to search for rents from any source: return: income; 
and fetch, as a dog does game. — a. re- reverberate, re-ver'ber-at, v. t. to 
triev'able, that may be recovered. send back, echo: to reflect: to drive 
retroact, re-tro-akt', v. i. to act back- from side to side : to fuse. — v. i. to 
ward, or in return or opposition, or on echo : to resound : to bound back : to be 
something past or preceding. repelled : to use heat, as in the fusion 
retrocede, re-tro-sed', v. t. to go of metals. — a. rever'berant, resounding, 
back : to relapse : to retire : to give back. revere, re-ver', v. t. to regard with 
retrograde, ret'ro-, or re'tro-grad, a. respectful awe : to venerate. — n. rev'- 
going backward : falling from better to erence, fear arising from high respect : 
worse: contrary: (biol.) becoming less respectful awe: veneration: honor: an 
highly organized, as 'a retrograde act of revering or obeisance: a bow or 
theory' : swimming backwards, as many courtesy : (with your, his) a title of the 
animals. — v. i. to go backward. — ns. clergy. — v. t. to regard with reverence . 
retrograda'tion, deterioration; retro- reverie, revery, rev'e-ri, n. an irregu- 
gres'sion, a going backward: a decline lar train of thoughts or fancies in medi- 
in quality or merit. tation: mental abstraction. 

retrospect, ret'ro-spekt, or re'-, n. a revers, re-var' (gener. re-ver'), ft. 

looking back: a contemplation of the that part of a garment which is turned 

past: the past. — n. retrospection, the back, as the lapel of a coat. 

act or faculty of looking back on the reverse, re-ver s', v. t. to place in the 

past. — a. retrospec'tive. contrary order or position: to change 

retrousse, re-tro-sa', a. turned up: wholly: to overthrow: to change by an 

retrovert, re'tro-vert, v. t. to turn opposite decision: to annul: to revoke, 

back. — n. one who returns to his original as a decree : to recall. — n. that which is 

creed. — n. retroversion. reversed : the opposite : the back, esp. of 

return, re-tern', v. i. to come back to a coin or medal: change: misfortune: a 



400 revert fate, far; me, her; mine; rhapsodic 

calamity. — a. turned backward: having calling: to repeal: to reverse: to neglect 

an opposite direction: upset. — n. rever'- to follow suit (at cards). — n. revocation, 

sal, act of reversing. — a. reversed', recall : act of revoking at cards. — a. rev'- 

turned or changed to the contrary : in- ocable, that may be revoked. — n. revoca- 

side out. — adv. reversely, in a reverse bil'ity. — adv. rev'ocably. — n. revoca'- 

order: on the other hand: on the op- tion, a recalling: repeal: reversal, 

posite. — n. reversibility, the capability revolt, re-volt', or -volt', v. i. to re- 

of being reversed, as of heat into work nounce allegiance: to be grossly of- 

and work into heat. — a. rever'sible, that fended : to mutiny : to be shocked. — v. t. 

may be reversed, as a fabric having both to cause to rise in revolt : to shock. — n. 

sides well finished. — n. rever'sion, the a rebellion : insurrection, desertion : a 

act of reverting or returning: that which change of sides: fickleness. — n. revol'ter. 

reverts : the return or future possession — a. revol'ting, causing a turning away 

of any property after some particular from : shocking : repulsive, 

event: the right to future possession: revolution, rev-6-lu'shun, n. act of 

(biol.) return to some type of ancestral revolving: motion round a center: space 

character. — a djs. rever'sionary, relating measured by a revolving body : a radical 

to a reversion: to be enjoyed in succes- change, as of one's way of living: fun- 

sion : atavic ; rever'sive. damental change in the government of a 

revert, re-vert', v. t. to turn or drive country: a revolt: a complete rotation 

back : to reverse. — v. i. to return : to fall through 360 degrees : a round of periodic 

back: to refer back: to return to the changes: the winding of a spiral about 

original owner or his heirs. — a. rever'- its axis. — a. revolu'tionary, pertaining to 

tible, that may revert or be reverted, or tending to a revolution. — v. t. revo- 

review, re-vu', v. t. to re-examine : to lu'tionize, to cause a revolution or entire 

revise : to examine critically : to retrace : change of anything. — n. revolutionist, 

to inspect, as a body of troops. — n. a revolve, re-volv', v. i. to roll round 

viewing again : a reconsideration : a re- on an axis : to move round a center : to 

vision : a careful or critical examination : rotate, as the planets : to meditate. — v. t. 

a critical article or notice : a written dis- to cause to turn : to consider. — v. i. rev'- 

cussion : a periodical with critical articles, olute, to revolve. — a. rolled backward. — 

commentaries upon events, etc. : the in- a. revol'ving, turning, moving round, 

spection of a body of troops or a number revolver, re-volv'er, n. that which 

of ships: (law) the judicial revision of revolves: a firearm, 

a higher court. — a. reviewable, capable revulsion, re-vul'shun, n. disgust: the 

of being reviewed. — n. review'er. diverting of a disease from one part to 

revigorate, re-vig'or-at, v. t. to give another: forced separation: a sudden 

new vigor to. change, esp. of feeling. — a. revul'sive. 

revile, re-vil', v. t. to reproach : to reward, re-wawrd', n. that^ which is 

calumniate. — v. i. to speak contemptu- given in return for good or evil : recom- 

ously. — ns. revile'ment, the act of revil- pense : retribution : regard : requital : re- 

ing, reproach ; revil'er. — adv. revil'ingly. muneration : guerdon : consideration. — v. 

revise, re-viz', v. t. to review and t. to give in return : to requite, whether 

amend: to examine with a view to cor- good or evil: to punish: (B.) to recom- 

rection. — n. review : a second proof-sheet, pense : to compensate. 

revive, re-viv', v. i. to return to life, rhapsodic, -al, rap-sod'ik, -al, a. w per- 

vigor, or fame : to recover from neglect, taining to, consisting of, or resembling 

oblivion, or depression : to regain use or rhapsody : gushing. — adv. rhapsod'ically. 

currency : to have the memory refreshed. — v. t. and v. i. rhap'sodize, to write or 

— v. t. to restore to life again: to re- utter rhapsodies: to express with poetic 

awaken in the mind: to recover from feeling. — n. rhap'sodist, one who speaks 

neglect Or de'pres'sio'n : to bring again or writes disjoinfedly :' one who composes 

info public notice^ afs a play: to recall, verses extempore: — a. rhapsbdis'tic. — w. 

to restore to use: to reproduce. — n. re- rhap'sody, any wild unconnected com- 

yi'val, recovery from languor, neglect, position: a part of an epic poem for 

depression, etc.: renewed performance, recitation at one time : a jumble : (mus.) 

revoke, re-vok', v. t. to annul by re- a composition irregular in form. 



rheostat mote, move; mute; then. ride 401 

rheostat, re'o-stat, n. an instrument acter. — a. low, base, mean : licentious : 

for varying an electric resistance be- foul-mouthed. — n. rib'aldry, obscenity: 

tween given limits. — a. rheostat 'ic. filthiness : low and vulgar scurrility. 

rhetoric, ret'or-ik, n. the theory and ribbon, rib'on, n. a fillet or strip of 
practice of eloquence : the whole art of silk : a narrow strip : a narrow silk web 
using language so as to persuade others: for holding ink, as in a typewriter: {pi.) 
the art of speaking with propriety, reins for driving: a shred: a watch- 
elegance and force : artificial oratory : spring : an endless saw. — a. made of rib- 
declamation. — a. rhetor'ical, pertaining bon : having bands of different colors. — 
to rhetoric : oratorical. — adv. rhetoric- v. t. to adorn with ribbons : to stripe . 
ally. — n. rhetori'cian, one who teaches rice, ris, n. one of the most useful 
the art of rhetoric : an orator. and extensively cultivated of grains, like 

rheum, rom, n. the mucous discharge oats when ripe. — n. rice'-pa'per, a white 

from the lungs or nostrils caused by smooth paper, made by the Chinese, 

cold. — n. rheumat'ic, one who suffers rich, rich, {comp. rich'er, superl. 

from rheumatism : {pi.) rheumatic pains rich'est), a. abounding in possessions: 

{coll.). — adjs. rheumat'ic, -al, pertain- wealthy: valuable: sumptuous: fertile: 

ing to or affected with rheumatism : full of agreeable or nutritive qualities : 

choleric. — n. rheum'atism, a name used affluent: productive, as a rich mine, 

somewhat loosely, but applying specially — adv. rich'ly. — n. rich'ness, wealth : 

to an acute febrile disease, with swelling abundance : fruitfulness : value : costli- 

and pain in and around the larger joints, ness : abundance of imagery. 

rhinestone, rln'ston, n. an imitation _ riches, rich'ez, n. sing, and pi., wealth : 

gem-stone made of paste or strass. richness : abundance . 

rhinoceros, ri-nos'er-os, n. one of a rickets, rik'ets, n. sing, a disease of 

genus forming a family of ungulate children, characterized by softness and 

mammals, found in Africa and India, curvature of the bones. — n. rick'etiness, 

rhodium, ro'di-um, n. a white, very unsteadiness. — a. rick'ety. 

hard metal, resembling aluminium, ex- _ ricochet, rik-o-sha', or -shet', n. a 

tracted from the ore of platinum, rebound along the ground, as of a ball 

rhubarb, ro'barb, n. sl plant the tender fired at a low elevation. — v. i. to skip 

acidulous leaf-stalks of which are much along the ground. 

used in cooking, and the root in medi- rid, rid, v. t. to free : to deliver : to 

cine : the root of any medicinal rhubarb, remove by violence : to clear : to disen- 

rhyme, rime, rim, n. the recurrence cumber : to expel : to separate : to des- 

of similar sounds at certain intervals : patch : — pa. t. and pa. p. rid. — n. rid'- 

poetry : meter : a short poem. — v. i. to dance, act of ridding or freeing, 

correspond in sound: to harmonize: to riddle, rid'l, n. an obscure description 

chime : to make rhymes or verses. — v. t. of something which the hearer is asked 

to ^ put into rhyme ; — ns. rhy'mer, rhy'- to name: a puzzling question : an enigma : 

mist, ri'mist, an inferior poet: a min- anything puzzling. — v. i. to make riddles : 

strel ; rhyme'ster, a maker of rhymes . to speak obscurely. 

rhythm, rithm, or rithm, n. flowing riddle, rid'l, n. a large sieve for 

motion: meter: regular recurrence of separating coarser materials from finer, 

accents : harmony of proportion : a meas- — v. t. to separate with a riddle, as grain 

ure, or foot: {mus.) the regular succes- from chaff: to make full of holes, 

sion of heavy and light accents. — adjs. ride, rid, v. i. to be borne, as on 

rhyth'mic, -al, having or pertaining to horseback or in a carriage : to practise 

rhythm or meter. — adv. rhyth'mically. riding : to manage a horse : to float, as a 

Rialto, ri-al'to, n. a famous bridge ship at anchor: to move easily: to domi- 

over the Grand Canal, Venice: ([/. S.) neer. — v. t. to do or perform by riding, 

the district affected by actors in New as a race: to be carried through: to 

York. gallop through: to rest on so as to be 

rib, rib, w.one of the bones from the carried: to control, esp. harshly: — pa. t. 

backbone which encircle the chest: any- rdde; pa. p. rid'den. — n. act of riding: 

thing like a rib in form or use . an excursion on horseback or in a 

ribald, rib'ald, n. a loose, low char- vehicle: a place for riding. — n. ri'der, 

26 



402 ridge fate, far; me, her; mine; riot 

one who rides: one who manages a adv. right'fully. — n. rightfulness, right- 
horse: an addition to a document after eousness: justice. — adjs. right'-hand, 
its completion, on a separate piece of chiefly relied en; right'-hand'ed, using 
paper: an additional clause. the right hand more easily than the left: 

ridge, r\),n. the back, or top of the dextral : clockwise, 
back: anything like a back, as a long righteous, ri'chus, a. living and act- 
range of hills : an extended protuberance, ing according to right and justice: free 

ridicule, rid'i-kul, n. wit exposing one from guilt or sin : equitable : merited, 
to laughter : derision : mockery. — v. t. to — adv. right'eously, in a righteous man- 
laugh at : to expose to merriment : to ner. — n. right'eousness, purity of life . 
deride: to mock. — a. ridic'ulous, deserv- rigid, rij'id, a. not easily bent: stiff: 
ing or exciting ridicule : absurd. severe : strict : unyielding : harsh : with- 

rif e, rif, a. prevailing : abundant : out delicacy : wanting in ease. — n. rigid'- 

plentiful: well supplied: current. ity, the quality of resisting change of 

riffle, rif'l, n. in mining, the lining form : stiffness of manner, 

of the bottom of a sluice. rigmarole, rig'ma-rol, n. a repetition 

riff-raff, rif'-raf , n. sweepings : refuse : of foolish words : a long story . 

the rabble, the mob. rigor, rigour, rig'er, n. the quality of 

rifle, ri'fl, v. t. to carry off by force : being rigid or severe : stiffness of 
to strip, to rob. opinion or temper: strictness: exact- 
rifle, ri'fl, v. t. to grooVe spirally, ness : violence : relentlessness : severity 
as a gun-barrel. — n. a gun with a barrel of climate: (med.) a sense of chilliness 
spirally grooved, as the Winchester with contraction of the skin. — a. rig'or- 
rifle, the Mauser rifle, etc. ous, exercising rigor : allowing no abate- 

rift, rift, n. an opening split in any- ment : marked by severity : harsh . 

thing : a fissure : a veil : a fording-place. rile, rll, v. t. to make angry, to vex. 

— v. t. to rive: to cleave. — v. i. to split: rill, ril, n. a small murmuring brook, 

to burst open. [Rive.] rim, rim, n. a raised margin, border, 

rig, rig, v. t. to clothe, to dress : to brim : in a wheel, the circular part 

put on: to equip: (naut.) to fit with farthest from the hub. 

sails and tackling. — n. sails and tackling: rind, rind, n. an external covering, 

an equipage, or turn-out, for driving, as the skin of fruit, the bark of trees, 

etc.: fishing-tackle: (coll.) costume, ring, ring, n. a circle: a small hoop, 

dress. — ns. rig'ger; rig'ging, tackle: the usually of metal, worn on the finger or 

system of cordage which supports a in the ear as an ornament : a circular 

ship's masts and extends the sails, area for races, etc. : a circular course, 

rig, rig, n. a frolic, trick. — v. t. to a revolution : a clique organized to con- 
poke fun at. trol the market : an arena or prize-ring : 

right, rit, a. straight: most direct: (archit.) a cincture round a column: 
upright: erect: according to truth and (anat.) an annulus : a group or combina- 
justice: according to law: true: correct: tion of persons. — v. t. to encircle, 
just: fit: proper: exact: most con- ring, ring, v. i. to sound as a bell 
venient: well performed: most dex- when struck: to tinkle: to practise the 
terous, as the hand : on the right-hand : art of ringing bells : to continue to 
on the right-hand of one looking to- sound: to be filled with report: to re- 
wards the mouth of a river : righteous : sound : to echo. — v. t. to cause to sound, 
opposed to left, ' as the _ right hand . as a metal : to produce by ringing : — 

right, rit, adv. in a straight or direct pa. t. rang, rung; pa. p. rung. — n. a 

line : in a_ right manner : according to sound, esp. of metals : the sound of many 

truth and justice: correctly: very: in a voices: a chime of many bells. — ns. 

great degree. ring'er; ring'ing, the act of causing to 

right, rit, n. that which is right or sound, as music-bells : resounding/ 

correct: truth: justice: virtue: freedom rink, ringk, n. a place artificially pre- 

from error: what one has a just claim pared for skating, 

to : privilege : property : the right side. rinse, rins, v. t. to cleanse by intro- 

— a. right'ful, having a just claim: ac- ducing water: to cleanse, 

cording to justice: belonging by right. — riot, ri'ot, n. uproar: tumult: a dis- 

26 



rip mote, move; mute; then. roar 403 

turbance of the peace: excessive feast- risk'er, one who risks. — a. risk'y, darl- 
ing : luxury. — v. i. to brawl : to raise an gerous : venturesome, 
uproar: to run to excess in feasting, be- rite, rit, n. a religious usage or cere- 
havior, etc. — ns. ri'oter, ri'oting. — a. mony. — adv. rite'ly, with due rites. 
rl'otous, engaging in riot : seditious : ritual, rit'u-al, a. consisting of or 
tumultuous : luxurious : wanton. prescribing rites. — n. manner of perform- 

rip, rip, v. t. to divide by cutting or ing divine service, or a book containing 
tearing : to cut open : to take out by it : the body of rites employed in the 
cutting or tearing: to tear up few search church: the code of ceremonies observed 
or alteration : to explode, give vent to. by an organization, as the ritual of the 
— v. i. to brea^ out violently. — v. t. to Freemasons. — ns. rit'ualism, systems of 
utter violently (with out). — n. a tear: rituals or prescribed forms of religion: 
a rent: a place torn. the observance of them: the name popu- 

riparian, rl-pa'ri-an, a. belonging to a larly given to the great increase of cere- 
river-bank : of animals, shore-loving.^ monial and symbolism in the Anglican 

ripe, rip, a. ready for harvest : arrived church since about 1860-65 ; rit'ualist, 
at perfection : fit for use : developed to one skilled in or devoted to a ritual or 
the utmost : finished : ready :^ resembling to ritualism. — a. ritualistic, 
ripe fruit: mature, as ripe judgment— rival, ri'val, n, one pursuing the same 
adv. ripe'ly — v. i. ri'pen, to grow ripe: object as another: one who strives to 
to approach or reach perfection.— v. t. equal or excel another: a competitor — 
to make ripe : to bring to perfection. a . having the same claims : standing in 

ripper, rip'er,«. a ripping-tool : (slang) competition.— 1/. t. to stand in compe- 
one who does his work well. tition with: to try to gain the same 

ripple, rip'l, n, the light fretting of object as another: to try to equal or 
the surface of water: a little curling excel.— n. ri'valry, act of rivaling: corn- 
wave : a sound as of water running over petition : emulation. 

a rough surface, as a ripple of laughter. " r i ve> rIv? Vm t to tear asun der : to 
—v. t. to cause a ripple m.—v. 1. to curl S p\[ t . to p i er ce : to explode.— v. i. to be 
on the surface, as running water. sp ii t Cstm der :— pa. t. rived ; pa. p. rived, 

rise, riz, v. i. to move from a lower r i v 'en. 
to a higher position : to stand up : to river> riv 'g rj ^ a large runnmg stream 
ascend: to grow upward: to swell in Q f wate r 

quantity or extent : to take an upright rivet ^Vet, n . a bolt of metal fastened 
position: to leave the place of rest : to b bei hammered at both ends.-^. t 
tower up: to appear above the horizon: tQ fasten with a fivet . fo make firm Qr 
to break forth: to appear: to have its immovab i e ._^. riveter; riv'eting. 
source: to increase in size value etc. : . k ri v'u-let, M . a small strea m. 

to become excited or hostile: to break j-j t,--u r * re 

forth into commotion or insurrection: to road > rod ' n ' % highway for traffic: 
increase in rank, fortune, or fame: to be a means °, r way of approach : a railroad, 
promoted: to be perceptible to other ~ ns - r ? ad > T? ad f ead ' roads a_ place 
senses: to excavate upward : to come to where ships ride at anchor; road -agent, 
mind: to close a session: (B.) to ascend a highwayman; roadbed, the bed or 
from the grave :-pa. t. rose; pa. p. risen foundation of a road: the whole super- 
(riz'n).-l act of rising: ascent: degree structure thereon; road-metal broken 
of elevation: a steep : origin : increase. stone for roads 5 roadside, a footpath. 

risible, riz'i-bl, a. capable of exciting roam, rom, v. 1. to rove about: to 
laughter: laughable: amusing.— n. risi- ramble.—*;, t. to wander over: to range. 
bil'ity, quality of being risible. — »• roam er, a wanderer. 

rising, ri'zing, n. act of standing up, roan, ron, a. having a bay or dark 
etc. : a revolt : resurrection : the quantity color, with spots of gray and white : of 
of dough set to rise at one time.— a. a mixed color, with a decided snade of 
increasing in importance : advancing . red. — n. a roan color : a roan horse. 

risk, risk, n. hazard: chance of loss roar, ror, v. i. to utter a full, loud 
or injury. — v. t. to expose to hazard: to sound: to bellow, as a beast: to cry 
venture, to take the chance of. — n. aloud: to bawl: to guffaw. — n. a full, 



404 roast fate, far; me, her; mine; romantic 

loud sound: the cry of a beast: an out- roe, ro, n. the eggs or spawn of 
cry of mirth, esp. of laughter. fishes. [Ice. hrogn; Ger. rogen.] 

roast, rost, v. t. to cook before a fire, roe, ro, n. a species of deer, smaller 
or in an oven : to expose a person to than the fallow-deer : also the female of 
ridicule: to parch by exposure to heat: the hart- ' 

to heat to excess: to dissipate the vola- Roentgen rays. See under ray. 
tile parts of by heat.— n. that which is rogue, rog, n. a dishonest person: a 
roasted.— ns. roas'ter, anything suitable knave: a mischievous or frolicsome 
for roasting: a furnace for roasting person:* a tramp, a sturdy beggar, 
certain ores: a utensil or apparatus for ro^ r^ Vm L t0 render turbid: to 
roasting; roas'ting. vex : to rile.— a. roil'y, muddy. 

rob, rob, v. t. to take away from by ro i st) r oist, roister, rois'ter, v. i. to 
force or theft: to plunder: to deprive, bluster, swagger, bully.— n. rois'terer. - 
—v. i. to commit robbery:— pa. t. and r61e> r5lj m the part performed by an 
pa p. robbed.— ns. rob ber, one who actor in a play . any i mpor tant part 
robs; robbery, theft from the person, played in public life> [Fr ;j 
aggravated by violence or intimidation: roll> r5l> ^ • t0 turn Hke a whed . 
plundering. to tum on an axis . tQ be f ormed i nto 

robe, rob n. a gown or outer garment : a roll or cy i inder: to move) as waves . 
a dress of dignity or state: a rich dress: to be tossed about . to move tumultu _ 
a dressed skin: a wrap.— v. t. to dress, ously . to be hur ied: to rock, or move 
clothe.— v. i. to assume official vestments. from side to side . to wa n ow . t0 spread 

robust, ro-bust', a. of great strength un der a roller: to sound as a drum 
or vigor : requiring strength : rude, rough, beaten rapidly : to move onward.—?/, t. 

rock, rok, n. a large mass of stone: to cause to roll: to turn on an axis: 
(geol.) 2l natural deposit of sand, earth, to wrap round on itself: to enwrap: to 
or clay: that which has the firmness of drive forward: to move upon wheels: 
a rock, foundation, support, defense. to press or smooth with rollers : to beat 

rock, rok, v. t. to move backward and rapidly, as a drum. — n. act of rolling : 
forward: to lull or quiet. — v. i. to be that which rolls: a revolving cylinder 
moved backward and forward, to reel, for making sheets, plates, etc.: a roller: 
— ns. rock'er, the curved support on that which is rolled up — hence paper, 
which a cradle or rocking-chair rocks : bills, etc., wound into a circular form : 
a rocking-horse or chair: a mining a document: a register: a kind of small 
cradle; rock'ing, a swaying backward loaf: the continued sound of a drum, of 
and forward . thunder, etc. : a swagger or rolling gait. 

rocket, rok'et, n. a firework which is rollick, rol'lik, v. i. to move or act 
projected through the air, with a careless, swaggering, frolicsome 

rococo, ro-ko'ko, n. a debased style air. — a. rol'licking, careless, swaggering. 
of architecture and decoration in the Romance, ro-mans', n. a general 
18th century, marked by endless multi- name for those modern languages in 
plication of ornamental details. southern Europe which sprang from a 

rod, rod, n. a long twig: a slender corruption of the Roman or Latin 
stick : anything long and slender, as a language — Italian, Spanish, French, etc. : 
lightning-rod, a fishing-rod, etc.: an in- (r-) any fictitious and wonderful tale: 
strument of correction : an emblem of a fictitious narrative in prose or verse 
power or authority : a pole or perch which passes beyond the limits of real 
(5/^2 yards): (fig.) punishment: author- life. — a. belonging to the dialects called 
ity : oppression : any bar connecting Romance. — v. i. to write or tell romances : 
parts of a machine. to talk extravagantly: to build castles 

rode, rod, pa. t. of ride. in the air. — ns. roman'cer, roman'cist. 

rodent, ro'dent, a. gnawing: belong- romantic, r5-man'tik, a. pertaining 
ing to the Rodentia. — n. a rodent mam- to or resembling romance : fictitious : ex- 
mal. — n. pi. Roden'tia, an ord- of mam- travagant, wild: fantastic: sentimental: 
mals including squirrels, beavers, rats, imaginative. — adv. roman'tically. — ns. 
rabbits, etc. roman'ticism, the picturesque, original, 



Romany 



mote, move; mute; then. 



rosin 



405 



free and imaginative style in literature 
and art: romantic feeling; roman'ticist. 

Romany, rom'a-ni, n. a gipsy: thf. 
language of the gipsies. — a. belonging to 
the gipsies. [Gipsy rom, man.] 

romp, romp, v. i. to play noisily: to 
skip about in play. — n. a girl who romps : 
rude frolic. — adv. romp'ingly, in a 
romping manner : boisterously : rudely. 

rondeau, ron'do, n. a form of poem 
characterized by closely-knit rhymes and 
a refrain: (mus.) a rondo. 

rood, rod, n. the fourth part of an 
acre : a cross or crucifix. 

roof, rof, n. ihe top covering of a 
house or building : a vault or arch, or 
the inner side of it: the upper part of 
the palate : the loftiest part, the roof and 
crown of things: the top of a subter- 
raneous excavation: (geol.) the over- 
lying stratum. — v. t. to cover with a roof : 
to shelter. — ris. roofer, one who roofs ; 
roofing, covering with a roof: materials 
for a roof: the roof itself. — a. roofless. 

rook, rook, n. a species of crow : a 
cheat : a simpleton. — v. i. to cheat. — n. 
rook'ery, a group of trees on which 
rooks build: a cluster of mean tene- 
ments : a resort of thieves. 

rook, rook, n. a castle or piece used 
in playing chess. 

room, rom, n. space: a chamber: ex- 
tent of place : space unoccupied : freedom 
to act : fit occasion : place of another : 
stead : a particular place. — v. i. to occupy 
a room, to lodge. — n. room'age, capacity. 
— a. roomed, containing rooms. — ns. 
room'er, a lodger ; room'ful, as much or 
as many as a room will hold. — adv. 
room'ily. — n. room'iness. — adv. room'y, 
having ample room : wide : spacious. 

roost, rost, n. a pole or support on 
which a bird rests at night : a number 
of fowls resting together. — v. i. to sit 
or sleep on a roost. — n. roost'er, the 
male of the domestic hen, cock . 

root, rot, n. the part of a plant which 
is fixed in the earth, and which draws 
up sap from the soil : a plant whose root 
is the esculent or most useful part : any- 
thing like a root: the bottom: a word 
from which others are derived : the 
cause, occasion, or basis of anything: 
the source: the lowest place: the first 
ancestor, or progenitor: (math.) the 
factor of a quantity which multi- 




plied by itself produces that quantity. — 
v. i. to fix the root : 
to be firmly established : 
to tear up : to eradi- 
cate : to exterminate. — ■ 
v. t. to plant in the 
earth: to implant deep- 
ly. — a. root'ed, firmly 
planted: fixed by the 
roots : deep-seated, as a 
rooted dislike. — adv. Root. 

tOOt'edly. — 1IS. root'- a, a, crown or head 

edness, roofer. -a. *kg?H, %& 
rooty, abounding in bers. 
roots : rank. 

root, rot, v. t. to turn up with the 
snout. — v. i. to turn up the earth with 
the snout. — n. roofer. 

root, rot, v. i. (slang) to aid or en- 
courage, as by applause — with for. — n. 
root'er. 

rope, rop, n. 2. thick twisted cord : a 
string consisting of a number of things 
united, as a 
rope of pearls : 
anything glutin- 
ous and stringy. 
— v. I to fasten" 
with a rope, to 
restrain: to 
catch with a 
noosed rope : 
to tether : to 
inclose: to extend into a thread, as by 
a glutinous quality. 1 

rosary, ro'za-ri, n. in the R. C. Church, 
a series of prayers, also the string of 
beads by which they are counted : a 
rose-garden : a chaplet : an anthology. 

rose, pa. t. of rise. 

rose, roz, n. any shrub of the genus 
Rosa, having stems generally prickly, 
flowers white, yellow, pink, or red : a 
flower of one of these shrubs : any one 
of various plants resembling the true 
rose : a rosette : a perforated nozle of a 
pipe, etc. : light crimson, the color of 
the rose. — v. t. to flush. — adjs. ro'seal, 
like a rose in smell or color; ro'seate, 
rosy : full of roses : blooming : red. — adv. 
ro'sily. — n. ro'siness. — a. ro'sy, like a 
rose: red: blooming: blushing. 

rosette, ro-zef, n. an imitation of a 
rose by means of a ribbon : a form of 
knot: (archit.) a rose-shaped ornament. 

rosin, roz'in, n. the solid left after 
distilling off the oil from crude turpen- 




Rope, showing method of 
construction. 



406 roster fate, far; me, her; mine; rout 

tine. — v. t. to rub or cover with rosin, rough'er. — adv. roughly, coarsely: 

roster, ros'ter, n. the list of indi- harshly: rudely. — n. rough'ness, crude- 

viduals, or corps, kept by the staff of- ness : rawness: harshness: asperity: 

ficers of the army to insure the allot- physical or mental rudeness, 

ment of duties in proper rotation: any roulette, rol-et', n. a little ball or 

roll of names.^ roller: a game of chance played by 

rostrum, ros trum, n. in ancient Rome, means of a rotating disk on which a 

a stand for public speakers in the ball is rolled. [Fr.,— rouler, to roll.] 

Forum, adorned with the beaks or heads round> rowndj a> circular: globular: 

of ships taken in war: the platform cylindrical: whole: complete: plump: 

from which a speaker addresses his large . not inconsiderable, as a sum: 

audience:— pi. ros trums, ros tra. whole, unbroken: smooth-flowing, con- 

rot, rot v. * to putrefy: to become tinuous, as a sound: full, expressive: 

decomposed: to become morally corrupt. open . plain . pos itive: bold, brisk, with- 

—v.t. to cause to rot: to bring to cor- out hesitation or delicacy, plain-spoken: 

ruptiom — n. decay: putrefaction: a C andid, as a 'round unvarnished tale': 

special disease of the sheep, as of the sev ere : well turned, in a literary sense: 

potato: a decay (called dry-rot) which periodic— adv. on all sides: everv way: 

attacks timber: (slang) rant, bosh. circularly: in a revolution: from one 

rota, rota, n. a wheel: a course: a side or party to another: not in a direct 

school or military roll.— a. ro tary, turn- line c ircuitously : in a round manner: 

mg round like a wheel: rotatory: held from beginning to end.— pre p. around: 

^n rotation.— v. t. ro tate, to turn round on every side of . all 0V er.— n. that which 

like a wheel: to cause to turn or to pass is round: a circle or globe . a series of 

in rotation.— v. i. to turn round like a actions . the time of such a series . a 

wheel; to go round in succession.— n. turn . routine: revolution: cycle: an ac- 

rotation, a turning round like a wheel: customed walk: a step of a ladder: a 

series or appropriate succession, as of song or dance having a freqU ent return 

crops : recurrent order _ to the same point : a volley or general 

rote, rot, n. the mechanical repetition d i sc harge of firearms, a single charge of 

of words with little or no regard to the ammunition for a rifle or field-piece : 

meaning. ^ tb at m which a whole company takes 

rotten, rot n, a. putrefied: corrupt: part, as a treat of liquor, etc. : prescribed 

decomposed: unsound: treacherous: circuitj as a watchman's round: the 

fetid : friable, as rottenstone _ whole scope as the round of science . 

rotund, ro-tund, a. round: spherical: one of a serieSj as rounds of applause . 

convexly protuberant- n rotun da, a a bout in a boxing matc h.-7,. t. to make 

round building, esp with a dome. round: to round . t0 complete: to 

roue ro-a,n. a fashionable profligate: make full and flowmg: to encircle: to 

a rake, debauchee. ^ _ make a course round. — v. i. to grow or 

rouge, rozh, n. cosmetic used to give become round or full . t0 roundj 

artificial color to the cheeks or lips. — j * /, ■, ,t.> e 

v. t. to color with rouge.-*, i. to use ro " n ? ' row " del ' n ' ^ hm S °. f a 

rouge: to blush. ^ ound form or ,^ re: a circl V a vm ^ 

rough, ruf, a. not smooth: uneven: dance 1 lT?- roundelay, a round: a song 

uncut f unpolished: unfinished: boister- m whl( * P^ 5 are repeated, 

ous: tempestuous: violent: harsh: .round-robin, rownd-rob m, n. a name 

severe : rude : coarse : disordered in ap- g lven to a protest signed by a number of 

pearance: hasty, as a rough guess: stale: persons in a circular form, so that no 

astringent: in Greek grammar, marking one sha11 be obliged to head the list, 

the stronger aspiration, equivalent to rouse, rowz, v. t to raise up: to stir 

Eng. h. — n. rough condition, crudeness : up: to awaken: to excite to anything: 

a bully, a ruffian, a rowdy.—*, t. to make to put into action : to startle or start, as 

rough: to shape roughly: to roughen.— an animal.— *. i. to awake: to be ex- 

v. i. to break the rules in boxing by too cited to action.— a. rous'ing, having 

great violence.— z>. t. rough'en, to make power to awaken: great, violent, 

rough. — *. i. to become rough. — n. rout, rowt, n. a tumultuous crowd, a 



rout mote, move; mute; then. rudiment 407 

rabble: a large party: a fashionable erase or obliterate (with out) : to touch 
evening assembly. hard, fret. — v. i. to move along with 

rout, rowt, ri. the defeat of an army pressure, friction, or difficulty: to get 
or body of troops : the disorder of troops through difficulties : to grate, to fret. — n. 
defeated. — v. t. to put to disorderly flight : the act of rubbing : that which rubs . 
to defeat and throw into confusion : to rubber, rub'er, n. one who rubs down 
conquer : to drag out, or into the light, horses : one who practises massage : a 

rout, rowt, v. t. to root up, as a pig : piece of caoutchouc for erasing pencil- 
to scoop out. — v. i. to poke about. marks, india-rubber : an overshoe of 

route, rot, or rowt, n. a course to be india-rubber : a contest of three games, 
traversed : a line of march : road : track, as at whist — also the deciding game in 
— v. t. to send by a particular route : to such a series. — a. made of caoutchouc 
arrange the route of. — n. rout'ing. or india-rubber. 

routine, ro-ten', n, course of duties : rubbish, rub'ish, n, waste matter : the 
regular course of action : an unvarying fragments of ruinous buildings : any 
round. — a. keeping an unvarying round, mingled mass : nonsense : trash . 

rove, rov, v. t. to wander over. — v. i. rubicund, ro'bi-kund, a. inclining to 
to wander about : to ramble : to range : redness : ruddy. — n. rubicun'dity. 
to aim, as in archer}', at some casual rubify, ro'bi-fi, v. t. to make red. 
mark. — ns. rd'ver; ro'ving, the act of ruble, rouble, ro'bl, n. the unit of 
wandering. — adv. ro'vingly. the Russian money system, divided into 

rove, rov, v. t. to draw -through an ioo copecks — the silver ruble is equiv- 
eye: to bring wool into the form it alent to about 51 cents, 
receives before being spun into thread. rubric, ro'brik, n. the directions for 

row, ro, n. a line: a rank: persons or the service, in liturgies, formerly in red 
things in a line. letters : any heading, rule, etc., printed 

row, ro, v. t. to impel with an oar : conspicuously in red : a nourish after a 
to transport by rowing. — v. i. to work signature. — adjs. ru'bric, -al, agreeing 
with the oar: to be moved by oars.- with a rubric. — v. t. ru'bricate, to illu- 

row, row, n. a noisy squabble : up- minate with red letters : to formulate as 
roar : an outbreak : a brawl. — v. t. to a rubric. 

abuse, scold. — v. i. to behave in a riotous ruby, ro'bi, n. a pure transparent red- 
way. — a. row'dy, noisy and turbulent, colored corundum, inferior in hardness 
given to quarreling. — n. a rough, dis- to the diamond only among gems : red- 
reputable fellow. — a. row'dyish. — n. ness, anything red: (print.) a type 
row'dyism, the conduct of a rowdy or smaller than nonpareil and larger than 
rough, turbulence. pearl — same as agate or 5^-point. 

rowlock, ro'lok, or rul'uk, n. a con- ruche, rosh, n. a plaited frilling, 
trivance on the gunwale of a boat. ruck, ruk, n. a crowd : a press : the 

royal, roi'al, a. regal, kingly : mag- common run : trash, nonsense, 
nincent : magnanimous: enjoying the ructation, ruk-ta'shun, n. the act of 
favor or patronage of the sovereign: of belching: eructation, 
more than common size or excellence. — ruction, ruk'shun, n. (slang) a vexa- 
n. a large size of paper : a sail immedi- tion : a disturbance : a rumpus, 
ately above the topgallant sail. — ns. rudder, rud'er, n. the instrument by 
roy'alism, attachment to kings or to which a ship is guided or steered, 
kingly _ government; roy'alist; roy'- ruddy, rud'i (comp. rudd'ier, superl. 
alty, kingship: the character, state, rudd'iest), a. red: of the color of the 
or office of a king: majesty: the person skin in high health: rosy, glowing, 
of the king or sovereign : fixed sum paid rude, rod (comp. ru'der, superl. 
to the owner of a patent, a copyright, ru'dest), a. crude: uncultivated: bar- 
etc. : royal authority. barous : rough : harsh : ignorant : un- 

rub, rub, v. t. to move something over civil: not smoothed: of low rank: mean: 
the surface of with pressure or friction : savage : brutal : ferocious : ill-bred . 
to clean, polish, or smooth, by passing rudiment, rod'i-ment, n. anything in 
something over: to wipe: to scour: to its rude or first state: a first principle 
remove by friction (with off, out): to or element: (pi.) the introduction to 



408 rue fate, far; me, her; mine; run 

any science: (biol.) that which is in established form of construction: the 

its first stage of development : the be- description of a process for solving a 

ginning of any part or organ. — adjs. problem: a general proposition: {law) 

rudimen'tal, rudimen'tary, elementary, an order regulating the court: {print.) 

rue, ro, v. t. to be sorry for: to a thin strip of rolled brass, cut type 

lament : to repent of : to compassionate : high, used for printing a straight line. 

to try to withdraw from, as a bargain. — v. t. to dispose: to regulate: to domi- 

— v. i. to be sorrowful : to suffer : to nate : to govern : to manage : to prevail 

have pity upon. — n. sorrow. upon : to settle as by a rule : to establish 

ruff, ruf, n. an ornament of frills by decision : to determine, as a court : 

formerly worn round the neck : anything to mark with lines. — v. %.. to exercise 

plaited : a bird of the snipe family. power (with over) : to decide : to lay 

ruffian, ruf'i-an, n. a brutal, boisterous down and settle : to stand or range, as 

fellow: a robber: a murderer. — a. prices. — ns. ru'ler, a sovereign: a gov- 

brutal : boisterous : licentious : stormy. — ernor : an instrument used in drawing 

v. i. to play the ruffian, to rage. — n. lines; ru'lership. — a. ru'ling, predom- 

ruff'ianism, conduct of a ruffian. — a. inant : prevailing : reigning. — n. the de- 

ruff'ianly, like a ruffian : violent. termination by a judge, esp. an oral 

ruffle, ruf'l, v. t. to make like a ruff, decision: the act of making ruled lines. 

to wrinkle : to form into plaits : to form rum, rum, n. a spirit distilled from 

with ruffles: to disorder: to agitate. — the fermented juice of the sugar-cane, 

v. i. to grow rough: to flutter. — n. an- or from molasses: {coll.) a generic 

noyance : a quarrel : a plaited article of name for alcoholic liquors.- 

dress: a tumult: agitation. — a. ruffled. rum, rum, a. good: queer, droll, odd. 

ruffle, ruf'l, v. i. to act turbulently: rumble, rum'bl, v. i. to make a con- 
to swagger. — v. t. to bully. — n. ruff'ler. fused noise from rolling heavily: to roll 

rug, rug, n. d. coarse, rough woolen about. — v. t. to rattle. — n. a low, heavy, 

cloth or coverlet : a soft, woolly mat : continued sound : a jarring roar . 

a cover for a bed : a blanket or cover- rumen, ro'men, n. the paunch and 

let : a covering for the floor . first stomach of a ruminant : — pi. ru'- 

rugged, rug'ed, a. rough: uneven: mina. [L.] 

shaggy : sour : stormy : wrinkled : ruf- ruminant, ro'mi-nant, a. having the 

fled : homely : unpolished : rough . power of ruminating or chewing the cud 

ruin, ro'in, n. destruction : overthrow : — also ru'minal. — n. an animal that chews 
that which destroys : the remains of a the cud, as the ox, etc. — adv. ru'mi- 
building demolished or decayed (usually nantly. — v. i. ru'minate, to chew the 
in pi.) : the state of being ruined: wreck, cud: to meditate. — v. t. to chew over 
material or moral. — v. t. to demolish: to again: to muse on. — a. {hot.) appear- 
destroy : to defeat : to impoverish : to ing as if chewed, as the nutmeg, etc. — 
bring to ruin : to undo : to spoil : to adv. ru'minatingly. — n. rumina'tion, 
seduce, debauch. — v. i. to run to ruin : act of chewing the cud : calm reflection, 
to fall into decay: to do irreparable rummage, rum'aj, v. t. to turn over 
harm. — v. t. ru'inate (Shak.), to ruin, in search: to clear (a ship's hold) of 
to destroy : to demolish : to reduce to goods : to ransack : to explore : to bring 
poverty. — ns. ruina'tion, overthrow : to light : to stir. — v. i. to make a search, 
subversion ; ru'iner. — a. ru'inous, fallen — n. a careful search : an upheaval, 
to ruins: decayed: pernicious. — adv. rummy, rum'i, a. rum: queer. 
ru'inously. rumor, rumour, ro'mer, n. flying re- 
rule, rol, n. government: a principle: port: a current story. 
a standard : a statute, maxim, formula, rump, rump, n. the end of the back- 
or order: an instrument used in draw- bone of an animal with the parts 
ing lines or making calculations mechan- adjacent. — n. rump'-steak. 
ically : a minor law or regulation : con- rumple, rum'pl, v. t. to crush out of 
formity to rule, uniformity: (pi.) the shape: to make uneven, 
regulations adopted by a deliberative rumpus, rum'pus, n. an uproar : a 
body for the regulation of its proceed- disturbance, 
ings: (gram.) the expression of some run, run, v. i. to move swiftly on the 



run mote, move; mute; then, rustle 409 

legs, to hasten, rush on : to move, travel, blockade : strength to run : the ranging 
ply regularly to : to pass by : to have a of any animal. — adv. run'ningly. 
certain form: (law) to have legal rung, rung, n. one of the rounds of 
authority: to average: to reach, have a ladder: one of the radial handles of 
course in any direction : to make a a steering-wheel. 

fault, to slip, as thread in knitting: to rung, rung, pa. t. and pa. p. of ring. 
stand as a candidate : to pass from one runt, runt, n. an undersized animal : 
state to another : to pass quickly in a dwarf. — a. runt'y» 
thought, to dwell upon in thought : to rupee, ro-pe', n. an East Indian silver 
continue in operation, be in constant coin, nominally worth about 48 cents, 
motion, to be carried, to extend : to rupture, rup'tur, n. the act of break- 
move swiftly: to pass quickly on the ing or bursting: the state of being 
ground : to flee : to go, as ships, etc. : to broken : a breach of the peace : hernia, 
extend, spread: to flow: to dart: to esp. abdominal. — v. t. to break or burst, 
turn : to extend through a period : to rural, ro'ral, a. of or belonging to 
pierce: to fuse or melt: to turn or the country: suiting the country: rustic. 
rotate: to be busied: to become: to be ruse, roz, n. a turning or doubling, 
in force : to discharge matter, as a sore : as of animals to get out of the way of 
to have a general tendency : to pass, dogs : a trick, fraud, or the use of such, 
fall : to creep : to make insistent de- rush, rush, v. i. to move with a shak- 
mands for payment, as on a bank. — v. t. ing, rustling noise, as the wind : to move 
to cause to move swiftly, to keep run- forward violently: to enter rashly and 
ning : to force forward : to push : to hastily. — v. t. to drive : to push, to secure 
cause to pass : to fuse : to discharge, as a by lushing. — n. a rushing or driving 
sore : to pursue in thought : to incur : forward : an eager demand : urgent pres- 
to pour forth: to execute: to chase: to sure, as of business : a stampede of cattle . 
break through, as to run the blockade : rush, rush, n. any species of a genus 
to pierce: to sew: to evade: to manage, (Junciis) of marshy plants, 
carry on, conduct : to tease : — pr. p. russet, rus'et, a. rusty or reddish- 
run'ning; pa. t. ran; pa. p. run. — n. act brown: coarse: rustic: of russet leather, 
of running: course: flow: discharge rust, rust, n. the reddish-brown coat- 
from a sore : distance sailed : voyage : ing on iron exposed to moisture : any- 
continued series : general reception : thing resembling rust : a disease of 
prevalence : popular clamor : an unusual cereals and grasses : a corrosive. — v. L 
pressure, as on a bank, for payment: to becpme rusty: to become dull by 
a trip: the trend of events: the quantity inaction. — v. t. to make rusty: to impair 
run: the act of migrating: in baseball, by time and inactivity. — adv. rust'ily. — 
the complete circuit made by the player n. rust'iness. — a. rust'y* covered with 
which enables him to score one : a range rust : impaired by inactivity, out of prac- 
of pasturage : a pair of millstones : the tice : dull : time-worn : of a rusty black, 
aftermost part of a ship's bottom: rustic, rus'tik, a. pertaining to the 
(mus.) a succession of consecutive notes : country: rural: rude: awkward: simple: 
a rpulade. — ns. run'about, a gadabout: coarse: artless: unadorned: made of 
a light vehicle; run'away, a fugitive, roughened stones or rough limbs of 
— a. fleeing from danger or restraint: trees, etc. — ».' a peasant: a clown. — adv. 
done by or in flight. — n. run'ner, one rus'tically. — v. t. rus'ticate, to send into 
who or that which runs: a racer: a the country: to banish for a time from 
messenger, agent, one employed to town or college. — v. i. to live in the 
solicit patronage: a rooting stem that country. — ns. rustica'tion; rustic'ity, 
runs along the ground : that on which rustic manner : simplicity : rudeness, 
anything slides. — a. run'ning, kept for rustle, rus'l, v. i. to make a soft, 
the race : successive : continuous : flow- whispering sound, as silk, straw, etc. : 
ing: easy: cursive: discharging matter, to stir about, hustle. — n. a quick suc- 
— n. act of moving swiftly: that which cession of small sounds, as that of dry 
runs or flows, the quantity run : a dis- leaves : a movement with rustling sound, 
charge from a wound: the act of one — ns. rus'tler, one who or that which 
who risks dangers, as the running of a rustles: an active fellow; rus'tling. 



410 rut fate, far; me, her; mine; saddle 

rut, rut, n. a track left by a wheel: piteous, causing pity. — adv. ruth'fully, 

an established course. — v. t. to form ruts in a sorrowful manner. — a. ruth'less, 

in. — a. rut'ty, full of ruts. without pity: insensible to misery. 

ruth, roth, n. pity, tenderness, sor- rye, ri, n. the popular name of a 

row. — a. ruth'ful, pitiful, sorrowful : genus of grasses allied to wheat. 



PSj^ s, es, the nineteenth letter in our the storming and pillaging of a town. 
w£jt alphabet, its sound that of the sacque, sak. See sack (i). 
1 nid i hard open sibilant. sacrament, sak'ra-ment, n. a holy 

Sabbath, sab'ath, n. among ordinance instituted by Christ as an out- 
the Jews, the seventh day of the week, ward and visible sign of an inward and 
set apart for rest from work: among spiritual grace, esp. the Lord's Supper: 
Christians, the first day of the week, in any solemn obligation : materials used in 
memory of the resurrection of Christ, a sacrament. — v. t. to bind by an oath. — ' 
called also Sunday and the Lord's Day. a. sacramen'tal, belonging to or consti- 
— a. pertaining to the Sabbath. — n. Sab- tuting a sacrament. — adv. sacramen'- 
bata'rian, a strict observer of the Sab- tally. — a. sacramen'tary, pertaining to 
bath. the sacrament of the Lord's Supper. 

saber, sabre, sa'ber, n. a heavy one- sacred, sa'kred, a. set apart or dedi- 
edged sword, slightly curved toward the cated, esp. to God: made holy: proceed- 
point, used by cavalry. ing from God: religious: entitled to 

sable, sa'bl, n. a Siberian species of respect or veneration: inviolable, 
marten, with lustrous dark-brown or sacrifice, sak'ri-fis, v. t. to offer up, 
blackish fur: its fur: a fine paint-brush esp. on the altar of a divinity: to 
made of sable: the color black: (pi.) destroy or give up for something else: 
black clothes, mourning clothes. — a. of to devote or destroy with loss or suf- 
the color of the sable's fur: blackish, faring: to kill. — v. i. to make offerings 

sabot, sa-bo', n. a wooden shoe, worn to God. — n. the act of sacrificing or 
by the French peasantry. offering to a deity, esp. a victim on an 

sac, sak, n. (hot., zool.) a pouch or altar : that which is sacrificed or offered . 
bag for a liquid. — adjs. sac'cate, -d. sacrilege, sak'ri-lej, n. profanation of 

saccharine, sak'a-rin, a. pertaining to a sacred place or thing.— a. sacrile'gious, 
or having the qualities of sugar.— a. polluted with sacrilege : profane : violat- 
sacchariferous, producing sugar. ing sacred things.— adv. sacrile'giously. 

sacerdotal, sas-er-do'tal, a. priestly. sacrist, sa'krist, n. a sacristan.— ns. 
—n. sacerdo'talism, the spirit of the sac'ristan, an officer in a church who 
priesthood : devotion to priestly interests, has charge of the sacre<jl vessels and 

sachem, sa'chem, n. a chief of a other movables: a sexton; sac'risty, an 
North American Indian tribe, a saga- apartment in a church where the sacred 
more : one of the Tammany leaders. utensils, vestments, etc., are kept . 

sachet, sa-sha', n. a bag of perfume. sad, sad (comp. sad'der, superl. sad'- 

sack, sak, n. a large bag of coarse dest), a. sorrowful: serious: cast down : 
cloth for holding grain, flour, etc.: the calamitous: weary: somber: dejected: 
contents of a sack: (also sacque) a troublesome: sober, dark-colored.— v. t. 
woman's loose gown or jacket, a short to grieve.— v. t. sad'den, to make sad: 
coat rounded at the bottom : a measure to render heavy : to grow hard.—?;, i. to 
of varying capacity.— v. t. to put into grow sad.— adv. sadly.— n. sadness, 
a sack: (slang) to dismiss.— ns. sack'- saddle, sad'l, n. a seat or pad, gen- 
cloth, cloth for sacks: coarse cloth; erally of leather, for a horse's back: 
sack'ful, as much as a sack will hold; anything like a saddle, as a saddle of 
sack'ing, coarse cloth or canvas. mutton, veal, or venison— a butcher's 

sack, sak, v. t. to plunder: to ravage, cut, including a part of the backbone 
— n. the plunder or devastation of a with the ribs on one side : a part of the 
town: pillage.— ns. sack'age, sack'ing, harness used for drawing a vehicle: the 



safe mote, move; mute; then. saliva 411 

seat on a bicycle. — v. t. to put a saddle the R. C. Church: an image of a saint: 

on, to load: to encumber. an angel: (pi.) Christians generally. — a. 

safe, saf, a. unharmed : free from saint'ed, made a saint : holy : sacred : 

danger or injury : secure : securing from gone to heaven : canonized. — n. saint'- 

danger or injury: no longer dangerous: hood. — a. saint'ly, like or becoming a 

clear: trusty: sound: certain. — n. a steel saint. — ns. saint'liness; saint'ship, 

or iron chest or closet for money, etc., saith, seth, v. t. and v. i. 3d pers. 

protecting the contents against fire, sing. pres. indie, of say. 

thieves, etc. — ns. safe'-con'duct, a writing sake, sak, n. cause : account : regard, 

or passport granted to a person to enable as 'for my sake' : purpose, 

him to travel with safety ; safe'-depos'it, sal, sal, n. salt, used in chemistry and 

a safe storage for valuables ; saf e'guard, pharmacy with various adjectives, as 

he who or that which guards or renders sar-ammo'niac, chlorid of ammonium, 

safe: protection. — v. t. to protect. — adv. salaam, salam, sa-lam', n. a form of 

safely, in a safe manner. — ns. safe'- salutation in the East, chiefly among 

ness, safe'ty, freedom from danger or Mohammedans : homage. — v. i. to per- 

loss : close custody : a safeguard , form the salaam. 

saffron, saf 'run, n. a bulbous plant of salable, salableness, salably. See 

the crocus kind, with deep-yellow sale. 

flowers: a coloring substance prepared salacious, . sal-a'shi-us, a. lustful, 

from its flowers. — a. deep yellow. salad, sal'ad, n. a preparation of raw 

sag, sag, v. i. to bend, sink, or hang herbs (lettuce, endive, chicory, celery, 

down : to yield or give way, as from mustard and cress, water-cress, onions, 

weight or pressure: to hang heavy. radishes, tomatoes, chervil, etc.) cut up 

sagacious, sa-ga'shus, a. keen or quick and seasoned with salt, vinegar, etc. : a 

in perception or thought : acute : discern- dish of some kind of meat, chopped, 

ing and judicious : wise. — adv. saga'- seasoned, and mixed with a salad. 

ciously. — ns. saga'ciousness; sagac'ity, salary, sal'a-ri, n. a recompense for 

sage, saj, n. any plant of genus Salvia, services : wages. — a. sal'aried. 
of the mint family, esp. common or sale, sal, n. act of selling : the ex- 
garden sage, used for flavoring meats, change of anything for money : power or 

sage, saj, a. discriminating, discern- opportunity of selling: demand: public 

ing, wise : well judged. — n. a wise man : showing of goods to sell : auction. — a. 

a man of gravity and wisdom. saTable, sale'able, that may be sold: in 

sago, sa'go, n. a nutritive farinaceous good demand. — n. sal'ableness. — adv. 

substance produced from the pith of sev- sai'ably. — ns. sales'man, a man who 

eral East Indian palms. — n. sa'go-palm. sells goods: — fern, sales'woman; sales'- 

said, sed, pa. t. and pa. p. of say: manship, the art of selling, or the ability 

before-mentioned, as the said witness. to sell, goods. [Scand., Ice. sala.] 

sail, sal, n. a sheet of canvas, etc., saleratus, sal-e-ra'tus, n. sodium bi- 

spread to catch the wind, by which a carbonate, used in baking-powders, 

ship is driven forward : a ship or ships : salient, sa'li-ent, a. leaping or spring- 

a trip in a vessel: arm of a wind-mill, ing: (fort.) projecting outwards, as an 

— v. i, to be moved by sails : to go by angle : prominent : striking. — n. sa'lience, 

water : to begin a voyage : to glide or the quality or condition of being salient : 

float smoothly along. — v. t. to navigate: projection. — adv. sa'liently. 

to pass in ^a ship: to fly through. — a. saliferous, sa-lif'er-us, a. bearing salt. 

sailed, having sails set. — ns. sail'er, a salify, sal'i-fi, v. t. to combine with an 

boat or ship with respect to its mode of acid in order to make a salt : — pa. t. 

sailing, or its speed; sail'ing, act of sail- and pa. p. sal'ified. — n. salification. 

ing ^motion of a vessel on water: act saline, sa'lin, a. consisting of or con- 

of directing a ship's course : seamanship ; taining salt: partaking of the qualities 

sail'or, one who sails in or navigates of salt. 

a ship : a seaman. saliva, sa-li'va, n. the spittle," one of 

saint, sant, n. a sanctified or holy the digestive fluids, mainly the product 

person: one eminent for piety: one of of the salivary glands. — adjs. sali'val, 

the blessed in heaven : one canonized by sal'ivary, pertaining to, secreting, or 



( 



412 sallow fate, far; me, her; mine; sanctify 

containing saliva.—^, t, sal'ivate, to pro- of saluting : the position of the hand, 

duce an unusual amount of saliva. — n. sword, etc., in saluting : greeting : a kiss. 

saliva'tion, an unusual flow of saliva. — n. saluta'tion, act of saluting: that 

sallow, sal'6, a. of a pale, yellowish which is said in saluting, 

color. — n. sall'owness. salvage, safvaj, n. compensation made 

sally, sal'i, n. a leaping or bursting by the owner of a ship or cargo for 

out : a sudden rushing forth of troops services rendered by persons other than 

to attack besiegers : an outburst of fancy, the ship's company in preserving the 

wit, etc. — v. i. to rush out suddenly: to ship or cargo from shipwreck, fire, or 

mount :— pa. t. and pa. p. sall'ied. ' ' capture : the goods and materials so 

salmon, sam'un, n. a large fish, saved— w. salvabil'ity, the possibility or 

brownish above, with silvery sides, with condition of being saved. — a. sal'vable. 

flesh reddish-orange in color — ascending salvarsan, sal-viir-san', n. a blood 

rivers to spawn: the color of salmon specific, widely known as "606" discov- 

flesh, an orange-pink. — a. salm'onoid. ered by Prof. Ehrlich (Ger.). 

salon, sa-lon', n. a drawing-room : a salvation, sal-va'shun, n. act of sav- 

fashionable reception, esp. a periodic ing: means of preservation from any 

gathering of notable persons in the serious evil: (theol.) the saving of man 

house of some social queen. [Fr.] from the power and penalty of sin, and 

saloon, sa-16n', 11. a spacious and ele- the conferring of eternal happiness, 

gant apartment: a main cabin: a draw- salve, sav, n. (B.) an ointment: any- 

ing-room car : a liquor-shop. thing to cure sores. — v. t. to heal, help. 

salt, sawlt, n. chlorid of sodium, a salver, sal'ver, n. a plate on which 
well-known substance used for season- anything is presented, 
ing, found in the earth or obtained by salvo, sal'vo, n. a military or naval 
evaporation from sea-water : anything salute with guns : a simultaneous dis- 
like salt: seasoning: abatement, modifi- charge of artillery: the combined cheers 
cation, allowance : an experienced sailor : of a multitude: — pi. salvos (sal'voz). 
that which preserves from corruption : an sal-volatile, sal'-vo-lat'i-le. See sal. 
antiseptic: (chem.) a body composed of same, sam, a. identical: of the like 
an acid and a base united in definite kind or degree: similar: mentioned be- 
proportions, or of bromine, chlorin, fore. — n. "ame'ness, the being the same . 
fluorin, or iodine, with a metal or metal- camp, .amp, n. a kind of hominy, also 
loid. — v. t. to sprinkle or season with porridge made from it. 
salt. — a. containing salt : tasting of salt . sample, sam'pl, n. a specimen : a part 

saltant, sal'tant, a. leaping: dancing, to show the quality of the whole: an 

• — v. i. sal'tate, to dance. — n. salta'tion, example. — v. t. to make up samples of: 

a leaping or jumping: beating or palpi- to place side by side with: to match, 

tation : (biol.) an abrupt variation. — a. sanable, san'a-bl, a. able to be made 

sal'tatory, leaping : dancing : having the sane or sound : curable. — ns. sanabil'ity, 

power of or used in leaping or dancing, san'ableness. — a. san'ative, tending or 

saltcellar, sawlt'sel-ar, n. a small able to heal : healing. — ns. san'ativeness, 

table vessel for holding salt. sanatorium (see sanitary). — a. san'- 

saltpeter, saltpetre, sawlt-pe'ter, n. atory, healing: conducive to health, 

the commercial name for niter. sanctify, sangk'ti-fi, v. t. to make 

saltus, sal'tus, n. a break of con- sacred or holy: to set apart to sacred 

tinuity in time : a leap from premises to use : to free from sin or evil : to conse- 

conclusion. [L., a leap.] crate: to invest with a sacred character: 

salubrious, sa-lu'bri-us, a. healthful: to make efficient as the means of hfli- 

wholesome. — adv. salu'briously. ness : to secure from violation. — n. 

salutary, sal'u-tar-i, a. belonging to sanctifica'tion, act of sanctifying: state 

health : promoting health or safety : of being sanctified : consecration. — a. 

wholesome: beneficial. — adv. sal'utarily. sanc'tified, made holy: sanctimonious. — 

salute, sal-ut', v. t. to address with adv. sanctifi'edly, sanctimoniously. — n. 

kind wishes: to greet with a kiss, a bow, sanc'tifier, one who sanctifies: the Holy 

etc.: to honor formally by a discharge Spirit.— adv. sanc'tifyingly. — a. sancti- 

of cannon, striking colors, etc. — n. act mo'nious, affecting holiness. — adv. sane- 



sanction 



mote, move; mute; then. 



sardine 



413 



timo'niously. — ns. sanctimoniousness, 
sar.c'timony, affected devoutness, show 
of sanctity; sanc'titud^, holiness, good- 
ness, saintliness ; sanc'tity, quality of be- 
ing sacred or holy: purity: godliness: 
inviolability; sanc'tuary, a sacred place. 

sanction, sangk'shun, n. act of ratify- 
ing or giving authority to : confirmation : 
support. — v. t. to give validity to : to 
authorize : to countenance. 

sand, sand, n. line particles of crushed 
or worn rocks, used in founding, etc. : 
force of character: (pi.) lands covered 
with sand : a sandy beach : moments of 
time, from the use of sand in the hour- 
glass. — v. t. to sprinkle with sand. — a. 
sandy, consisting of or covered with 
sand: loose: of the color of sand. 

sandal, san'dal, n. a kind of shoe con- 
sisting of a sole bound to the foot by 
straps : a loose slipper. 

sandalwood, san'dal-wood, n. a com- 
pact and fine-grained tropical wood, re- 
markable for its fragrance. 

sandwich, sand'wich, n. two slices of 
bread with meat, etc., between : anything 
resembling this. — v. t. to lay or place 
between two layers, to fit tight between 
two objects. 

sane, san, a. sound in mind or body: 
healthy: not disordered in intellect. — adv. 
sane'ly. — n. sane'ness. 

sang, sang, pa. t. of sing. 

sang-froid, sang-frwo', n. coolness, 
indifference, calmness. 

sanguine, sang'gwin, a. abounding 
with blood, bloody: bloodthirsty: ruddy, 
red : ardent, hopeful, confident : char- 
acterized by a fullness of habit. — n. the 
color of red. — adv. san'guinarily. — n. 
s a n'g uinarines s. — a. san'guinary, 
bloody : attended with much bloodshed : 
bloodthirsty. — adv. san'guinely, hope- 
fully, confidently. — n. san'guineness, san- 
guine character, ardor : ruddiness : 
plethora. — a. sanguin'eous, sanguine : 
resembling or constituting blood. — n. 
sanguin'ity, sanguineness. — a. sanguiv'- 
orous, feeding on blood, as a vampire. 

Sanhedrim, Sanhedrin, san'he-drim, 
-drin, n. a. supreme tribunal of the Jews 
down to 425 a. d. : any similar assembly. 

sanify, san'i-fi, v. t. to make healthy. 

sanitary, san'i-tar-i, a. pertaining to, 
tending, or designed to promote health. 
— n. sanita'rian, a promoter of sanitarv 
reforms. — adv. san'itarily. — ns. sanita - 



tion, the science of sanitary conditions; 
sanito'rium, sanita'rium, more correctly 
sanatorium, a station, institution, or 
resort for the care and treatment of 
invalids, esp. one having natural advan- 
tages for the purpose. 

sanity, san'i-ti, n. state of being sane : 
soundness of mind or body. 

sank, sangk, pa. t. of sink. 

sans, sanz, prep. (Shak.) without, 
wanting. [O. Fr. sans, without — L. sine.] 

sap, sap, n. the vital juice of plants: 
(bot.) the part of the wood next to the 
bark: the blood: a simpleton. — ns. sap'- 
head, a silly fellow; sap'ling, a young 
tree, so called from being full. of sap; 
sap'piness. — a. sap'py, abounding with 
sap : juicy: silly. 

sap, sap, v. t. to destroy by digging 
underneath : to undermine : to impair. 

sapience, sa'pi-ens, n. discernment : 
wisdom : knowledge : reason. — a. sa'- 
pient, wise : discerning : sagacious, some- 
times used ironically. — adv. sa'piently. 

sapling. See under sap. 

saponaceous, sap-o-na'shus, a. soapy : 
soap-like. — v. t. sapon'ify, to convert 
into soap. [L. sapa, saponis, soap.] 

saporific, sap-o-rif'ik, a. giving a 
taste. — ns. sa'por, saporos'ity.- 

sapphire, saf'ir, or safer, n. a highly 
transparent and brilliant precious stone, 
a variety of corundum, generally of a 
beautiful blue color. — a. deep pure blue. 

sarcasm, sar'kazm, n. a bitter sneer: 
a satirical remark in scorn or contempt : 
irony: a gibe. — adjs. sarcas'tic, -al, con- 
taining sarcasm : bitterly satirical. 

sarcology, sar-kol'o-ji, n. the division 
of anatomy which treats of the soft parts 
of the body. — adjs. sarcolog'ic, -al. 

sarcoma, sar-ko'ma, n. a tumor or 
group of tumors, often malignant : any 
fleshy excrescence: (bot.) a fleshy disk: 
— pi, sarco'mata. — a, sarcomatous. 

Sarcophaga, sar-kof'a-ga, n. a genus 
of dipterous insects, the flesh-flies. — adjs. 
sarcoph'agal, flesh-devouring; sarcoph'- 
agous, feeding on flesh. 

sarcophagus, sar-kof'a-gus. n. a kind 
of limestone used by the Greeks for 
coffins, and so called because it was 
thought to consume the flesh of corpses : 
any stone receptacle for a corpse : — pi. 
sarcoph'agi, sarcoph'aguses. 

sardine, sar-den', n. a small fish of 



41.4 sardonic fate, far; me, her; mine; saucer 

the herring family, packed with olive- ject of satire: to censure severely. — n. 

oil, etc. : the European pilchard. sat'irist, a writer of satire. 

sardonic, sar-donlk, a. forced, heart- satisfy, sat'is-fi, v. t. to give enough 
less, or bitter, said of a forced unmirth- to: to supply fully: to please fully: to 
ful laugh. — adv. sardonically. discharge: to free from doubt: to con- 
sardonyx, sar'do-niks, n. a variety vince. — v. i. to give content : to supply 
of onyx consisting of layers of light- fully: to make payment: — pa. t. and pa. 
colored chalcedony alternating with red- p. satisfied. — n. satisfaction, state of 
dish layers of cornelian or sard. being satisfied : gratification : comfort : 

sarsaparilla, sar-sa-pa-ril'a, n. the that which satisfies : amends : atonement : 

dried root of several tropical species of payment: conviction. — adv. satisfac'- 

Smilax, yielding a medicinal decoction, torily. — n. satisfac'toriness. — adjs. sat- 

sash, sash, n. a band, ribbon, or scarf, isfac'tory, satisfying : giving content- 
worn round the waist or over the ment : making amends or payment : aton- 
shoulder as a badge, ornament, or mark mg: convincing; satisfying, satisfac- 
of distinction. tory. — adv. sat'isfyingly. 

sash, sash, n. a case or frame for saturate, satu-rat, v. t. to fill: to 

panes of glass. unite with till no more can be received : 

sass, sas, n. (coll.) impudence: vege- to fin to excess: to soak.— adjs. sat'ur- 

tables for domestic use. able, that may be saturated; sat 'urate, 

sassafras, sas'a-fras, n. a North Am- saturated.— ns. sat'urater; saturation, 

erican tree of the laurel family: also act f saturating: state of being sat- 

the bark of its root. urated . 

sat, sat, pa. t. and pa. p. of sit Saturday, sat'er-da, n. the seventh or 

Satan, sa tan, n. the enemy of man : i ast day of the wee ^ dedicated by the 

the devil : the chief of the fallen angels. Romans to Saturn : the Jewish Sabbath. 
-adjs satan ic-al, pertaining # to or gat sat ,~ or s -, n the andent 

like Satan: devilish.-a^. satan ically. Roman god of agric ulture: one of the 

satchel, sach el, n. a small sack or p i ane ts. — n. pi. Saturnalia, the annual 

bag, a hand-bag. _ festival in honor of Saturn, a time of 

sate, sat, v. t. to satisfy or give unrestrained license and enjoyment- 
enough : to glut.— a. sateless, insatiable. a ^j s saturnalian, pertaining to the 

sate, sat. Same as sat, pa. t. of sit. Saturnalia: riotously merry: dissolute; 

sateen, sa-ten', n. a glossy worsted or Satur'nian, pertaining 

cotton fabric. to Saturn, whose fabu- 

satellite, sat'el-lit, n. an obsequious lous reign was called 

follower : one of the small members of 'the golden age' : 

the solar system, attendant on the happy: pure: simple; 

larger planets. sat'urnine, grave : 

satiate, sa'shi-at, v. t. to satisfy or gloomy: phlegmatic- 
give enough: to gratify fully: to glut, those born under the 
—a. glutted.— n. satiabillty — a. sa'ti- planet Saturn being so 
able, that may be satiated.— ns. satia'- disposed. [Saturnus— 
tion; sati'ety, state of being satiated, severe, satum^ to sow/j gatyr 

satin, satin, n. a closely woven silk satyr, sat er, or sa. - 

fabric with a lustrous and unbroken sur- ter, n. a sylvan deity, represented as 

face, sometimes figured.— a. made of part man and part goat, and extremely 

satin : resembling satin. wanton : a very lecherous person.— adjs. 

satire, sat'ir, or -safer, n. a literary satyrlc, -al, pertaining to satyrs, 
composition, holding up a man or his sauce, saws, n. a liquid seasoning tor 

works to ridicule or scorn: caustic food : fruit stewed with sugar : a relish : 

criticism : an invective poem : severity of impudence.— z>. t. to put sauce in, to nayor : 

remark, denunciation: ridicule.— adjs. to make poignant: to treat with bitter 

satiric, -al, pertaining to or conveying or pert language: to make suiter, 
satire : sarcastic : abusive.— a dv. satir'- saucer, saw'ser, n. the shallow platter 

ically.—^. t. satirize, to make the ob- for a drinking cup, or anything resem- 




saucy mote, move; mute; thtn. scald 415 

bling it: (orig.) a small vessel to hold vory, having savor or relish: pleasant: 

sauce. with gusto : morally pleasant. 

saucy, saw'si, a. (comp. sau'cier, savory, sa'vor-i, n. an aromatic plant 
superl. sau'ciest) sharp: pungent: in- nearly allied to thyme. [Savor.] 
solent: overbearing: wanton: impudent, savvy, savvey, sav'i, v. t. to know: 
pert. — adv. sau'cily. — n. sau'ciness. to understand. — v. i. to possess knowl- 

sault, so, n. a rapid in a river. edge. — n. general ability. 

saunter, sawn'ter, v. i. to wander saw, saw, pa. t. of see. 

about idly : to loiter : to lounge : to saw, saw, n. an instrument for cutting, 

stroll: to dawdle. — n. a. leisurely ramble, formed of a blade, band, or disk of 

— ns. saun'terer, saun'tering. — adv. thin steel, with a toothed edge. — v. t. to 

saun'teringly. cut with a saw. — v. i. to use a saw : to 

saurian, saw'ri-an, n. a reptile or be cut with a saw: — pa. p. sawed or 

animal covered with scales, as the lizard, sawn. 

— a. pertaining to or of the nature of a saw, saw, n. a saying: a proverb: a 

saurian. — a. saur'oid, resembling the decree: a joke, 

lizard: reptilian. Saxon, 'saks'un, n. one of the people 

sausage, saw'saj, n. a prepared gut of North Germany who conquered Eng- 

or entrail stuffed with chopped and land in the 5th and 6th centuries : the 

seasoned meat. language of the Saxons: one. of the 

savage, sav'aj, a. wild : uncivilized : English race : an Anglo-Saxon . 

fierce : cruel : brutal. — n. a human being say, sa, v. t. to utter in words : to 

in a wild state : a brutal, fierce, or cruel speak : to declare : to state : to answer : 

person: a barbarian. — n. sav'agedom, a to rehearse: to recite: to take for 

savage state : savages collectively. — adv. granted. — v. i. to speak : to relate : to 

sav'agely. — ns. sav'ageness; sav'agery. state: — pa. t. and pa. p. said (sed). — n. 

savanna, savannah, sa-van'a, n. a something said: a remark: a speech. — 

tract of level land, covered with low ns. say'er; say'ing, something said: an 

vegetation : a treeless plain. expression : a maxim ; say'-so, an 

savant, sav-on', n. a learned man. authoritative declaration: a rumor. 

save, sav, v. t. to bring safe out of scab, skab, n. a crust formed over a 
evil : to rescue : to reserve : to spare : to sore : a disease of sheep : a disease of 
deliver from the power of sin and from potatoes, etc. : a mean fellow : a work- 
its consequences: to husband: to hoard: man who refuses to join a trades-union 
to be in time for : to obviate, to prevent or to take part in a strike, or who 
something worse. — v. i. to be econom- takes the place of a man out on strike. 
ical. — prep, except. — adj's. sav'able, scabbard, skab'ard, n. the case in 
save'able. — ns. sav'ableness; sa'ver, one which the blade of a sword is kept: 
who saves. — a. sa'ving, disposed to save a sheath. — v. t. to provide with a sheath. 
or be economical : incurring no loss : scabious, ska'bi-us, a. scabby : scurfy : 
preserving from wrong: frugal: imply- itchy. — a. sca'brous, rough to the touch. 
ing a condition, as a saving clause: ex- scads, skadz, n. pi. (slang) money, 
ceptional. — prep, excepting. — n. that scaffold, skaf'old, n. a temporal 
which is saved: (pi.) earnings. platform for exhibiting or for support- 
saviour, sa'vyer, n. one who saves ing something, esp. for the execution of 
from evil: a deliverer, a title (S-) ap- a criminal: a framework. — n. scaff'old- 
plied to Jesus Christ. ing, a scaffold of wood for supporting 

savoir-faire, sav-wor-far', n. the workmen : materials for scaffolds . 

faculty of knowing just what to do and scala, ska'la, n. (surg.) an instru- 

how to do it: tact. [Fr.] ment for reducing dislocation. — a. sca'- 

savor, savour, sa'ver, n. taste: odor: lable, that may be scaled or climbed, 

scent: (B.) reputation: characteristic scalawag, scallawag, skal'a-wag, n. 

property: pleasure. — v. i. to have a par- an undersized animal' of little value: a 

ticular taste or smell : to be like : to scamp. 

smack. — v. t. to smell : to relish : to scald, skawld, v. t. to burn with hot 

season. — adv. sa'vorily. — n. sa'voriness. liquid: to cook slightly, as fruit, in hot 

— adjs. sa'vorless, wanting savor ; sa'- water or steam : to cleanse thoroughly 



416 scale 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



scapula 



by rinsing with very hot water. — n. a 
burn caused by hot liquid. — n. scald'er. 

scale, skal, n. a ladder: series of 
steps: a graduated measure: (mus.) a 
series of all the tones ascending or 
descending from the keynote to its 
octave, called the gamut : the order of a 
numeral system : gradation : propor- 
tion: series.— v. t. to mount, as by a 
ladder : to ascend : to draw in true pro- 
portion : to measure, as logs or lumber : 
to decrease proportionally, as every 
part. — v. i. to lead up by steps. 

scale, skal, n. one of the small, thin 
plates on a fish or reptile: a thin 
layer: a husk: a piece of cuticle that is 
squamous or horny : a flake : an incrus- 
tation on the side of a vessel in which 
water is heated. — v. t. to clear of scales : 
to peel off in thin layers. — v. i. to come 
off in thin layers. — a. scal'y, covered 
with scales : like scales : mean, shabby : 
(bot.) formed of scales 

scale, skal, n. the dish of a balance: 
a balance, as to turn the scale — chiefly 
in pi: (pi) Libra, one of the signs of 
the zodiac. — v. t. to weigh, as in scales . 

scallop, skol'up, n. a bivalve having 
a sub-circular shell with sinuous radiat- 
ing ridges : one of a series of curves in 
the edge of anything. — v. t. to cut the 
edge or border into scallops or curves : 
to cook with crumbs of bread, etc. — 
p. a. scall'oped, having the edge or 
border cut into scallops or curves. 

scalp, skalp, n. the outer covering of 
the skull or brain-case : the skin on which 
the hair grows : the skin of the top of 
the head, together with the hair: the 
skin of the head of a noxious wild 
animal. — v. t. to cut the scalp from : to 
flay : to lay bare : to sell at less than 
recognized rates : to destroy the political 
influence of. 

scalpel, skalp'el, n. a small surgical 
knife for dissecting and operating. 

scammony, skam'o-ni, n. a cathartic 
gum-resin obtained from a species of 
convolvulus. 

scamp, skamp, n. a vagabond: ai 
mean fellow. — v. i. scam'per, to run with 
speed and trepidation. — n. a rapid run. — 

scamp, skamp, v. t. to do work in a 
dishonest manner without thoroughness 
— also skimp. 

scan, skan, v. t. to count the feet in 
a verse: to examine carefully: to scru- 



tinize. — v. i. to agree with the rules of 
meter. — ns. scan'ning; scan'sion, act of 
counting the measures in a verse. 

scandal, skan'dal, n. something said 
which is false and injurious to reputa- 
tion : disgrace : opprobrious censure. — 
v. t. to defame, to asperse. — n. scandal- 
iza'tion, defamation. — v. t. scan'dalize, 
to give scandal or offense to : to shock : 
to reproach: to disgrace: to libel. — a. 
scan'dalous, giving scandal or offense: 
calling forth condemnation: openly vile: 
defamatory. — adv. scan'dalously. 

scant, skant, a. not full or plentiful: 
scarcely sufficient: deficient. — adv. 
scarcely: scantily. — v. t. and v. i. to 
limit: to stint: to begrudge. — adv. scan'- 
tily. — n. scan'tiness. — adv. scant'ly, 
not fully or sufficiently, scarcely : nar- 
rowly: penuriously: scantily. — n. scant'- 
ness, the condition or quality of being 
scant : smallness : insufficiency. — a. 
scant'y, scant, not copious or full. 

scantle, skan'tl, v. t. to divide into 
pieces: to partition. — n. scant'ling, a 
little piece : timber cut small : dimensions 
of a piece of timber as to breadth and 
thickness. 

scape, skap, n. an escape: a freak or 
fault. — v. t. to escape from : to miss : 
to shun. — n. scape'grace, a graceless 
hare-brained fellow. 

scape, skap, n. (bot.) a long, naked, 
radical peduncle: 
(entom.) the basal joint 
of antennae: (ornith.) 
the stem of a feather: 
(archit.) the shaft of a 
column. [L. scapus, Gr. 
skapos, a shaft; cf. skep- 
tron, a staff.] 

scapegoat, skap'got, 
n. a goat on which, once 
Jewish high-priest laid symbolically the 
sins of the people, and which was then 
allowed to escape into the wilderness 
(Levit. xvi.) : one who is made to bear 
the misdeeds of another. 

scapement, skap'ment, n. the same as 
escapement. — n. scape'-wheel, the wheel 
which drives the pendulum of a clock. 

scaphoid, skaf'oid, a. boat-like in 
form, noting two bones, one in the wrist 
and the other in the foot. 

scapula, skap'u-la, n. the shoulder- 
blade. — a. scap'iilar, pertaining to the 




scar 



mote, move; mute; then. 



scent 417 




shoulder. — n. a bandage for the shoulder- 
blade : (ornith.) the shoulder feathers: 
two little pieces of cloth tied together 
by strings passing over the shoulders, 
worn by R. C. lay persons in token of 
devotion. — a. scap'ulary, in form like a 
scapular. — n. a scapular. 

scar, skar, n. the mark left by a wound 
or sore : any mark or blemish : a 
cicatrice: a disfigurement. — v. t. to mark 
with a scar. — v. i. to become scarred. — a. 
scarred. 

scar, skar, n. a precipitous bank or 
rock. [Scand., Ice. sker — skera, to cut.] 

scarab, skar'ab, n. an insect with 
wing-sheaths, a beetle: 
a gem, usually emerald, 
cut like a beetle. [L. 
scarabcsus; Gr. kara- 
bos..] 

scaramouch, skar'a- 
mowch, w. a buffoon : a Scarab, 

bragging, cowardly fellow. 

scarce, skars, a. not plentiful: not 
equal to the demand : rare : not common : 
parsimonious : deficient : short : scanty. 
— adv. scarce'ly, scarce (£.), hardly, 
barely. — ns. scarce'ness, scarcity, state 
of being scarce : deficiency : rareness : 
niggardliness : want : famine. 

scare, skar, v. t. to drive away by 
frightening : to strike with sudden terror : 
to startle, to affright. — n. an imaginary 
alarm : a sudden panic. — n. scare'crow, 
anything set up to scare away crows or 
other birds : a vain cause of terror : a 
person meanly clad. 

scarf, skarf, n. a light article of dress 
worn loosely on the shoulders or as a 
band about the neck: a light handker- 
chief for the neck: a cravat: — pi. scarfs. 

scarf, skarf, v. t. to join endwise, as 
two pieces of 
timber, so that 
they appear to 
be one. — n. in 
carpentry, a joint 
whose ends are 
united so as to 
form a continu- 
ous piece. 

scarify, skar'i-fi, v. t. to scratch or 
slightly cut (the skin) so as to draw 
blood : to loosen and stir together, as 
soil : to harrow the feelings of : — pa. t. 
and pa. p. scarified. — ns. scarifica'tion; 

27 



r 




71 


'b — 


=^; 


r" 7 ^ ' 


|q- 


n 


-H 



Modes of Scarfing. 



scarificator, an instrument with several 
lancets for scarifying; scar'ifier. 

scarlatina, skar-la-te'na, n. a con- 
tagious fever accompanied by a scarlet 
rash or eruption — also scar'let-fe'ver. 

scarlet, skar'let, n. a bright-red color : 
scarlet cloth. — a. of the color called 
scarlet: dressed in scarlet. — n. scar'let- 
fe'ver, a contagious febrile disease (see 
scarlatina) . 

scarred, skard, a. marked by scars. 

scary, skar'i, a. causing fright: timid: 
fluttered. 

scat, skat, inter j. be off! — v. t. to 
scare away. 

scathe, skafA, n. damage, injury: 
waste. — v. t. to . injure. — a. sca'thing, 
damaging: blasting: scorching. 

scatter, skat'er, v. t. to disperse in all 
directions: to throw loosely about: to 
strew : to sprinkle : to 
dispel: to put to flight: 
to drop. — v. i. to be dis- 
persed or dissipated. — n. 
scatt'ering, something 
scattered : dispersion. — a. 
dispersing : rare, sporadic : 
diversified. — adv. scatt'er- 
ingly, in a dispersed man- 
ner: here and there. [A. 
S. scateran, scaterian; cf. 
shatter.] 

scavenger, skav'en-jer, n. one who 
cleans the streets or removes garbage : 
an animal which feeds on carrion. 

scena, se'na, n. the stage of an ancient 
theater : an elaborate dramatic solo. — n. 
scenario (she-na'ri-6), a skeleton li- 
bretto of a dramatic work. [L.] 

scene, sen, n. a picture of the place 
of an action : a large painted view : place 
of action, occurrence, or exhibition : the 
part of a play acted without change of 
place: a number of objects presented to 
the view at once : spectacle : view : any 
unseemly or ill-timed display of strong 
feeling between persons. — n. sce'nery, 
the painted representation on a stage: 
the appearance of anything presented to 
the eye : general aspect of a landscape.— 
adjs. sce'nic, -al, pertaining to scenery: 
dramatic: theatrical. — adv. sce'nically. 

scent, sent, v. t. to discern by the 
sense of smell: to perfume: to have 
some suspicion of. — v. i. to become 
odoriferous : to smell. — n. a. perfume : 




418 



sceptic 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



scOTicfi; 



odor : sense of smell : chase followed by 
the scent : course of pursuit. — a. scent'ed. 

sceptic, -al. See skeptic, -al. 

scepter, sceptre, sep'ter, n. the staff 
or baton borne by kings as an emblem 
of authority : royal power. — a. scep'tral. 

schatchen, shat'shen, n. one whose 
occupation it is to arrange marriages. 

schedule, sked'ul, n. a list, inventory, 
or table : a classification, as of articles 
to be taxed. — v. t. to place in a schedule. 

scheme, skem, n. plan : something 
contrived to be done: purpose: plot: a 
specific organization for some end : an 
illustrative diagram: a system. — v. t. to 
plan: to contrive. — v. i. to form a plan. 
— n. sche'mer. — a. sche'ming 

schism, sizm, n. a separation in a 
church, from diversity of opinion or dis- 
cipline : breach of unity, also the 
tendency towards such. — n. schismat'ic. 

scholar, skol'ar, n. a pupil: a dis- 
ciple : a student : one who has received 
a learned education : a man of learning : 
a savant. — a. schol'arly, like or becom- 
ing a scholar. — n. scholarship, the char- 
acter of a scholar: learning: mainte- 
nance for a scholar, a benefaction, the 
annual proceeds of a fund permanently 
invested for this purpose. — a. scholas'tic, 
pertaining to a scholar or to schools : 
scholar-like. — adv. scholas'tically. 

school, skol, n. a place for instruc- 
tion : an institution of learning, esp. for 
children : the pupils of a school : the dis- 
ciples of a particular teacher, or those 
who hold a common doctrine: a shoal 
of fish : a system of training : any means 
of knowledge: a single department of a 
university. — v. t. to educate in a school : 
to instruct : to 
admonish, to dis- 
cipline. 

s chooner, 
skon'er, n. a 
sharp - built, 
swift-sailing ves- 
sel, generally 
two-masted, rig- 
ged either with 
fore-and-aft sails 
on both masts, 
or with square top and top-gallant sails 
on the foremast : an old form of cov- 
ered emigrant-wagon — 'prairie-schooner' . 

schottische, sho-tesh', n. a dance 




Topsail Schooner. 



resembling a polka, danced by a couple . 

sciagraph, v. t. and «. See skiagraph. 

sciatica, si-at'i-ka, n. a neuralgic af- 
fection of the great sciatic nerve. 

science, si'ens, n. knowledge system- 
atized: truth ascertained: pursuit of 
knowledge or truth for its own sake : 
knowledge arranged under general 
truths and principles: that which refers 
to abstract principles, as distinguished 
from 'art' : preeminent skill : trade : a 
department of knowledge. — adjs. sci'- 
enced, versed, learned; scientific, pro- 
ducing or containing science : according 
to or versed in science: used in science: 
systematic : accurate. — adv. scientif- 
ically. — n. sci'entist, one who studies 
science, esp. natural science. 

scimitar, sim'i-tar, n. a short, single- 
edged curved sword. 

scintilla, sin-til'a, n. a spark: a glim- 
mer: the least particle: a trace. — a. 
scin'tillant. — v. i. scin'tillate, to throw 
out sparks: to sparkle. — n. scintilla'tion, 
act of throwing out sparks : shining with 
a twinkling light. [L., a spark.] 

scion, si'on, n. a cutting or twig for 
grafting: a young member of a family. 

scioptic, si-op'tik, a. noting a certain 
optical arrangement — sciop'ticon — for 
forming images in a darkened room, 
consisting of a globe with a lens fitted 
to a camera, and made to turn like the 
eye. — n. sciop'tics. 

scire facias, si're fa'shi-as, n. (law) 
a writ to enforce the execution of judg- 
ments, or to quash them. 

scissors, siz'erz, n. pi. a cutting in- 
strument consisting of two blades fas- 
tened on a pivot: shears. — n. scis'- 
sion, the act of cutting : division : split- 
ting. — v. t. sciss'or, to cut with scissors. 

scoff, skof, v. t. to mock : to treat 
with scorn. — v. i. to show contempt or 
scorn : to deride, taunt, gibe. — n. an ex- 
pression of scorn or contempt : an ob- 
ject of scoffing. — n. scoff'er. 

scold, skold, v. i. to rail in a loud 
and violent manner : to find fault. — v. t. 
to chide rudely : to rebuke in words. — n. 
a rude, clamorous woman : a termagant. 
— ns. scold'er; scold'ing, railing. 

sconce, skons, n. a bulwark: a small 
fort: a protective headpiece, hence the 
head, the skull, brains, wits : a covered 
stall : a chimney-seat. — v. t. to fortify. 



sconce 



mote, move; mute; then. 



scowl 419 




sconce, skons, n. the socket of a 
candlestick : a hanging 
candlestick: a lantern. 

scone, skon, n. (Scot.) 
a soft cake cooked on a 
griddle. 

scoon, skon, v. i. to 
skim along like a vessel. 

scoop, skop, v. t. to lift 
up, as water, with some- 
thing hollow : to empty 
with a ladle: to make hoi- Sconce, 
low : to dig out : to dredge 
for : to get ahead of (a rival newspaper) 
in publishing some important piece of 
news. — n. anything hollow for scooping: 
a large hollow shovel or ladle: a 
banker's shovel : a coal-scuttle : a haul of 
money made in speculation : a place hol- 
lowed out. 

scoot, skot, v. i. to make off with 
celerity. [A variant of shoot.] 

scope, skop, n. that which one sees, 
space as far as one can see: room or 
opportunity for free outlook : space for 
action : the end before the mind . 

scorch, skorch, v. t. to burn slightly: 
to roast highly : to affect painfully with 
heat: to singe: to attack with virulence. 
— v. i. to be burned on the surface : to 
be dried up : (slang) to ride a bicycle 
furiously on a public highway. — ns. 
scorch'er; scorch'ing. — p. a. burning 
superficially: bitterly sarcastic, scathing. 

score, skor, n. a mark or notch for 
keeping count : a line drawn : the number 
twenty, once represented by a larger 
notch : a reckoning : a debt : the register 
of the various points of play in a game: 
account : reason : the original draft of a 
musical composition with all the parts, 
or its transcript. — v. t. to mark with 
notches or lines: to furrow: to set 
down : to charge : to engrave : to note : 
to enter : to make a score of, to reg- 
ister : to win : to criticize harshly. — v. i. 
to keep, or to run up, a score : to suc- 
ceed in making points, etc., in a game. 
— ns. scor'er, one who keeps the record 
of a game ; scor'ing, the act of one who 
or that which scores. 

scorn, skorn, n. disdain caused by a 
mean opinion of anything : extreme con- 
tempt : object of contempt. — v. t. to hold 
in extreme contempt : to disdain : to ; 
make a mock of. — v. i. to scoff: to jeer. 
— n. scor'aer. one who scorns : a scoffer. 




— a. scorn'ful, full of scorn: con- 
temptuous : disdainful. . 

scorpion, skor'pi-un, n. a name ap- 
plicable to any arachnidan of genus 
Scorpio, having an elongated body, claws 
like the lobster, 
and a poisonous 
sting in the tail: 
(S-) one of the 
signs of the zo- 
diac. — n. Scor'- 
pio, the Scorpion, Scorpion. 

a constellation and the eighth sign of 
the zodiac. 

scot, skot, n. a payment, esp. a cus- 
tomary tax — also shot. — a. scot'-free, 
free from scot or payment: untaxed: 
unhurt, safe. 

Scot, skot, n. a native of Scotland. 

Scotch, skoch, a. pertaining to Scot- 
land, its people, language, customs, 
products, etc. — also Scot'tish, Scots. — n. 
the dialect of English spoken in Low- 
land Scotland: (coll.) Scotch whisky. 

scotch, skoch, v. t. to cut or wound 
slightly: to notch. — n. a notch, scratch. 

scotch, skoch, n. a brace or drag for 
a wheel or log. — v. t. to prop or block 
with such. 

scotograph, skot'6-graf, n. an instru- 
ment for writing in the dark, or for the 
use of the blind. — n. scot'oscope, 

Scots, skots, n. the Scottish dialect. 
— a. pertaining to the Scotch, Scottish. 

scoundrel, skown'drel, n. a low 
worthless fellow : a rascal : a man with- 
out principle. — n. scoun'drelism, base- 
ness, rascality. — adv. scoun'drelly. 

scour, skowr, v. t. to clean by rub- 
bing with something rough: to cleanse 
from grease or dirt . 

scour, skowr, v. i. to run with swift- 
ness : to scurry along. — v. t. to run 
quickly over : to range. 

scourge, skerj, n. a whip made of 
leather thongs : an instrument of punish- 
ment : a punishment : means of punish- 
ment. — v. t. to whip severely: to punish. 

scout, skowt, n. one sent out to bring 
in tidings, observe the enemy, etc. : a spy : 
the act of watching.— v.t. to watch closely. 

scout, skowt, v. t. to sneer at : to 
reject with disdain. — adv. scout'ingly. 

scow, skow, n. a flat-bottomed boat. 

scowl, skowl, v. i. to wrinkle the 
brows in displeasure: to look sour or 
angry : to look gloomy. — n. the wrinkling 



420 scrabble fate, far; me, her; mine; scroll 

of the brows when displeased. — p. a. from danger or observation, or protects 

scowling. — adv. scowlingly. from heat, cold, or the sun : an inclosure 

scrabble, skrab'l, v. i. to scrape or or partition common in churches : a 

make unmeaning marks, to scrawl : to coarse riddle for sifting coal, etc. — v. t. 

scramble or crawl along with difficulty, to shelter or conceal : to pass through 

scrag, skrag, n. anything thin or lean a coarse riddle. — n. pi. screenings, the 

and rough : the bony part of the neck, refuse matter after sifting. 

— adjs. scrag'ged, scrag'gy, lean and screw, skro, n. a cylinder with a 

rough : uneven, ragged. — ns. scrag'ged- spiral groove or ridge on either its 

ness, scrag' giness. — adv. scrag'gily.- outer or inner surface, used as a fasten- 

scramble, skram'bl, v. i. to struggle ing and as a mechanical power : a screw- 
to seize something before others : to propeller : a turn or twist to one side : 
wriggle along on all-fours. — v. t. to a stingy fellow, an extortioner, a skin- 
throw down to be scrambled for : to flint : a broken-winded horse : pressure : 
advance or push : to beat (eggs) together (slang) salary, wages. — v. t. to apply a 
while frying. — n. act of scrambling : a screw to : to press with a screw : to 
struggle for office. — n. scram'bler. — a. twist :__ to oppress by extortion : to force . 
scram'bling, confused and irregular. scribble, skrib'l, v. t. to scratch or 

scrap, skrap, n. a small piece: a write carelessly: to fill with worthless 

remnant: a picture, etc., suited for writing. — v. i. to write carelessly: to 

preservation in a scrap-book: broken scrawl. — n. careless writing: a scrawl. — 

iron, cast or wrought: an unconnected ns. scribbler; scribbling, the act of 

extract. writing hastily or carelessly. 

scrap, skrap, n. (slang) a fight, scrim- scribe, skrib, n. a writer: a public 

mage. or official writer: a clerk, amanuensis. 

scrape, skrap, v. t. to make a harsh scrimmage, skrim'aj, n. a skirmish: 
or grating noise on: to rub with some- a general fight: a tussle, 
thing sharp : to remove by drawing a scrimp, skrimp, v. t. to make too 
sharp edge over: to collect by laborious small or short: to limit or shorten: to 
effort : to save penuriously : to erase. — straiten. — a. short, scanty. — a. scrimp'ed. 
v. i. to grub in the ground : to rub scrip, skrip, n. that which is written : 
lightly: to draw back the foot in mak- a piece of paper containing writing: a 
ing obeisance. — n. a perplexing situation : certificate of stock or shares in any corn- 
difficulty: a shave. — n. scrap'er, an in- pany subscribed or allotted: a certificate 
strument used for scraping: a hoe. of indebtedness. 

scratch, skrach, v. t. to mark the script, skript, n. (print.) type like 
surface of with something pointed, as written letters : a writing, 
the nails : to tear off or to dig at with the Scripture, skrip'tiir, n. sacred writ- 
claws : to write hurriedly : to erase. — v. i. ing : the Bible : a writing : a deed : any 
to use the claws in tearing or digging: sacred writing. — a. scrip'tural. 
to delete a name on a voting paper. scrivener, skriv'en-er, n. a scribe : a 

scrawl, skrawl, v. t. and v. i. to copyist : one who draws up contracts, 

scrape, mark, or write irregularly or scrofula, skrof'u-la, n. a disease with 

hastily. — n. irregular or hasty writing . chronic swellings of the glands in 

scrawny, skraw'ni, a. wasted : raw- various parts of the body, esp. the neck, 

boned. — n. scraw'niness. tending to suppurate : the king's evil. — 

scream, skrem, v. i. to cry out shrilly, adjs. scrofulitlc, scrofulous, pertaining 

as in fear or pain: to shriek. — n. a to, resembling, or affected with scrofula, 

shrill, sudden cry, as in fear or pain : a scroll, skrol, n. a roll of paper or 

shriek. — n. scream'er, one who screams . parchment : a writing in the form of a 

screech, skrech, v. i. to utter a harsh, roll : a schedule : a 

shrill, and sudden cry. — n. a harsh, flourish added to a 

shrill, and sudden cry. person's signature as 

screed, skred, n. a long tirade : a a substitute for a 

strip of mortar serving as a gauge in seal: (archit.) a 

plastering. — v. t. to repeat glibly. spiral ornament, the 

screen, skren, n. that which shelters volute of the Ionic Scroll. 




scrouge mote, move; mute; then. seal 421 

and Corinthian capitals. — a. scrolled, worked like a screw over the stern. — ns. 

formed into a scroll: ornamented with scull'er, sculling. [Scand. ; Ice. seal, 

scrolls. a hollow, Sw. skalig, concave.] 

scrouge, skrowj, v. t. to squeeze: to sculpture, skulp'tur, n. the act of 

crowd. — n. scrou'ger, a whopper : some- carving figures in wood, stone, etc. : 

thing large. [Variant form of shrug.] carved-work: an engraving. — v. t. to 

scrub, skrub, v. t. to rub hard, esp. carve : to form, as a piece of sculpture, 
with something rough. — v. i. to be labo- — n. sculp'tor, one who carves figures : 
rious and penurious. — n. one who works — fern, sculp'tress. — a. sculp'tural, be- 
hard and lives meanly : anything small longing to sculpture. — adv. sculp'turally. 
or mean : low underwood : a bush : a scum, skum, n. foam or froth : the 
stunted shrub: a worthless horse. extraneous matter rising to the surface 

scruff, skruf, n. the nape of the neck, of liquids, esp. when boiled or fer- 

scrunch, skrunsh, v. t. to crunch: to mented : refuse: offscourings, dregs, 

crush. [A variant of crunch.] scupper, skup'er, n. a hole in the side 

scruple, skro'pl, n. a small weight — of a ship to carry off water from the 

in apothecaries' weight, 20 troy grains: deck (often pi.). 

the third part of a dram: a very small scurf, skerf, n. the crust or flaky 

quantity : reluctance to decide or act, as matter formed on the skin : anything 

from motives of conscience : difficulty. — adhering to the surface : scum. 

v. i. to hesitate in deciding or acting. scurrilous, skur'ril-us, a. using scur- 

— n. scru'pler. — a. scru'pulous, having rility or language befitting a vulgar 

scruples, doubts, or objections : conscien- buffoon: indecent: vile: vulgar: op- 

tious: cautious: exact: captious. — adv. probrious : grossly abusive. 

scru'pulously. — ns. scru'pulousness, scurry, skur'i, v. i. to hurry along: 

scrupulosity, state of being scrupulous . to scamper. — n. a flurry — also skurr'y. 

scrutiny, skro'ti-ni, n. careful or scurvy, sker'vi, a. scurfy : affected 
minute inquiry : critical examination : an with scurvy : scorbutic : shabby : vile, 
examination of the votes given at an vulgar, contemptible. — 11. a disease 
election for the purpose of correcting the marked by livid spots on the skin, due 
poll: (R. C.) one of the methods of to an improper dietary, and esp. lack of 
electing a pope, the others being acclama- fresh vegetable food. — adv. scur'vily, in 
tion and accession. — a. scru'table.— n.?. a scurvy manner : meanly, basely. 
scruta'tion, scrutiny; scruta'tor, a close scuttle, skut'l, n. a shallow basket: 
examiner. — v. t. scru'tinate, to examine : a vessel for holding coal, 
to investigate. — n. scrutineer', one who scuttle, skut'l, n. one of the openings 
makes a scrutiny, or minute search or or hatchways of a ship : a small open- 
inquiry. — v. t. scru'tinize, to search ing in the side or bottom of a ship : a 
minutely or closely: to examine care- square hole in the, roof of a house, with 
fully or critically: to investigate. a lid. — v. t. to cut holes through any 

scud, skud, v. i. to run quickly: part of (a ship): to sink (a ship) by 

(naut.) to run before the wind in a cutting holes in it. 

gale. — n. act of moving quickly: loose, scuttle, skut'l, v. i. to scud or run 

vapory clouds driven swiftly along . with haste : to hurry. — n. a quick run . 

scuff, skuf, v. i. to shuffle along the _ scythe, sith, n. a kind of sickle: an 

ground. [Sw. skuffa, to shove.] instrument with a large curved blade for 

scuffle, skuf'l, v. i, to struggle closely : mowing grass, etc. — v. t. to cut with a 

to fight confusedly. — n. a struggle in scythe, to mow. 

which the combatants grapple closely . sea, se, n. the great mass of salt 

sculduggery, skul-dug'ger-i, n. con- water covering the greater part of the 

spiracy: mean contemptible actions: earth's surface: any great expanse of 

plotting : underhanded methods. water less than an ocean : the ocean : 

scull, skul, n. a short, light, spoon- the swell of the sea in a storm : a wave ". 

bladed oar : a small boat. — v. t. to propel seal, sel, n. an engraved stamp for 

a boat with a pair of sculls or light impressing wax closing a letter, etc. : the 

oars by one man — in fresh water: to wax or other substance so impressed: 

drive a boat onward with one oar, that which makes fast or secure: that 



422 seal fate, far; me, her; mine; secretary 

which authenticates or ratifies: assur- due season: occurring in good, suitable, 
ance : the water left standing in the trap or proper time : timely, opportune, 
of a drain or sewer, preventing the up- seasoning, se'zn-ing, n. that which is 
ward flow of gas. — v. t. to fasten with added to food to give it greater relish : 
a seal : to set a seal to : to mark with anything added to increase enjoyment. 
a stamp: to make fast: to confirm: to seat, set, n. that on which one sits: 
keep secure: to close the chinks of: a chair, bench, etc.: the place or room 
to secure against an escape of air or where one sits, as in a theater, etc. : 
gas: to accept. — a. sealed, certified by a site: a place where anything is settled 
seal : inaccessible^ or established : station : abode : a man- 
seal, sel, n. the name commonly ap- sion : that part of the body or of a 
plied to all the fin-footed animals ex- garment on which one sits : posture or 
cept the walrus — carnivorous mammals situation on horseback : a right to sit : 
adapted to a marine existence. — v. t. to membership : sitting room : a sitting. — v. 
hunt seals. — ns. seal'er, a man or a ship t. to place on a seat: to cause to sit 
engaged in the seal-fishery; seal'ery. down: to place in any situation, site, 
seam, sem, n. that which is sewed : secede, se-sed', v. i. to go away : to 
a piece of plain sewing: the line formed separate oneself: to withdraw from fel- 
by the sewing together of two pieces: lowship or association. — ns. sece'der; 
a line of union : a vein or stratum of seces'sion, the act of seceding : with- 
metal, ore, coal, etc. : a suture. — v. t. to drawal : departure ; seces'sionism. 
unite by a seam : to sew : to make a seclude, se-klod', v. i. to shut apart : 
seam in. — n. seam'er, one who seams, to keep apart. — a. seclud'ed, retired: 
— a. seam'less, without a seam: woven withdrawn from observation. — adv. 
throughout. — ns. seam'ster, one who seclud'edly. — n. seclu'sion, the act of 
sews: — fern, seam'stress. — a. seam'y, secluding: retirement: privacy: solitude, 
having a seam or seams. — n. seam'y- second, sek'und, a. immediately fol- 
side, the worst side or view of anything, lowing the first : the ordinal of two : 
seance, sa'ans, n. a sitting, as of some next in position : inferior : other : an- 
public body : a sitting for consideration other. — n. one who or that which fol- 
or inquiry, esp. a meeting of spiritualists, lows or is second : one who attends 
sear, ser, v. t. to dry up : to burn to another in a duel or a prize-fight : a 
dryness on the surface : to scorch : to supporter : the 6oth part of a minute of 
cauterize : to render callous or insensible time, or of a degree. — v. t. to follow : to 
— also sere. — a. dry, withered. — a. seared, act as second : to assist : to encourage : 
dried up: burned: hardened.- to support the mover of a question or 
search, serch, v. t. to look round to resolution: (mus.) to sing second to. — 
find: to seek: to examine: to inspect: adv. sec'ondarily, in a secondary man- 
to explore : to put to the test : to probe, ner or degree. — a. sec'ondary, following 
— v. i. to seek for : to make inquiry. — n. or coming after the first : second in 
the act of seeking or looking for : ex- position : inferior : subordinate : deputed, 
amination : inquiry : investigation : pur- — n. sec'onder, one who seconds or sup- 
suit. — n. search'er, a seeker: an in- ports. 

quirer or examiner. — a. searching, look- secret, se'kret, a. concealed from 
ing over closely: penetrating: trying: notice : removed from sight : unrevealed : 
severe. — adv. search'ingly. hidden : secluded : retired : private : keep- 
season, * se'zn, n. one of the four ing secrets: reserved. — n. that which is 
periods of the year : the usual or proper concealed : anything unrevealed or un- 
time for anything : any particular time : known : privacy : the key or principle by 
seasoning, relish. — v. t. to mature : to which something is made clear. — n. se'- 
prepare for use : to accustom or fit for crecy, the state of being secret : separa- 
use by any process : to fit for the taste : tion : concealment : retirement : privacy : 
to give relish to : to mingle : to inure, fidelity to a secret : the keeping of 
imbue, tinge, or taint : to preserve from secrets. — adv. se'cretly, in a secret man- 
decay. — v. i. to become seasoned or ner : privately : unknown to others . 
matured: to grow fit for use: to become secretary, sek're-ta-ri, n. one em- 
inured. — a. sea'sonable, happening in ployed to write for another : a public 



secrete mote, move; mute; then. seed 423 

officer intrusted with the affairs of a or certificates in evidence of debt or 

department of government, etc. : an property. 

officer of a corporation, society, etc.. sedate, se-dat', a. quiet : serene : 

secrete, se-kret', v. t. to make secret : serious.— adv. sedate'ly.— n. sedate'ness, 

to hide: to conceal: to produce from the composure: tranquillity.— a. sedative, 

circulating-fluids, as the blood in animals, tending to make sedate: moderating, 

the sap in vegetables.— n. secre'tion, the sedentary, sed en-ta-n, a. sitting 

act of secreting or separating from c. much : Passed chiefly m sitting : requiring 

circulating fluid: that which is so much sitting: inactive 

secreted.— adjs. secre'tional; secre'tive, sedge, sej, n. a kind of flag or coarse 

tending to or causing secretion: given grass growing in swamps and rivers, 

to secrecy or to keeping secrets. sediment, sed i-ment, w what settles 

sect, sekt, n. a body of men who unite at ,. the bottom of a .liquid: dregs.-a. 

in holding some particular views, esp. sedimentary, pertaining to consisting 

in religion and philosophy: a denomina- of ' °* '. forme . d . \, sediment, 

tion: a school of philosophy: a party: . sedition, se-dish tin, n. insurrection: 

faction.-^, sectarian, pertaining to or { f\^ us commotion m a state: breach 

peculiar to a sect: narVow, exclusive. ? f the P ubllc peace.-a sedi tious, per- 

, , , ' . „. tammg to or exciting sedition: turbulent. 

section, sekshun, n. act of cutting: sed s -_ dQs , % f tQ dfaw aside 

a division: a portion : a distinct part of from rectitude . t0 entice: to cor rupt : to 
a book: the plan of any object cut d ive of chastit esp> b fraud.-**. 
through, as it were, to show its interior: S educe'ment, act of seducing or draw- 
the line formed by the intersection of - aside . allurement; S educer.-a. 

two surfaces: the surface formed when S edu'cible. - a d i/. sedu cingly. - n. 

a solid is cut by a plane: one of the S educ'tion.-a. seduc'tive, tending to 
squares each containing 640 acres into seduce or draw asite.-adv. seduc'- 
which the public lands of the United t i ve i y _„, seductiveness 
States are divided: (zool.) a group. T sed ulous, sed'ii-lus, a. 'diligent: con- 
ad; j. sec tile, capable of being cut ; sec - stant __, w> sedulity, sed'ulousness, 
tional pertaining to a section or distinct se s - „ the seat or jurisdiction of 
part: local.-*, sec tionalism the spirit a bish or archbishop . a throne.-holy 
01 a class, commercial or political.- see th J papal court 

secular, sek'u-lar, a. pertaining to an S e e , se, v. t to perceive by the eye: 
age or generation: coming or observed t0 observe: to discover: to remark: to 
only once in a century: lay or civil, as bring about as a result: t0 wait 
opposed to clerical: pertaining to the escort . t0 rec eive: to consult for any 
present world, or to things not spiritual: part icular purpose: to suffer, experience: 
not Dound by monastic rules— n. a lay- t0 meet and accept by staking a s i m ii ar 
man : an ecclesiastic, as a parish priest, sum . t0 visit . t0 discern . t0 unde rstand. 
not bound by monastic rules.— ns sec- _ v L t0 look or inquire: t0 be at . 
ularism; secularist, one who holds that tentive: t0 apprehend: to consider :—pa. 
religion should be excluded from civil ^ saw ; />a. A seen.— mter/. look! behold! 
affairs, esp. education.— adv. secularly. seed> s§d> „ the thing sown . the male 

secure, se-kur', a. free from fear or fecundating fluid: the substance pro- 
danger : safe : confident : in safe keep- duced by plants and animals from which 
ing : of such strength as to insure safety, new plants and animals are generated : 
— v. t. ' to make safe : to guard from the impregnated and matured ovule of 
danger : to seize and confine : to get hold a plant : first principle : original : descen- 
of : to make oneself master of: to render dants : children: race. — v. i. to produce 
certain : to guarantee : to fasten. — a. seed : to grow to maturity. — v. t. to sow : 
secur'able, that may be secured. — adv. to plant: to graft. — a. seed'ed, bearing 
secure'iy. — ns. secure'ness; seciir'er, seed, full-grown: sown. — n. seed'er, a 
one who or that which secures or pro- seed-drill : an apparatus for removing 
tects; secur'ity, state of being secure: seeds from fruit — adv. seed'ily. — ns. 
freedom from fear : carelessness : pro- seed'iness, the state of being seedy : 
tection: certainty: a pledge : (pi.) bonds shabbiness : exhaustion; seed'ing. — a. 



424 seeing fate, far; me, her; mine; self 

seedless, having no seeds. — n. seed'- seine, san, or sen, n. a large net for 
ling, a plant reared from the seed. — a. catching fish. — v. t. to catch with such. 
seed'y, abounding with seed : run to seismal, seismic. See next paragraph, 
seed: worn out: out of sorts, looking or seismograph, sis'mo-graf, n. an in- 
feeling unwell : shabby. strument for registering the shocks and 

seeing, se'ing, n. sight: vision. — conj. concussions of earthquakes: a seismom- 
since: because: taking into account. eter. — adjs. seis'mal; seis'mic, be- 

seek, sek, v. t. to go in search of: longing to an earthquake; seis- 
to,look for: to try to find or gain: to molog'ic, -al. — ns. seismol'ogy, the 
ask for: to solicit: to pursue: to con- science of earthquakes and volcanoes; 
suit. — v. i. to make search or inquiry: to seismom'eter, an instrument for meas- 
try: to use solicitation: (B.) to resort uring shakings, tremors, and tiltings of 
to:— pa. t. and pa. p. sought. the earth. 

seem, sem, v. i. to appear: to have seize, sez, v. t. to take possession of 
a show: to look: to pretend, to assume forcibly: to take hold of: to grasp: to 
an air: to appear to oneself.— v. t. (B.) apprehend by legal authority: to come 
to befit: to become.— n. seem'er — a. upon _ suddenly : to lash or make fast 
seeming, apparent: specious: ostensible, —v.i. to lay hold of with the claws.— a. 
—a. seem'ly (comp. seemlier, superl. seiz'able.— »j. seiz'er; seizing, the act 
seemliest), becoming: suitable: decent: of taking hold: (naut.) the operation of 
handsome.— adv. in a decent or suitable lashing with several turns of a cord, 
manner. seizin, seisin, se'zin, n. the taking 

seen sen pa p of see possession of an estate as of freehold: 

seep! sep, v. i. to ooze gently: to the thing possessed.— n. seiz'or, one who 
trickle: to drain off or through pores. take * le S al possession. _ _ 

seer, ser, n. one who foresees events. s f lzure ' se zl \ u /> £ act . of . seizm S : 

'_, .. , £ capture: grasp: the thing seized. 

seesaw, se saw, n. motion to and fro, ^^ s £ rdum J Vm rarel . not 

as in the act of sawing: a play among f te n.-n. sel'domness. 

children, m which two seated at opposite sdect ^ kt , f t kk t from 

ends of a board supported m the center b ^ b preference: to choose: to 

move alternately up and down.-a. mov- cull ^ {l chQ 

ing up and down, or to and f ro : reap- choice . e xclusive.-a. selec'ted.-a^. 

roc^l-v. i. to move backward and for- sele c'tedly.-n J . selec'tedness; selec'- 

wara. _ ti act of se iecting: {pi.) things 

seethe se^, v. t. to boil: to cook in se i ec ted: a book containing select pieces, 

hot liquid: to soak.-^.^. to be boiling: _ a se lec'tive.-a^. selec'tively. 

to be hot:— M t. seethed; pa. p. seethed, self> selfj n> oneJs own person . QnQ , s 

segment, seg ment n. a part cut off : personal interest : selfishness :—pl. selves 

a portion: (geom.) the part of a circle ( se lvz).— a. very: particular: one's own: 

cut off by a straight line: the part of a srmplej p i a i n , unmixed with any other.— 

sphere cut off by a plane: a section: one a self-absorbed', absorbed in one's own 

of the parts into which a body natural y thoughts.— a. selfish, chiefly or whollv 

divides itself.— v. t. and v. i. to divide regarding one's own self : void of regard 

or become divided. t0 others.— adv. selfishly.— ». self ish- 

segregate, seg re-gat, v. t. to separate ness.— adjs. self-made', made by one- 

from others.— a. separate from others of se lf : denoting a man who has risen to a 

the same kind.— n. segrega'tion. high position from poverty or obscurity 

Seidlitz, sed'litz, n. saline water of by his own exertions; self-possessed', 
or from Seidlitz in northern Bohemia, calm or collected in mind or manner: 
also a saline aperient powder. undisturbed. — adjs. self -right'eous, right- 
seignior, seigneur, se'nyer, n. a title eous in one's own estimation: pharisai- 
of honor and address in southern Europe cal ; self-righting, that rights itself 
to elders or superiors: the lord of a when capsized; self -same, the very 
manor. — ns. seigniorage, seign'orage, same; self-satisfied, satisfied with the 
a royalty: a share of profit: a per- abilities, performances, etc., of oneself; 
centage on minted bullion; - self-seeking, seeking unduly one's own 



sell mote, move; mute; then. sense 425 

interest or happiness. — n. the act of do- to authorize: to grant: to drive: to dis- 
ing so. — adjs. self'-suffi'cient, confident miss : to commission : to diffuse : to be- 
in one's own sufficiency : haughty : over- stow. — v. i. to despatch a message or 
bearing; self-willed', governed by one's messenger: — pa. t. and pa. p. sent. 
own will. senile, se'nil, a. pertaining to old age 

sell, sel, v. t. to deliver in exchange or attendant on it : aged. — n. senility, old 
for something paid as equivalent : to age : the imbecility of old age. 
betray for money : to impose upon, cheat. senior, sen'yer, a. elder : older in 
— v. i. to have commerce : to be sold, to office. — n. one older than another, the 
be in demand for sale :— pa. t. and pa. p. elder of two persons in one family bear- 
sold. — n. a deception. — n. sell'er, ing the same name: one older in office. 

selvage, sel'vaj, n. that part of cloth sefior, se-nyor', n. a gentleman: in 
which forms an edge of itself without address, sir : as a title, Mr. : — fern. 
hemming: a border — also sel'vedge. senora (se-nyo'ra), a lady: in address, 

selves, selvz, pi. of self. madam: as a title, Mrs. — n. sefiorita 

semaphore, sem'a-for, n. a contriv- (sen-yo-re'ta), a young lady: in ad- 
ance for conveying signals, consisting dress, miss: as a title, Miss. [Sp.] 
of a mast with arms turned on pivots sensation, sen-sa'shun, n. perception 
by means of cords or levers. by the senses : the change in conscious- 

semblable, sem'bla-bl, a. (Shak.) re- ness which results from the transmission 
sembling, similar, like. — n. sem'blance, of nervous impulses to the brain : a 
likeness: appearance: figure. — a. sem'- state of excited feeling. — adjs. sen'sate, 
blant, resembling. -d, perceived by the senses ; sensa/tional, 

semen, se'men, n. the impregnating pertaining to sensation : having sensa- 
fluid of male animals. [L.] tion: producing excited interest: in- 

semester, se-mes'ter, n. a half-year tended to excite violent emotions. — ns. 
course, as in a university. — a. semes'- sensationalism, sensational writing, 
tral. [L. semestris — sex, six, mensis, a preaching, etc. : sensualism ; sensa'tion- 
month.] alist. — adv. sensationally. 

semi-, sem'i, a prefix of Latin origin, sense, sens, n. a faculty by which 
meaning 'half, and also less accurately objects are perceived: perception: dis- 
'partly', 'incompletely'. cernment: understanding: power or 

seminal, sem'in-al, a. pertaining to soundness of judgment : reason : opinion: 
seed: radical: rudimentary.— v. t. sem'- conviction : import : immediate conscious- 
inats, to sow: to _propagate : to dis- ness.— v. t. sense, to perceive by the 
seminate. — n. semina'tion. senses: to comprehend. — a. senseless, 

seminary, sem'in-ar-i, n. the original without sense: incapable of feeling: 
place whence anything is derived, a wanting sympathy: foolish: unreason- 
nursery^ a place of education. able. — adv. sense'lessly. — ns. sense'less- 

Semitic, sem-it'ik, a. pertaining to the ness; sensibility, state or quality of 
Semites, or supposed descendants of being sensible: actual feeling: capacity 
Shem, or their language, customs, etc. — of feeling: susceptibility: acuteness of 
ns. Sem'ite; Sem'itism, a Semitic idiom, feeling: delicacy. — a. sen'sible, capable 

senary, sen'ar-i, a. containing six. of being perceived by the senses or by 

senate, sen'at, n. a legislative or de- the mind: capable of being affected: 
liberative body, esp. the upper house of easily affected: delicate: intelligent, 
a national legislature, as of the United marked by sense, judicious: cognizant: 
States, France, Canada, etc., or the upper aware : appreciable : sensitive : amenable 
house of a state or provincial legislature : to. — n. sen'sibleness. — adv. sen'sibly. — ■ 
a governing or advisory body in certain n. sensitiza'tion. — v. t. sen'sitize, to ren- 
universities. — n. sen'ator, a member of a der sensitive, to render capable of being 
senate. — a. senatorial, pertaining to or acted on by actinic rays of light. — n. 
becoming a senate or a senator. — adv. sen'sitizer. — a. sen'sitive, having sense 
senato'rially, with senatorial dignity. or feeling : susceptible to sensations : 

send, send, v. t. to cause to go : to easily affected. — adv. sen'sitively. — ns. 
cause to be conveyed: to despatch: to sen'sitiveness; sen'sitivity, the state of 
forward : to compel : to throw : to hurl : being sensitive : keen sensibility. — a. sen- 



426 sent fate, far; me, her; mine; sequester 

so'rial, pertaining to the sensorium, sep'arably, sep'arately. — ns. sep'arate- 

sensory. — ns. senso'rium, sen'sory, the ness; separation, act of separating or 

sense-organ which receives impressions, disjoining: state of being separate: dis- 

and its corresponding nerve center : the union : chemical analysis : divorce with- 

nervous system, etc. — a. sen'sual, per- out a formal dissolution of the marriage- 

taining to, affecting, or derived from the tie; separa'tionist; sep'aratism, sep'- 

senses, as distinct from the mind : not arator, one who or that which separates, 

intellectual or spiritual : given to the Sephardim, se-far'dem, n. pi. the 

pleasures of sense: voluptuous: lewd: Spanish-Portuguese Jews, descended 

carnal : worldly. — ns. sen'sualism, sen- from those expelled from Spain in 1492 

sual indulgence: the regarding of the — as distinguished from Ashkenazim, or 

gratification of the senses as the highest German-Polish Jews. — a. Sephar'dic. 

end ; sen'sualist. — a. sensualist 'ic, sepia, se'pi-a, n. a fine, brown pigment 

sensual: teaching the doctrines of sen- used as a water-color, 

sualism. — w. sensual'ity, indulgence in sepsis, sep'sis, n. putridity: rot. [Gr.] 

sensual pleasures : lewdness. — adv. sen'- septan, sep'tan, a. recurring every 

sually, in a sensual manner. — a. sen'- seventh day. 

suous, pertaining to sense: connected September, sep-tem'ber, n. the ninth 

with sensible objects: easily affected by month of the year. — a. septem'bral. 

the medium of the senses. septenary, sep'te-na-ri, a. consisting 

sent, sent, pa. t. and pa. p. of send. of seven : lasting seven years : occurring 

sentence, sen'tens, n. opinion: a judg- once in seven years, 

ment pronounced on a criminal : a maxim : septenate, sep'te-nat, a. (bot.) hav- 

(gram.) a number of words containing ing seven parts. 

a complete thought. — v. t. to pronounce septennial, sep-ten'i-al, a. lasting 

judgment on : to condemn. — a. senten'- seven years : happening every seven 

tial, pertaining to a sentence : compris- years. 

ing sentences. — adv. senten'tially. — a. septicemia, sep-ti-se'mi-a, n. sepsis, 

senten'tious, abounding with sentences blood-poisoning. — n. sep'tic, a substance 

or maxims : short and pithy in expres- that promotes the putrefaction of bodies, 

sion: bombastic, or affected in speech. -—adjs. sep'tic, -al, promoting putrefac- 

sentient, sen'shi-ent, a. discerning by tion. — adv. sep'tically. — n. septic'ity, 

the senses: having the faculty of per- tendency to ^ promote putrefaction, 

ception and sensation.- septuagenarian, sep-tu-aj-e-na/ri-an, 

sentiment, sen'ti-ment, n. a thought n. a person seventy years old. 

occasioned by feeling: opinion: judg- septum, sep'tum, n. (bot., anat.) a 

ment : sensibility : feeling : a thought ex- partition separating two cavities : one of 

pressed in words : a maxim : a toast : the radial plates of a coral : — pi. sep'ta. 

emotion: an exhibition of feeling, as in sepulcher, sepulchre, sep'ul-ker, n. a 

literature or art. — a. sentimen'tal, hav- place of burial : tomb : a burial vault. — 

ing or abounding in sentiments or re- a. sepulchral, pertaining to a sepulcher 

flections : having an excess of sentiment or to monuments erected for the dead : 

or feeling : affectedly tender.- (%•) deep, hollow in tone. — n. sep'ul- 

sentinel, sen'ti-nel, n. a soldier or ture, act of burying the dead : interment . 

marine' stationed to guard a certain sequel, se'kwel, n. that which follows, 

point : a sentry. — v. t. to watch over. the succeeding part : result, consequence. 

sentry, sen'tri, n. a sentinel : a soldier sequence, se'kwens, n. state of being 

on guard to observe the approach of sequent or following: order of succes- 

danger. [Corr. of sentinel] sion: a series of things following in a 

separate, sep'a-rat, v. t. to divide: to certain order, as a set of three or more 

part : to withdraw : to set apart for a cards in order of value : that which fol- 

certain purpose : to sever. — v. i. to part : lows : consequence. — adjs. se'quent, fol- 

to withdraw from each other: to become lowing, succeeding; sequential.- 

disunited. — a. divided: apart from sequester, te-kwes'ter, v. t. to sep- 

another : distinct. — n. separabil'ity. — a. arate from the owner for a time : to 

sep'arable, that may be separated or withdraw from society : to seclude : to 

disjointed. — n. sep'arableness. — advs. set apart: {law) to place (anything con- 



seraph 



mote, move; mute; thtn. 



427 



tested) into the hands of a third person 
till the dispute is settled : to confiscate.— 1 
a. seques'tered, retired, secluded. 

seraph, ser'af, n. an angel of the 
highest rank: — pi. seraphs (ser'af s), 
seraphim (ser'af-im). — adjs. seraph'ic, 
-al, pertaining to or becoming a seraph : 
angelic : pure : sublime : refined. 

sere. Same as sear. 

serenade, ser-e-nad', n. evening 
music in the open air, esp. that made by 
a lover under a lady's window at night . 

serene, se-ren', a. calm: unclouded: 
unruffled. — adv. serene'ly, calmly, coolly. 
— ns. serene'ness, seren'itude, seren'ity, 
state or quality of being serene, calm- 
ness, peace. 

serf, serf, n. a slave attached to the 
soil and sold with it : a laborer render- 
ing forced service: a menial. 

serge, serj, n. a strong twilled fabric. 

sergeant, sar'jent, 11. a non-commis- 
sioned officer of the army and marines 
next above a corporal : a police-officer of 
superior rank.- 

serial, se'ri-al, a. pertaining to or 
consisting of a series : appearing period- 
ically. — n. a tale, etc., appearing in suc- 
cessive parts, as in a periodical : a period- 
ical. — n. serial'ity. — advs. se'rially, se'- 
riately, in a series or regular order. 

series, se'rez, n. sing, and pi. a suc- 
cession of things connected by some like- 
ness : sequence: order: (math.) a pro- 
gression of numbers or quantities accord- 
ing to a certain law. 

serious, se'ri-us, a. solemn : in earnest : 
important : attended with danger : 
weighty : professedly religious. — adjs. 
se'rio-com'ic, -al, partly serious and 
partly comical. — adv. se'riously, gravely, 
deeply : without levhy. — n. se'riousness. 

sermon, ser'mon, n. a discourse on a 
text of Scripture delivered during divine 
service : any serious address, counsel, ad- 
monition, or reproof. 

serpent, ser'pent, n. any member of 
the genus Ophidia, more popularly known 
as snakes — any reptile without feet which 
moves by means of its ribs and scales : 
a snake : a person treacherous or mali- 
cious : (S-) one of the constellations in 
the northern hemisphere. — a. ser'pentine, 
resembling a serpent : winding, tortuous . 

serrate, -d, ser'rat, -ed, a. notched or 
cut like a saw. 



serried, ser'rid, a. crowded : pressed 
together. — v. t. ser'ry (obs.), to crowd. 

serum, se'rum, n. the watery part of 
curdled milk, whey: the thin fluid which 
separates from the blood when it coagu- 
lates. [L.] 

servant, ser'vant, n. one who is in 
the service of another : a laborer : a 
domestic: (B.) a slave: a professed 
lover : a word of civility, as in 'your 
humble' or 'obedient servant' in letters. 

serve, serv, v. t. to be a servant to : 
to attend or wait upon : to work for : 
to obey: to be subservient or subordinate 
to : to do duty for : to treat, behave to- 
wards : to render worship to : to aid 
by good offices : to minister to a priest 
at mass : to comply with : to requite : to 
handle, manipulate: to furnish: (naut.) 
to bind with small cord: (law) to deliver 
or present formally : to furnish : to cover, 
of stallions, etc. : to deliver the ball to, 
in tennis. — v. i. to be employed as a 
servant, to discharge any regular duty: 
to be in subjection: to suffice, to avail, 
to be suitable or favorable. — n. ser'ver, 

service, ser'vis, n. condition or occu- 
pation of a servant : a working for an- 
other : duty required in any office or 
station: public religious worship, a re- 
ligious ceremonial : a musical compo- 
sition for devotional purposes: labor, 
assistance, or kindness to another : bene- 
fit: profession of respect: order of 
.dishes at table, or a set of them : official 
function, use, employment : that which is 
furnished. — ns. serviceability, ser'vice- 
ableness. — a. serviceable, able or will- 
ing to serve : advantageous : useful . 

servient, ser'vi-ent, a. subordinate. 

serviette, ser-vi-et', n. a table-napkin. 

servile, ser'vil, a. pertaining to a 
slave or servant : slavish : meanly sub- 
missive : cringing : obedient. — adv. ser'- 
vilely. — ns. servil'ity, state or quality of 
being servile : slavery : obsequiousness ; 
ser'vitor, one who serves : a servant : a 
menial; ser'vitorship ; ser'vitude, state 
of being a slave : slavery : state of slavish 
dependence : menial service. 

sesame, ses'a-me, n. an annual plant 
of Southern Asia, whose seed yields a 
valuable oil. — adjs. ses'amoid, -al, de- 
noting certain small bones found in the 
articulations of the great toes, etc> 

session, sesh'un, n. the sitting of a 
court or public body : the time it sits . 



428 



set 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



sextet 



set, set, v. t. to make to sit: to place: 
to fix : to put in a condition for use, to 
make ready, to arrange, prepare, furnish, 
draw up : to render motionless : to de- 
termine beforehand: to obstruct: to 
plant, place so as to promote growth: to 
place (a brooding fowl) on a nest con- 
taining eggs : to fix in metal : to put and 
fix in its proper place, as a broken limb, 
etc. : to assign, as a price : to sharpen : 
to spread, as sails: to pitch, as a tune: 
to adapt music to : to frame, mount, or 
adorn with something fixed: to stud: to 
point, as a dog: to compose, put into 
type. — v. i. to sink below the horizon : 
to decline : to become fixed : to congeal . 

set, set, a. fixed: firm: determined: 
regular : established : having reached the 
full growth: (B.) seated. — n. a number 
of things similar or suited to each other, 
set or used together : a group of games : 
a number of persons associated : direc- 
tion, drift, tendency : act of setting : any 
permanent change of shape or bias of 
mind : fit, way in which a dress hangs : 
bearing, carriage, build. 

setter, set'er, n. one who sets, as a 
typesetter: a dog which crouches when 
it scents the game. 

setting, set'ing, n. act of one who or 
that which sets : the hardening of plaster : 
that which holds, as the mounting of a 
jewel: the mounting of a play, etc., 

settle, set'l, v. t. to set or place in a 
fixed state : to fix : to establish in a 
situation or business : to render quiet, 
clear, etc. : to decide : to free from un- 
certainty : to quiet : to compose : to fix 
by gift or legal act: to adjust: to people, 
to colonize. — v. i. to become fixed or 
stationary : to fix one's residence or 
habits of life (often with down) : to 
grow calm or clear: to sink by its own 
weight : to sink to the bottom. — a. 
settled, fixed, firmly seated or decided: 
quiet, sober. — ns. settlement, act of 
settling : state of being settled : payment : 
arrangement: a district newly settled: a 
subsidence or sinking of a well, etc. : a 
sum settled on a woman at her marriage ; 
settler, one who settles : a colonist , 

settle, set'l, v. t. to decide, conclude: 
to fix, appoint : to regulate : to pay, bal- 
ance : to restore to good order. — v. i. to 
adjust differences or accounts. 

seven, sev'n, a. and n. six and one. 



— adjs. sev'enfold, folded seven times : 
multiplied seven times; sev'enth, last of 
seven, next after the sixth. — n. one of 
seven equal parts. — adv. sev'enthly. 

seventeen, sev'n-ten, a. and n. seven 
and ten. — a. and n. seventeenth, 

seventy, sev'n-ti, a. and n. seven 
times ten. — a. seventieth, last of sev- 
enty : the ordinal of 70. — n. a seventieth. 

sever, sev'er, v. t. to separate with 
violence: to cut apart: to divide: (B.) 
to keep distinct. — v. i. to make a separa- 
tion, to act independently : to be rent 
asunder. — n. sev'erance. 

several, sev'er-al, a. distinct: par- 
ticular: different: various: consisting of 
a number : sundry. — adv. sev'erally. — n. 
sev'eralty, sole tenancy of property. 

severe, se-ver', a. serious : grave : 
austere: strict: not mild: strictly ad- 
hering to rule : free from florid orna- 
mentation, simple : sharp : distressing : 
inclement :' searching: difficult to be en- 
dured. — adv. severely. — ns. severe'ness, 
severity, quality of being severe. 

sew, so, v. t. to join or fasten to- 
gether with a needle and thread. — v. i. 
to practise sewing. — ns. sew'er; sew'- 
ing; sewing-machine'. 

sewer, su'er, n. an underground pas- 
sage for draining off water and filth. — 
ns. sew'age, refuse carried off by sewers ; 
sew'erage, the system of sewers of a 
city : drainage by sewers. 

sex, seks, n. the distinction between 
male and female : the characteristics by 
which an animal or plant is male or 
female, gender: the female sex, women 
generally, usually with the definite 
article. — a. sexless, having no sex. — n. 
sexlessness. — a. sex'iial, pertaining to 
sex: distinguished or founded on the 
sex: relating to the distinct organs of 
the sexes. — n. sexuality, state or qual- 
ity of being sexual. — adv. sex'ually. 

sexagenarian, sek-sa-je-na'ri-an, n. 
a person sixty years old. — a. sexag'- 
enary, designating the number sixty. 

sextant, seks'tant, n. 
(math.) the sixth partof 
a circle : an optical in- 
strument having an arc 
= the sixth part of a 
circle, and used for 
measuring angular dis- 
tances. 

sextet, sextette, seks- Sextant. 





sextile mote, move; mute; then, sham 429 

tet', n. {nuts.) a work for six voices or spirit. — v. t. to shade: to cloud or 
instruments: a musical company of six. darken: to represent faintly: to hide, 

sextile, seks'til, n. the position of conceal: {coll.) to attend like a shadow, 
two planets when at the distance of watch continuously and_ carefully. — ns. 
the sixth part of a circle (60 degrees), shad'owiness; shad'owing, shading: 

sexton, seks'tun, n. an officer who gradation of light and color: act of 
has charge of a church and attends the watching continuously.— adjs. shad'ow- 
clergyman; a grave-digger. less; shad'owy, full of shadow: dark. 

sextuple, seks'tii-pl, a. sixfold. obscure : typical : unsubstantial. 

shabby, shab'i, a. threadbare or worn, sl ?a f t, shaft, n. anything long and 
as clothes: having a look of poverty: straight, as the stem of an arrow, etc.: 
mean in look or conduct : low : paltry.— ? lon S arro 5> anything like an arrow in 
adv shabb'ily. — n, shabb'iness. form or eftect : the part of a column 

shack, shak, n. a hastily-built cabin, between the base and capital : the stem 
a ricketv house. [Variant of shake.] of a father: one of the thills of a 

shackle, shak'l, n. a curved bar, as of vehlcl c e . : £ e . han ? le of 7 * t0 ?u ° f a 7 kmd , 
iron: a link or staple: a link securing -"■ Waiting {mac h.) the system of 
two ankle-rings or two wrist-rings to- shafts connecting machinery with the 
gether. and so (pi) fetters, manacles: P"? 6 *? 10 !^ „ ,, 

a hindrance.-,-, t. to fetter to tie the s £ aft > shaft > * a well- iKe excavation, 
limbs of: to confine. ***S, shag, n. woolly hair : cloth 

with a rough nap : a kind of tobacco 
cut into shreds. — n. shag'giness. — a. 
shag'gy, covered with rough hair or 
wool : rough : rugged. 

shah, sha, n. the monarch of Persia. 

shake, shak, v. t. to move with quick, 

short motions : to agitate : to make to 

tremble : to threaten to overthrow : to 

shad, shad^ 11. a hsh ot the herring cause to waver . to give a tremulous 
kind but having the upper jaw deeply note to _ v L to be ag i tat ed: to tremble: 
notched, and ascending rivers to spawn. t0 shiver . t0 lose fi rmiieS s :— pa. t. 

shaddock, shad'ok, 11. a tree of the s hook; pa. p. shaken — n. a rapid 
same genus as the orange, having larger tremulous motion : a trembling or shiver- 
leaves, flowers, and fruit. mg : a concussion : a rent in timber, 

shade, shad, n. partial darkness: in- rock, etc.: (nuts.) a rapid repetition of 
terception of light : obscurity : a shady two notes : (slang ) a brief instant.—;?. 
place : protection : shelter : a screen : shake'down, a temporary bed, from the 
degree of color: a very minute change: primitive shaking down of straw for 
(paint.) i .e dark part of a picture: the this purpose.— a. shak'en, weakened.— adv. 
soul separated from the body: a ghost: shak'ily.— n. shak'iness.— a. shak'y, in 
(pi) the departed spirits.— v. t. to a shakv condition : feeble: (coll.) waver- 
screen from light or heat: to shelter: ing, undecided: of questionable ability, 
to mark with ^gradations of color: to solvency, or integrity: unsteady, 
darken.— a. sha'ded, marked with grada- Shaksperian, shak-spe'ri-an, a. per- 
tions of color: sheltered. — adv. sha'dily. taining to or in the style of Shakspere. 
—ns. sha'diness; sha'ding, the act of shale, shal, n. clay or argillaceous 
making a shade :_ the effect of light and material, splitting readily into thin 
shade, as in a picture. — a. sha'dy, hav- laminae. — a. sha'ly. 
ing or being in shade: sheltered from shall, shal, v. t. (orig.) to be under 
light or heat: (coll.) not fit to bear obligation, to owe: now only auxiliary, 
the light, of dubious honesty or morality. use d in the future tense of the verb. 

shadow, shad'6, n. shade caused^ by shallow, shal'6, n. a place over which 
an object: darkness: shelter: security: the water is not deep: a shoal. — a. not 
favor : the dark part of a picture : an deep : not profound : not wise : trifling, 
inseparable companion: a mystical rep- shalt, shalt, 26. pers. sing, of shall. 
resentation: faint appearance: a ghost, sham, sham, n. a pretense: that which 



Shad, 



430 shamble fate, far; me, her; mine; shear 

deceives expectation: imposture. — a. pre- share, shar, n. a part cut off: a 

tended : false. — v. t. to pretend : to feign : portion : dividend : one of a number of 

to impose upon. — v. i. to make false equal portions of anything: a fixed and 

pretenses. — ns. sham'mer, one who indivisible section of the capital of a 

shams; sham'ming. [Shame.] company. — v. t. to divide into parts: to 

shamble, sham'bl, v. i. to walk with partake with others.— z;. i. to have a 

an awkward, unsteady gait.— n. a sham- part: to receive a dividend, 

bling gait.— a. sham'bling. share, shar, n. the iron blade of a 

shambles, sham'blz, n. pi. a slaughter- P*ow which cuts the ground, 

h ouse shark, shark, n. a common name for 

shame, sham, n. the feeling caused a group of voracious fishes. _ 
by the exposure of that which ought shark, shark, «. a sharper or swindler, 
to be concealed, or by a consciousness , shar P» sharp, a. having a thin cutting 
of guilt: the cause of shame, a person edge or a fine point: peaked or ridged: 
or thing to be ashamed of: disgrace, affecting the senses as if pointed or cut- 
dishonor.— z/. t. to make ashamed: to tm S : severe^ keen, keenly contested: 
cause to blush: to cover with reproach: allve to ones interests, barely honest: of 
to drive or compel by shame.-a. shame'- ]««? or Q ulck Perception: vigilant, at- 
f aced (properly shame'f ast) , very * entl ve : pungent, biting, sarcastic : eager : 
modest or bashful.-a^. shame'facedly. fierce : impetuous : shrill.-**, an acute 
-n. shame'f acedness.-a. shame'f ul, or sh « u sound : (««"•) a not u e ra i sed 
disgraceful.-a^. shame'f u 11 y.—n. a semitone m the scale also the char- 
shame'fulness.-a. shameless, im- act f directing this: a sharper, cheat- 
modest: done without shame: audacious. v - '• sharpen, to make sharp or keen, 

shampoo, sham- P 6', v. t. to squeeze P un « ent ? r P ainful > ^l™* ^'-*;*' 

and rub* (the body) in connection with ^ f^^r^n^r ?T^e^S' 

the hot bath: to massage: to wash a trickster .a swindler . a cheat.— adv 

thoroughly with soap and water } t^^^?S^ 

shamrock sham rok,» the national sh h ^ f t brea ^ k Qr d h 

emblem of Ireland, a leaf with three ieces '. cr ' ack . tQ disorder . to 

leaflets, or plant having such leaves. YQ J er unsound ._^ ^ to break into 

shanghai, shang-hi , n a long-legged fragments . [^caf^r.] 

fowl with feathered shanks said to have sh shav ^ fc to cut off hair 

been introduced from Shanghai m from with a razor . to pare closely . to 

China: (coll.) a tall person.— v. t make smooth by paring: to cut in thin 

(naut.) I to hocus (a sailor) and ship slices . to skim along the surface: t0 

him while insensible. " strip, fleece.— v. i. to remove hair by a 

shank, shangk, n. the leg below the razor: — pa. p. shaved or sha'ven.— n. the 

knee to the foot: the long part of any act of s h avmg: a paring: a narrow miss 

instrument, as of an anchor between the or escape: a piece of financial knavery, 

arms and rings : the part of a tool con- _ w< shave'ling, a monk or friar, from 

necting the handle with the acting part. his s haven crown; sha'ver, one who 

sha'n't, shant {coll.), a contraction of shaves: a barber: a sharp or extortion- 

shall not. ate dealer: (coll.) a chap, youngster. 

shanty, shant'i, n. a mean dwelling. shawl, shawl, n. a wrap made of wool, 

shape, shap, v. t. to form : to fashion : cotton, silk, or hair, used particularly by 

to adapt to a purpose : to regulate : to women as a loose covering, 

direct: to conceive: — pa. p. shaped, (B.) shay, sha, n. a chaise, 

shap'en. — n. form or figure: external she, she, pron. the female understood 

appearance : that which has form or or previously mentioned : sometimes used 

figure : an appearance : particular nature : as a noun for a woman or other female, 

expression, as in words : a pattern. — a. sheaf, shef, n. a quantity of things, 

shape'less, having no shape or regular esp. the stalks of grain, put together 

form. — ns. shape'lessness, shape'liness. and bound: a bundle of arrows: 

— a. shape'ly, having shape or regular any bundle or collection : — pi sheaves. 

form: symmetrical. shear, sher, v. t. to cut or clip: to 



sheath mote, move; mute; then. shibboleth 431 

clip with shears or any other instru- largest anchor of a ship, shot or thrown 

ment. — v. i, to separate, cut, penetrate : out in extreme danger : chief support : 

in mining, to make a vertical cut in the last refuge. 

coal:— pa. p. sheared or shorn. — n. a sheik, sheikh, shek, n. an Arab of 
shearing or clipping: curve, deviation. — eminence, a lord, a chief. 
ns shear'er; shearing, the act or shekel, shek'l, n. a Jewish weight 
operation of cutting with shears: what (about half-an-ounce avoirdupois) and 
is cut off with shears; shears (pi. and coin: (pi.) money (slang), 
sing.), an instrument for shearing or s helf, shelf, n. a board fixed on a 
cutting, consisting of two blades that wall, e tc, for laying things on: a flat 
meet each other : scissors . l ay e r of rock : a ledge : a shoal : a sand- 
sheath, sheth, n. a case for a sword bank :—pl. shelves (shelvz). 
or other long instrument: a scabbard: s hell, shel, n. the hard outer cover- 
any thin defensive covering: the wing- [ ng r skeleton of many animals, the 
case of an insect.— v. t. sheathe (th), to internal skeleton of some invertebrates, 
put into a sheath : to cover with a sheath an( i the outer covering of the eggs of 
or case: to inclose in a lining.— n. various animals: any framework: the 
sheathing (th), that which sheathes, outer ear : a testaceous mollusk : any frail 

shed, shed, v. t. to part, separate: to structure: a frail boat: a rough kind of 
scatter, cast off: to throw out: to pour: coffin: a bomb: a hollow projectile con- 
to spill. — v. i. to let fall, cast : — pa. t. and taining a bursting charge of gunpowder 
pa, p. shed.— n. a division, parting, as of or other explosive : the thin coating of 
the hair, and in watershed. — n. shed'der. copper on an electrotype. — v. t. to break 

shed, shed, n. a slight erection, usually off the shell of : to remove the shell 

of wood, for shade or shelter: an out- from: to take out of the shell: to throw 

house : a large temporary open structure, shells or bombs upon, to bombard; 

sheen, shen, n. brightness or splendor. shelter, shel'ter, n. that which shields 

— a. sheen'y, shining, beautiful. or protects : a refuge : a retreat, a 

sheeny, shen'i, n. (slang) a sharp harbor: protection. — v. t. to cove..' or 

fellow, a Jew« shield : to defend : to conceal.- 

sheep, shep, n. sing, and pi. the well- shelve, shelv, v. t. to furnish with 

known ruminant mammal covered with shelves : to place on a shelf : to put aside, 

wool: leather made from sheepskin: a — n. shel'ving, shelves or material for 

silly and timid fellow. — ns. sheep'cote, shelves. 

an inclosure for sheep ; sheep'dog, a shelve, shelv, v. i, to slope, incline, 

dog trained to watch sheep. — a. sheep'- sheol, she'ol, n. the place of departed 

ish, like a sheep : bashful : foolishly dif- spirits, 

fident. — adv. sheepishly.- shepherd, shep'erd, n. one who herds 

sheer, sher, a. pure: unmingled: sheep: a swain: a pastor -.—fern, shep'- 

simple: without a break, perpendicular, herdess. — v. t. to tend as a shepherd. 

—adv. clear: quiet: at once. sherbet, sher'bet, n. a drink of water 

sheer, slier, v. i. to deviate from the and fruit juices, flavored: a water-ice. 

line of the proper course, as a ship: sheriff, sherlf, n. an officer who rep- 

to turn aside. — n. the longitudinal curve resents the administrative power of the 

or bend of a ship's deck or sides. state within one of its counties, and 

sheet, shet, n. a large, thin piece of executes the mandates of the courts of 
anything: a large, broad piece of cloth record: (Eng.) the chief officer of the 
in a bed: a large, broad piece of paper: crown in every county or shire, his 
a sail: the rope fastened to the leeward duties being chiefly ministerial rather 
corner of a sail to extend it to the wind, than judicial. — ns. sheriffalty; sheriff - 
— v. t. to cover with, or as with, a sheet: dom; sheriffship; shriev'alty, 
to furnish with sheets : to form into shew, sho. Same as show. 
sheets. — n. sheeting, cloth used for shibboleth, shib'bo-leth, n. (B.) a test- 
bed-sheets: the process of forming into word — see Judges xii., 4-6; the criterion 
sheets. or watchword of a party. [Heb., an 

sheet-anchor, shet'-angk'er. n. the ear of corn, or a stream.] 



432 shield 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



shittah 



shield, sheld, n. a broad plate worn 
for defense on 
the left arm : 
anything that 
protects : de- 
f ens e: the 
s h i e 1 d-shaped 
escutcheon used 
for displaying 
arms: — v. t. to 
defend. — v. i. to 
be a shelter. — n. 
shiel'der. 

shift, shift, v. 
t. to change 
in form or 




Shield. 



character : to put out of the way : to 
dress in fresh clothes. — v. i. to change 
about : to remove : to change one's 
clothes : to resort to expedients for some 
purpose. — n. a change : in violin-playing, 
any position of the left hand except that 
nearest the nut: a squad or relay of 
men : a contrivance : an artifice : last 
resource: a chemise (orig. signifying a 
change of body-linen). — ns. shift'er, one 
who shifts: a trickster; shiftiness, the 
character of being shifty. — a. shifting, 
unstable : shifty. — adv. shift'ingly. — a. 
shiftless, destitute of shifts or ex- 
pedients : unsuccessful, for want of 
proper means. — adv. shiftlessly. — n. 
shiftlessness. — a. shift'y, full of or 
ready with shifts, contrivances, or ex- 
pedients. 

shillalah, shi-la'la, n. the oak or black- 
thorn cudgel of the conventional Irish- 
man. — Also shillelah, shillaly. 

shilling, shillng, n. an English silver 
coin = 24 cents. 

shilly-shally, shill-shall, adv. in silly 
hesitation. — n. foolish trifling: irresolu- 
tion. — v. i. to hesitate. 

shily, same as shyly. See shy. - 

shimmer, shim'er, v. i. to gleam 
tremulously, to glisten. — ns. shimm'er, 
shimm'ering, a tremulous gleam. 

shimose, shi-mos', n. a high explosive 
used in shells by the Japanese— invented 
by Dr. Gian Shimonose. — Also called 
shimonose'. 

shin, shin, n. the large bone of the 
leg or the forepart of it : a bird's shank. 
— v. i. to climb (with up).— v. t. to 
climb (a tree, etc.) by swarming up it. 

shindy, shin'di, n. the game of shinny 



or hockey: (slang) a row, disturbance. 

shine, shin, v. i. to beam with steady 
radiance: to glitter: to be bright or 
beautiful : to be eminent. — v. t. to cause 
to shine: — pa. t. and pa. p. shone (shon). 
— n. brightness : splendor : fair weather : 
(slang) disturbance, row, a trick. — n. 
shi'ner, that which shines : a small fresh- 
water fish. — a. shi'ning. — adv. shi'ningly. 
— a. shi'ny, clear, unclouded: glossy. 

shingle, shing'gl, n. wood sawed or 
split thin, used for roofing houses: a 
small sign-board or plate. — v. t. to cover 
with shingles: to crop the hair very 
close. — a. shingled, having the roof 
covered with shingles. — ns. shingler. 

shinny, shin!, n. the game of hockey. 

ship, ship, n. a vessel having three 
masts, with tops and yards to each : 
generally, any large sea-going vessel. — 
v. t. to put on board a ship: to engage 
for service on board a ship : to transport 
by ship : to fix in its place : to send or 
forward by any mode of transportation. 
— v. i. to engage for service on ship- 
board. — ns. ship'board, the deck or side 
of a ship; shipbuilder, one whose occu- 
pation is to construct ships; shipbuild- 
ing; ship'-chandler, a dealer in cordage, 
canvas, and other ship furniture or 
stores; ship'chandlery; ship'man, a 
sailor: — pi. ship'men; ship'master, the 
captain of a ship; ship'mate, a com- 
panion in the same ship; ship'ment, act 
of putting on board ship or of forward- 
ing by any means : embarkation : that 
which is shipped; ship'per; ship'ping, 
the act of making a shipment: ships col- 
lectively: tonnage. — a. ship'shape, in a 
seaman-like manner: trim, neat, proper. 

shire, shir, sher (in county-names), 
n. a county, one of the larger divisions 
of England for political purposes. 

shirk, sherk, v. t. to avoid, get off 
or slink away from. — n. shir'ker. 

shirr, shir, sher, n. a puckering made 
in a fabric ly parallel gathering-threads. 
— v. t. to produce such: to poach (eggs) 
in cream. — a. shirred. 

shirt, shert, n. a short garment worn 
next the body by men. — v. t. to cover as 
with a shirt. — n. shirting, cloth for 
shirts: shirts collectively. — a. shirtless, 
without a shirt. — n. shirt'-waist, a 
woman's over-garment or blouse. 

shittah, shit'a, n. a tree whose durable 



shivaree mote, move; mute; thtn. short 433 

wood — shittim wood — was used in the the act of shooting: to be driven along: 
construction of the Jewish Tabernacle. to fly, as an arrow: to jut out: to 

shivaree, shiv'a-re, v. t. to give a germinate: to advance or grow rapidly: 
mock serenade to. — Also n. to hunt birds, etc., with a gun: — pa. t. 

shiver, shiv'er, n. a splinter, or small and pa. p. shot. — n. act of shooting: a 
piece into which a thing breaks by match at shooting, shooting-party: a 
sudden violence. — v. t. to shatter. — v. i. young branch . 
to fall into shivers. — a. shiv'ery, brittle. shop, shop, n. a building in which 

shiver, shiv'er, v. i. to shake or goods are sold by retail, a store : a place 
tremble: to shudder. — v. t. to cause to where mechanics work, or where any 
shake in the wind, as sails. — n. shiv'er- kind of industry is pursued : one's own 
ing. — adv. shiv'eringly, with shivering business or profession, also talk about 
or trembling. — a. shiv'ery, such. — v. i. to visit shops for the purpose 

shoal, shol, n. a great multitude of of buying or examining goods, 
fishes swimming together. shore, shor, n. the coast or land 

shoal, shol,- n. a shallow: a place adjacent to the sea, to a river, or lake, 
where the water of a river, sea, or lake shore, shor, n. a prop or support for 
is not deep: a sandbank. — a. shallow. the side of a building, or to keep a 

shock, shok, n. a violent shake: a vessel in dock steady on the slips, 
sudden dashing of one thing against an- shorn, shorn, pa. p. of shear. 
other: violent onset: an offense: a con- short, short, a. {comp. short'er, 
dition of prostration of voluntary and superl. short'est) not long in time or 
involuntary functions: (coll.) a sudden space: not tall: near at hand, early in 
attack of paralysis, a stroke : an electrical date : scanty, lacking, insufficient : 
stimulus : any very strong emotion. — v._ t. narrow : abrupt, curt, sharp, uncivil : 
to shake by violence: to offend: to dis- brittle, crumbling away readily: not 
gust : to dismay. — v. i. to collide with prolonged in utterance, unaccented : fall- 
violence.— a. shock'ing, offensive, re- ing below a certain standard (with of) : 
pulsive. — adv. shock'ingly.- of stocks, etc., not having in possession 

shock, shok, n. a heap or pile of when selling, not able to meet one's en- 
sheaves of grain.— v. t. to make up into gagements, pertaining to short stocks or 
shocks.— n. shock'er. _ to those who have sold short.— adv. not 

shock, shok, n. a mass of shaggy hair. long. — n. a summary account : a short 

shod, shod, pa. t. and pa. p. of shoe. time or syllable : whatever is deficient in 

shoddy, shod'i, n. the wool of old number, quantity, etc.: a short sale, one 
woven fabrics prepared for remanufac- who has made such: (pi.) small clothes, 
ture : the inferior cloth made from this knee-breeches : the bran and coarse part 
substance: worthless goods: (coll.) pre- of meal, in mixture.—^, short'age, de- 
tense, sham. — a. made of shoddy. ficiency; short'cake, a light cake, pre- 

shoe, sho, n. a covering for the_ foot, pared in layers with fruit between ; 
not coming above the ankle: a rim of short'-cir'cuit (electr.), a path of corn- 
iron nailed to the hoof of an animal to paratively low resistance between two 
keep it from injury: anything in form points of a circuit; short'coming, act of 
or use like a shoe: — pi. shoes (shoz). coming or falling short of produce or 
— v. t. to furnish with shoes: to cover result: neglect of or failure in duty. — 
at the bottom: — pr. p. shoe'ing; pa. t. v. t. short'en, to make short : to deprive : 
and pa. p. shod. to make friable. — v. i. to become short 

shone, shon, pa. t. and pa. p. of shine, or shorter : to contract. — n. short'hand, 

shook, shook, pa. t. of shake. an art by which writing is made shorter 

shoot, shot, v. t. to dart: to let fly and easier, so as to keep pace with 
with force : to discharge from a bow or speaking. — adv. short'ly, in a short time : 
gun: to strike with a shot: to thrust in a brief manner : quickly : soon. — ns. 
forward: to pass rapidly through: to shortness; short'-rib, one of the lower 
hunt over, to kill game in or on: to ribs, not reaching to the breast-bone, a 
send forth new parts, as a plant : to make false or floating rib. — a. short'-sight'ed, 
to spout, as an oil-well, by the use of unable to see far: of weak intellect: 
an explosive: to blast. — v. i. to perform heedless. — adv. short'-sight'edly. 

28 



434 shot fate, far; me, her; mine; shroud 

shot, pa. t. and pa. p. of shoot. narrow piece cut or torn off : a strip, 

shot, shot n. act of shooting: a marks- fragment, particle. — v. t. to cut or tear 

man: a missile: flight of a missile, or into shreds. — n. shred'ding, the act of 

the distance passed by it : small globules cutting into shreds : a shred. 

of lead: (gun.) solid projectiles gen- shrew, shro, n. a brawling, trouble- 

erally : range of shot, reach : the act of some woman : a scold : a family of 

shooting, one who shoots, a marksman : insectivorous mammals closely resem- 

a stroke in billiards, etc. — v. t. to load bling in general form and appearance 

with shot- the true mice and dormice. — a. shrewd, 

shot, shot, a. having a changeable of an acute judgment: biting, keen: 

color, as silk, alpaca, etc. sly, malicious, wicked, cunning, vixenish. 

should, shood, pa. t. of shall. [A. S. — adv. shrewd'ly. — n. shrewd'ness. — a. 

sceolde, pa. t. of sceal; cf. shall.] shrew'ish, having the qualities of a 

shoulder, shol'der, n. the part of the shrew: peevish and troublesome, 
trunk between the neck and the free shriek, shrek, v. i. to utter a shriek; 
portion of the arm or fore-limb, the to scream. — v. t. to utter shriekingly. — 
region about the scapula: the upper joint n. the shrill outcry caused by terror or 
of the foreleg of an animal cut for anguish. — n. shriek'er. 
market : anything resembling the shoulder, shrievalty. See under sheriff, 
a rising part, a prominence. — v. t. to push shrift, shrift, n. a confession made to 
with the shoulder or violently : to take a priest : absolution, 
upon the shoulder. — v. i. to force one's shrike, slink, n. a passerine bird. 
way forward.- shrill, shril, a. piercing: sharp: utter- 

shout, showt, n. a loud and sudden ing an acute sound. — a. shrill'ing, sound- 
outcry expressing strong emotion, or to ing shrill. — n. shrill'ness. — a. shrill'y. 
attract attention. — v. i. to utter a shout. shrimp, shrimp, n. a small edible 
— v. t. to utter with a shout. — n. shout'er. crustacean of the 
shove, shuv, v. t. to drive along by order De capo da: a 
continuous pressure : to push before one. little wizened or 
— v. i. to push forward : to push off. — n. dwarfish person. — 
act of shoving: a strong push, a for- v. i. to catch Shrimp, 

ward movement of packed river-ice. [A. shrimps. — ns. shrimp'er; shrimp'ing, 
S. scofian; Dut. schuiven,^ Ger. schieben.] shrine, shrln, n. a case or reliquary 
shovel, shuv'l, n. an instrument con- for relics : a sacred place : an altar : any- 
sisting of a broad blade or scoop with a thing hal^wed by its associations, 
handle, used for lifting loose substances. shrink, shringk, v. i. to contract: to 
— v. t. to lift up and throw with a shovel, wither : to occupy less space : to recoil, 
show, sho, v. t. to present to view : to as from fear, disgust, etc. — v. t. to cause 
enable to perceive or know : to inform : to shrink or contract : to withdraw : — pa. 
to teach : to guide : to prove : to explain, t. shrank, shrunk ; pa. p. shrunk. — n. act 
— v. i. to appear, come into sight : to of shrinking : contraction : withdrawal or 
look: — pa. p. shown or showed. — n. act recoil. — a. shrink'able. — n. shrink'age. 
of showing: display: a sight, play, spec- shrive, shriv, v. t. to hear a confes-- 
tacle : appearance : plausibility, pretense . sion from and give absolution to. — v. i. 
shower, show'er, n. a fall of rain or to receive confession : to make such : — 
hail, of short duration: a copious and pa. t. shrove or shrived; pa. p. shriv'en. 
rapid fall: a liberal supply of anything. — ns. shri'ver, one who shrives: a con- 
showy, sho'i, a. making a show : fessor ; shri'ving, shrift, confession, 
cutting a dash : ostentatious : gay. — adv. shrivel, shriv'l, v. i. 
show'ily. — n. show'iness. ^ssA'i^^ anc ^ v - *■ to contract into 
shrank, shrangk, pa. t. ji pV wrinkles : to blight. [Perh. 

of shrink. ^^^^^^^m conn - with Old Northum- 

shrapnel, shrap'nel, |g l||f brian sere pa, to. become 

n. a shell filled with wP ' '||jf dry; cf. Norw. skrypa, 
bullets — from General ^^^^^^ to waste.] 
Shrapnel (died 1842). shroud, shrowd, n. the 

shred, shred, n. a long, Shrapnel Shell, dress of the dead, a Shrouds. 





Shrove-tide mote, move; mute; then. siege 435 

winding-sheet: (pi.) a set of ropes from — n. a sudden swerving aside. — advs. 

the mast heads to a ship's sides, to sup- shy'ly, shi'ly. — ns. shy'ness; shy'ster, 

port the masts. — v. t. to inclose in a a tricky lawyer. 

shroud : to cover : to hide. [A. S. scrud; shy, shi, v. t. to fling, throw, toss. — 

Ice. skrudh, clothing.] v. i. to jerk. — n. a throw, a fling: a 

Shrove-tide, shrov'tid, n. the days gibe, sneer: a trial, 

immediately preceding Ash- Wednesday, si, se, n. the syllable used for the sev- 

preparatory to Lent. — n, Shrove'-Tues'- enth tone of the scale, or the leading tone. 

day, the day before Ash-Wednesday. sibilance, sib'i-lans, n. a hissing sound 

shrub, shrub, n. a woody plant with — also sib'ilancy. — a. sib'ilant, making 

several stems from the same root : a a hissing sound. — n. a sibilant letter, as 

bush or dwarf tree. — ns. shrub'bery, a j and z. — v. t. sibilate. 

plantation of shrubs ; shrub'biness. sibyl, sib'il, n. a prophetess, an old 

shrug, shrug, v. t. to draw up: to sorceress. — adjs. sibyllic, sib'yllme. 

contract. — v. i. to draw up the shoulders. sic, sik, adv. so, thus. [L.] 

— n. an expressive drawing up of the sick, sik, a. affected with disease : ill : 

shoulders. inclined to vomit : disgusted : infirm : 

shrunk, pa. t. and pa. p. of shrink. disordered: pining: depressed: indicat- 

shuck, shuk, n. a husk, shell, or pod. — ing sickness. — v. t. sick'en, to make sick : 

z: t. to remove such, to strip off.— ns. to disgust: to make weary of anything. 

shuck'er, shuck'ing. — inter j. shucks — v. i. to become sick: to be disgusted: 

(slang), expressive of contempt or dis- to become disgusting or tedious: to be- 

appointinent. come weakened. — n. sick'ener, any cause 

shudder, shud'er, v. i, to tremble from of disgust. — a. sick'ening, causing sick- 
fear or horror. — n. a trembling from ness or disgust, loathsome. — adv. sick'- 
fear or horror. — a. shudd'ering, trem- eningly. — a. sicklied (Shak.), tainted 
bling, tremulous. — adv. shudd'eringly. with the hue of sickness or disease. — 

shuffle, shuf'l, v. t. to change the adv. sicklily, in a sickly manner. — n. 
positions of : to confuse. — v. i. to change sickliness, the state of being sickly, 
the order of cards in a pack : to shift or of appearing so. — a. sickly, inclined 
ground : to evade fair questions : to to sickness : unhealthy : somewhat sick : 
move by shoving the feet along. — n. act weak : languid : producing disease : 
of shuffling : an evasion or artifice. — n. mawkish. — adv. in a sick manner : feebly. 
shuffler. — p. a, shuffling, evasive, as — n. sick'ness, state of being sick, dis- 
an excuse. — adv. shufflingly. ease : disorder of the stomach : an en- 
shun, shun, v. t. to avoid : to keep feebled state of anything. 
clear of: to neglect. sickle, sikl, n. a hooked instrument 

shunt, shunt, v. t. to turn aside, to for cutting grain, 

switch : to shove off, free oneself from. side, sid, n. the edge or border of 

— v. i. to turn aside: to use a switch. anything: the surface of a solid: a part 

shut, shut, v. t. to close, as a door : of a thing as seen by the eye : region, 

to forbid entrance into: to contract, part: the part of an animal between the 

close, or bring together the parts of : hip and shoulder : any party, interest, or 

to confine. — v. i. to close itself : to be opinion opposed to another : faction : 

closed: — pr. p. shut'ting; pa. t. and pa. p. line of descent: at billiards, a certain 

shut. — p. a. made fast, closed . bias or kind of spinning motion given 

shuttle, shutl, n. an instrument used to a ball by striking it sidewise : (slang) 

for shooting the thread of the woof a pretentious and supercilious manner, 

between the threads of the warp in swagger. — a. being on or toward the 

weaving. — v. t. and v. i. to move to and side : lateral : indirect. — v. i. to embrace 

fro, like a shuttle. — n. shuttlecock, a an opinion or cause against another. 

rounded cork stuck with feathers, driven sidereal, si-de're-al, a. relating to a 

with a battledore: the game itself, star or stars: starry: (astron.) meas- 

shy, shi, a. timid : reserved : cautious : ured by the apparent motion of the stars, 

suspicious : ^ elusive, hard to find. — v. i. siege, sej, n. a sitting down with an 

to start aside, as a horse from fear. — army round or before a fortified place 

V. t. to avoid : — pa. t. and pa. p. shied, in order to take it by force : a continued 



436 sienna fate, far; me, her; mine; sill 

endeavor to gain possession. — v. t. to lay sig'nalize, to make signal or eminent : 

siege to.- to signal. 

_ sienna, si-en'a, n. a fine orange-red signature, sig'na-tur, n. a sign or 

pigment used in oil and water-color mark: the name of a person written by 

painting. himself: (mus.) the flats and sharps 

sierra, se-er'ra, n. a ridge of moun- after the clef to show the key. — ns. 

tains. [Sp., from L. serra, a saw.] sig'natory, sig'natary, one bound by 

siesta, si-es'ta, n. a short sleep taken signature to some agreement. — a. hav- 

about midday or after dinner. ing^ signed, bound by signature. 

sieve, siv, n. a vessel with a bottom signify, sig'ni-fi, v. t. to make known 

of woven hair or wire to separate the by a sign or by words : to mean : to 

fine part of anything from the coarse, indicate or declare : to have consequence. 

— v. t. to put through a sieve : to sift. ~v. i. to be of consequence. — n. signif - 

sift, sift, v. t. to separate with or as icance, that which is signified: meaning: 

with a sieve : to examine closely. importance :_ moment — also signif'icancy. 

sigh, si, v. i. to inhale and respire — a. significant, signifying: expressive 

with a long, deep, and audible breathing, of: something: standing as a sign. — adv. 

as in love or grief: to sound like sigh- significantly. — ns. significate, in logic, 

ing. — v. t. to express by sighs. — n. a one of several things signified by a 

long, deep, audible respiration. — n. common term ; signification, act of sig- 

sigh'er. — adv. sighingly, nifying: that which is signified. 

sight, sit, n. act of seeing: view: Signor, se'nyor, n. an Italian word 

faculty of seeing: that which is seen: a of address equivalent to Mr. — also 

spectacle: an object of especial interest: Signior. — ns. Signora (se-nyo'ra), fem- 

space within vision : examination : a inine of Signor; Signorina (se-nyo- 

small opening for looking through: a re'na), the Italian equivalent of Miss. 

device on the top of a gun-barrel to silence, si'lens, n. state of being silent: 

guide the eye in taking aim : (slang) absence of sound or speech : muteness : 

a great many or a great deal. — v. t. cessation of agitation : calmness : ob- 

to catch sight of. — adjs. sight'ed, having livion. — v. t. to cause to be silent : to put 

sight of some special character, as short- to rest : to stop. — inter j. be silent ! — a. 

sighted: fitted with a sight, as a fire- silent, free from noise: not speaking: 

arm ; sightless, wanting sight : blind. — habitually taciturn : still . 

adv. sightlessly. — ns. sightlessness ; silhouette, sil-6-et', n. a shadow-outline 

sightliness. — a. sightly, pleasing to the of the human figure or profile filled in 

sight or eye: comely.- of a dark color. — v. t. to represent in 

sign, sin, n. mark, token: proof: that silhouette: to bring out a shaded profile 

by which a thing is known or repre- or outline view of. 

sented : a word, gesture, symbol, or silica, sil'i-ka, n. silicon dioxid, or 

mark, intended to signify something else : silicic anhydrid : flint, sandstone, etc. — n. 

a remarkable event : an omen : a miracu- silicate, a salt of silicic acid. — adjs. 

lous manifestation : a memorial : some- silicic, pertaining to or obtained from 

thing set up as a notice in a public silica; siliclous, silic'eous, pertaining 

place: (math.) a mark showing the re- to, containing, or resembling silica. — n. 

lation of quantities or an operation to silicon, or silic'ium, the base of silica, 

be performed: (med.) a symptom: a non-metallic elementary substance. 

(astron.) one of the twelve parts of the silk, silk, n. the delicate, soft thread 

zodiac. — v. t. to represent or make known produced by the larvae of certain 

by a sign : to attach a signature to. — v. i. bombycid mofhs : thread or cloth woven 

to give one's signature : to make a from it : anything resembling silk, the 

particular sign.- styles of corn, etc. — a. pertaining to or 

signal, sig'nal, n. a sign for giving consisting of silk. — a. silk'emmadeof silk: 

notice, generally at a distance: token: delicate. — ns. silklness; silk'worm, the 

the notice given: any initial impulse. — bombycid moth whose larva produces 

v. t. and v. i. to make signals to: to silk. — a. silk'y, like silk in texture: soft, 

convey by signals. — a. having a sign: sill, sil, n. the timber or stone at the 

remarkable : notable : eminent. — v. t. foot of a door or window . 



silly mote, move; mute; then. sing 437 

silly, sill, a. simple: harmless: foolish: state or quality of being simple: single- 
witless : imprudent : absurd : stupid. — n. a ness : want of complication : openness : 
silly person. — adv. sill'ily. — n. silliness, clearness: freedom from excessive 

silo, si'lo, 11. a pit for packing and adornment: plainness: sincerity: artless- 
storing green crops for fodder in the ness: credulity, silliness, folly; simplifi- 
state known as ensilage. ca'tion, the act of making simple. — v. t. 

silt, silt, n. that which is left by strain- sim'plify, to make simple : to render 

ing : sediment : the sand, etc., left by less difficult : to make plain : — pa. t. 

water. — v. t. to fill with sediment (with and pa. p. simplified. — adv. sim'ply, in 

up). — v. i. to percolate through pores, a simple manner: plainly: considered by 

Silurian, si-lu'ri-an, a. belonging to itself: alone: merely: solely. 

Siluria, the country of the Silures, the simulate, sim'u-lat, v. t. to imitate: 

ancient inhabitants of part of South to counterfeit : to pretend : to assume the 

Wales : applied to a series of rocks well appearance of without the reality. — ns. 

developed in the country of the Silures. simula'tion; sim'ulator. — a. sim'ulatory. 

silver, sil'ver, n. a soft white metal, simultaneous, sim-ul-ta'ne-us, a. act- 
capable of a high polish: money made of ing, existing, or happening. at the same 
silver: anything having the appearance time. — ns. simultaneity, simulta'neous- 
of silver. — a. made of silver: resembling ness. — adv. simultaneously, 
silver : white : bright : precious : gentle : sin, sin, n. wilful violation of law : 
having a soft and clear tone: of high neglect of duty: neglect of the laws of 
rank, but still second to the highest. — ■ morality and religion, any transgression 
v. t. to cover with silver: to make of the law of God: wickedness, iniquity, 
like silver : to make smooth and bright : — v. i. to commit sin : to do wrong. — a. 
to make silvery. — v. i. to become silvery, sin'ful, full of or tainted with sin: 

similar, sim'i-lar, a. like: resembling: unholy. — adv. sin'fully. — n. sinfulness, 

uniform: (geom.) exactly corresponding — a . sin'less, without sin: innocent: 

in shape, without _ regard to size— n. pure : perfect. — adv. sin'lessly. — ns. sin'- 

similar'ity. — adv. similarly. — n. simil'- lessness; sin'ner, one who sins: an of- 

itude, the state of being similar or like, fender or criminal: (theol.) an unre- 

simile, sim'i-le, n. something similar: generate person, 

similitude: (rhet) a comparison to il- since, sins, adv. from the time that: 

lustrate anything.— n. pi. simil'ia. past: ago.— prep, after: from the time 

simmer, sim'er, v. i. to boil with a of. — conj. seeing that: because, 

gentle, hissing sound. — n. a gentle heat- sincere, sin-ser', a, clean: pure: un- 

ing. feigned : frank : honest : true, virtuous. — 

simoom, si-mom', n. a hot suffocat- adv. sincerely. — ns. sincere'ness; sin- 

ing wind which blows in northern Africa cerlty, state or quality of being sincere . 

and Arabia from the interior deserts. sine, si'ne, prep, without, as in sine 

simous, si'mus, a. flat or snub nosed: die, without day, of an adjournment; 
concave. — n. simoslty. _ sine qua non, an indispensable con- 
simper, sim'per, v. i. to smile in a dition, etc. [L.] 
silly, affected manner. — n. a silly or af- sinecure, si'ne-kur (or sin'-), w. an 
fected smile.—;?, sim'perer, one who office with salary but without work, 
simpers. — a. simp'ering.- sinew, sin'ii, n. that which joins a 

simple, sim'pl, a. single : undivided : muscle to a bone, a tendon : muscle, 

resisting decomposition : elementary, un- nerve : that which supplies vigor. — v. t. 

developed : plain, single, entire : homo- to bind as by sinews : to strengthen. — n. 

geneous: open: unaffected: undesigning: sin'ewiness, the state or quality of being 

true : clear : straightforward : artless : sinewy. — a. sin'ewy, furnished with 

guileless : unsuspecting : credulous : not sinews : consisting of, belonging to, or 

cunning: weak in intellect: silly. — n. resembling sinews: strong: vigorous, 

something not mixed or compounded : a sing, sing, v. i. to utter melodious 

medicinal herb. — ns. sim'pleness, the sounds in musical succession : to make 

state or quality of being simple : artless- a small, shrill sound : to relate in verse, 

ness : simplicity : folly ; sim'pleton, a — v. t. to utter musically : to chant : to 

weak or foolish person ; simplicity, the celebrate : to attend on : to effect by sing- 



438 singe 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



sister 



ing: to celebrate or relate in verse: — 
pa. t. sang or sung; pa. p. sung. — ns. 
sing'er, one who sings : one whose occu- 
pation is to sing; sing'ing, the act or 
art of singing. — adv. sing'ingly. 

singe, sinj, v. t. to burn on the sur- 
face: to scorch: — pr. p. singe'ing; pa. t. 
and pa. p. singed. — n. a burning of the 
surface : a slight burn. 

single, sing'gl, a. consisting of one 
only : individual, unique : separate : 
alone : unmarried : not combined with 
others : unmixed : having one only on 
each side: straightforward: sincere: 
simple, normal : pure. — v. t. to separate : 
to select from a number. — adjs. sing'le- 
breast'ed, with a single row of buttons 
or loops only, of a coat, corsage, etc. ; 
sing'le-hand'ed, by oneself: unassisted. 
— adv. sing'ly, one by one : particularly : 
alone : by oneself : honestly : sincerely. 

singsong, sing'song, n. bad singing: 
drawling: a convivial meeting where 
every one must sing. — a. monotonously. 

singular, sing'gu-lar, a. alone: (gram.) 
denoting one person or thing: single: 
not complex or compound : standing 
alone, rare, unusual, uncommon: of 
more than common value or importance : 
unique, extraordinary, strange, odd. — n. 
that which is singular : the singular num- 
ber. — v. t. sing'ularize, to make sin- 
gular. — n. singularity, the state of being 
singular : peculiarity : a particular privi- 
lege or distinction. — adv. sing'ularly. 

sinister, sin'is-ter, a. left : on the left 
hand : evil : unfair : dishonest : unlucky . 

sink, singk, v. i. to fall to the bottom : 
to fall down : to descend lower : to fall 
gradually : to fall below the surface : to 
enter deeply : to be impressed : to be 
overwhelmed : to fail in strength. — v. t. 
to cause to sink : to put under water : 
to keep out of sight : to suppress : to 
degrade : to cause to decline or fall : to 
plunge into destruction : to make by 
digging or delving : to pay absolutely : 
to lower in value or amount : to lessen : 
— pa. t. sank, sunk; pa. p. sunk, sunk'en. 
— n. a drain to carry off dirty water: 
a box or vessel connected with a drain 
for receiving dirty water : a dive : a 
depression : a general receptacle. — n. 
sink'er, anything which causes a sink- 
ing, esp. a weight fixed to a fishing-line : 
(slang) a doughnut. 

sinuate, sin'u-at, a. curved: (bot.) 



with a waved margin. — v. t. to bend in 
and out. — ns. sinua'tion; sinuos'ity, 
quality of being sinuous : a bend or series 
of bends and turns. — a. sin'uous, bend- 
ing in and out, winding, undulating: 
morally crooked. — adv.^ sin'uously. 

Sioux, so, n. (pi. Sioux, so or soz) 
the principal tribe of the Dakota family 
of American Indians — also a. 

sip, sip, v. t. to sup or drink in small 
quantities : to draw into the mouth : to 
taste : to drink out of. — v. i. to drink in 
small quantities : to drink by the lips. 

siphon, si'fun, n. a bent tube for 
drawing off liquids from 
one vessel into another : 
a bottle containing a 
tube for delivering aer- 
ated waters by pressure. 
■ — v. t. to convey by 
means of a siphon. — n. 
si'phonage. — adjs. si'- 




Siphons. 



, - , - _, , _ w, c o m m o n si- 

pnonal, SI pnonate, SI- phon; 6, improved 

phon'ic, pertaining to or gp** with «- 
resembling a siphon. 

sir, ser, n. a word of respect or com- 
pliment used in addressing a man: the 
title of a knight or baronet, 

sire, sir, n. a title of address to a 
sovereign : an elder, a progenitor : the 
male parent of a beast, esp. of a horse: 
(pi.) ancestors (poetry). — v. t. to beget, 
used of animals. [Sir.] 

siren, si'ren, n. (Gr. myth.) one of 
certain sea-nymphs who sat on the 
shores of an island and by singing lured 
mariners to destruction : a fascinating 
woman, any one insidious and decep- 
tive : an instrument which produces con- 
tinuous or musical sounds by a blast of 
air : a powerful marine whistle or fog- 
horn. — a. pertaining to or like a siren . 

sirloin, ser'loin, n. the loin or upper 
part of the loin of beef. 

sirocco, si-rok'o, n. a name given in 
Italy to a dust-laden dry wind. 

sister, sis'ter, n. a female born of the 
same parents : a female closely allied to 
or associated with another. — a. closely 
related, akin. — v. t. and v. i. to resemble 
closely : to be a sister to : to be allied. 
— ns. sis'terhood, state of being a sister, 
the duty of a sister : a society or religious 
community of women ; sis'ter-in-law, a 
husband's or wife's sister, or a brother's 
wife. — a. sis'terly, like or becoming a 
sister : kind : affectionate. 



sit mote, move; mute; then. skin 439 

sit, sit, v. i. to rest on the haunches: skeleton, skel'e-tun, n. the bones of 
to perch, as birds : to rest : to remain, an animal separated from the flesh and 
abide : to brood : to occupy a seat, esp. preserved in their natural position : the 
officially : to be officially engaged : to be framework or outline of anything : a 
worn, to fit : to take an attitude for any very lean and emaciated person.- 
special purpose : to hold a deliberative skeptic, -al, sceptic, -al, skep'tik, -al, 
session. — v. t. to keep a seat, or good a. doubting: hesitating to admit the cer- 
seat, upon: to seat, place on a seat: — pa. tainty of doctrines or principles: (theol.) 
t, and pa. p. sat. — n. {slang) a situa- doubting or denying the truth of revela- 
tion. — ns. sit'ter; sit'ting, tion. — n. skep'tic, one who is skeptical. 

site, sit, n. the place where anything — adv. skep'tically. — n. skep'ticism. 
is set down or fixed : situation : a place sketch, skech, n. a. first draft of any 
chosen for any particular purpose, plan 'or painting : an outline, a short and 

situate, -d, sit'u-at, -ed, a. set or slightly constructed play, essay, etc. : an 
permanently fixed : placed with respect to artist's preliminary study of a work to be 
other objects: residing. — n. situa'tion, elaborated. — v. t. to make a rough draft 
the place where anything is situated: of: to draw in outline: to give the 
position : temporary state : condition : principal points of. — v. i. to practise 
any group of circumstances, a juncture, sketching. — n. sketch'er. — adv. sketch'- 

six, siks, a. and n. five and one : a ily. — n. sketch'iness. — a. sketch'y. 
figure denoting six units (6, or vi.) : a skew, sku, a. oblique: intersecting a 
playing-card with six spots, the face of road, river, etc., not at right angles, as 
a die bearing six spots. — a. six'fold, a bridge. — adv. awry: obliquely. — v. t. to 
folded or multiplied six times. — n. six'- turn aside. — n. a .deviation, a mistake . 
pence, an English silver coin = 12c ; skewer, sku'er, n. a pin of wood or 
— adjs. and ns. six'teen, six and ten; iron for keeping meat in form while 
six'teenth, the sixth after the tenth. — a. roasting. — v. t. to fasten with skewers. 
sixth, the last of six: the ordinal of skiagraph, ski'a-graf, n. a permanent 
six. — n. the sixth part. — adv. sixth'ly. picture made by the X-rays, a radio- 
sixty, siks'ti. a. and n. six times ten. graph. — Also sci'agraph. 
— a. and n. six'tieth, the sixth tenth . skiascopy, ski'a-sko-pi, n. the shadow- 

size, siz, n. .extent of volume or sur- test for measuring the refraction of an 
face: magnitude: an allotted portion. — eye. — Also sci'ascopy. 
v. t. to arrange according to size: to skid, skid. n. a piece of timber hung 
measure.— v. i. to increase in size.— adjs. against a ship's side to protect it from 
si'zable, size'able, of suitable size: of injury: a sliding wedge or drag to check 
considerable size or bulk; sized, having the wheel of a wagon on a steep place: 
a particular size. a timber employed in moving heavy 

size, siz, sizing, si'zing, n. a kind of goods, etc. — v. t. to check with a skid, 
weak glue, used as varnish: any gluey — v. i. to slide along without revolving. 
substance.—: 1 , t. to cover with size. skiff, skif, n. a small light boat. 

sizzle, siz'l, v. i. to make a sound as skill, skil, n. knowledge of anything: 
if frying.—;?, a hissing sound: extreme dexterity in practice.— adjs. skil'ful, 
heat. [Imit] skilled, having or displaying skill. 

skate, skat, n. a kind of sandal or skillet, skil'et, n. a small metal vessel, 
frame on a steel blade for moving on skim, skim, v. t. to clear off scum: 
ice. — v. i. to slide on skates. — ns. ska'ter, to take off by skimming : to brush the 
ska'ting, ska'ting-rink. surface of lightly. — v. i. to pass over 

skate, skat, n. the popular name of lightly: to glide along near the surface, 
several species of ray, with greatly ex- skimp, skimp, v. t. to give scanty 
tended pectoral fins. measure, to stint : to do a thing imper- 

skedaddle, ske-dad'l, v. i. (coll.) to fectly. — v. i. to be parsimonious. — a. 
scamper off. scanty, spare. — a. skim'ping, sparing. 

skee, ske, n. a wooden runner for skin, skin, n. the natural outer covering- 
sliding on snow. — Also ski, pi. skis. of an animal body : a hide : the bark or 

skein, skan, n. a knot or number of rind of plants, etc.: the inside covering 
knots of thread or yarn. of the ribs of a ship. — v. t. to cover with 



440 skip fate, far; me, her; mine; slate 

skin: to strip the skin from, to peel: to smelting- works, etc.: the scoriae of a 

plunder, cheat. — v. i. to become covered volcano. — v. i. to cohere into slag, 

with skin: to sneak off.- slain, slan, pa. p. of slay. 

skip, skip, v. i. to leap: to bound slake, slak, v. t. to quench: to ex- 
lightly and joyfully: to pass over. — v. t. tinguish : to mix with water: to make 
to leap over : to omit. — n. a light leap : slack or inactive. — v. i. to go out : to be- 
a bound : the omission of a part . come extinct. 

skipper, skip'er, n. the master of a slam, slam, v. t. or v. i. to shut with 

merchant-ship, a yacht, etc. violence and noise: to throw down with 

skirmish, sker'mish, n. an irregular violence. — n. the act of slamming: the 

fight between two small parties : a con- sound so made, 

test. — v. i. to fight slightly or irregularly. slander, slan'der, n. a false or mali- 

skirt, skert, n. the part of a garment cious report: malicious defamation by 
below the waist: a woman's garment words spoken: calumny. — v. t. to de- 
like a petticoat : the edge of any part fame : to calumniate. — n. slan'derer. — a. 
of the dress: border: margin: extreme slan'derous, given to or containing 
part. — v. t. to border: to form the edge slander: calumnious. 
of. — v. i. to be on the border: to live slang, slang, n. (orig.) thieves' jargon: 
near the extremity. cant : any kind of colloquial and familiar 

skit, skit, n. any sarcastic squib. language lacking the stamp of general 

skittish, skit'ish, a. unsteady, light- approval. — a. pertaining to slang. — v. i. 

headed, easily frightened : hasty, volatile, to use slang, and esp. abusive language. 

skulduggery. See sculduggery. — v. t. to scold. — adv. slang'ily. — n. 

skulk, skulk, v. i. to sneak out of the slang'iness. — a. slang'y. 

way : to lurk. — ns. skulk, skulk'er. slant, slant, a. sloping : oblique : in- 

skull, skul, n. the bony case that in- clined from a direct line — also slan'ting. 

closes the brain : the head, the sconce. — n. a slope : a gibe. — v. t. to turn in 

skunk, skungk, n. a North American a sloping direction. — v. i. to slope, to 

carnivorous quadruped allied to the incline towards. — a. slantendic'ular, ob- 

otter and weasel, defending itself by lique: indirect. — adv. slan'tingly, in a 

emitting an offensive fluid : (slang) a. slanting direction : with a slope, 

low fellow: a complete defeat. — v. t. to slap, slap, n. a blow with the hand 

inflict such. or anything flat. — v. t. to give a slap 

sky, ski, n. the apparent canopy over to. — adv. with a slap : suddenly, violently, 

our heads : the heavens : the weather : slash, slash, v. t. to cut by striking 

(coll.) the upper rows of pictures in a with violence and at random: to make 

gallery. — v. t. to raise aloft, esp. to hang long cuts in : to ornament by cutting 

(pictures) above the line of sight. slits to show some fine material under- 

Skye, ski, n. for Skye terrier. neath. — v. i. to strike violently and at 

slab, slab, n. a thin slip of anything, random with an edged instrument: to 

esp. of stone, having plane surfaces : a strike right and left : to move rapidly. 

piece sawed from a log. — n. a long cut: a cut at random: a 

slabber, slab'er, v. i. to slaver: to let cut in cloth to show colors underneath, 

the saliva fall from the mouth : to drivel. — a. slashed, cut with slashes : gashed. — 

slack, slak, a. lax or loose : not firmly n. slash'er, anything which slashes. — a. 

extended or drawn out : not holding fast, slashing, cutting mercilessly, unsparing . 

weak : not eager or diligent, inattentive : slat, slat, n. a thin piece of stone : a 

not violent or rapid, slow. — adv. in a long narrow piece of wood or metal. — 

slack manner : partially : insufficiently. — a. made of slats. 

— n. that part of a rope, belt, etc., which slate, slat, n. an argillaceous rock, 
is slack or loose : a period of inactivity, fine-grained and fissile — used in thin slabs 
— vs. i. slack, slack'en, to become loose for roofs, cisterns, tables, etc., and when 
or less tight : to be remiss : to abate : polished for writing-slates and black- 
to become slower : to fail or flag. — v. t. boards : a piece of slate for roofing, or 
to make less tight: to loosen: to relax, for writing upon: a preliminary list of 

slack, slak, n. coal-dross: small coal, candidates before a caucus: a scheme 

slag, slag, n. vitrified cinders from or plan. — a. bluish-gray, slate-colored. 



slattern mote, move; mute; then. slink 441 

slattern, slat'ern, n. a woman negli- sleight, slit, n. cunning: dexterity: an 
gent of her dress : an untidy woman. — artful trick. — n. sleight'-of-hand. 
n. slatt'ernliness. — a. slatt'ernly. slender, slen'der, a. thin or narrow: 

slaughter, slaw'ter, n. a killing: a feeble: inconsiderable: simple: meager, 
great destruction of life : carnage . inadequate, poorly furnished. 

slave, slav, n. a captive in servitude : slept, slept, pa. t. and pa. p. of sleep. 
any one in bondage: a serf: one who sleuth-hound, sloth'-hownd, n. a dog 
labors like a slave: a drudge: one that tracks game by the scent 
wholly under the will of another : one s l ew> S 15, p a . t. of slay. 
who has lost all power of resistance.— slice> sliSj ^ t to slit or divide into 
v. i. to work like a slave : to drudge. thin p i eC es.— n. a thin broad piece : a 
— ns. sla ver a ship employed in the broad knife for serv i n g fish.— n. sll'cer. 
slave-trade ; sla very, the state of being slick> slik> a> smooth . smooth-tongued : 
a slave: the practice of holding slaves. dext erous in movement or action: sleek. 

slaver, slav'er, n. saliva running from slid slid M t and M ^ of sM ^ 

the mouth.-*, j to let the saliva run sMd ^ of sM 

out of the mouth. — v. t. to smear with ,., ,., . , r ,. ..« 

«1iva \^lahhp,^ Sllde ' Slld ' V - l - t0 sllp 0r ^ llde: to 

sama. [Mawer.\ al smoothly: to fall: to slip 

slay, sla v. t to strike: to kill: to £ { * { dis " a p pe ar: (slang) to 

? u * , t0 f eat ^ : o # destroy :-M t slew sli / a ^ ^^ ^ P ^ thr ^ st ^ 

(slo); M A slam ( s la n).-n. slayer to P sli ^ a> t slid ^ ^ slid J r 

sleazy, sla zi, or sle zi, a. thin and s i idd ' en .— n. a smooth passage: the fall 

mmsy —n sleazmess. of a mass of earth or rock . a sm00th 



wi 



sled, sled, sledge, slej, w a carriage declivity : anything, as a lid, that slides. 

th runners made for sliding upon sli ht slIt ^ weak . slender: of little 
snow: a sleigh: anything dragged with- value . trifling: small: negligent: not 
out wheels along the ground. decided, superficial, cursory: slighting, 

sledge, slej, n an instrument for disdainful.— v. t. to disregard, as of little 
striking: a large heavy hammer. value . to neglect.— n. neglect: disregard, 

sleek, slek, slick (slik) a. smooth: an act of discourtesy.— advs. slight'- 
glossy: soft, not rough: insinuating, i n gi V) slightly.— n. slight'ness. 
plausible : dexterous.— v. t. to make s lil y , sli'li, adv. See under sly. 
smooth or glossy: to calm or soothe.— s ii m) s ii mj a . (comp. slim'mer, superl. 
v. i. to glide.— advs. sleek, slick, neatly, slim'mest) very thin, weak, slender: 

sleep, slep, v. i. to take rest by re- slight, trivial, unsubstantial: delicate: 
laxation : to become unconscious : to crafty. — adv. slim'ly. — n. slim'ness. — a. 
slumber : to rest : to be motionless or slim'sy, frail, flimsy, 
inactive: to remain unnoticed: to live slime, slim, n. glutinous mud.— adv. 
thoughtlessly: to be dead: to rest in the sllm'ily. — n. slim'iness. — a. 
grave:— pa. t. and pa. p. slept.— n. the sllm'y, abounding with or 
state of one who or that which sleeps: consisting of slime: gluti- 
slumber: rest: dormancy: (hot.) nycti- nous. [A. S. slim; Ger. 
tropism. — n. sleep'er, one who sleeps: schleim,] 
a horizontal timber supporting a weight, sling, sling, n. a strap or 
rails, etc.— adv. sleep'ily.— n. sleep'- pocket with a string at- 
iness.— p. a. sleeping, occupied with or tached to each end, for ^ 
for sleeping : dormant.— n. the state of hurling a stone : a throw : a h"fs thX : and 
resting in sleep.— a. sleepless. hanging bandage for a lowering 

sleet, slet, n. rain mingled with snow wounded limb : a rope with weights, 
or hail. — v. i. to hail or snow with rain hooks, used in hoisting and lowering 
mingled. — n. sleetlness. — a. sleet 'y. weights: a sweep or swing.— v. t. to 

sleeve, slev, n. the part of a garment throw with a sling: to hang so as to 
which covers the arm: a tube into swing: to move or swing by means of 
which a rod or other tube is inserted, a rope: to cast.- 

sleigh, sla, n. same as sled. — n. sling, sling, n. a mixed drink. 
sleighing, the act of riding in a sleigh. slink, slingk, v. i. to creep or crawl 




442 slip 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



slug 



away, as if ashamed : to sneak : — pa. t. 
and pa. p. slunk. 

slip, slip, v. i. to slide or glide along : 
to move out of place: to escape: to err: 
to slink: to enter by oversight. — v. t. 
to cause to slide : to convey secretly : to 
omit : to throw off : to let loose : to 
escape from : to part from the branch or 
stem. — n. act of slipping: an error, a 
fault, a slight transgression : an escape : 
a twig: a strip, a narrow piece of any- 
thing : a leash : a smooth inclined plane 
on which a ship is built : anything easily 
slipped on : an opening between wharves, 
a dock. — ns. slip'-knot, a knot which 
slips along the rope or line round which 
it is made ; slip'per, a loose shoe easily 
slipped on; slip'periness. — adjs. slip'- 
pery, slip'py, apt to slip away : smooth : 
not affording firm footing or confidence : 
unstable : uncertain ; slip'shod, shod with 
slippers : careless. 

slit, slit, v. t. to cut lengthwise: to 
split : to cut into strips : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
slit. — n. a long cut : a narrow opening. 

sliver, sliv'er, v. t. to split, to tear 
off lengthwise, to slice. — n. a piece cut 
or rent off, a slice. 

slobber, slob'er, same as slabber. — a. 
slobb'ery, moist, wet. 

slogan, slo'gan, n. a war-cry among 
the ancient Highlanders of Scotland. 

sloop, slop, n. a light boat: a one- 
masted cutter-rigged 
vessel, differing from 
a cutter, according to 
old authorities, in 
having a fixed bow- 
sprit and somewhat 
smaller sails in pro- 
portion to the hull. 
[Dut. sloep, prob. O. 
Fr. chaloupe, shallop.] 

slop, slop, n. water 
carelessly spilled : a puddle : mean liquor 
or liquid food: (pi.) dirty water. — v. t. 
to soil by letting a liquid fall upon. — n. 
slop'piness— a. slop'py, wet: muddy. 

slope, slop, n. any incline down which 
a thing may slip : a direction down- 
ward. — v. i. to form with a slope, or 
obliquely. — v. i. to be inclined, to slant: 
(slang) to decamp, disappear. — p. a. 
slo'ping, inclining from a horizontal or 
other right line. — adv. slo'pingly. 

slosh, slosh, n. a watery mess. — v. i. 
to flounder in slush. — a. slosh'y. 





Sloop. 



slot, slot, n. a bar or bolt: a slat. 

slot, slot, n. a hollow, narrow de- 
pression, to receive some corresponding 
part in a mechanism : a slit for the 
insertion of a coin in a slot-machine, 
etc. : a ditch, the continuous opening 
between the rails in a cable railway along 
which the shank of the grip moves. 

sloth, sloth, 
or sloth, n. 
laziness, slug- 
gishness: a 
sluggish, un- 
couth, her- 
bivorous S. 
American 
mammal of Sloth, 

several species, living on the under side 
of tree branches, and remarkably slow in 
its motions. — a. sloth'ful, given to sloth : 
inactive : lazy. — adv. sloth'fully. 

slouch, slowch, n. a hanging down 
loosely of the head or other part: 
clownish gait : a clown. — v. i. to hang 
down : to have a clownish look or gait. 
— v. ^ t. to depress. — p. a. slouch'ing, 
walking with a downcast, awkward man- 
ner : hanging down. — a. slouch'y. 

slough, slo, or slow, n. a hollow filled 
with mud: a soft bog or marsh. 

slough, sluf, n. the cast-off skin of a 
serpent: the dead part which separates 
from a sore. — v. i. to come away as a 
slough (with off) : to be in the state 
of sloughing. — v. t. to cast off. 

sloven, sluv'n, n. a man carelessly or 
dirtily dressed: — fern. slut. — n. slov'en- 
liness. — a. slov'enly, negligent of neat- 
ness or cleanliness : done in an untidy 
manner. — adv. negligently. 

slow, slo, a. not swift : late : behind 
in time : not hasty : not ready : not 
progressive. — v. t. to delay, retard, 
slacken the speed of. — v. i. to slacken in 
speed. — n. slow'ing, a lessening of speed. 
— adv. slow'ly. — n. slow'ness. 

sloyd, sloid, sloid, n. the name given 
to a certain Swedish system of manual 
training devised for use in elementary 
schools. 

slue, slew, slu, v. t. (naut.) to turn 
anything about its axis without remov- 
ing it from its place : to turn or twist 
about. — v. i. to turn round. — a. slued. 

slug, slug, n. a heavy, lazy fellow : a 
name for land-mollusks of the order 



slug mote, move; mute; then, smock 443 

Pulmonata, with shell rudimentary or gentle : little in quality or quantity. — adv. 
absent: any hindrance. — n. slug'gard, in a low tone : gently.- 
one habitually idle or inactive. — a. slug'- smart, smart, n. quick, stinging pain 
gish, habitually lazy : slothful : having of body or mind. — v. i. to feel a smart : 
little motion: having little or no power, to be punished. — a. causing a smart: 

slug, slug, v. t. and v. i. to hit hard, severe : sharp : vigorous, brisk : acute, 
— n. slug'ger, one who hits hard : a witty, pert, vivacious : well-dressed, fine, 
prizefighter. fashionable : keen in business : credit- 

slug, slug, n. a cylindrical or oval able, up-to-the-mark. — v. t. smart'en, to 
piece of metal: a scrap of metal used as make smart, to brighten (with up). — 
a projectile, etc.: (slang) a drink. adv. smart'ly. — ns. smart'ness; smart'y, 

sluice, slos, n. a sliding gate in a a would-be smart fellow, 
frame for regulating the flow of water. smash, smash, v. t. to break in pieces 

slum, slum, n. a low street or neigh- violently : to crush : to dash violently. — 
borhood. — v. i. to visit the slums of a v. i. to act with crushing force : to be 
city, esp. from motives of curiosity.- broken to pieces : to be ruined, to fail . 

slumber, slum'ber, v. i. to sleep smatter, smat'er, v. i. to talk super- 
lightly : to sleep : to be in a state of ficially : to have a superficial knowledge 
negligence or inactivity. — n. light sleep: — ns. smatt'erer; smatt'ering. 
repose. — ns. slum'berer, slum'bering. — smear, smer, v. t. to overspread with 
adjs. slum'berous, slum'brous, inviting anything sticky or oily, as grease : to 
or causing slumber : sleepy. daub. — n. smear'iness. — a. smear'y, 

slump, slump, v. i. to fall or sink sud- smell, smel, v. i. to affect the nose : 
denly into water or mud: to fail or fall to have odor: to use the sense of smell, 
through helplessly. — n. a boggy place : — v. t. to perceive by the nose : — pa. t. 
the act of sinking into slush, etc. : a and pa. p. smelled or smelt. — n. the qual- 
sudden fall or failure. ity of bodies which affects the nose : 

slung, pa. t. and pa. p. of sling.- odor: perfume: the sense which per- 

slunk, pa. t. and pa. p. of slink. ceives this quality. — ns. smell'er; smeli'- 

slur, sler, v. t. to soil: to contaminate: ing, the sense by which smells are per- 
to disgrace : to pass over lightly . ceived ; smelling-salts, a preparation of 

slush, slush, 11. liquid mud: melting ammonium carbonate with lavender, etc.. 
snow : a mixture of grease, etc., for lubri- smelt, smelt, n. a fish of the salmon 
cation : the refuse of the cook's galley or trout family having a cucumber-like 
in a ship. — v. t. to apply slush to. smell. 

slut, slut, n. (fern, of sloven) a dirty, smelt, smelt, v. t. to melt ore in order 
untidy woman: a wench, a jade: a bitch, to separate the metal.- 
— a. slut'tish, resembling a slut : dirty . smile, smil, v. i. to express pleasure 

sly, sli, a. dexterous in doing any- by the countenance: to express slight 
thing so as to be unobserved: cunning: contempt: to look joyous: to be favor- 
wily: secret: done with artful dexterity: able. — n. act of smiling: the expression 
illicit. — advs. sly'ly, sli'ly. — n. sly'ness. of the features in smiling : favor : (slang) 

smack, smak, n. taste : flavor : a pleas- a drink, a treat. — n. smi'ler. — a. smiling, 
ing taste: a small quantity: a flavor of smirch, smerch, v. t. to besmear, 
something. — v. i. to have a taste . dirty : to degrade in fame, dignity, etc, 

smack, smak, n. a generic name for smirk, smerk, v. t. to smile affect- 
small decked or half-decked coasters edly : to look affectedly soft.- 
and fishing-vessels. smite, smit, v. t. to strike with the 

smack, smak, v. t. to strike smartly, fist, nand, or weapon : to beat : to kill : 
to slap loudly : to kiss roughly and to overthrow in battle : to affect with 
noisily. — v. i. to make a sharp noise feeling: (B.) to blast: to afflict. — v. i. to 
with, as the lips by separation.— n. a strike: — pa. t. smote; pa. p. smitt'en.- 
sharp sound: a crack: a hearty kiss.- smith, smith, n. one who forges with 

small, smawl, a. little in quantity or the hammer : a worker in metals : one 
degree : minute : not great : unimportant : who makes anything.- 
ungenerous, petty : of little worth or smitten, smit'n, pa. p. of smite. 
ability: short: having little strength: smock, smok, n. a chemise: a smock- 



444 smoke fate, far; me, her; mine; snicker 

frock. — a. smock'-faced, pale-faced. — n. snake, snak, n. a serpent: any reptile 
smock'-frock, an outer garment. of the family Ophidia. 

smoke, smok, n. the vapor from a snap, snap, v. t. to break short or at 
burning body, esp, an organic substance once: to bite, or catch at suddenly: to 
as wood or coal. — v. i. to emit smoke: crack: to interrupt sharply (often with 
to smoke out instead of upward, owing up) : to shut with a sharp sound: to 
to imperfect draft: to draw in and take an instantaneous photograph of, 
puff out the smoke of tobacco : to burn, esp. with a hand-camera. — v. i. to break 
to rage. — v. t to apply smoke to : to dry, short : to try to bite : to utter sharp 
scent, or medicate by smoke: to draw words (with at) : to flash. — n. act of 
in and then eject the smoke of: to use snapping, or the noise made by it: a 
in smoking: to try to expel by smoking, small catch or lock: a crack, the spring- 
— ns. smo'kiness; smo'king, the act of catch of a bracelet, etc.: a crisp kind of 
emitting smoke: the act or habit of gingerbread cake: crispness, pithiness, 
drawing into the mouth and emitting the epigrammatic point or force : vigor, 
fumes of tobacco by means of a pipe, energy: (slang) an easy and profitable 
cigar, or cigarette. — a. smo'ky, giving place or task: a snapshot. — a. sudden, 
out smoke: like smoke: filled, or sub- unpremeditated, without preparation. — 
ject to be filled, with smoke. — adjs. snap'pish; snap'py, inclined to 

smolder, smoulder, smol'der, v. i. to snap : eager to bite : sharp in reply. — 
burn slowly or without vent. adv. snap'pishly. 

smooth, smoth, a. having an even sur- snare, snar, n. a running noose of 
face : not rough : evenly spread : glossy : string or wire, etc., for catching an 
gently flowing : easy : regular : unob- animal : a trap : a cord, esp. that stretched 
structed : biand : mild, calm. — v. t. to across the lower head of a drum.- 
make smooth : to palliate : to soften . snarl, snarl, v. i. to growl, as a surly 

smote, smot, pa. t. and pa. p. of dog: to speak in a surly manner. — v. t. 
smite. to utter snarlingly. — n. a growl, a 

smother, smuth'er, v. t. to suffocate jealous quarrelsome utterance. — n. snar'- 
by excluding the air : to conceal. — v. i. ler. — adjs. snar'ling, growling, snap- 
to be suffocated or suppressed: to pish; snar'ly. 
smolder. — n. smoke : thick floating dust . snarl, snarl, v. t. to twist, entangle, 

smudge, smuj, n. a spot, a stain: a confuse. — v. i. to become entangled. — n. 
choking smoke. — v. t. to stifle : to fumi- a knot or any kind of complication : a 
gate with smoke. — a. smud'gy, stained, squabble. — a. snarled, twisted. 

smug, smug, a. neat, prim, spruce: snatch, snach, v. t. to seize quickly: 
affectedly smart : well satisfied with one- to take without permission : to seize and 
self. — n. a self-satisfied person. carry away. — v. i. to try to seize hastily. 

smuggle, smug'l, v. t. to import or — n. a hasty catching or seizing: a 
export without paying the legal duty: short time of exertion: a small piece 
to convey secretly. or fragment : a catching of the voice . 

smut, smut, n. a spot of dirt, soot, sneak, snek, v. i. to creep or steal 
etc. : foul matter, as soot : the popular away privately or meanly : to behave 
name of certain small fungi which in- meanly. — v. t. (slang) to steal. — n. a 
fest the grasses : obscene language. — v. t. mean, servile fellow : a mean thief. — a. 
to soil with smut. — v. i. to gather smut: sneak'ing, mean, crouching: secret. 
to be turned into smut. — adv. smut'- underhand, not openly avowed.- 
tily. — n. smut'tiness. — a. smut'ty. sneer, sner, v. i. to show contempt 

smutch, smuch, v. t. to blacken, as by the expression of the face, as by 
with soot. — n. a dirty mark. turning up the nose : to insinuate con- 

snack, snak, w. a share : a slight, hasty tempt. — v. t. to utter sneeringly. — n. an 
meal. — v. t. to snatch, to bite : to share, indirect expression of contempt. 

snag, snag, n. a sharp protuberance : sneeze, snez, v. i. to expel air forcibly 
a short branch: a projecting tooth or and spasmodically through the nose and 
stump : a tree, log, or stump lying in the mouth. — n. a sneezing, 
water so as to impede navigation — hence snicker, snik'er, v. i. to laugh, to 
any stumbling-block or obstacle. giggle in a half-suppressed way. — v. t. 



sniff 



mote, move; mute; then. 



sociable 445 



to say gigglingly. — n. a giggle, a half- 
smothered laugh. 

sniff, snif, v. t. to draw in with the 
breath through the nose. — v. i. to snuff 
or draw in air sharply through the 
nose : to snuff. — n. perception of smell . 

snigger, snig'er, v. i. to laugh in a 
half-suppressed, broken manner.- 

snip, snip, v. t. to cut off at once 
with scissors : to clip. — n. a single cut 
with scissors : a clip or small shred . 

snipe, snip, n. popular name of a 
family of birds, order Grallce, having a 
long straight flexible bill, frequenting 
marshy places : a fool : a simpleton . 

snivel, sniv'l, v. i, to run at the nose : 
to cry, as a child. — n. cant, an affected 
tearful state. 

snob, snob, n. a vulgar person, esp. 
one who apes those richer or more 
fashionable : a tuft-hunter. 

snooze, snoz, v. i. to doze: to slum- 
ber. — ;?. a quiet nap. — n. snooz'er. 

snore, snor, v. i. to breathe roughly 
and hoarsely in sleep. — n. a noisy breath- 
ing in sleep. — ns. snor'er; snor'ing. 

snort, snort, v. i. to force the air with 
violence and noise through the nostrils, 
as horses : to laugh boisterously. — v. t. 
to express by a snort : to force out. 

snout, snowt, n. the projecting nose 
of a beast, as of a swine. 

snow, sno, n. the crystalline form 
into which the excess of vapor in the 
atmosphere is condensed when the 
temperature is below freezing: a snow- 
fall.—*', i 
and v. t. to 
fall in snow, 
to cover with 
snow. — n. 
snow'ball, a 
ball made of 
snow pressed 
hard to- 
gether: any- 
thing resem- 
bling such a mass. — v. t. to throw 
snowballs at. — v. i. to throw snowballs. 
— a. snow'y» abounding or covered with 
snow : white, like snow : pure. 

snub, snub, v. t. to check, to repri- 
mand : to slight intentionally, to rebuff 
by a cutting remark or retort. — n. an 
act of snubbing, any deliberate slight— 
a. snub, fiat and broad, with the end 
slightly turned up. 



\ M*®® 




snuff, snuf, v. i. to draw in air 
violently and noisily through the nose : 
to sniff : to smell at anything doubtfully : 
to take snuff into the nose. — v. t. to 
draw into the nose : to smell, to examine 
by smelling. — n. a powdered preparation 
of tobacco or other substance for snuff- 
ing, a pinch of such : a sniff, 

snuff, snuf, v. t. to crop or pinch the 
snuff from, as a burning candle. — n. the 
charred portion of a candle or lamp- 
wick. — n. pi. snuff'ers, an instrument for 
taking the snuff off a candle. 

snug, snug, a. lying close and warm: 
comfortable: not exposed to view or 
notice : compact : fitting close. — v. i. to 
move so as to lie close. — v. t. to make 
smooth. — n. snug'gery, a cosy little 
room. — v. i. snug'gle, to cuddle, nestle. 

so, so, adv. in this manner or degree : 
thus : for like reason : in such manner 
or degree : in a high degree : as has been 
stated : on this account : an abbrev. for 
Is it so? be it so. — conj. provided that. 

soak, sok, v. t. to steep in a fluid : 
to wet thoroughly : to drench : to draw 
in by the pores. — v. i. to be steeped in 
a liquid : to enter into pores : to drink 
to excess, to guzzle. — n. process or act 
of soaking: a hard drinker, a carouse. 

soap, sop, n. a. compound of oils or 
fats with soda (hard soaps) or potash 
(soft soaps), used in washing: (slang) 
soft words, flattery. — v. t. to rub or wash 
with soap : to flatter. 

soar, sor, v. i. to mount into the air : 
to fly aloft : to rise to a height, also 
mentally or morally. — n. act of soaring. 

sob, sob, v. i. to sigh in a convulsive 
manner, with tears : to weep with con- 
vulsive catchings of the breath. — v. t. to 
utter with sobs. — n. a short, convulsive 
sigh, any similar sound. — n. sob'bing. 

sober, so'ber, a. not wild or passion- 
ate : self-possessed : sedate : grave : calm : 
regular: simple in color, somber: not 
drunk : temperate, esp. in the use of 
liquors. — v. t. to make sober : to free 
from intoxication. — adv. so'berly. — ns. 
so'berness; sobri'ety, state or habit of 
being sober : calmness : gravity. 

sobriquet, so-bre-ka', n. a nickname : 
an assumed name. — Also soubriquet'. 

sociable, so'sha-bl, a. inclined to 
society : fit for company : companionable : 
affording opportunities for intercourse. — 
m. a four-wheeled open carriage with 



446 sociology fate, far; me, her; mine; sole 

seats facing: an informal party, a social soever, so-ev'er, adv. 'generally used 

church meeting. — ns. sociability, so'- to extend or render emphatic the sense 

ciableness, quality of being sociable: of who, what, where, how, etc. 

good-fellowship. — adv. so'ciably. — a. sofa, so'fa, n. a long seat with stuffed 

so'cial, pertaining to society or com- bottom, back, and arms, 

panionship: inclined for friendly inter- soft, soft, a. easily yielding to pres- 

course: convivial: associating together, sure: easily cut or acted upon: mal- 

gregarious. — n. an informal party, a leable : not rough to the touch : smooth : 

sociable. — ns. so'cialism, the name given pleasing or soothing to the senses: 

to any one of various schemes for re- easily yielding to any influence : mild : 

generating society by a more equal dis- sympathetic: gentle: effeminate: gentle 

tribution of property and the fruits of in motion : easy : free from lime or salt, 

labor, through common ownership ; so'- as water : bituminous, as opposed to 

cialist, an adherent of socialism. — a. anthracite, of coal: wet, rainy: warm 

socialist'ic. — adv. so'cially. — a. sod'- enough to melt ice, thawing: (phon.) 

etary, of or pertaining to society. — n. pronounced with a somewhat sibilant 

soci'ety, fellowship, companionship : a sound : not bony — opp. to hard. — n. a 

number of persons associated for a silly person, a fool. — adv. gently: quietly, 

common interest: a community or — v. t. soft'en, to make soft or softer: 

partnership : the civilized body of man- to mitigate : to tone down, make less 

kind: those who are recognized as the glaring, make smoother in sound. — v. i. 

leaders in fashionable life, the fashion- to grow soft or softer. — adv. soft'ly. — 

able world generally: persons who asso- n. soft'ness. — v. t. soft'-soap, to flatter 

ciate: any organized association. for some end. — n. flattery. 

sociology, so-shi-ol'6-ji, n. the science soggy, sog'i, a. soaked with water, 

that treats of man as a social being, in soi-disant, swo-de-zon', a. self-styled, 

the origin, organization, and develop- pretended. [Fr.] 

ment of human society and human cul- soil, soil, n. the ground: the mold on 

ture, esp. on the side of social and the surface of the earth, 

political institutions, including ethics, soil, soil, n. dirt: dung: foulness: a 

political economy, etc.- spot or stain. — v. t. to make dirty : to 

sock, sok, n. a kind of half-stocking . stain : to manure. — v. i. to take a soil . 

sock, sok, v. t. (slang) to throw: to soiree, swa-ra', n. an evening party, 

strike hard. sojourn, so'jern, v. t. to stay for a 

sockdologer, sok-dol'6-jer, n. (slang) day: to dwell for a time. — n. a tempo- 

a conclusive argument: a knock-down rary residence, 

blow: anything very big. solace, sol'as, n. consolation, comfort 

socket, sok'et, n. a hollow into which in distress : relief. — v. t. to comfort, 

something is inserted. solar, so'ler, a. pertaining to the sun: 

Socratic, -al, so-krat'ik, -al, a. per- measured by the progress of the sun: 

taining to Socrates, a celebrated Greek produced by the sun. 

philosopher, to his philosophy or to his sold, sold, pa. t. and pa. p. of sell. 

manner of teaching. solder, sod'er, or sol'der, v. t. to 

sod, sod, n. any surface of earth grown unite (two metallic surfaces) by a 

with grass, etc. : turf. — a. consisting of fusible metallic cement : to cement. — n. 

sod. — v. t. to cover with sod. a fusible alloy for uniting metals. 

soda, so'da, n. carbonate or bi- soldier, sol'jer, n. a man engaged in 

carbonate of sodium : (coll.) soda-water, military service: a private, as distin- 

— ns. sd'da-wa'ter, water charged with guished from an officer : a man of much 

carbonic acid; so'dium, a yellowish- military experience or of great valor: a 

white metal, the base of soda. soldier-ant, beetle, hermit-crab, etc. — v. i. 

sodality, so-dal'i-ti, n. a fellowship or to serve as a soldier : to bully : to shirk 

fraternity. one's work or duty. — n. sol'diering, 

sodden, sod'n, pa. p. of seethe, boiled : sole, sol, n. the lowest part or under- 
soaked thoroughly: boggy: doughy, not side of the foot: the foot: the bottom 
well baked: bloated, saturated with of a boot or shoe: the bottom of any- 
drink. — n. sod'denness. thing. — v. t. to furnish with a sole. 



sole mote, move; mute; then. some 44? 

sole, sol, a. alone: only: being or act- who lives alone: a card-game for one: 

iug without another: single: (law) un- a gem set by itself, 

married.— advs. sole, sole'ly, alone. solitary, sol'i-tar-i, a. being the sole 

solecism, sol'e-sizm, n. a breach of person present: alone or lonely: single, 

syntax: any absurdity or impropriety, separate, simple: living alone, not social 

solemn, sol'em, a. attended with re- or gregarious : without company : re- 
ligious ceremonies, pomp, or gravity: ™ ote from society : retired, secluded: 
to . . , '• F F ' ? i / gloomy. — n. one who lives alone: a 
impressing with seriousness: awfuhde- f { J hermit ^ dVm so l'itarily. 
vout : having the appearance of gravity: - ,.. » ,,. ,_ * , . <, 
devotional: attended with an appeal to f oll ^e, sol i-tud n. a being alone: 
God, as an oath: serious: sober, gloomy, ^^de fert C ° mPany: * * 
black.— n. solemniza'tion.— v. t. sol'em- P^ace or aesert. > _ 
nize, to perform religiously or solemnly: , solo > , so lo : *• a musical # piece per- 
to celebrate with dSe rites: to render K^n^L^Jr- Y °T °" instrument / 
grave.-;*., sol'emnizer; solemnity, a ^olograph, so o-graf, n. a sun-print 
solemn religious ceremony: a ceremony Solomon sol o-mon, » a person of 

adapted to inspire with awe: reverence. m ^™?°{?V + w • , • +u 

%. . _ ,/%.. . . 1 ^i solstice, sol stis, w. that point in the 

solicit, so-hs it, v t. to ask earnestly : ecliptic at which the sun is farthest from 

to petition: to seek or try to obtain: the equator _ the summer so htice, where 

to disturb.— »w. solicitation, a solicit- it touches the tropic of Cancer; the 

ing: earnest request: invitation ; soke - winter so i stice where ft touches that of 

itor, one who asks earnestly: (Eng.) Capricorn: the time when the sun 

an attorney who prepares cases and m- reaches these tw0 points in its orbit 

structs counsel (barristers) the latter June 2I and about DeC ember 21. 

only appearing to plead in the superior soluble so l'u-bl, a. capable of being 

courts; soke itorship.-a. solicitous, solved or dissolved in a fluid . 

soliciting or earnestly asking or desir- so i utiorlj S ol-u'shun, n. act of solving 

ing: very desirous: anxious : careful.— or disso i ving e sp. a solid by a fluid: 

adV; ^solicitously.-^ soke itousness, the separ ating of the parts of any body: 

soke itude, state of being solicitous . the preparat i n resulting from dissolv- 

sokd, sol'id, a. having the parts firmly i ng a solid, in a liquid : explanation : re- 

adhermg : hard : compact : full of matter : m0 val of a doubt : construction or solving 

not hollow : strong : having length, f a problem : the crisis of a disease, 

breadth, and thickness (opposed to a solve, solv, v. t. to loosen or separate 

mere surface): cubic: substantial, reli- the parts of: to clear up or explain: to 

able, worthy of credit, satisfactory: remove.— mj. solvability, sol'vableness, 

weighty: of uniform undivided sub- capacity of being solved.— a. sol'vable, 

stance: financially sound, wealthy: capable of being solved or explained: 

unanimous, smooth, unbroken, unvaried, capable of being paid.— n. sol'vency, 

— n. a substance having the parts firmly state of being solvent, or able to pay all 

adhering together : a firm, compact body debts.— a. sol'vent, having power to 

— opp. to fluid.— ns. solidarity, the be- so l ve or dissolve: able to pay all debts, 

ing made solid or compact : the being _„. anything that dissolves another, 

bound: a consolidation or oneness of somber, sombre, som'ber, a. dull: 

interests; solidification, act of making gloomy: melancholv.— adv. som'berly, 

solid or hard.— v. t. sokd'ify, to make i n a somber or gloomy manner, 

solid or compact.— v. i. to grow solid: sombrero, som-bra'ro, n. a broad- 

to harden :—pa. p. sohd'ified.— n. solid'- brimmed soft hat, generally of felt. 

lty, the state of being solid: fullness of some, sum, a. denoting an indefinite 

matter: strength or firmness, moral or number or quantity: certain, in distinc- 

physical: soundness.— a dv. sol'idly.- t ion from others: moderate or in a 

soliloquy, so-lil'o-kwe, n. a talking certain degree: about — adv.r (coll) 

when solitary or to oneself : a discourse somewhat, in some degree.— n. some'- 

of a person, not addressed to any one. body, some or any body or person: a 

—v. i. sohToquize, to speak to oneself, person of importance. — adv. some'how, 

solitaire, sol-i-tar', n. a recluse or one in some way or other. — n. some'thing, 



448 somnambulate 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



sorosis 



an indefinite thing or event: a portion, 
an indefinite quantity. — adv. in some de- 
gree. — advs. some'time, at a time not 
fixed : once : at one time or other ; some'- 
times, at certain times : now and then : 
at one time. — n. some'what, an unfixed 
quantity or degree. — adv. in some de- 
gree. — adv. some'where, in some place: 
in one place or another. 

somnambulate, som-nam'bu-lat, v. i. 
to walk in sleep. — a. somnam'bulant, 
sleep-walking. — ns. somnambula'tion ^ 
somnam'bulism, act or practice of 
walking in sleep ; somnam'bulist, a 
sleep-walker. — a. somnambulis'tic. 

somniferous, som-nif er-us, a. bring- 
ing or causing sleep. — a. somnific, tend- 
ing to induce sleep. 

somnolence, som'no-lens, n. sleepi- 
ness : inclination to sleep — also som'- 
nolency. — a. som'nolent, sleepy or in- 
clined to sleep. — adv. som'nolently, 

son, sun, n. a. male child or descendant : 
any young male person spoken of as a 
child : a term of affection generally : a 
disciple : a native or inhabitant. — n. son'- 
in-law, the husband of one's daughter. 

sonant, so'nant, a. sounding: pertain- 
ing to sound : uttered with sound, 

song, song, n. that which is sung: a 
short poem or ballad, adapted for sing- 
ing, or set to music : the melody to which 
it is adapted : a poem, or poetry in gen- 
eral : the notes of birds : a mere trifle. 
— n. song'ster, a singer, or one skilled in 
singing, esp. a bird that sings : — fern. 
song'stress. 

soniferous, son-if er-us, a. giving or 
conveying sound. 

sonnet, son'et, n. a poem in fourteen 
lines, properly expressing two successive 
phases of one thought. 

sonorous, so-no'rus, a. sounding when 
struck : giving a clear, loud sound : high- 
sounding. — a. sonorif'ic, making sound. 

soon, son, adv. immediately or in a 
short time : without delay : early : readily, 

soot, soot, n. the black powder con- 
densed from smoke. — n. soot'iness.- 

sooth, soth, n. truth, reality. — a. true: 
pleasing. — adv. indeed. — v. i. sooth'say, 
to foretell, to divine. — ns. sooth'sayer; 
sooth'saying, divination, prediction. 

soothe, sbth, v. t. to please with soft 
words: to flatter: to soften, allay.- 

sop, sop, n. anything dipped or soaked, 
esp. in soup, to be eaten : anything given 



to satisfy or pacify. — v. t. to steep in 
liquor: to take up by absorption (with 
up). — v. i. to soak in, percolate: to be 
soaked. 

sophic, -al, sofik, -al, a. teaching 
wisdom, pertaining to wisdom. 

sophism, sof'izm, n. a specious fallacy. 
— n. soph'ist, a captious or fallacious 
reasoner. — adjs. sophis'tic, -al, pertain- 
ing to a sophist or to sophistry: falla- 
ciously subtle. — adv. sophis'tically. — v. t. 
sophisticate, to render sophistical or 
unsound: to corrupt by mixture: to 
render artificial. — a. sophisticated, 
adulterated: impure: not genuine: arti- 
ficial : worldly-wise, informed. — ns. 
sophistication ; soph'istry, specious but 
fallacious reasoning. 

sophomore, sof'6-mor, n. a second* 
year student. — a. pertaining to such. 

soporific, s6-po-rif'ik, a. making or 
causing sleep. — n. anything that causes 
sleep. — a. soporif'erous, bringing, caus- 
ing, or tending to cause sleep : sleepy. 

soprano, s6-pra'no, n. the highest 
variety of voice, treble : a singer with 
such a voice: — pi. sopra'nos, sopra'ni. 

sorb, sorb, n. the mountain-ash or 
service-tree. — a. sor'bic, pertaining to or 
from the sorb. 

sorbefacient, sor-be-fa'shent, a. pro- 
ducing absorption. — n. a medicine which 
produces absorption. — n. sor'bent, an ab- 
sorbent. 

sorbet, sor'bet, n. sherbet: water-ice. 

sorcery, sor'ser-i, n. divination by the 
assistance of evil spirits : enchantment : 
magic : witchcraft. — n. sor'cerer, one 
who practises sorcery: an enchanter: a 
magician: — fern, sor'ceress, a witch.- 

sordid, sor'did, a. dirty, squalid: of a 
dull color : morally foul, vile : mean : 
meanly avaricious. — n. sor'des, filth: 
(med.) foul accretions on the teeth in 
low forms of fever. — adv. sor'didly. 

sore, sor, n. a wounded or diseased 
spot on an animal body : an ulcer or boil. 
— a. wounded : tender : easily pained or 
grieved: bringing sorrow or regret: 
severe, violent, intense : wretched. — adv. 
painfully: grievously: severely, thor- 
oughly. — n. sore'head, a discontented 
person. — adv. sore'ly, in a sore manner . 

Sorghum, sor'gum, n. a genus of 
grasses commonly called millet, closely 
allied to sugar-cane. 

sorosis, so-ro'sis, n. a compound 



sorrel mote, move; mute; then. sow 449 

fleshy fruit, resulting from many flowers, direct by a sound or audible signal : to 

as the pineapple: a women's club or examine by percussion: to publish 

society. audibly. — n. the impression produced on 

sorrel, sor'el, a. of a reddish-brown the ear by the vibrations of air : noise, 

color. — n. a reddish-brown color. particular quality of tone: report: hear- 

sorrow, sor'6, n. pain of mind : grief : ing-distance : empty or meaningless 

affliction : lamentation. — v. i. to feel sor- noise. — p. a. sound'ing, making a sound 

row or pain of mind : to grieve. — a. or noise : having a magnificent sound. 

sorr'owful, full of sorrow: causing, sound, sownd, v. t. to measure the 

showing, or expressing sorrow: sad. depth of, esp. with a line and plummet: 

sorry, sor'i, a. grieved for something to probe: to try to discover the secret 

past : melancholy : poor : worthless. — adv. thoughts, wishes, etc., of : to test : to 

sorr'ily. — n. sorr'iness. introduce an instrument into (the 

sort, sort, n. a number of persons or bladder) to examine it. — v. i. to use the 

things having like qualities : class, kind, line and lead in ascertaining the depth 

or species : order or rank : manner. — v. t. of water. — n. a probe, an instrument to 

to separate into lots or classes : to put discover stone in the bladder. — n. sound'- 

together : to select : to procure, adapt. — ing, the ascertaining the depth of water. 

v. i. to be joined with others of the same soup, sop, n. the nutritious liquid ob- 

sort : to associate : to suit. — n. sort'er. tained by boiling meat, vegetables, etc. 

sortie, sor'te, n. the issuing of a body sour, sowr, a. having a pungent, acid 

of troops from a besieged place to attack taste : turned, as milk : rancid : crabbed 

the besiegers. or peevish in temper : bitter : cold and 

sot, sot, n. one stupefied by drinking: wet, as soil. — v. t. to make sour or acid: 

a habitual drunkard. — v. i. to play the to make cross, peevish, or discontented, 

sot, to tipple. — a. sot'tish, like a sot . — v. i. to become sour or acid : to be- 

sotto, sot'to, adv. under, below, as in come peevish or crabbed. — n. sour'- 

sotto voce, in an undertone, aside. crout (see sauerkraut). — adv. sour'ly, 

sou, so, n. a French copper coin, the in a sour manner : with acidity : with 

five-centime piece' = ^th of a franc = acrimony: discontentedly. — n. sour'ness. 

one cent. source, sors, n. that from which any- 

soubrette, so-bret', n. a maid-servant thing rises or originates : origin . 

in a comedy, conventionally pert, coquet- souse, sows, v. t. to strike with sudden 

tish, and intriguing. [Fr.] violence. — v. i. to rush with speed. — n. 

sough, suf, v. i. to whistle or sigh, as violent attack, as of a bird striking its 

the wind. — v. t. to whine out cantingly. prey. — adv. with sudden violence. 

— n. a sighing of the wind, a gentle souse, sows, n. pickle made of salt: 

breeze : a vague rumor . anything steeped in pickle. — v. t. to steep 

sought, sawt, pa. t. and pa. p. of seek, in pickle : to plunge into water. 

soul, sol, n. that part of man which soutache, so-tash', n. a narrow braid, 

thinks, feels, desires, etc. : the seat of south, sowth, n. the direction in 

life and intellect : life : essence : internal which the sun appears at noon to the 

power: energy or grandeur of mind: a people north of the Tropic of Cancer: 

human being, a person. — adjs. souled, any land opposite the north : the Southern 

full of soul or feeling; soul'ful, expres- States. — a. lying towards the south, 

sive of elevated feeling. — adv. soul'fully. souvenir, so-ve-ner', n. a remem- 

— n. soul/fulness. — a. soul'less, without brancer, a keepsake, 

nobleness of mind, mean, spiritless.- sovereign, suv'rin, or sov'e-rin, a. 

sound, sownd, a. safe, whole, entire: supreme: possessing supreme power or 

perfect : healthy, strong : profound : cor- dominion : superior to all others : utmost : 

rect : orthodox : weighty. — adv. soundly, most efficacious. — n. a supreme ruler : a 

sound, sownd, n. a strait: a body of monarch: an English gold coin = 20s. = 

water connecting two larger bodies. $4.87. — n. sovereignty, supreme power. 

sound, sownd, v. i. to make a noise: sow, sow, n. a female hog. 

to utter a voice : to spread or be spread : sow, so, v. t. to scatter seed that it 

to appear on narration. — v. t. to cause may grow : to plant by strewing : to 

to make a noise : to utter audibly : to scatter seed over : to spread, disseminate. 
2d 



450 spa fate, far; me, her; mine; speak 

— v. i. to scatter seed for growth : — pa. p. or cock-fight. — ns. spar'rer, spar'ring. 
sown and sowed. — ns. sow'er, sowing, spare, spar, v. t. to use frugally: to 

spa, spaw, n. a place where there is do without: to save from any use: to 
a mineral spring of water. withhold from: to forbear from harm- 

space, spas, n. extension as distinct ing, to treat tenderly : to part with will- 
from material substances : ^ room : large- ingly. — v. i. to be frugal: to forbear: to 
ness : distance between objects: interval be tender: to be forgiving. — a. sparing: 
between lines or words in books: quan- frugal: scanty: lean: superfluous. — n. in 
tity of time : distance between two points bowling, an advantage gained by over- 
of time. — v. t. to make or arrange inter- turning all the pins with two balls. — adv. 
vals between. — ns. spa'cer, one who or sparely, in a spare manner: sparingly, 
that which spaces; spa'cing, the act of — ns. spare'ness; spare'rib, a piece of 
dividing into spaces, placing at suitable pork consisting of ribs with the meat 
intervals, as in printing, etc.: the space adhering to them. — a. sparing, scarce: 
thus made.— a. spa'cious, large In ex- scanty : saving : merciful, forgiving. — 
tent: roomy: wide. — adv. spa'ciously. adv. sparingly, frugally: seldom. 

spade, spad, n. a broad blade of iron spark, spark, n. a small ignited 
with a handle, used for digging: a particle shot off from a burning body. — 
playing-card of one of the two black v. i. to emit sparks : to play the gallant, 
suits. — v. t. to dig with a spade. spark-plug, n. a device to introduce the 

spake, spak, old pa. t. of speak. spark directly into the cylinder of a gas 

spalpeen, spal'pen, n. a rascal, a mis- engine, 
chievous fellow. [Ir. spailpin.] sparkle, spark'l, n. a little spark: 

span, span, n. the space from the end luster, brilliance: of a wine, effer- 
of the thumb to the end of the little- vescence: the emission of sparks. — v. i. 
finger when the fingers are extended : to emit sparks : to shine, glitter . 
nine inches: the spread of an arch be- sparrow, spar'6, n. a small inses- 
tween its abutments : a space of time, the sorial bird of remarkable fecundity, 
full duration of anything: extent of sparse, spars, a. thinly scattered: 
stretch. — v. t. to measure by spans: to scanty. — adv. sparsely. — n. sparse'ness. 
measure: to embrace. — n. cpan'ner. Spartan, spar'tan, a. of or pertaining 

span, span, n. a yoke of horses. to Sparta in Greece: hardy, rigorously 

span, span, adv. wholly — in span'- severe: fearless. 
new, spick'-and-span. spasm, spazm, n. an irregular and 

spangle, spang'gl, n. a small, thin violent involuntary contraction of mus- 
plate or boss of shining metal : anything cular parts. — adjs. spasmodic, -al, re- 
sparkling and brilliant, like a spangle. — lating to or consisting in spasms: con- 
v. t. to adorn with spangles. vulsive. — adv. spasmodically. 

spaniel, span'yel, n. a kind of dog, spat, spat, pa. t. of spit, to throw from 
usually liver-and-white colored, or the mouth, 
black-and-white, with large pendent ears. spat, spat, n. a slap : a large drop, as 

Spanish, Spanish, a. of or pertaining of rain: a petty quarrel. — v. t. to slap, 
to Spain. — n. the language of Spain.- spat, spat, n. a gaiter or legging — 

spank, spangk, v. i. to move with usually in pi. [Abbrev. of spatterdash.] 
speed or spirit. — n. spank'er, a fast- spatter, spat'er, v. t. to throw out or 
going horse : any person or thing par- scatter upon : to scatter about : to sprinkle 
ticularly striking, a dashing person. with dirt or anything moist. 

spank, spangk, v. i. to strike with the spavin, spavin, n. a disease of horses, 
flat of the hand, to slap. — n. a loud slap. spawn, spawn, n. the eggs of fish or 

spanker, spang'ker, n. the after-sail frogs when ejected: the mycelium of a 
of a ship or bark. fungus: offspring. 

. spar, spar, n. a general term for masts. spay, spa, v. t. to extirpate the 

spar, spar, n. a term applied to any ovaries of (a female animal), 
bright crystalline mineral. speak, spek, v. i. to utter words or 

spar, spar, v. i to box with the hands : articulate sounds : to say : to talk : to 
to fight with showy action : to dispute. — converse : to sound : to give expression 
n. a preliminary sparring, boxing-match, by any means, to intimate, to hint. — v. t. 



spear 



mote, move; mute; then. 



speculate 451 




Spearheads. 



to pronounce : to converse in : to address : 
to declare : to express by signs : — pa. t. 
spoke or spake; pa. p. spo'ken. — a. 
speak'able, capable of being spoken. — ns. 
speak'er, one who speaks or proclaims ; 
speak'ing, the act of expressing ideas in 
words : discourse. — a. seeming to speak : 
natural: used to assist the voice.- 

spear, sper, n. a long weapon used 
in war and hunting, made of a pole 
pointed with 
iron : a lance 
with barbed 
prongs used for 
catching fish : 
a blade, as of 
grass. — v. t. to 
pierce or kill 
with a spear. — 
ns. spear'head, 
the iron point of a spear; spear'man, a 
man armed with a spear , 

spec, (coll.) abbrev. of speculation: 
(pi.) -spectacles. 

special, spesh'al, a. of a species or 
sort: particular: distinctive: uncommon: 
designed for a particular purpose : con- 
fined to a particular subject or applica- 
tion. — n. any special or particular person 
or thing: any person or thing set apart 
for a particular duty — a police-officer, a 
railway-train, etc. : a newspaper extra, 
a despatch from a special correspondent. 
— n. specialization. — v. t. specialize, 
to make specifically distinct, to limit to 
a particular kind of action or use : to 
differentiate. — v. i. to act in some par- 
ticular way, to take a particular direc- 
tion, as to devote oneself especially to 
some particular branch of study. — ns. 
specialism; specialist, one who devotes 
himself to a special subject; special'ity, 
the particular characteristic of a person 
or thing: a special occupation or object 
of attention. — adv. specially. — ns. spec- 
ialty, something special or distinctive: 
any special product, article of sale or of 
manufacture : any special pursuit, depart- 
ment of study, etc.: specie (spe'shi), 
gold and silver coin, metallic money; 
spe'cies, a group of individuals having 
common marks or characteristics, spec- 
ialized from others of the same genus, 
to which it is subordinate : a kind or 
sort, a distinct constituent part, an ele- 
ment; specific, a remedy which has a 
special power in a particular disease : an 



infallible remedy. — adjs. specific, -al, 
adv. specifically. — specific gravity, the 

weight of any given substance as com- 
pared with the weight of an equal bulk 
or volume of water or other standard 
substance at the same temperature and 
pressure. 

specify, spes'-i-fi, v. t. to mention 
particularly: to set down as a requisite. 
— n. specification, the act of specifying . 

specimen, spes'i-men, n. a portion of 
anything to show the kind and quality 
of the whole: a sample, a typical indi- 
vidual. 

specious, spe'shus, a. that looks well 
at first sight: showy: plausible. 

speck, spek, n. a spot : a blemish : a 
mark betokening decay : a separate piece 
or particle, an atom, the least morsel. 

speckle, spek'l, n. a little speck or 
spot in anything different in substance 
or color from the thing itself. — v. t. to 
mark with speckles. — adjs. speck'led, 
variegated, piebald; speck'less, spotless. 

spectacle, spek'ta-kl, n. a sight : show, 
a pageant, exhibition: (pi.) a pair of 
lenses mounted in frames to assist the 
sight. — adjs. spec'tacled, wearing spec- 
tacles : marked like spectacles, as the 
bear, cobra, etc.; spectac'ular, marked 
by display. — n. spectacular'ity. 

spectator, spek-ta'tor, n. one who 
looks on : — fern, spectatress. 

specter, spectre, spek'ter, n. a ghost. 
— a. spec'tral, relating to or like a 
specter. — adv. spec'trally. 

spectrum, spek'trum, n. the image of 
something seen continued after the eyes 
are closed: the colors of light separated 
by a prism, and exhibited as spread out 
on a screen: — pi. spec'tra. — ns. spec- 
trol'ogy, the division of physical science 
that embraces spectrum analysis : de- 
monology; spec'troscope, an instrument 
for forming and examining spectra of 
luminous bodies, so as to determine their 
composition. — adjs. spectroscopic, -al. 

specular, spek'u-lar, a. resembling a 
speculum: having a smooth reflecting 
surface: assisting vision, serving for in- 
spection. [L.] 

speculate, spek'u-lat, v. i. to look at 
or into with the mind: to consider: to 
theorize : to trade or invest for great 
profit. — n. speculation, act of speculat- 
ing : mental view : contemplation : theory : 
any more or less risky investment of 




452 sped fate, far; me, her; mine; spike 

money for the sake of unusually large spermatozo'on, one of the male repro- 
profits. — a. speculative, given to spec- ductive cells of animals, the physiological 
ulation or theory: ideal: pertaining to complements of the egg-cells or ova: — 
speculation in business, etc. — adv. spec'- pi. spermatozo'a. — a. sper'mic. 
ulatively. — ns. spec'ulativeness; spec'- spew, spue, spu, v. t. and v. i. to 
ulator, one who engages in mental vomit: to eject with loathing, 
speculations, or who practises speculation sphere, sfer, n. a ball or globe : an 
in trade or business of any kind. orb or circle : circuit of motion : province 
sped, sped, pa. t. and pa. p. of speed, of duty: definite range: rank, position 
speech, spech, n. that which is spoken: in society: (geom.) a surface every 
language : the power of speaking : man- point of which is equidistant from one 
ner of speech, oration : any declaration and the same point, called the center, 
of thoughts: mention: colloquy: con- — adjs. spher'al; spher'ic, -al, pertain- 
ference. — n. speechifica'tion. — v. i. ing to or like a sphere. 
speech'ify, to make speeches, to ha- sphinx, sfingks, n. a monster of Greek 
rangue (implying contempt). — a. speech'- mythology, with the 
less, destitute or deprived of the power head of a woman and 
of speech. — adv. speechlessly. the body of a lioness, 
speed, sped, n. quickness, velocity: that proposed riddles 
success. — v. i. to move quickly, to hurry : to travelers and 
to succeed, to fare. — v. t. to despatch strangled those who 
quickly : to hasten, as to a conclusion : could not solve them : Sphinx, 
to cause to advance, to push forward : to an enigmatic or inscrutable person, 
give a certain speed to, regulate the speed sphragistics, sfra-jis'tiks, n. the 
of : to send off, to put forth, to rid of, science of seals, their age, history, etc. 
to kill : to execute : to aid : to make spice, spis, n. an aromatic and pun- 
prosperous : — pa. t. and pa. p. sped.- gent vegetable substance used as a con- 
spell, spel, n. any form of words sup- diment and for seasoning food : a 
posed to possess magical power : fas- characteristic touch or taste, smack, 
cination. — v. t. to tell or name the letters flavor: anything that adds piquancy "or 
of : to name, write, or print the proper interest : an aromatic odor. — v. t. to 
letters of. — v. i. to form words with the season with spice : to tincture, vary, or 
proper letters : to study : — pa. t. and pa. diversify. — a. spiced, impregnated with 
p. spelled, spelt. — a. spell'bound, en- a spicy odor: aromatic, 
tranced, fascinated. — ns. spell'er; spell'- spick, spik, n. a nail, a spike. — a. 
ing, act of spelling or naming the letters tidy, fresh. — a. spick'-and-span. 
of words : orthography , spicy, spi'si, a. producing or abound- 
spell, spel, v. t. to take another's ing with spices : fragrant : pungent : 
place at work. — n. a turn at work : a piquant, pointed, racy. — adv. spi'cily. 
short period indefinitely: an interval of spider, spi'der, n. an arachnid of the 
rest: a bad turn. Linnsean order Araneida, the body 
spend, spend, v. t. to expend or weigh divided into two distinct parts : a frying- 
out : to give for any purpose : to con- pan with feet, a trivet . 
sume : to waste : to pass, as time. — v. i. spigot, spig'ut, n. a plug for stopping 
to make expense: to be lost, wasted, or a small hole in a cask, 
dissipated: — pa. t. and pa. p. spent. spike, spik, n. an ear of corn: (bot.) 
spendthrift, spendthrift, n. one who an inflorescence in which sessile flowers, 
spends the savings of thrift : a prodigal, or flowers having very short % 
spent, spent, pa. t. and pa. p. of spend, stalks, are arranged around an v ^ 
sperm, sperm, n. animal seed: spawn axis: a small pointed rod: a %o 
of fishes or frogs : spermaceti. — adjs. large nail. — v. t. to set with J5 J 
spermat'ic, -al, pertaining to or con- spikes : to stop the vent of 
sisting of sperm or seed, seminal. — ns. (a gun) with a cast-iron spike, 
spermatocyte, a mother-cell from which — adjs. spi'cate, spi'cose, spi'- 
spermatozooids are developed; sper- cous, having spikes or ears, 
matorrhe'a, involuntary seminal dis- like corn. — n. spic'iile {bot.), Spike. 
charge; spermatozo'oid; spermatozo'id; a little spike — also spic'ula. — adjs. spic' 



spikenard mote, move; mute; then. spit 453 

ulose, spic'ulous, having spicules.—/', a. a ghost: mental disposition: enthusiasm, 
spiked, furnished, fastened, or stopped animation, courage, mettle: real mean- 
with spikes. — n. spike'let, a little spike, ing: essence, chief quality: a person 
— a. spik'y, furnished with spikes . considered with respect to temperament : 

spikenard, spik 'nard, n. an aromatic any volatile, inflammable liquid obtained 
oil or balsam yielded by an Indian plant, by distillation, as brandy: (pi.) intel- 

spile, spil, n. a wooden plug serving as lectual activity : liveliness : persons with 
a spigot, a wooden pin or wedge : a pile, particular qualities of mind, as congenial 
or large timber. — v. t. to pierce and pro- spirits : mental excitement : spirituous 
vide with a spile: to drive piles into. liquors.— v. t. to inspirit, encourage, 

spill, spil, v. t. to allow to run out cheer: to convey away secretly, to kid- 
of a vessel: to shed: to waste: (coll.) nap.— a. spirited, full of spirit, life, or 
to throw from a vehicle or the saddle, fire: animated.— adv. spiritedly— ns. 
—v. i. to be shed: to be allowed to fall, spir'itedness; spiritism = spiritualism. 
be lost, or wasted :—/>a. t. and pa. p. —a. spiritless, without spirit, cheerful- 
spilled, spilt— n. a fall, a throw . ness^ or courage : dejected: dead.— adv. 

spin, spin, v. t. to draw out and twist spiritlessly.— n. spirltlessness — adjs. 
into threads : to draw out (a thread) as spirltous, of the nature o_f spirit, pure : 
spiders do: to draw out tediously: to ardent, spirituous; spiritual, consisting 
cause to whirl rapidly.— v. i. to practise of spirit: having the nature of a spirit: 
the art or trade of spinning, to perform immaterial : relating to the mind : in- 
the act of spinning: to issue in a small tellectual: pertaining to the soul: holy: 
or thread-like current: to whirl, to go divine: relating to sacred things: not 
fast :— pa. t. and pa. p. spun.— n. a rapid lay or temporal.— n. spintualiza'tion.— 
revolving motion, a spurt at high speed, v- t. spiritualize, to make spiritual : to 

spinal, spin'al, a. pertaining to the i mbue with spirituality.— ns spiritual- 
spine or backbone.— a. spin'ate, covered lsrn > a being spiritual: the doctrine that 
with spines or spine-like processes. s P irit ^s a real existence apart from 

spindle, spin'dl, n. in spinning, the pin matter: the name applied to a varied 
from which the thread is twisted: a pin ? enes ° f abnormal phenomena purport- 
on which anything turns: anything very m ? . to , b \ f ? r the m . ost P art cause 4 b ^ 
slender.— v. i. to grow long and slender, spiritual beings acting upon specially 

spine, spin, n. a thorn: a thin, pointed sensitive persons or mediums ; spir it- 
spike, esp. in fishes: the backbone of an ualls > ? ne who h ?^ s - the doctrine of 
animal: any ridge extending lengthways, spintualism.-a. spiritualistic, relating 

spinster, spin'ster, n. an unmarried to or connected with spiritualism -n. 

female: an old maid.-n. spin'sterhood. actual *y, state of being spiritual: 

. , _, , , . i " , ..« essence distinct from matter. — adv. spir - 

spiral, spiral, a pertaining to or like it ually.-a^. spirltuelle, showing great 
a spire : winding like the ^ and d ' elic £ cy . sp i r 'i t uous, possess- 

thread of a screw.-;., a PgL^ ing t he qualities of spirit: containing 
spiral line: a screw- (^^^fe m g ch al( £ hol . volatile . 
n. spiral lty. — adv. spi - > . . „ , c 

rally, in a spiral form W^ S P^. s P ert Same as s P urt ; 

or direction. i» spissitude, spis l-tud, n. density. 

spirant, spi'rant, n. a Spiral Wheel. spit, spit, n. an iron prong on which 

consonant which is fricative or con- meat is roasted : a long piece of land 
tinuable — opp. to explosive, esp. v and f, or a narrow shoal running into the sea : 
th, dh. a spindle. — v. t. to pierce with a spit: 

spiranthy, spi-ranthl, n. the spiral to string on a stick and hang up to 
distortion sometimes occurring in the dry : — pa. t. and pa. p. spit'ted. 
parts of a flower.— a. spiranthlc. [Gr. sp it, spit, v. t. to throw out from the 
spexra, a spire, anthos, a flower.] mouth: to eject with violence.— v. i. to 

spire, spir, n. a winding line like the throw out saliva from the mouth: to 
threads of a screw: a curl: a wreath: fall in scattered drops, as rain at the 
a tapering body. beginning of a shower: to make a spit- 

spirit, spirit, n. vital force; the soul: ting sound, like an angry cat: — pa. t 



454 spite fate, far; me, her; mine; spoon 

spit, spat; pa. p. spit. — n. saliva, spume: to tear asunder violently: to divide: to 
a light fall of rain or snow. — ns. spit'- throw into discord. — v. i. to divide or 
fire, a hot-tempered person; spit'ter; part asunder: to be dashed to pieces: to 
spit'ting, the act of one who or that divulge secrets : to vote for candidates 
which spits ; spit'tle, the moist matter of opposite parties : to burst with laugh- 
thrown from the mouth: saliva. ter: — pa. t. and pa. p. split. 

spite, spit, ft. grudge: lasting ill-will: splurge, splerj, n. any boisterous dis- 

hatred. — v. t. to vex : to thwart : to hate. play. — v. i. to make such a display, 

—a. spite'ful, full of spite: desirous to splutter, splut'er, v. i. to eject drops 

vex or injure: malignant. — adv. spite'- of saliva while speaking: to scatter ink 

fully.— n. spite'fulness — in spite of, in upon a paper, as a bad pen.— n. bustle, 

opposition to all efforts of, in defiance spoil, spoil, v. t. to take by force: to 

of, in contempt of. [Short for despite.] plunder.— v. i: to practise robbery. — n. 

splash, splash, v. t. to spatter with P r ey, plunder: pillage: robbery, 

water, mud, etc.— v. i. to dabble in water, spoil, spoil, v. t. to corrupt : to mar : 

to dash about water or any liquid.— n. to make useless.— v. i. to deca- : to be- 

water, mud, etc., thrown on anything, come useless.— n. spoils'man, one who 

splatter, splat'er, v. i. to spatter water looks for P rofi t out of politics. 

or the like about.— n. splatt'er-dash, an spoke, spok, pa. t. of speak. 

uproar, commotion. [Spatter.] spoke, spok, n. one of the bars from 

splay, spla, v. t (archit.) to slope or the hub to the rim of a wheel, 

slant: to dislocate, as the shoulder-bone. spoken, spok'n, pa. p. of speak, used 

— a. turned outward, as in splay-foot, as a. in 'soft-spoken', etc. 

spleen, splen, n. a soft, pulpy, blood- spoliate, spo'li-at, v. t. to spoil, to 
modifying gland near the large ex- plunder, to pillage.— v. i. to practise rob- 
tremity of the stomach : spite : ill-humor : bery.— n. spoliation, act of spoiling . 
melancholy.— a. spleen'ish, affected with sponge, spunj,_ n. a fixed, usually 
spleen, fretful, peevish. — adv. spleen'- marine, animal with pores in the body- 
ishly. — adjs. splenet'ic, -al, affected wall and without tentacles: the fibrous 
with spleen: peevish: melancholy. — adv. framework of such, remarkable for its 
splenet'ically. — a. splen'ic, pertaining power of sucking up water : any sponge- 
to the spleen. — n. spleni'tis, inflamma- like substance : a hanger-on or parasite. — 
tion of the spleen. v. t. to wipe with a sponge : to wipe out, 

splendid, splen'did, a. magnificent : absorb, with a sponge : to wipe out corn- 
famous : illustrious : heroic— adv. splen'- pletely : to destroy : to gain by mean 
didly.— - ns. splen'didness; splen'dor, artifice.— v. i. to suck in, as a sponge: to 

splice, splis, v. t. to unite two ends han S on: to live by mean arts, 
of (a rope) by inter- sponsor, spon ser, n. one who prom- 
weaving the strands: to /f 22 ^ U ' lses solemnly for another: a surety: a 
join by overlapping, as § 1 JM* godfather or godmother, 
two pieces of wood or %>$ W^ spontaneous, spon-ta'ne-us, a. of 
metal. — n. act of splic- ^W^ j§L p ne ' s fr . ee will: involuntary: acting by 
ing: joint made by splic- /l^ <yf§ \ its own impulse or natural law: produced 
ing. [Old Dut. splissen f f of itself or without interference.— ns. 
splitsen, splijten; cf. **»• *' spontaneity, sponta'neousness. 
split, and Ger. splissen.] o, Bye Splice. spook, spok, n. a ghost. — adjs. spook'- 

splint, splint, n. a small b ' Short Spllce * ish, spook'y, like a ghost : haunted, 
piece of wood split off: a thin piece of spool, spol, n. a hollow cylinder for 
padded wood, etc., for keeping a frac- winding yarn, etc., upon.' 
tured limb in its proper position: a spoon, spon, n. an instrument with a 
bony enlargement on a horse's leg, be- shallow bowl and handle for use in pre- 
tween the knee and the fetlock. — v. t. to paring, serving, or eating food : anything 
confine with splints. — n. splint'er, a piece like a spoon or its bowl, as an oar : in 
of wood, etc., split off. — v. t. and v. i. golf, a wooden-headed club of varying 
to split into splinters. length. — v. i. to be foolishly fond, to in- 
split, split, v. t to cleave lengthwise : dulge in endearments openly. — ns. spoon% 



sporadic 



mote, move: mute: then. 



spring 



455 




bill, a bird allied to the ibis and storks, 
with a bill long, Hat, and much dilated 
in a spoon form at the tip; spoon'ful, 
as much as a spoon contains when full: 
a small quantity. — adv. spoon'ily, in a 
spoony or silly way. — adjs. spoon'y, 
spoon'ey, silly, weakly affectionate. 

sporadic, -al, spo-rad'ik, -.al, a. scat- 
tered : appearing here and there. 

spore, spor, n. the reproductive body 
in flowerless plants like the fern : a 
germ, a seed, a source of being generally. 

sporran, spor'an, n. an ornamental 
pouch worn in front 
of the Highland kilt. 
[Gael, spor an.] 

sport, sport, v. i. to 
play : to frolic : to prac- 
tise field diversions : to 
trifle. — v. t. to amuse : 
to make merry : to rep- 
resent playfully : to 
spend in sport or dis- 
play. — n. that which 
amuses or makes 
merry: play: mirth: Sporran, 

jest: contemptuous mirth: field diver- 
sion : an animal or plant, or one of its 
organs, that varies singularly and spon- 
taneously from the normal type. — a. 
sport'ing, relating to or engaging in 
sports. — adv. sport'ingly. — a. sport'- 
ive, inclined to sport: playful: merry: 
amorous, wanton. — adv. sportively. 

spot, spot, n. a mark made by foreign 
matter : a blot : a discolored place : a 
small part of a different color: a small 
extent of space: any particular place: 
one of the marked points on a billiard- 
table, from which balls are played : some- 
thing that soils : a stain on character or 
reputation. — v., t to stain: to discolor: 
to taint: to tarnish, as reputation: to 
note or recognize by some point, to de- 
tect: to indicate, name. — a. spotless, 
without a spot : untainted : pure. — adv. 
spotlessly. — n. spotlessness. — adjs. 
spot'ted; spot'ty, marked with spots. 

spouse, spowz, n. a husband or wife. 

spout, spowt, v. t. to throw out, as 
from a nozle or pipe: to utter volubly: 
(slang) to pawn, pledge. — v. i. to -issue 
with violence, as from a pipe: to speak 
volubly, to speechify. — n. the projecting 
mouth of a vessel from which a stream 
issues : a pipe for conducting a liquid . 

sprain, spran, v. t. to overstrain the 



muscles of a joint. — n. a violent stretch- 
ing of tendinous or ligamentous parts. 

sprang, pa. t. of spring. 

sprawl, sprawl, v. i. to toss or kick 
about the limbs : to stretch the body 
carelessly when lying : to spread ungrace- 
fully. — n. a sprawling posture. 

spray, spra, n. small particles ot 
water driven by the wind. 

spray, spra, n. a small shoot of a 
tree. 

spread, spred, v. t. to scatter abroad 
or in all directions: to stretch: to ex- 
tend: to overlay: to shoot out, as 
branches : to circulate, as news : to dif- 
fuse: to set with provisions, as a table. 
— v. i. to extend or expand in all direc- 
tions : to be extended or stretched : to be 
propagated or circulated : — pa. t. and pa. 
p. spread. — n. extent : compass : expan- 
sion of parts: that which is spread out, 
a feast: a cover for a bed or a table. 

spree, spre, n. a merry frolic: a 
drunken bout. — v. i. to carouse. 

sprig, sprig, n. a small shoot or twig: 
a scion, a young person. 

spright, sprit, n. same as sprite. — n. 
sprightliness— a. sprightly, airy: full 
of life : lively : brisk. 

spring, spring, v. i. to bound : to leap : 
to rush hastily: to move suddenly by 
elastic force: to start up suddenly: to 
break forth: to appear: to issue: to 
come into existence.— v. t. to cause to 
spring up : to start : to ^ 
produce quickly, cause v| 
to act suddenly: to 
leap over: to open, as 
a leak: to crack, as 
a mast: to bend by 
force, strain : (archit.) 
to start from an abut- 
ment, etc. : — pa. t. 
sprang, sprung; pa. p. 
sprung. — n. a leap : a 
flying back with elastic 
force: elastic power: 
an elastic body: any 
active power : that by 
which action is pro- 
duced : cause or 
origin : a source : an 
outflow of water from 
the earth : the time 
when plants begin to 
spring up and grow, 
the vernal season — 




Springs, 
spiral spring 1 ; &, 
coiled or watch. 
spring; o, volute 
spring; d, elliptic 
spring; e, half-ellip- 
tic spring; /. C 
spring; g, strut 
spring; h, India- 
rubber spring. 



456 sprinkle 



f&te, far; me, her; mint, 



square 




Sprit-sail. 
[A doublet of spirit.] 



March, April, May: a starting of a 
plank in a vessel : a crack in a mast. 

sprinkle, spring'kl, v. t. to scatter in 
small drops or particles : to scatter on : 
to baptize with a few drops of water: 
to purify. — v. i. to scatter in drops. 

sprint, sprint, n. a short-distance race 
at full speed. — v. i. to run at full speed. 
— n. sprin'ter, a short-distance runner. 

sprit, sprit, n. (naut.) a spar set 
diagonally to 
extend a fore- 
and-aft sail, 
called a sprit'- 
sail. [A. S. 
spreot, a pole; 
Dut. and Ger. 
spriet, a bow- 
sprit ; conn. 
with sprout.'] 

sprite, sprit, 
n. a spirit: a 
shade: a ghost. 

sprocket, sprok'et, n. a projection on 
the periphery of a wheel or capstan for 
engaging the chain. 

sprout, sprowt, n. a germ or young 
shoot: (pi.) young shoots from old 
cabbages. — v. i. to shoot: to push out 
new shoots. 

spruce, spros, a. smart: neat, dapper: 
over-fastidious, finical. — n. Prussian 
leather. — v. t. to smarten. — v. i. to be- 
come spruce or smart.— 

sprung, pa. t. and pa. p. of spring. 

spry, spri, a. vigorous, lively, gay, 

spud, spud, n. a small narrow spade 
with a short handle : any short thick 
thing: (coll.) a potato, etc. 

spume, spurn, n. scum or froth thrown 
up by liquid : foam. — v. i. to throw up 
scum : to foam. — n. spu'miness.- 

spun, pa. t. and pa. p. of spin. 

spunk, spungk, n. touchwood, tinder, 
a fungus from which tinder is made, 
punk, amadou : mettle, spirit, pluck. — a. 
spunk'y, spirited: fiery-tempered. 

spur, sper, n. an instrument worn on 
a horseman's heels, with sharp points for' 
goading the horse: that which goads or 
instigates: something projecting. 

spurious, spur'i-us, a. illegitimate: 
not genuine: false. — adv. spuriously. 

spurn, spern, v. t. to drive away, as 
with the foot: to kick: to reject. 

spurt, spert, v. t. to spout, or send out 
in a sudden stream, as water. — v. i. to 



gush out suddenly in a small stream: to 
flow out forcibly or at intervals. — n. a 
sudden or violent gush of a liquid from 
an opening: a jet: a sudden short effort. 

sputter, sput'er, v. i. to throw out 
moisture in scattered drops : to speak 
rapidly and indistinctly, to. jabber. — v. t. 
to throw out with haste and noise. 

sputum, spu'tum, n. spittle. 

s Py> spi, n. one sent into an enemy's 
country or camp to find out their 
strength, etc. : one who keeps a watch 
on others : one who secretly conveys in- 
formation. — v. t. to see : to discover, 
generally at a distance . 

squab, skwob, a. fat, clumsy: un- 
fledged, newly hatched. — n. a young 
pigeon, the young of other animals be- 
fore the hair or feathers are grown : a 
short stumpy person. — a. squab'by, 

squabble, skwob'l, v. i. to dispute in 
a noisy manner : to wrangle. — n. a noisy, 
petty quarrel: a brawl. — n. squabbler. 

squad, skwod, n. a small body of men 
assembled for drill, any small group or 
company of men. — n. squad'ron, a body 
of cavalry, consisting of two troops : a 
section of a fleet commanded by a flag- 
officer. — awkward squad, a body of 
recruits not yet competent in drill, etc. 

squalid, skwol'id, a. filthy, foul. — n. 
squalid'ity. — adv. squalidly. — ns. squal'- 
idness; squal'or, state of being squalid. 

squall, skwawl, v. i. to cry out 
violently. — n. a loud cry or scream : a 
violent gust of wind. — n. squall'er. — a. 
squall'y, abounding or disturbed with 
squalls or gusts of wind: gusty. 

squama, skwa'ma, n. a scale; any 
scaly bracted leaf: — pi. 
squa'mae. — adjs. squa'mate, 
squa'mous, squa'mose, cov- 
ered with or consisting of 
scales : scaly. [L. squamosus 
— squama, a scale.] 

squander, skwon'der, v. 
t. to spend lavishly or 
wastefully: to waste money 
or powers. — n. squan'derer. 
— adv. squan'deringly, by squandering. 

square, skwar, a. having four equal 
sides and angles : forming a right angle : 
having a straight front or an outline 
formed by straight lines: exact, suit- 
able, fitting : true, that does equal justice, 
fair, honest: even, leaving no balance, 
settled, as accounts: directly opposed, 




squash mote, move; mute; then. stage 457 

complete, unequivocal: solid, full, satis- firework: a hissing firecracker: a petty; 
fving — n. that which is square : a square lampoon.— v. t. to aim squibs at . 
figure: a four-sided space inclosed by, squint, skwint, a. looking obliquely: 
houses : a city block : a square body of having the vision distorted.— v. i. to look 
troops: the length of the side of any obliquely: to have the vision distorted, 
figure squared: an instrument for meas- —v. t. to cause to squint. — n. act or 
uring right angles: (arith.) the product habit of squinting: an oblique look, 
of a quantity multiplied by itself: due squirm, skwerm, v. i. to wriggle or 
proportion, order, honesty, equity, fair- writhe, to climb by wriggling up: to 
ness — v. t. to form like a square : escape with any awkward evasion or lie. 
(arith.) to multiply by itself: to reduce squirrel, skwir'el, n. a small, nimble, 
to anv given mea'sure or standard, to reddish-brown rodent with hairy tail 
adjust, regulate: (naut.) to place at and large eyes, mainly of arboreal habit, 
right angles with the mast or keel.— v. i. squirt, skwert, v. t. to throw out 
to suit, fit: to accord or agree: to take (water) in a stream from a narrow 
an attitude of offense and defense. opening.— n. a small instrument for 

squash, skwosh, v. t. to press into squirting: a small, quick stream, 
pulp: to crush flat.— v. I to form a soft stab, stab, v. t. to wound with a 
mass as from a fall: to make a noise pointed weapon: to wound: to injure 
similar to such.—;?, a sudden fall or secretly, or by slander: to pierce.— v. i. 
shock of soft bodies: something soft to give a stab or a mortal wound.— n. 
and easily crushed.— n. squash'iness.— a wound with a pointed weapon: an 
a. squashy, like a squash : muddy. injury given secretly.— n. stab'ber. 

squash, skwosh, n. a term loosely „ stable, sta'bl a that stands # firm: 
used for several kinds of gourd. firm l v established: durable: firm in pur- 

squat, skwot, v. i. to sit down upon Pjse . or character: constant, unchange- 
the hams or heels: to cower, as an abl ^-"- stabil ity, steadiness 
animal: to settle on new land without stable, sta bl,». a building for horses 
title.-*, short and thick, dumpy, clumsy, and cattle -z; t .to put or keep in a 
-ns. squat'ter, a settler on land with- stable.-*, i. to dwell m a staole 
out title; squat'tiness.-a. squat'ty, stack > st ? k > "• a lar ^ e P lle ° f ha ^' 
squaw, skwaw, n. an American S ram > ™°\* c ' : a grou P ? f chlI ™ e y s ' 
Indian woman, esp. a wife.- a smokestack: a pyramid formed by a 

, 1 -i • * *.*. 1-11 number of rifles. — v. t. to pile into a 

squeak, skwek, v. i. to utter a shrill stack . arr e (cards) f £ cheati 

and usually short cry.-H. a sudden, stadi stf'di-um, n. a Greek 

shrill cry.-v.t squawk, to utter a harsh measure Q ' f length = 5 8 2 feet: a course 
crv.-;r a loud squeak-». squeaker, fof foot . races f an \ mph itheater for 

squeal, skwel, v. i. to utter a shrill acetic contests 
and prolonged sound: to turn informer. staff staf n a stkk carried for 
-n. a shrill loud ay—* squealer. port or defense: a prop: a long piece 

squeamish, skwemish, a. sickish at of wood: a pole: the long han dl e of an 
stomach: easily disgusted or offended: mstr ument: a stick as ensign of 
fastidious in taste.— -adv. squeamishly, authority: the five lines and spaces on 

squeeze, skwez, v. t. to crush or which music is written: a stanza (the 
press between two bodies : to embrace above meanings have pi staffs or staves, 
closely : to cause to pass : to extort, stavz) : a body of skilled officers direct- 
oppress, harass.— v. i. to push between mg t h e movements and supply of an 
close bodies: to press: to crowd.— ». a rmy, etc.: a similar body of persons 
act of squeezing : pressure between m an y undertaking, acting under a man- 
bodies.— n. squeezer, one who or that a ger or chief (the last two meanings 
which squeezes: (pi) playing-cards have pi staffs. 

having the number of spots, etc., marked sta g, stag, n. the male deer, esp. one 
in the right-hand corner of each. f t h e red deer:— fern, hind.— n. stag'- 

squelch, skwelch, n. a heavy blow or part'y, a party for men onlv. 
a heavy fall.— v. t to crush down. stage, staj, n. an elevated platform, 

squib, skwib, n. a small bursting esp. in a theater: the theater: theatrical 



458 stagger fate, far; me, her; mine; stand 

representations, the theatrical calling: by approaching behind covers. — v. t. to 

any place of exhibition or performance: approach secretly in order to kill, as 

a place of rest on a journey or road: deer. — n. a stately step: the pursuit of 

distance between places: degree of game by stealthy approach. — n. stalk'er. 

progress. — v. t. to represent or place for stall, stawl, n. a place where a horse 

representation on the stage. or other animal stands and is fed: a 

stagger, stag'er, v. i. to reel from division of a stable for a single animal : 

side to side: to begin to give way: to a stable: a bench or table on which 

begin to doubt: to hesitate. — v. t. to articles are exposed for sale: one of the 

cause to reel : to cause to doubt or seats in churches reserved for the clergy 

hesitate: to shock. — adv. stagg'eringly. and choir: a reserved seat in a theater. 

stagnant, stag'nant, a. stagnating : — v. t. ^ to put or keep in a stall : to 

not flowing: motionless: impure from plunge into mire, to stop the progress of. 

being motionless: not brisk: dull. — n. stallion, stal'yun, n. an uncastrated 

stag'nancy. — adv. stag'nantly. — v. i. male horse, esp. one kept for breeding, 

stag'nate, to cease to flow: to become stalwart, stawl'wert, a. stout, strong, 

dull or motionless. — n. stagnation, act sturdy : determined in one's partisanship, 

of stagnating: state of being stagnant. — n. a resolute person. 

staid, stad, a. steady: sober: grave. stamen, sta'men, n. one of the male 

stain, stan, v. t. to tinge or color: to organs of a flower which produce the 

give a different color to : to dye : ^ to pollen : — pi. sta'mens. — n. stam'ina. 

mark with guilt or infamy: to bring stammer, stam'er, v. i. to halt in 

reproach on: to sully: to tarnish. — v. i. one's speech: to stutter. — v. t. to utter 

to take or impart a stain. — n. a dis- with hesitation. — n. hesitation in speech, 

coloration: a spot: taint of guilt. stamp, stamp, v. t. to strike with the 

stair, star, n. a series of steps for sole of the foot, by thrusting it down: 

ascending to a higher level : one of such to impress with some mark or figure : 

steps: a flight of steps, only in pi- to imprint: to fix deeply: to coin: to 

stake, stak, n. a strong stick pointed form: to pound, bray, crush, bruise. — 
at one end: one of the upright pieces v. i. to step or plant the foot firmly 
of a fence : a post to which a condemned down. — n. the act of stamping : the mark 
person or animal is tied, esp. that to made by pressing something on a soft 
which a martyr was tied to be burned: body: an instrument for making im- 
martyrdom : anything pledged in a pressions on other bodies : that which is 
wager: a prize, anything to gain or stamped: an official mark put on things 
lose. — v. t. to fasten, or pierce with a chargeable with duty, as proof that the 
stake: to mark the bounds of with duty is paid: an instrument for cutting 
stakes (often with off and out) : to materials into a certain shape by a 
wager, to hazard. — at stake, hazarded, downward pressure: cast, form, char- 
stalactite, sta-lak'tit, n. a deposit^ of acter : distinguishing mark, imprint, sign, 
carbonate of lime, hanging like an icicle evidence: a species of heavy pestle, 
from the roof of a cavern. stampede, stam-ped', n. a sudden 

stalagmite, sta-lag'mlt, n. a deposit fright seizing a herd of horses or other 

of carbonate of lime, etc., on the floor of cattle, causing them to run : flight, or 

a cavern, any sudden confused movement of a 

stale, stal, a. too long kept: tainted: multitude, caused by panic. v ■ 

vapid or tasteless from age: not new: stanch, staunch, stansh, v. t. to stop 

worn out by age: decayed: no longer the flowing of, as blood: to quench, 

fresh, trite: in athletics, over-trained, allay. — a. constant: trusty: hearty, zeal- 

hence unfit.— v. t. to render insipid, to ous: sound, strong, firm in principle-, 

make common. — adv. stalely. stand, stand, v. i. to cease to move: 

stalk, stawk, n. the stem of a plant: to be stationary: to occupy a certain 

the stem on which a flower or fruit position: to stagnate: to be # at rest: to 

grows : the handle of anything, the stem, be fixed in an upright position, to be 

stalk, stawk, v. i. to walk as on stilts : erect, to be on the feet — as opposed to 

to walk with long, slow steps : to walk sit, lie, kneel, etc. : to become erect : to 

behind a stalking-horse: to pursue game have a position or rank: to be in a par- 



ARMS OF THE STATES AND TER| fl 




ARMS OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES OF THE AMERICAN UNION 




stand mote, move; mute; then. state 459 

ticular state, to be with relation to some- ceous principle of vegetables, yielding a 
thing else: to maintain an attitude: to translucent jelly used for stiffening 
be fixed or firm: to keep one's ground: clothes in the laundry: stiffness, for- 
to remain unimpaired: to endure, to be mality. — a. starched, stiffened with starch: 
consistent: to consist: to depend or be formal. — adv. starch'edly. — ns. starch'- 
supported: to offer oneself as a candi- edness, starch'er. — adv. starch'ily, in a 
date: to have a certain direction: to starchy or stiff manner: formally. — n. 
hold a course at sea. — v. t. to endure : to starch'iness, the state or quality of be- 
sustain: to suffer: to abide by: to be at ing starchy: stiffness of manner: for- 
the expense of, to offer and pay for : mality. — a. starch'y, consisting of or like 
— pa. t. and pa. p. stood. — ns. stand'er; starch: stiff: precise. 
stand'-by, a firm aid or supporter. — a. stare, star, v. i. to look with a fixed 
stand'ing, established : settled : per- gaze, as in horror, astonishment, etc. : 
manent : fixed : stagnant : being erect. — ■ to gaze steadily. — v. t. to influence in 
n. continuance : existence : place to stand some way by staring. — n. a fixed look. — 
in : position in society : a right or n. sta'ring, the act of regarding with a 
capacity to sue or maintain an action. fixed gaze. — adv. sta'ringly. 

stand, stand, n. a place where one stark, stark, a. stiff: gross: absolute: 
stands or remains : a place beyond which entire : naked, an abbreviation of stark'- 
one does not go, the highest or ultimate na'ked, quite naked. — adv. absolutely, 
point: a structure for spectators at races, starling, starling, n. a passerine bird, 
etc. : the place of a witness in court : start, start, v. i. to move suddenly 
something on which anything rests, a aside: to wince: to deviate: to begin: 
frame for glasses, etc. : a stop, obstruc- to proceed : to give way somewhat. — v. t. 
tion, rest, quiescence: a state of cessa- to cause to move suddenly: to disturb 
tion from action, motion, or business . suddenly : to rouse suddenly from con- 
standard, stand'ard, n. that which cealment : to set in motion : to call forth : 
stands or is fixed, as an established rule to invent or discover : to move suddenly 
or model: the upright post of a truss: a from its place: to loosen: to empty: to 
staff with a flag: an ensign of war. — a. pour out. — n. a sudden movement: a 
according to some rule or model : legal : sudden motion of the body : a sudden 
usual : having a fixed or permanent value, rousing to action : an unexpected move- 
stank, stangk, pa. t. of stink. ment: a sally: a sudden fit: a quick 
stanza, stan'za, n. a series of lines or spring: the first motion from a point 
verses connected with and adjusted to or place: the outset. — n. start'er. 
each other in a fixed order of sequence. startle, startl, v. i. to start or move 
staple, sta'pl, n. a settled mart or suddenly: to feel sudden alarm. — v. t. 
market : the principal production or in- to excite suddenly : to shock : to frighten. 

dustry of a district or country : the prin n. sudden alarm or surprise. — n. start'- 

cipal element: the thread of textile ler. — a. startling, such as to strike with 
fabrics : unmanufactured material. — a. es- astonishment or alarm. — adv. start'- 
tablished in commerce . lingly. [Extension of start.] 

staple, sta'pl, n. a loop of iron, etc., starve, starv, v. i. to die of hunger 

for holding a bolt, etc. or cold : to suffer extreme hunger or 

star, star, n. one of the bright bodies want : to be in want of anything neces- 

in the heavens, except the sun and moon : sary. — v. t. to kill with hunger or cold : 

a celestial body which from its distance to destroy by want : to deprive of power. 

appears as a luminous point: anything — n. starvation, act of starving: state 

star-like or star-shaped: a representation of being starved. — a. starveling, 

of a star worn as a badge of rank or state, stat, n. position: condition: 

honor: the chief actor or actress in a situation: circumstances at any time: 

dramatic company: {print.) an asterisk the whole body of people under one gov- 

(*). — v. t, to set with stars: to be- ernment: a nation: a commonwealth, 

spangle. — v. i. to shine, as a star. esp. one of those forming the United 

starboard, star'bord, n. the right- States of America: the public: the civil 

hand side of a ship, power : estate : order, class : rank, qual- 

starch, starch, n. a pure-white farina- ity : pomp : dignity : style of living : sta- 



469 static fate, far; me, her; mine; steam 

bility, continuance: (pi.) the bodies con- enacted by the legislature (as dis- 

stituting the legislature of a country : a tinguished from" a customary law or law 

stage, condition. — a. belonging to the of use and wont) : a written law . 

state: public: royal: ceremonial: staunch. Same as stanch. 

pompous : magnificent. — v. t. to set stave, stav, n. one of the pieces of 

forth : to express the details of : to set which a cask is made : a staff or part 

down fully and formally : to narrate : of a piece of music : a stanza. — v. t. to 

to set in order : to settle. — n. statecraft, break a stave or the staves of : to break : 

the art of managing state affairs. — a. to burst: to drive off, as with a staff: 

stat'ed, settled : established : fixed : reg- to delay : — pa. t. and pa. p. staved or 

ular. — adv. stat'edly. — ns. state'-house, stove. [By- form of staff.] 

the building in which the legislature of staves, stavz, pi. of staff and of stave. 

a state holds its sittings, a state capitol ; stay, sta, v. i. to remain : to abide 

state'liness. — a. stately, showing state for any time : to continue in a state : 

or dignity: majestic: grand. — adv. to wait: to cease acting: to dwell: to 

majestically. — n. state'ment, the act of trust. — v. t. to cause to stand: to stop: 

stating: that which is stated. to restrain: to delay: to prevent from 

static, -al, statlk, -al, a. pertaining to falling: to prop: to support, rest, rely: 
statics : pertaining to bodies at rest or — pa. t. and pa. p. stayed, staid. — n. con- 
in equilibrium : resting : acting by mere tinuance in a place : abode for a time : 
weight. — adv. statically. — n. stat'ics. stand: stop: a fixed state: a standstill: 

station, sta'shun, n. the place where suspension of a legal proceeding: prop, 
a person or thing stands: post assigned: support: (pi.) a corset or corsets. — n. 
position : office : situation : occupation, stay'er, one who stays : a person or 
business : state : rank : condition in life : animal of good lasting or staying qual- 
a railroad depot : a regular stopping- ities for a race, etc. 
place: a police-office: (pi.) in R. C. stay, sta, n. a large strong rope run- 
usage, any one of the images or pictures ning from the head of one mast to 
ranged round a church, representing the another mast or to the side of the ship, 
several stages of the Passion. — v. t. to ■ — v. t. to support by means of stays : 
assign a station to : to set : to appoint to put on the other tack, to cause to go 
to a post, place, or office. — a. sta'tion- about. — v. i. to change tack, to go about. 
ary, pertaining to a station : standing : stead, sted, n. the place which another 
fixed : settled : acting from or in a fixed had or might have : a fixed place of 
position (as an engine) : not progressing abode: use, help, service, 
or retrogressing: not improving. — n. steadfast, sted'fast, a. firmly fixed or 
sta'tioner, one who sells paper and established : firm : constant : resolute . 
other articles used in writing. — a. sta'- steady, sted'i,. a. (comp. steadier, 
tionery, belonging to a stationer. — n. superl. steadiest) firm in standing or 
the articles sold by a stationer. in place : fixed : stable : constant : reso- 

statistics, sta-tistlks, n. a collection lute : regular : uniform : sober, indus- 
of facts and figures regarding the con- trious. — v. t. to make steady : to make or 
dition of a people, class, etc. : the science keep firm. — adv. steadily, 
of the collection and arrangement of steak, stak, n. a thick slice of meat, 
statistical facts. — adjs. statistic, -al, steal, stel, v. t. to take by theft or 
pertaining to or containing statistics. — feloniously: to take away without 
adv. statistically. — n. statistician, one notice : to gain or win by address, in- 
skilled in statistics. sidiously, or by gradual means: to 

statue, stat'u, n. a representation of snatch. — v. i. to practise theft: to take 

a human figure or animal carved out of feloniously: to pass secretly: to slip in 

some solid substance : an image. — ns. or out unperceived : — pa. t. stole ; pa. p. 

stat'uary, the art of carving statues: stol'en. — ns. steal'er; stealing, 

a collection of statues ._ stealth, stelth, n. the act of stealing : 

stature, stat'iir, n. height. [L. statura.] a secret manner of bringing anything to 

status, sta'tus, n. state : condition : pass. — adv. stealthily. — n. stealthlness. 

rank. [L.] — a. stealth'y, done by stealth. 

statute, stat'ut, n. a law expressly steam, stem, n. the vapor of water — 



steed mote, move; mute; then. sterile 461 

when dry, invisible and transparent like are united. — v. t. to cut, as with the 

air : the mist formed by condensed vapor : stem : to resist or make progress against : 

any vaporous exhalation: energy, force, to stop, to check. [Same word as above.] 

spirit. — v. i. to rise or pass off in steam stench, stensh, n. stink: a strong bad 

or vapor : to move by steam. — v. t odor or smell. 

to expose to steam. stencil, sten'sil, n. a. plate of metal, 
steed, sted, n. a horse or stallion, esp. etc., with a pattern cut out, which is 
a spirited horse. impressed upon a surface by drawing a 
steel, stel, n. iron combined in vary- brush with color over it. — v. t. to print 
ing proportions with carbon : any instru- or paint by means of a stencil, 
ment or weapon of steel : an instrument stenography, sten-og'ra-fi, n. the art 
for sharpening knives on : a strip of of writing very quickly by means of brief 
steel for stiffening a corset : a piece of signs and characters : shorthand. — ns. 
steel for striking fire from a flint: ex- sten'ograph, a character used in sten- 
treme hardness. — a. made of steel: hard, ography; stenographer, stenographist, 
unfeeling. — v. t. to overlay or edge with — adjs. stenographic, -al. 
steel: to harden: to make obdurate. Stentor, stent'or, n. a very loud- 
steep, step, a. rising or descending voiced herald in the Iliad, hence (s-) 
with great inclination: precipitous: dif- any person with a remarkably loud 
ficult, excessive, exorbitant. — n. a pre- voice : the ursine howler. — a. stento'- 
cipitous place: a precipice. — v. i. steep'- rian, very loud or powerful. [Gr.] 
en, to become steep. — n. steep'ness. step, step, n. a pace: the distance 
steep, step, v. t. to dip or soak in a crossed by the foot in walking or run- 
liquid : to imbue. — n. something steeped ning : a small space : degree : one remove 
or used in steeping. — n. steep'er. in ascending or descending a stair: round 
steeple, step'l, n. a tower of a church of a ladder : footprint : manner of walk- 
or building, ending in a point. ing : proceeding : action : the support on 
steer, ster, n. a young ox, esp. a which the lower end of a mast, etc., rests. 
castrated one from two to four years — v. i. to advance or retire by pacing: to 
old. walk : to walk slowly or gravely : to 
steer, ster, v. t. to direct with the walk a short distance. — v. t. to set, as a 
helm : to guide : to govern. — v. i. to foot : to fix, as a mast. — n. step'per. 
direct a ship in its course : to be directed : stereopticon, ster-e-op'ti-kon, n. a 
to move. — ns. steer'age, act or practice double magic-lantern, the projecting 
of steering : the effect of a rudder on the lenses having a field in common, thus 
ship: the portion of a ship for passen- permitting the views to be merged into 
gers paying a low rate of fare; steer'er; or superimposed upon one another. 
steers'man, a man who steers a ship . stereoscope, ster'e-6-skop, n. an in- 
stellar, stel'ar, stellary, stel'ar-i, a. strument in which each of two pictures 
relating to the stars: ^ is examined by a separate lens, and the 
starry. — adjs. stell'ate, |§ two lenses are inclined so that the two 
-d, like a star: radiated; ^\lf|/t images blend into one and stand out 
stell'ular, formed like ^^^^^^^^ i n relief with solidity. 
little stars. [L. stellaris ^^^^S^^ stereotype, ste're-6-tip, n. a solid 
— stella, a star.] ^^^m^m metallic plate for printing, cast from an 
stem, stem, n. the as- jfp ; impression of movable types, taken on 
i cending axis of a plant, some plastic substance. — a. pertaining to 
which usually bears Stellate Leaves. or done with stereotypes. — v. t. to make 
leaves and flowers, and maintains com- a stereotype of: to print with stereo- 
munication between the roots and the types. — p. a. stereotyped, 
leaves : the little branch supporting the sterile, ster'il, a. unfruitful : barren : 
flower or fruit : a race or family : branch destitute of ideas or sentiment. — n. 
of a family: the part of a word that steriliza'tion. — v. t. ster'ilize, to cause 
remains the same through all inflections, to be fruitless : to destroy bacteria or 
stem, stem, n. the prow of a ship: other micro-organisms in. — ns. ster'- 
a curved piece of timber, etc., at the ilizer, anything which sterilizes; sterii'- 
prow to which the two sides of a ship ity, quality of being sterile. 



462 sterling fate, far; me, her; mine; stimulant 

sterling, sterling, a. pure, genuine, of prices, etc.: dead, rigid in death; (naut.) 

good quality: of value or excellence, keeping upright. — n. (slang) a corpse. — 

uthoritative : designating English money v. t. stiffen, to make stiff. — v. i. to be- 

of account as of the fixed or standard come stiff: to become less impressible 

value. or more obstinate. — ns. stiff'ener, one 

stern, stern, a. severe of countenance, who, or that which, stiffens ; stiffening, 

manner, or feeling: austere: harsh. something used to make a substance 

stern, stern, n. the hind part of a more stiff. — adv. stiffly. 

vessel : the rump or tail of an animal. stifle, sti'fl, v. t. to stop the breath of : 

— n. stern'-chase, a chase in which one to suffocate, smother: to extinguish: to 

ship follows directly in the wake of suppress the sound of: to destroy: to 

another.— a. stern most, farthest astern, suppress, conceal.— v. i. to suffocate.— a 

stertorous, ster'to-rus, a. snoring. stl'fling, close, oppressive. 

stet, stet, v. t. to restore— generally stigma, stig'ma, n. a brand: a mark 

used on proof-sheets, etc > of infamy: (bot.) the top of a pistil: 

stethoscope, steth o-skop, n. an in- any special mark: a place on the skin 

strument for auscultation. which bleeds periodically :—/>/. stig'mas 

stew, stii, v. t to simmer or boil slowiy or stig'mata.— adjs. stigmat'ic, -al, 

with little moisture.— v. i. to be boiled mar ked or branded with a stigma: giv- 

slowly and gently : (slang) to be in a j ng infamy or reproach.— adv. stigmat'- 

state of worry or agitation.— n. meat ically.— v. t stig'matize, to brand with 

stewed : mental agitation : worry. a stigma 

steward stu'ard, n. one who man- stilC) ' til n> a st or set of st 

ages the domestic concerns of a fani- for c i im bing over a wall or fence, 

ily or institution: one who superintends stiktt st{ _ let% n> a d with a 

another s affairs: the manager of the slender and narro ' w bkd f* 

provision department, etc., on a ship. — ..„ ... .. ,. . 1 

ns. stewardess, a female steward. K 11 '/ ' ?' S Ti- : motlon j ess: calm > 

stick, stik, v. t to stab: to thrust in: subdued: not sparkling or effervescing: 
to fasten by piercing: to fix in: to set con stant.-*>. f to # quiet: to silence: to 
with something pointed: to cause to appease: to restrain.-a^. always, con- 
adhere.-*/, i. to hold to: to remain: to stantly: nevertheless, for all that : even 
stop: to be hindered: to hesitate, to be ^"^ thzt.-n. calm -a stillborn, 
embarrassed or puzzled: to adhere dfdwhen born.-n^ still -life, the class 
closely in affection :—po. t and pa. p. ? f P lctu " s , representing inanimate ob- 
stuck.-^. stick'er; stick'ing, the act J e f s ' still ness.-a. stilly still: quiet: 
of stabbing.-stick at, to hesitate : to per- calm-a^. silently : gently 
sist at; stick by, to be firm in support. ± st ^» * hl > v - f - t0 cause to ™ W £ Y0 Vs • 

stick, stik, n. a small shoot or branch *° distil.— «. an apparatus for distilla- 

cut off a tree: a staff or walking-stick: tlon ' . 

anything in the form of a stick, a cud- stllt » slllt >. ™- one of a pair of proos 

gel: a printer's composing-stick: a stiff, or poles with steps or supports at a 

stupidly obstinate person. distance from the ground, used to walk 

stickle, stik'l, v. i. to interpose be- with.— v. t. to raise on stilts : to elevate by 

tween combatants : to contend obstinately : unnatural means.— adjs. stilt'ed stilt'y, 

to hesitate.— n. a sharp point, a prickle, elevated as if on stilts: pompous. 

a spine. — ns. stickleback, a small river- stimulant, stim'ii-lant, a. stimulating: 

fish so called from the spines on its increasing or exciting vital action. — n. 

back ; stickler, a second in a fight or anj^thing that stimulates or excites : a 

contention : an obstinate contender, esp. stimulating medicine. — v. t. stim'ulate, to 

for something trifling. prick with anything sharp: to incite: to 

sticky, stikl, a. that sticks or adheres: instigate: (physiol.) to produce increased 

adhesive : glutinous. — n. stickiness. action in. — n. stimula'tion. — a. stim'ula- 

stiff, stif, a. not easily bent: rigid: tive, tending to stimulate. — ns. stim'- 
rather hard than soft : obstinate : not ulator, one who stimulates : — fern. 
natural and easy: constrained: formal: stirn'ulatress; stim'ulus, a goad: any- 
hard to overcome, difficult: firm, of thing that rouses the mind, or that ex- 



sting 



mote, move; mute; then. 



stone 



463 



cites to action 
stim'ulL 

sting, sting, v. t. to stick anything 
sharp into, to pain acutely. — v. i. to 
have a sting: to give pain: — pa. t. 
and pa. p. stung. — n. the sharp-pointed 
weapon of some animals : the thrust 
of a sting into the flesh . 

stingy, stin'ji, a. niggardly: avaricious. 
— adv. stin'gily. — n. stin'giness. 

stink, stingk, v. i. to give out a strong, 
offensive smell : to have a bad reputa- 
tion: — pa. t. stank; pa. p. stunk. — n. a 
disagreeable smell. 

stint, stint, v. t. to shorten: to limit: 
to restrain.— v. i. to cease, stop : to be 
saving. — n. limit: restraint, restriction: 
proportion allotted, fixed amount. — a. 
stint'ed, limited. 

stipend, sti'pend, n. a salary paid for 
services, esp. to a clergyman: settled 
pay. — a. stipendiary, receiving stipend. 

stipple, stip'l, v. t. to engrave or form 
by means of dots or small points, as dis- 
tinguished from line-engraving. 

stipulate, stip'u-lat, v. i. to contract: 
to settle terms. — ns. stipulation, act of 
stipulating: a contract; stipulator. 

stir, ster, v. t. to move: to rouse: to 
instigate. — v. i. to move oneself: to be 
active: to draw notice. — n. tumult: bus- 
tle. — n. stir'rer. — p. a. stir'ring, putting 
in motion: active: accustomed to a busy 
life: animating, rousing. 

stirrup, stir'up, n. a metal or wooden 
loop suspended from the saddle, for a 
horseman's foot. 

stitch, stich, n. a pass of a needle and 
thread, the part of the thread left in 
the fabric, a single loop or link: the 
kind of work produced by stitching. 
— v. t. to sew so as to show a regular 
line of stitches : to sew or unite. — v. i. 
to^ practise stitching. — ns. stitch'er; 
stitch'ing, the act of one who stitches . 

stock, stok, n. something stuck or 
thrust in : the stem of a tree or plant : 
the trunk which receives a graft : a block 
or log: anything dull and lifeless as a 
log : a stupid person : the wood in which 
the barrel of a firearm is fixed: the 
cross-piece of timber, etc., into which 
the shank of an anchor is inserted: the 
part to which others are attached: the 
original progenitor: family: a fund, 
shares of capital : store, goods used in 



a stimulant : — pi. trade : the cattle, etc., kept on a farm or 
ranch: the foun- 



dation for soup : 
a cravat: — (pi.) 
an instrument in 
which the legs of 
offenders were 
confined: the 
frame for a ship 
while building : 
public funds, 
shares of corpor- 
ate capital. — v. t. 




Stocks. 



to store : to supply : to fill : to supply 
with domestic animals. — a. kept in stock. 

stocking, stok'ing, n. a close covering 
for the foot and lower leg.- 

stocky, stok'i, a. short and stout, 
thick-set : having a strong stem. 

stogy, stogie, sto'gi, n. a long, thin- 
rolled cigar of a coarse grade. 

Stoic, sto'ik, n. a disciple of the phi- 
losopher Zeno, who opened his school in 
a colonnade at Athens : (s-) one indiffer- 
ent to pleasure or pain. — adjs. sto'ic, -al. 

stoke, stok, v. i. to stir or tend a fire. 

stole, stol, pa. t. of steal. 

stole, stol, n. a long robe reaching to 
the feet: a narrow vestment worn by 
bishops and priests of the R. C. Church. 

stolen, stol'en, pa. p. of steal. 

stolid, stol'id, a. dull: heavy: stupid: 
foolish. — ns. stolid'ity, stol'idness, state 
of being stolid : dullness of intellect 

stomach, stum'ak, n. the strong mem- 
branous sac into which the food passes 
when swallowed, and where it is prin- 
cipally digested : the cavity in any ani- 
mal for the digestion of its food: 
appetite, relish for food, inclination gen- 
erally: disposition, spirit, courage, pride, 
spleen. — v. t. to brook or put up with. 

stone, ston, n. a hard mass of earthy 
or mineral matter, the hard material of 
which rock consists : a piece of rock of 
a certain size or form, or for a particu- 
lar purpose: a precious stone or gem: 
a tombstone : a concretion formed in the 
bladder: a hard shell containing the 
seed of some fruits : a weight of 14 lb. 
avoirdupois. — a. made of stone, or of 
stoneware. — v. t. to pelt with stones: to- 
free from stones: to wall with stones. — 
a. stone'-blind, as blind as a stone, per- 
fectly blind. — adv. sto'nily. — n. std'ni- 
ness, the state of being stony or abound- 
ing with stones : hardness of heart or 



464 stood fate far; me, her; mine; strain 

mind.— a. sto'ny, made of, or resem- count, report, statement: an anecdote: 
bling stone: abounding with stones: the plot of a novel or drama: a lie, a 
hard: pitiless: obdurate. fib, a fictitious narrative. — a. sto'ried., 

stood, stood, pa. t. and pa. p. of stand, told or celebrated in a story . 

stool, stol, n. a seat without a back: story, sto'ri, n. a division of a house 
a low bench for the feet or for kneeling reached by one flight of stairs . 
on: the seat used in evacuating the stout, stowt, a. strong: robust: cor- 
bowels : the act of evacuating the bowels, pulent : resolute : proud. — n. extra strong, 
also that which is evacuated. stovaine, sto'van, n. a crystalline sub- 

stoop, stop, v. i. to bend the body : to stance producing local anaesthesia. Form- 
lean forward: to submit: to descend ulaC 6 H 5 OCO. (CH 3 ) C(C 2 H 5 ). CH 2 .N 
from rank or dignity: to condescend: to (CH3)2. 

swoop down, as a bird of prey. Stove, stov, n. an apparatus with a 

_ stoop, stop, n. (Shak.) a vessel of fire for warming a room, cooking, etc. 

liquor, a flagon. [A. S. stoppa, a cup.] stove, stov, pa. t. and pa. p. of stave. 

stoop, stop, n. an open platform be- stow, sto, v. t. to place: to arrange: 
fore the entrance of a house, with steps, to fill by packing things in. — ns. stow'- 

stop, stop, v. t. to stuff or close up: age, act of placing in order: state of 
to obstruct: to render impassable: to being laid up: room for articles to be 
hinder from further motion, progress, laid away; stow'away, one who hides 
effect, or change: to restrain, repress, himself in an outward-bound vessel in 
suppress, suspend : to intercept : to apply order to get a passage for nothing, 
musical stops to : to regulate the sounds strabismus, stra-bis'mus, n. squint. 
of (a stringed instrument) with the fin- straddle, strad'l, v. i. to stride or part 
gers: (naut.) to make fast— v. i. to cease the legs wide: to stand or walk with 
going forward: to cease from any mo- the legs far apart: to be on both sides 
tion or action, to stay, tarry : to leave of a question, to be non-committal.—^, t. 
off : to be at an end : to ward off a blow, to stand or sit astride of.— n. act of 
— n. act of stopping: state of being straddling: an attempt to fill a non- 
stopped: hindrance: obstacle. committal position.— adv. astride. 

store, stor, n. a hoard or quantity straggle, strag'l, v. i. to wander from 
gathered: abundance: a storehouse: any the course: to stretch beyond proper 
place where goods are sold, a shop: (pi.) limits: to be dispersed.— n. straggler.— 
supplies of provisions, ammunition, etc. a dv. stragg'lingly — a. stragg'ly. 
—v. t. to gather in quantities : to supply : straight, strat, a. direct ; being in a 
to lay up in store : to hoard : to place in a right line : not crooked : upright : free 
warehouse.— ns. sto'rage, the placing in from disorder: honorable: unqualified: 
a store: the safe-keeping of goods in a consisting of a sequence at poker: 
store: the price paid or charged for (slang) undiluted, as a dram of whisky, 
keeping goods in a store ; store'house. etc. : direct, authoritative. — adv. imme- 

stork, stork, n. a long-necked and diately. — v. t. to straighten. — n. in poker, 
long-legged wading-bird. a regular sequence of five cards. — a. 

storm, storm, n. a violent commotion straight'away, straight forward. — 
of the atmosphere producing wind, rain, v. t. straight'en, to make straight. — a. 
etc. : a tempest : a fall of snow, etc. : an straightforward, going forward in a 
outbreak of anger, or the like : commo- straight course : honest : open. — adv. 
tion: tumult: calamity: (mil.) an as-. straightforwardly. — n. straightfor'- 
sault. — v. i. to raise a tempest: to blow wardness, undeviating rectitude. — adv. 
with violence : to be in a violent pas- straight'ly. — n. straight'ness. — adv. 
sion— v. t. to attack by open force : to straight'way, directly : immediately, 
assault. — ns. storm'-door, an outer sup- strain, stran, v. t. to stretch tight: to 
plementary door to shelter the interior draw with force : to exert to the utmost : 
of a building; storm'iness.— a. storm'y, to injure by overtasking: to make tight: 
having many storms : agitated with fu- to constrain, make uneasy or unnatural : 
rious winds : boisterous : violent . to press to oneself, to embrace : to pass 

story, sto'ri, n. a history or narrative through a filter. — v. i. to make violent 
of incidents in their sequence: an ac- efforts: to filter.— n. the act of straining: 



strain mote, move; mute; then. strength 465 

a violent effort: an injury inflicted by stratagem, strat'a-jem, n. an artifice, 

straining, esp. a wrenching of the mus- esp. in war : a plan for deceiving an 

cles: a note, sound, or song, stretch of enemy or gaining an advantage: any 

imagination, etc. : (mech.) any change of artifice generally. — adjs. strategic, -al, 

form or bulk experienced by a solid or pertaining to or done by strategy. — n. 

fluid under stress : mood, disposition. — ■ strat'egy, generalship, or the art of con- 

n. strain'er, one who, or that which, ducting a campaign and maneuvering an 

strains : an instrument for filtration . army : artifice or finesse generally. — adv. 

strain, stran, n. race, stock, genera- strategically. — n. strategist, one skilled 

tion: descent: natural tendency, any ad- in strategy, 

mixture or element in one's character. _ stratify, strat'i-fi, v. t. to form or lay 

strait, strat, a. difficult : distressful . in strata or layers. — n. stratification, act 

— n. a narrow passage of water between of stratifying : state of being stratified . 

two portions of land : difficulty, distress. stratum, stra'tum, n. a bed of earth 

— v. t. to stretch, tighten: to distress. — or rock formed by natural causes, and 

v. t. strait'en, to make strait or narrow: consisting usually of a series of layers: 

to confine : to draw tight : to distress : any bed or layer : — pi. stra'ta. — a. strat'- 

to put into difficulties. — a. strait'-laced, iform, formed like strata, 

rigid or narrow in opinion. stratus, stra/tus, n. the lowest of 

strand, strand, n. the margin or beach clouds, a widely-extended horizontal 

of the sea or of a lake. — v. t. to run sheet, of varied thickness, 

aground : to be stopped. — v. i. to drift or straw, straw, n. the stalk on which 

be driven ashore. — p. a. strand'ed, driven certain grains grow, and from which 

on .shore : left helpless. they are thrashed : a quantity of these 

strand, strand, n. one of the strings when thrashed : anything worthless. 

or parts that compose a rope. stray, stra, v. i. to wander : to go 

strange, stranj, a. foreign: belonging from the inclosure, company, or proper 

to another country : not formerly limits : to err : to rove. — n. a domestic 

known, heard, or seen : not domestic : animal that has strayed or is lost : a 

new : causing surprise or curiosity, mar- straggler, a waif, a truant. — a. strayed. 

velous; unusual, odd: estranged, re- streak, strek, n. a line or long mark 

served : unacquainted with, unversed : different in color from the ground, a 

not lawfully belonging to one. — adv. band of marked color of some length, 

strange'ly. — ns. strange'ness ; stran'ger, a stripe: a slight characteristic, a trace, 

a foreigner: one away from home: one a passing mood: the appearance pre- 

unknown or unacquainted. sented by the surface of a mineral when 

strangle, strang'gl, v. t. to compress scratched : a strake or line of planking, 

the throat of, so as to prevent breath- — v. t. to form streaks in : to mark with 

ing and destroy life : to choke : to hin- streaks. — a. streaked, streaky, striped : 

der from birth or appearance: to (coll.) confused. — n. streak'iness.— a. 

suppress. — n. strang'ler. — v. t. Strang'- streak'y, marked with streaks, striped. 

ulate, to strangle : to compress so as to streak, strek, v. i. to run swiftly, 

suppress or suspend function. — p. a. stream, strem, n. a current of water, 

strang'ulated. — n. strangula'tion. air, or light, etc. : anything flowing out 

strap, strap, n. a narrow strip of cloth, from a source : anything forcible, flow- 
leather, etc. : a razor-strop : an iron plate ing, and continuous : drift, tendency. — 
secured by screw-bolts, for connecting v. i. to flow in a stream: to pour out 
two or more timbers. — v. t. to beat or abundantly : to be overflown with : to 
bind with a strap : to strop, as a razor, issue in rays : to stretch in a long line. 
— ns. strap'-hang'er, (coll.) one who has ■ — v. t. to discharge in a stream : to wave. 
to hang on to a strap in a street-car, etc., n. stream'er, a flag flowing in the wind. 
for lack of seats; strap'per, something street, stret, n. a road in a city or 
big, a tall large person ; strap'ping, the town, lined with houses or stores : those 
act of fastening with a strap: materials who live in a street: the part of the 
for straps : a thrashing. — a. tall, hand- street for vehicles : the body of brokers, 
some. — n. street'-car, a passenger-car. 

strata, stra'ta, pi of stratum. strength, strength, n. quality of being 
30 



466 strenuous fate, far; me, her; mine; strip 

strong : power of any kind, active or to dash : to stamp : to coin : to thrust in : 
passive: force, vigor, violence: solidity to cause to sound: to let down, as a 
or toughness: power to resist attack: sail: to ground upon, as a ship: to pun- 
excellence, boldness of conception or ish : to affect strongly: to affect sud- 
treatment: brightness: intensity: valid- denly with alarm or surprise: to ratify: 
ity: vigor of style or expression: secur- to take down and remove: to erase (with 
ity : amount of force : potency of out, off) : to come upon unexpectedly, 
liquors : available force or support. — v. t. to find : to occur to : to appear to : to 
strengthen to make strong or stronger : assume : to hook a fish by a quick turn 
to confirm : to encourage : to increase of the wrist. — v. i. to give a quick 
in power or security. — v. i. to become blow: to hit: to dash: to sound by 
stronger. — a. strengthening, invigorat- being struck : to touch : to run aground : 
ing. to pass quickly: to dart: to take root: 

strenuous, stren'u-us, a. active: vig- to lower the flag in token of respect or 
orous : urgent : zealous : bold : necessi- surrender : to give up work in order to 
.tating exertion. — n. strenuos'ity, stren- secure higher wages, or the redress of 
uousness : a straining after effect. some grievance, or from sympathy with 

stress, stres, n. force: pressure: ur- other striking workers, etc.: — pa. t. 
gency: strain: violence, as of the struck; pa. p. struck or strick'en. — n. act 
weather: the relative loudness or em- of striking for redress of grievances, 
phasis with which certain syllables are etc.: (geol.) the direction of the out- 
pronounced, accent : weight, importance . crop of a stratum : any dishonest attempt 

stretch, strech, v. t. to extend : to to extort money : a lucky find, discov- 
draw out: to expand: to reach out: to ery: in baseball, any one of several plays 
exaggerate, strain, or carry further than scoring against the batsman: in bowling, 
is right: to cause to lie at full length, the advantage gained by knocking down 
— v. i. to be drawn out: to be extended: all the pins with one ball. — n. strik'er, 
to extend without breaking: to exag- one who or that which strikes. — a. 
gerate. — n. act of stretching: effort: strik'ing, affecting: surprising: forcible: 
struggle: reach: extension: state of be- impressive: exact. — adv. strik'ingly. 
ing stretched: utmost extent of mean- string, string, n. a small cord or slip 
ing : course : one single uninterrupted of anything for tying, twine : a ribbon : 
sitting, turn, etc. — n. stretch'er. nerve, tendon, a vegetable fiber: the 

strew, stro, v. t. to spread by scatter- chord of a musical instrument: (pi.) 
ing: to scatter loosely: — pa. p. strewed stringed instruments collectively: a suc- 
or strewn. — n. strew'ing. cession or series of things : a drove of 

stricken, strik'n (B.), pa. p. of strike, horses: in billiards, the number of points 

strict, strikt, a. exact : extremely nice : made in a game. — v. t. to supply with 
observing exact rules, regular: severe: strings: to put on a string: to make 
restricted, taken strictly : thoroughly ac- tense or firm. — v. i. to stretch out into 
curate: tense, stiff: absolute, unbroken: a long line: to form itself into strings: 
constricted. — adv. strictly, narrowly, at billiards, to drive the ball the length 
closely, rigorously, exclusively. — ns. of the table and back, in order to de- 
stfict'ness; strict'ure, (surg.) an unnat- termine which player is to open the game, 
ural contraction of a mucous canal: an — pa. t. and pa. p. strung. — a. stringed, 
unfavorable criticism: censure. having strings. — ns. string'er, one who 

stride, strid, v. i. to walk with long or that which strings : a lengthwise 
steps : to straddle. — v. t. to pass over at timber on which a rail is fastened : any 
a step : to bestride, ride upon : — pa. t. main lengthwise timber in^ a bridge or 
strode; pa. p. strid'den. — n. a long step, other building; string'iness. — adjs. 

strident, stri'dent, a. creaking, grat- string'less, having no strings ; string'y* 
ing, harsh. — adv. stri'dently. — v. i. strid'- consisting of strings or small threads . 
iilate, to make a stridulous sound. stringent, strin'jent, a. binding strong- 

strife, strif, n. contention for supe- ly: urgent— -n. stringency, state or 
riority: struggle for victory: contest, quality of being stringent: severe pres- 

strike, strik, v. t. to give a blow to: sure. — adv. strin'gently, 
to hit with force, to smite: to pierce: strip, strip, v. t. to pull off in strips 



stripe mote, move; mute; then. stud 46T 

or stripes: to tear off: to deprive of a of wood covered with leather, etc., for 

covering : to skin, to peel, to husk : to sharpening razors. — v. t. to sharpen on a 

make bare: to expose: to deprive: to strop. [Older form of strap.'] 

impoverish or make destitute: to strove, strov, pa. t. of strive. 

plunder: to press out the last milk from strow, stro, same as strew: — pa. p. 

(a cow) : to separate from the stems, strowed or strown. 

as the leaves of tobacco. — v. i. to un- struck, pa. t. and pa. p. of strike. 

dress : to lose the thread, as a screw : to structure, struk'tur, n. manner of 

come off. — n. a long narrow piece of building: construction: a building, esp. 

anything. — n. strip'per. one of large size: arrangement of parts 

stripe, strip, n. a blow, esp. one made or of particles in a substance : manner 

with a lash, rod, etc. : a wale or dis- of organization : an organic form, 

colored mark made by a lash or rod: struggle, strug'l, v. i. to make great 

a line of a different color from the. efforts with contortions of the body: to 

ground: kind, particular sort: striped make great exertions: to contend; to 

cloth. — v. t. to make stripes upon : to labor in pain : to be in agony or distress. 

form with lines of different colors. — adjs. — n. a violent effort with contortions of 

striped, having stripes of different the body : great labor : agony, 

colors ; stri'py, stripe-like. strum^ strum, v. t. to play on (as a 

stripling, stripling, n. a youth: one musical instrument) in a coarse, noisy 

yet growing. [Dim. of strip.) manner. [A variant of thrum.] 

strive, striv, v. i. to make efforts strung, strung, pa. t. and pa. p. of 

(with with, against, for) : to endeavor string. 

earnestly : to labor hard : to struggle, to strut, strut, v. i. to walk in a pompous 

fight : to contend : to aim : — pa. i. strove ; manner : to walk with affected dignity. 

pa. p. striv'en. — ns. striv'er, striv'ing. — — n. a proud step or walk : affectation of 

adv. striv'ingly, with earnest efforts, dignity in walking. — n. strut'ter. 

strode, strod, pa. t. of stride. strychnine, strik'nin, n. a poisonous 

stroke, strok, n. a. blow: a sudden alkaloid occurring in crystals, obtained 

attack : calamity : the sound of a clock : from the seeds of nux vomica — also 

a dash in writing: the sweep of an oar strych'nia. — a. strych'nic. 

in rowing, the aftmost oar of a boat : stub, stub, n. the stump left after a 

the movement of the piston of a steam- tree is cut down: anything short and thick, 

engine : the touch of a pen or pencil : a stump or truncated end of anything. — 

any characteristic feature : an effective v. t. to take the stubs or roots of from 

action, a feat, a masterly effort. ^ the ground: to cut to a stub: to strike 

stroke, strok, v. t. to rub gently in one against a stub. — n. stub'biness, state of 

direction: to rub gently in kindness. being stubby: stubbedness. — a. stub'by, 

stroll, strol, v. i. to ramble idly or abounding with stubs : short, thick, 
leisurely : to wander on foot. — n. a stubble, stub'l, n. the stumps or root- 
leisurely walk : a wandering on foot.' ends of the stalks of grain left in the 

strong, strong, a. firm : having phys- ground by the reaper or mower : any- 

ical power : hale, healthy : able to endure : thing like this, as a bristly beard, etc. 

solid: well fortified: having wealth or stubborn, stub'ern, a. immovably 

resources : moving with rapidity : im- fixed in opinion : obstinate : persevering : 

petuous : earnest: having great vigor, as steady: stiff: inflexible: hardy: not 

the mind : forcible : energetic, deter- easily melted or worked. — adv. stubb'- 

mined, positive : affecting the senses, as ornly. — n. stubb'ornness. 

smell and taste : forcibly offensive or stucco, stuk'6, n. a plaster of lime 

intense in quality, pungent : loud, sten- and fine sand, etc., used as a coating for 

torian : hard, indigestible : having a qual- walls, for decorations, etc. 

ity in a great degree : intoxicating, rich stuck, stuk, pa. t. and pa. p. of stick. 

in alcohol : bright : intense : well estab- stud, stud, n. a collection of breeding 

lished, firm. — n. strong'hold, a place horses and mares, also the place where 

strong to hold out against attack: a fast- they are kept: a collection of horses for 

ness : a fortress. — adv. strong'ly.- racing or hunting. — n. stud'horse. 

strop, strop, n. a strip of leather, or stud, stud, n. a nail with a large head ; 



468 student 



fate, far; me, her; mine: 



style 



an ornamental button worn in a cuff or 
shirt-front: one of the intermediate 
posts in a partition to which laths are 
nailed, etc. — v. t. to adorn with knobs : 
to set thickly, as with studs. 

student, stu'dent, n. one who studies, 
a scholar at a higher school, college, or 
university: one devoted to the study of 
any subject: a man devoted to books. 

studio, stu'di-6, n. the workshop of an 
artist or photographer: — pi. stu'dios. 

studious, stu'di'Us, a. given to study : 
thoughtful: diligent: careful (with of): 
studied: deliberately planned. — adv. stu'- 
diously. — n. stu'diousness. 

study, stud'i, v. t. to bestow pains 
upon : to apply the mind to : to examine 
closely, in order to learn thoroughly : 
to form and arrange by thought: to 
con over. — v. i. to apply the mind closely 
to a subject: to try hard: to muse, med- 
itate, reflect : to apply the mind to books : 
— pa. t. and pa. p. stud'ied. — n. earnest 
endeavor, application to books, etc. 

stuff, stuf, n. materials of which any- 
thing is made : that which fills anything : 
essence, elemental part : textile fabrics, 
cloth, esp. when woolen : something 
trifling, worthless, or contemptible : 
possessions generally, esp. household 
furniture, etc. — v. t. to fill by crowding: 
to fill the skin of (a dead animal) so 
as to reproduce its living form. — v. i. to 
feed gluttonously : to practise taxidermy. 
— ns. stuff er; stuffing, that which is 
used to stuff or fill anything. 

stuffy, stuf'i, a. badly ventilated, 
musty : causing difficulty in breathing. 

stultify, stul'ti-fi, v. t. to make a fool 
of: to cause to appear foolish: to 
destroy the force of (one's argument) 
by self-contradiction. — ns. stultiflca'- 
tion, stul'tifier. 

stumble, stum'bl, v. i. to trip in walk- 
ing: to light on by chance (with upon) : 
to slide into crime or error. — v. t. to 
cause to trip or stop : to puzzle. — n. a 
trip in walking or running : a blunder . 

stump, stump, n. the part of a tree 
left in the ground after the trunk is 
cut down : the part of a body remaining 
after a part is cut off or destroyed : 
in cricket, one of the three sticks form- 
ing a wicket. — v. t. to reduce to a stump, 
to truncate, to cut off a part of : to strike 
unexpectedly, as the foot against some- 
thing fixed : to bring to a stop by means 



of some obstacle or other, to defeat, 
ruin: {coll.) to challenge to do some- 
thing difficult: to make stump-speeches 
throughout a district, constituency, etc. 
— v. i. to walk along heavily: to make 
stump-speeches.- 

stun, stun, v. t. to stupefy or astonish 
with a loud noise, or with a blow : to 
surprise completely : to amaze. — n. a 
stroke, shock, stupefying blow. — ns. 
stun'ner, a person or an action that 
strikes with amazement ; stun'ning, 
stupefaction. — a. very striking. 

stung, stung, pa. t. and pa. p. of sting. 

stunk, stungk, pa. p. of stink. 

stunt, stunt, v. t. to hinder from 
growth, to dwarf, check. — n. a check in 
growth : an animal whose growth is 
stunted. — a. stunt'ed, dwarfed. 

stunt, stunt, u. an act, deed, or per- 
formance : a feat, a difficult task. 

stupefy, stu'pe-fi, v. t. to make stupid 
or senseless : to deaden the perception 
of: to deprive of sensibility: — pa. t. and 
pa. p. stu'pefied. — a. stupefa'cient, 
stupefying. — n. anything that stupefies, a 
narcotic drug. — n. stupefac'tion, the act 
of making stupid or senseless : insensi- 
bility: stupidity. — a. stupefac'tive. 

stupendous, stu-pen'dus, a. wonder- 
ful, amazing, astonishing for its magni- 
tude, force, or enormity. 

stupid, stu'pid, a. struck senseless : 
insensible : deficient or dull in under- 
standing : formed or done without reason 
or judgment: foolish: unskilful. — ns. 
stupid'ity, stii'pidness. — adv. stii'pidly. 

stupor, stu'por, n. the state of being 
struck senseless : suspension of sense. 

sturdy, ster'di, a. (comp. stur'dier, 
superl. stur'diest) resolute : firm : forc- 
ible : strong : robust : stout. 

sturgeon, ster'jun, n. a large ganoid 
fish yielding caviare from its roe. 

stutter, stut'er, v. i. to hesitate in 
speaking : to stammer. — n. the act of 
stuttering: a hesitation in speaking. 

sty, sti, n. a small inflamed tumor on 
the eyelid. 

sty, sti, n. an inclosure for swine . 

Stygian, stij'i-an, a. relating to Styx, 
one of the rivers of Hades : hellish. 

style, stil, n. anything long and 
pointed, esp. a pointed tool for engrav- 
ing or writing : manner of writing, mode 
of expressing thought in language : char- 
acteristic or peculiar mode of expression 



stylograph mote, move; mute; then. submit 469 

and execution (in the fine arts): title: handled: (anat.) a dead body for dis- 

mode of address : manner : form : section : a person supposed to be pecu- 

fashion : mode of reckoning time. — a. liarly sensitive to hypnotic influence : the 

stylish, displaying style: fashionable: object of expression or representation: 

showy: pretending to style.— adv. sty'- topic: matter, materials: the general 

lishly.— ns. stylishness; sty'list, one plan of any work of art.— v. t. subject', 

with a distinctive and fine literary style ; to throw or bring under : to bring under 

sty'lus, a style, pen: the vibrating pin of the power of: to make subordinate or 

a phonograph subservient : to subdue : to enslave : to 

stylograph,' stil'o-graf, n. a pencil- undergo.— n. subjec'tion the act of 

like pen from which ink is fed to a subjecting or subduing: the state of be- 

tubular writing-point through which runs mg subject to another.— a subjective, 

a needle which when pressed on the relating to tne subject: derived from 

paper releases the ink.— a. stylograph'ic. one's own consciousness.— adv. subject'- 

Styx, stiks. See Stygian. vrely.—ns. subject'iveness; subjectiv - 

suasion, swa'zhun, n. the act of per- *y, state of being subjective . _ 

suading or advising: advice.-a. sua'- subjoin, sub-join z;. *. to join under: 

sive, tending to persuade: persuasive. to add at the end or. afterwards: to 

suave, swav, or swiiv, a. pleasant: fix or .annex.-n subjoin der, a remark 

,7 , ' , -„ fl », ' M ,.. 9 „/: h , following on another. 

agreeable.-^* suave ly-n. suavity. subju | at sul y j6 at> „ t to bring 

sub-. A prefix from L. sub, under, mider J t g e ' oke . t J Q g ring under * 

denoting inferior position, subordinate or dominio * : to conquer 8 

degree, etc In chemistry, prefixed to subjunctive sub -j U ngk'tiv, a. sub- 

the name of a salt it denotes a deficiency joined J . added tQ some * hi den oting 

of acid and an excess of base. that mQod of a yerb which sses 

subagent, sub-aj ent, n one employed condition) hypothesis, or contingency. 

by an agent to transact business in his sub limate, sublim-at, v.t to elevate: 

stead. w to refine and exalt: to purify by raising 

subaltern, sub-awi tern, or sub al- by heat int0 vapor which again becomes 

tern, a. inferior: subordinate.— n. a sub- so lid. — 7^. the product of sublimation, 

ordinate: an officer m the army under sublime, sub-lim', a. high: lofty: 

the rank of captain.— a. subalter nate. ma jestic : awakening feelings of awe or 

subaqueous, sub-a'kwe-us, a. lying veneration.—^, t. to exalt: to dignify, 
under water : formed under water : living to ennoble : to improve : to purify, to 
under water. — a. subaquatlc, sub- bring to a state of vapor by heat and 
aqueous: partially aquatic. _ condense again by cold.— v. i. to be sub- 
subconscious, sub-kon'shus, a. faintly lirned or sublimated. — adv. sublimely, 
conscious, applying to perceptions which in a sublime manner: loftily: with 
are without consciousness or memory. elevated conceptions. — ns. sublime'ness, 

subdivide, sub-di-vid', v. t. to divide sublim'ity, loftiness : elevation : gran- 

into smaller divisions : to divide again, deur : loftiness of thought or style . 

— v. i. to be subdivided : to separate. — ■ submarine, sub-ma-ren', a. under or 

a. subdivisible. — n. subdivi'sion, in the sea. — n, a boat capable of being 

subdue, sub-du', v. t. to conquer: to propelled under water, esp. for carrying 
bring under dominion : to render sub- and firing torpedoes, 
missive : to tame : to soften. — a. subdu'- submerge, sub-merj', submerse, sub- 
able. — n. subdu'al, the act of subduing, mers', v. t. to plunge under water : to 

subjacent, sub-ja'sent, a. lying under overflow with water : to drown. — v. i. to 

or below: being in a lower situation. sink under water. — ns. submerg'ence; 

subj'ect, sub'jekt, a. under the power submer'sion; submersible, a submarine 

of another: liable, prone, disposed: ex- boat of high surface-cruising power, 

posed: subordinate, tributary: subserv- submit, sub-mit', v. t. to refer to the 

ient. — n. one under the power of an- j'udgment of another : to surrender to 

other: one under allegiance to a sover- another. — v. i. to yield oneself to an- 

eign: that on which any operation is other: to surrender: to yield one's 

performed: that which is treated or opinion: to be subject. — n. submission, 



470 subordinate fate, far; me, her; mine; subtile 

act of submitting or yielding: acknowl- ance: to purchase the aid of, to buy 
edgment of inferiority or of a fault: over. 

humble behavior: resignation. — a. sub- subsist, sub-sist', v. I to have exist- 
mis'sive, willing or ready to submit, ence: to remain, continue, inhere: to 

subordinate, sub-or'di-nat, a. lower have the means of living.— n. subsist'- 
in order, rank, nature, power, etc. : de- ence, state of being subsistent : real be- 
scending in a regular series.— n. one in mg : means of supporting life : livelihood, 
a lower order or rank: an inferior.— v. t. subsoil, sub'soil, n. the under soil: the 
to place in a lower order: to consider bed or stratum of earth which lies im- 
of less value: to make subject. mediately beneath the surface soil. 

suborn, sub-orn', v. t. to cause to substance, sub stans, n. that in which 
commit a perjury: to procure indirectly. Qualities or attributes exist the exist- 
— ns. subornation, act of causing a ence to which qualities belong^ that 
person to take a false oath: crime of which constitutes anything what it is: 
procuring any one to do a bad action, the essential part: body: matter: prop- 
subpoena, subpena, sub-pe'na, n. a erty : foundation ground confidence, 
writ commanding the attendance of a . substantial, sub-stan shal, a. belong- 
person in court under a penalty: a sum- in ? f . t0 or having substance : actually 
mons to a witness, etc.-z/. t. to serve existing: real: solid: having substance 
with a writ of subpoena. or strength : lasting : strong, stout, 

subrogation, sub-ro-ga'shun, n. (law) ^ ^"eTat ^Tnfde^T* faTrlv 
the substitution of one person or thing ^^ cotformingTo'that 1 is ett 
ior anomer. tial. — v. t. substantialize, to give 

subscribe, sub-skrib , v. t to write fealit tQ __ n subs tantial'ity.-atfz/. sub- 
underneath : to give consent to some- stan ' tial i y> _ M . pL substan'tials, essen- 
thing written, or to attest, by writing tial _^ f substan ' tiate t ' Q make 

ones name underneath : to sign one s. substantial . to prove r confirm.-^, 
name: to promise to give or pay, or substantia ' t i on . _ adjSm substan trval; 
to take, as a newspaper or book, by sub ' stantive expressing existence: real: 
attaching one s name.-z;. • to promise of real independent i mpor tance.-n. 
a certain sum by setting one s name to a ( } the t of h denoti 

paper: to enter ones name for anything. something that exists : a noun. 

subsequent, sub se-kwent a. follow- subst i tu te, sub'sti-tut, v. t. to put in 
ing or coming after.— ns. sub sequence, place of anot her.— w. one who or that 
sub sequency, state of being subsequent. which is put in place f another.— a. 
— adv. sub'sequently % put i nstea d of another.— n. substitution, 

subserve, sub-serv , v. t. to serve act f substituting or putting in place 
subordinately or mstrumentally : to help f another: the use of one word for 
forward.— ns. subser'vience, subser'- ano ther, syllepsis.— a. sub'stitative. 
viency, state of being subservient: ob- substratum, sub-stra'tum, n. an un- 
sequiousness : servility.— a. subser'vient, d er stratum or layer, a fundamental 
subserving : serving to promote : sub- element. 
ject: submissive.— adv. subser'viently. subterfuge, sub'terfuj, n. that to 

subside, sub-sld', v. I to settle down: which one resorts for escape or con- 
to settle at the bottom: to fall into a cealment: an artifice to escape censure 
state of quiet : to sink to a lower level : r the force of an argument : evasion. 
(coll.) to cease talking, to take a less subterranean, sub-te-ra'ne-an, a. be- 
prominent place. ing or lying under the earth or ground. 

subsidy, sub'si-di, n. assistance: aid subtile, sub'til, or sut'il, a. delicately 
in money : a grant of financial aid by constructed : fine : thin or rare : shrewd. 
a government. — adv. subsidiarily. — a. — adv. sub'tilely. — ns. subtleness ; sub- 
subsid'iary, furnishing a subsidy, help, tiliza'tion. — v. t. sub'tilize, to "make 
or additional supplies : aiding. — n. one subtile, thin, or rare : to spin into nice- 
who or that which aids or supplies: ties. — v. i. to make nice distinctions: to 
an assistant. — v. t. sub'sidize, to furnish refine in argument. — ns. sub'tilism, the 
With a subsidy, grant, or regular allow- quality of being subtile; sub'tilty, state 



subtle mote, move; mute; then. suffice 471 

or quality of being subtile: fineness: ex- adv. successively. — ns. succes'siveness; 
treme acuteness : cunning. succes'sor, one who succeeds or comes 

subtle, sutl, a. subtile in a figurative after : one who takes the place of an- 
sense: acute, quick to discern or dis- other ; succes'sorship. 
criminate : insinuating, sly, artful : cun- _ succinct, suk-singkt', a. short : con- 
ningly devised, ingenious. — ns. subtle- cise. — adv. succinct'ly. 
ness, subt'lety, quality of being subtle: succor, succour, suk'er, v. t. to as- 
artfulness : shrewdness : extreme acute- sist : to relieve-. — n. aid : relief, 
ness. — adv. subtly (B. sub'tilly), in- succotash, suk'o-tash, n. a mixture of 
geniously, cleverly: artfully, deceitfully, green corn and beans. [Amer. Ind.] 

subtract, sub-trakt', v. t. to take away succulent, suk'u-lent, a. full of juice 
(a part) from the rest: to take (one or moisture. — n. succ'ulence. 
number or quantity) from another to succumb, suk-kum', v. i. to lie down 
find their difference. — ns. subtrac'ter; under: to sink under: to yield, to sub- 
subtrac'tion, the act or operation of mit, to die. 

subtracting. — a. subtract'ive, subtract- such, such, a. of the like kind : of that 
ing: tending to subtract or lessen. — n. quality or character mentioned. — pron. 
sub'trahend, the sum or number to be denoting a particular person or thing. 
subtracted from another. suck, suk, v. t. to draw in with the 

suburb, sub'erb, suburbs, sub'erbz, mouth: to draw milk from with the 
n. the district which is near but beyond mouth : to imbibe : to drain. — v. i. to 
the limits of a city: the confines, out- draw with the mouth: to draw the 
skirts. — a. subur'ban, situated or living breast: to draw in. — n. act of sucking: 
in the suburbs. milk drawn from the breast. — n. suck'er. 

subvene, sub-ven', v. i. to occur so as suckle, sukl, v. t. to give suck to : to 
to effect a result. — n. subvention, act of nurse at the breast. — n. suckling, a 
coming to relief, support : a government young child or animal being nursed at 
aid or subsidy. the breast. — a. sucking. [Dim. of suck.] 

subvert, sub-vert', v. t. to turn up- suction, suk'shun, n. act or power of 
side down : to overthrow from the foun- sucking : act of drawing, as fluids, by 
dation: to ruin utterly: to corrupt. — n. exhausting the air. — a. sucto'rial. 
subversion. — a. subver'sive, tending to sudden, sud'en, a. unexpected: hasty: 
subvert, overthrow, or destroy.- abrupt. — adv. sud'denly.- 

subway, sub'wa, n. an underground sudorific, su-dor-if'ik, a. causing 
way for traffic, or for water-pipes, gas- sweat. — n. a medicine producing sweat, 
pipes, sewers,, electric wires, etc. : a tun- — n. su'dor, sweat. 
nel. suds, sudz, n. pi. water frothing with 

succeed, suk-sed', v. t. to come after, soap. 
to follow up or in order: to follow: to sue, su, v. t. to prosecute at law: to 
take the place of. — v. i. to follow in seek after, to try to win. — v. i. to make 
order : to take the place of another : to legal claim : to make application : to en- 
obtain one's wish or accomplish what treat: to demand (with for). — n. suing, 
is attempted: to end with advantage. suede, swad, n. undressed kid— often 
— ns. succeed'er; success', act of sue- a., as 'suede gloves', 
ceeding or state of having succeeded : the suet, su'et, n. a solid fatty tissue, 
prosperous termination of anything at- suffer, suf'er, v. t. to undergo : to en- 
tempted : a successful person or affair. — dure : to be affected by : to permit. — v. i. 
a. success'ful, resulting in success : hav- to feel pain or punishment : to sustain 
ing the desired effect or termination: loss: to be injured. — a. sufferable, that 
prosperous. — adv. success'fully. — ns. may be suffered : allowable. — adv. suff - 
success'fulness; succes'sion, act of sue- erably. — ns. sufferance, state of suffer- 
ceeding or following after: series of ing: endurance: permission: toleration; 
persons or things following each other sufferer; suffering, distress, loss., 
in time or place : series of descendants : suffice, suf'fis, v. i. to be enough : to 
race: (agri.) rotation, as of crops: be equal to the end in view. — v. t. to 
right to take possession. — a. succes'sive, satisfy. — n. sufficiency, state of being 
following in succession or in order. — sufficient: competence: ability: capacity: 



472 suffix fate, far; me, her; mine; 9ummon 

conceit. — a. sufficient, sufficing : enough : suite, swet, n. a train of followers or 
equal to any end or purpose : competent, attendants : a regular set, particularly 

suffix, suf'iks, n. a particle added to of rooms: a series: a sequel, 
the root of a word. — v. t. suffix', to add, sulk, sulk, v. i. to be sullen. — adv. 
as a letter or syllable to a word. sulk'ily, in a sulky, sullen, or morose 

suffocate, suf'6-kat, v. t. to choke by manner^ — n. sulk'iness. — n. pi. sulks, a 
stepping the breath : to stifle : — p. a. fit of sullenness. — a. sulk'y, silently sul- 
suff'ocating, choking. — adv. suff'ocat- len. — n. a light two-wheeled vehicle. 
ingly. — n. suffoca'tion. sullen, sul'en, a. gloomily angry and 

suffrage, suf'raj, n. a vote: a vote in silent: malignant, baleful: dark: dull, 
approbation of any proposal, hence ap- sully, sul'i, v. t. to soil: to spot, 
proval, assent: testimony; suffragette', sulphur, sul'fer, n. a yellow mineral 
a woman who demands the right to vote, substance, very brittle, fusible, and in- 

suffuse, suf-fiiz', v. t. to pour under- flammable: brimstone. — ns. sul'phate, a 
neath: to overspread or cover, as with salt formed by sulphuric acid with a 
a fluid. — n. suffu'sion, act or operation base; sul'phid, a combination of sulphur 
of suffusing: state of being suffused, with another element or base; sul'phite, 

sugar, shoog'er, n. a sweet substance a salt formed by sulphurous acid. — v. t. 
obtained chiefly from a kind of cane: sul'phurate, to combine with, or sub- 
anything resembling sugar, honeyed ject to, the action of sulphur. — n. sul- 
words, flattery. — v. t. to sprinkle or mix phura'tion. — a. sulphu'reous, consisting 
with sugar: to compliment. — ns. sug'ar- of, containing, or having the qualities of 
beet, any one of several varieties of the sulphur. — n. sul'phuret, a combination 
common garden beet, grown for sugar; of sulphur with an alkali, earth, or 
sug'ar-cane, the saccharine grass (Sac- metal. — adjs. sulphu'ric, pertaining to or 
charum ofheinarum) from which sugar obtained from sulphur: denoting a well- 
is chiefly obtained; sug'ariness, state or known strong acid, formerly called oil 
quality of being sugary or sweet; of vitriol; sul'phurous, pertaining to, 
sug'ar-ma'ple, the hard maple; sug'ar- resembling, or containing sulphur. 
plum, a species of sweetmeat. — a. sug'- sultry, sul'tri, a. sweltering: very hot 
ary, sweetened with, tasting of or like and oppressive: close. — adv. sul'trily. — 
sugar. — sugar of lead, acetate of lead. n. sul'triness. [From swelter.] 

suggest, su-jest', v. t. to introduce in- sum, sum, n. the amount of two or 
directly to the thoughts: to hint. — v. i. more things taken together: the whole 
to make suggestions. — ns. sugges'ter; of anything: a quantity of money: a 
suggestibil'ity, capability of being sug- problem in arithmetic : chief points, 
gested. — a. sugges'tible. — n. sugges'- Sumerian, su-me'ri-an, a. and n. per- 
tion, act of suggesting: hint: proposal: taining to Sumer, an ancient province: 
incitement, temptation: the production a native of Sumer: the language of 
of a condition or state in a person by Sumer. — Applied to the oldest civiliza- 
imparting to him an idea from without, tion, still unfamiliar to all but scholars, 
also the idea so suggested. — a. sugges"- summary, sum'a-ri, a. summed up or 
tive, containing a hint: fitted to suggest; condensed: short: brief: compendious: 

suicide, su'i-sid, n. one who dies by done by a short method. — n. an abstract, 
his own hand : self-murder. — a. suici'dal, abridgment, or compendium. — adv. 
pertaining to or partaking of the crime summ'arily. — n. summ'ariness. — v. t. 
of suicide.— adv. suici'dally.- summ'arize, to present in a summary. 

suit, sut, n. act of suing: a cause or summer, sum'er, n. the second and 
action at law : a petition : a series : a warmest season of the year — June, July, 
set: a number of things of the same August. — v. i. to pass the summer. — ns. 
kind or made to be used together, as sum'mer-gar'den, an open-air refresh- 
clothes or armor: courtship. — v. t. to ment place; summ'er-tide, summ'er- 
fit : to become : to please. — v. i. to agree : time, the summer season. — a. summ'ery, 
to correspond.— n. suit'or, one who sues like summer, 
in love or law: a petitioner: a wooer. summit, sum'it, n. the highest poiat 

suitable, sut'a-bl, a. that suits : fitting : or degree : the top. 
agreeable to: adequate. summon, sum'un, v. t. to call with 



sumptuary mote, move; mute; then. superior 473 

authority: to command to appear, esp. superabundant, su-per-ab-und'ant, a. 

in court: to rouse to exertion. — ns. abundant to excess: more than enough: 

summ'oner; summ'ons, a summoning copious. — v. i. superabound', to abound 

or an authoritative call : a call to ap- exceedingly : to be more than enough, 

pear, esp. in court: a call to surrender. superannuate, su-per-an'u-at, v. t. to 

— V. t. to serve with a summons. impair or disqualify by length of service, 

sumptuary, sumpt'u-ar-i, a. pertain- old age or infirmity : to pension. — v. i. 

ing to or regulating expense, as in to become incapacitated by long service. 

sumptuary laws, which sought to pre- superb, su-perb', a. proud: magnifi- 

vent extravagance in dress, etc. cent: stately: elegant: showy: (coll.) 

sumptuous, sumpt'u-us, a. costly: first-class, very good.— adv. superbly.- 

magnificent. — n. sumpt'uousness. supercargo, su-per-kar'go, n. a per- 

sun, sun, n. the central body of the son in a merchant ship placed in charge 
solar system: a body which forms the of the cargo and superintending the 
center of a system of orbs : that which commercial transactions of the voyage, 
resembles the sun in brightness or value : supercilious, su-per-sil'i-us, a. lofty 
the sunshine: sunrise: day. — v. t. to expose w ith pride: disdainful: dictatorial: 
to the sun's rays.— n. sun'beam, a beam of supererogation, su-per-er-o-ga'shun, 
ray of the sun. — a. sunless, de- M . the act of doing more than duty re- 
prived of the sun or its rays: quires or is necessary, anything super- 
shaded.— ns. sun'lessness; sunlight,^ the fluous or uncalled ior.—adjs. super- 
light of the sun; sun'niness. — a. sun'ny, erog'ative, superog'atory. 
pertaining to, coming from, or like the superficies, su-per-nsh'ez,«. the upper 
sun: exposed to, warmed, or colored by face or sur f ace : the outer face or part 
the suns rays.— ns. sunrise, the rising of a thing.— a. superficial, pertaining to, 
or first appearance, of the sun above or being on> t he surface: shallow: 
the horizon: the time of # this rising: slight : containing only what is appar- 
the east; sunset, the setting or going ent and simp i e: not learned.— adv. 
down of the sun: the west; sunshade, superfi'cially.—M. superfi'cialness. 
a ladies^ parasol: an awning; sun'shme, superfiuous su-per'flo-us, a. more 
the shining* light of the sun: the place than enough: unnecessary or useless.- 
on which it shines: warmth.-*, sun- ^ superfluity, a superfluous quantity or 
shiny bngnt with sunshine: pleasant: more than en ough : state of being super- 
bright-^, sun spot, .one of the dark fluQUS . superabundance.-^, super'- 
irregular spots appearing on the surface fluously ._ n> super'fluousness. 
2» hC frT^su^^ sST dlS ' -Perhuman, su-per-h^man, .above 

sundae, sun'da, n. ice-cream served what is human : divine. . 

with a dip of fruit or other flavoring. . superimpose, su-per-im-poz , v. t. to 

Sunday, sun'da, n. the- first day of impose or lay above. _ 

the week, so called because anciently superincumbent, su-per-m-kum Dent, 

dedicated to the sun or its worship. «• lying above.— n. supermcum'bence. 

sunder, sun'der, v. t. to separate: to superinduce, sii-per-in-dus', v. t. to 

divide.— in sunder (B.), asunder. bring in over and above something else. 

sundry, sun'dri, a. separate: more superintend, sii-per-in-tend', v. t. to 

than one or two: several: divers.— n. pi have the oversight or charge of: to 

sun'dries, sundry things : different small control, manage. — v. i. to exercise 

things. supervision. — ns. superinten'dence, 

sung, sung, pa. t. and pa. p. of sing. superinten'dency, oversight: direction: 

sunk, sungk, sunken, sungk'n, pa. p. management. — a. superintendent, super- 

of sink. intending. — n. one who superintends. 

sup, sup, v. t. to take into the mouth, superior, su-pe'ri-or, a. upper : higher 

as a liquid. — v. i. to eat the evening in place, rank, or excellence : surpass- 

meal: (B.) to sip. — n. a small mouthful, ing others: beyond the influence of: of 

super, su'per, n. a supernumerary. wider application, generic: (print.') set 

superable, su'per-a-bl, a. capable of above the level of the line. — n. one 

being overcome. — n. su'perableness, superior to others: the chief of a mon- 



474 superlative fate, far; me, her; mine; support 

astery, etc. — ns. supe'rioress, a female take place. — a. superve'nient, coming 
superior or chief in a convent, nunnery, above, as something additional. 
etc.; superiority, quality or state of supervise, su-per-viz', v. i. to over- 
being superior : preeminence : advan- see : to superintend. — ns. supervision, 
tage. — adv. superiorly. act of supervising: inspection: con- 

superlative, su-per'la-tiv, a. raised trol; supervi'sor, one who supervises, 
above others or to the highest degree : supine, su-pm', a. lying on the back : 
superior to all others : most eminent : leaning backward, inclined, sloping : neg- 
(gram.) expressing the highest degree ligent: indolent. — ns. supination, the 
of a quality. — n. (gram.) the superla- state of being supine: the act of turn- 
tive or highest degree of adjectives and ing the palm of the hand upward; 
adverbs. — adv. superlatively. sii'pine, one of two parts of the Latin 

supernatural, su-per-nat'u-ral, a. verb, really verbal nouns, 
above or beyond the powers of nature : supper, sup'er, n. the evening meal : 
not according to the usual course of a meal taken at the close of the day. 
nature : miraculous : spiritual. supplant, sup-plant', v. t. to displace 

supernumerary, su-per-num'er-ar-i, by strategem: to take the place of. 
a. over and above the number stated, supple, sup'l, a. pliant: lithe: yielding 
or which is usual or necessary. — n. a to the humor of others : fawning, 
person or thing beyond the usual, neces- supplement, sup'le-ment, n. that which 
sary, or stated number : one who appears supplies or fills up: an addition to a 
on the stage without a speaking part, book or newspaper : any addition by 
superpose, su-per-poz', v. t. to place which defects are supplied : the quan- 
over or upon. — adjs. superpo'sable; tity by which an angle or an arc falls 
superposed'. — n. superposi'tion. short of 180 or a semicircle. — v. t. sup- 

superscribe, su-per-skrlb', v. t. to plement', to supply or fill up: to add 
write or engrave over, on the outside to. — adjs. supplemental, supplement'- 
or top : to write the name on the out- ary, added to supply what is wanting . 
side or cover of. — n. superscription. suppliant, sup'li-ant, a. supplicating: 

supersede, su-per-sed , v. t. to take asking earnestly: entreating. — n. a 
the place of (another) by reason of humble petitioner. — adv. supp'liantly. 
superior right, power, etc. ; to make use- supplicant, sup'li-kant, a. supplicat- 
less by superior value or power: to re- ing: asking submissively. — n. one who 
place : to displace, set aside, render unnec- supplicates or entreats earnestly, 
essary. — ns. supersedeas, a writ to stay supplicate, sup'li-kat, v. t. to entreat 
proceedings, etc.; superses'sion, super- earnestly: to address in prayer. — adv. 
se'dure, the act of superseding. supplicatingly. — n. supplica'tion, act 

supersensible, su-per-sen'si-bl, a. of supplicating: earnest prayer or en- 
above the range of the senses, spiritual, treaty. — a. supplicatory, containing 
— adv. supersen'sibly. — a. supersen'si- supplication or entreaty: humble. 
tive, excessively sensitive. supply, sup-pli', v. t. to fill up, esp. 

superstition, su-per-stish'un, n. ex- a deficiency: to add what is wanted: to 
cessive reverence or fear, based on furnish : to fill (a vacant place) : to 
ignorance : excessive exactness in re- serve instead of. — pa. t. and pa. p. sup- 
ligious opinions or practice: false wor- plied. 

ship or religion: an ignorant and supply, sup-pli', n. act of supplying: 
irrational belief in supernatural agency, that which is supplied or which sup- 
omens, sorcery, etc. : belief in what is plies a want : amount of food or money 
absurd, without evidence: rites or provided (used generally in pi.). 
practices proceeding from superstitious support, sup-port', v. t. to bear up: 
belief or fear. — a. supersti'tious, per- to endure or sustain: to keep up, as a 
taining to or proceeding from supersti- part or character: to make good: to 
tion: over-exact. — adv. supersti'tiously. defend: to represent in acting: to sup- 
superstructure, su-per-strukt'ur, n. a ply with means .of living: to uphold by 
structure above or on something else. countenance, patronize : to speak in favor 
supervene, su-per-ven', v. i. to come of. — n. act of supporting or upholding: 
in addition, or closely after: to occur, that which supports, sustains, or main- 



suppose mote, move; mute; then, surround 475 

tains : maintenance : an actor or the body injuries or diseases by manual opera- 
of actors playing with a star. — a. sup- tions. — n. sur'gery, act and art of treat- 
port'able, capable of being supported: ing lesions or malformations of the 
endurable: capable of being maintained, human body by manual operations, 

suppose, sup-poz', v. t. to lay down, mediate and immediate : a place for 
assume, or state as true: to imagine, surgical operations. — a. sur'gical, per- 
— a. suppo'sable, that may be supposed, taining to surgeons, or to surgery. 
— adv. suppo'sedly, according to suppo- surly, serli, a. morose: uncivil: tem- 
sition. — ns. suppo'ser; supposi'tion, act pestuous. — adv. sur'lily. — n. surliness. 
of supposing: that which is supposed: surmise, ser-miz', n. suspicion: con- 
assumption. — a. suppos'itive, implying, jecture. — v. t. to imagine: to suspect, 
expressing or including a supposition. surmount, ser-mownt', v. t. to mount 

supposititious, sup-poz-i-tish'us, a. above: to surpass: to overcome, get the 
put by trick in the place of another: better of. — a. surmount'able. 
spurious : imaginary, hypothetical. surname, ser'nam, n. a name over and 

suppress, sup-pres', v. t. to crush, above the Christian name: the family 
put down : to keep in : to retain or name. — v. t. to call by a surname, 
conceal: to stop, restrain. — n. suppress'- surpass, ser-pas', v. t. to pass beyond: 
or. — a. suppress'ible. — n. suppres'sion, to exceed : to excel : to go past in space, 
act of suppressing : stoppage : conceal- ■ — a. surpass'able, that may be surpassed. 
ment. — a. suppressive, tending to sup- ■ — p. a. surpassing, passing beyond 
press : subduing. others : excellent in a high degree. 

suppurate, sup'u-rat, v. i. to gather surplice, ser'plis, n. a white linen 
pus or matter. — n. suppura'tion. garment worn over the 

supreme, su-prem', a. highest : great- cassock by clergy _ and 
est : most excellent. — n. suprem'acy, choristers. — a. sur'pliced, 
state of being supreme : highest authority wearing a surplice. [Fr. 
or power. — adv. supremely. surplis — Low L. super- 

surcease, ser-ses', v. i. to cease. — v. t. pellicium, an over-gar- 
to cause to cease. — n. cessation. ment.] 

surcharge, ser-charj', v. t. to over- surplus, ser'plus, n. 
charge or overload. — n. an excessive the overplus : excess 
load : an overcharge : an extra charge. above what is required. 

surcingle, ser'sing-gl, n. a girth or — n. sur'plusage, over- 
strap for holding a saddle on an animal's plus. [Fr., from sur — L. 
back: the girdle of a cassock, super, over, plus, more.] splice. 

sure, shor, a. secure : fit to be de- surprise, ser-priz', n. act of taking 
pended on : certain : strong : confident be- unawares : the emotion caused by any- 
yond doubt. — advs. sure, surely, firmly, thing sudden : amazement. — v. t. to come 
safely : certainry, assuredly. upon suddenly or unawares : to lead or 

surety, shor'ti, n. certainty: he who bring unawares, to betray (with into): 
or that which makes sure : security to confuse. — adv. surpris'edly. — a. sur- 
against loss : one who becomes bound for prising, exciting surprise: wonderful, 
another, a bondsman. — n. suretyship. surrender, sur-ren'der, v. t. to deliver 

surf, serf, n. the foam made by the over: to resign. — v. i. to yield up one- 
dashing of waves. self to another. — n. act of yielding. 

surface, ser'fas, n. the exterior part surreptitious, sur-rep-tish'us, a. done 
of anything.— ns. sur'face-wa'ter, drain- by stealth or fraud.— adv. surrepti'- 
age- water; surfacing, the act of giving tiously. 
a certain surface to anything. surrey, sur'a, n. a light four-wheeled 

surfeit, ser'fit, v. t. to fill to satiety vehicle, 
and disgust. — n. excess in eating and surrogate, sur'ro-gat, n. a substitute: 
drinking : sickness or ^satiety caused by the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge : 
overfullness.— n. sur'feiting. a judicial officer corresponding to the 

surge, serj, n. the rising or swelling ordinary or to a judge of probate, etc. 
of a large wave. — v. i. to rise high. surround, sur-rownd', v. t. to go 

surgeon, ser'jun, n. one who treats round about: to encompass, environ: to 




476 surveillance fate, far; me, her; mine; swarm 

cut off from communication or retreat, pecting: the imagining of something 
— n. surround'ing, an encompassing : without evidence or on slender evidence : 
(pi.) things which surround, external mistrust: (coll.) a slight quantity or 
circumstances. degree. — a. suspi'cious, full of suspicion. 

surveillance, ser-val'ans, n. a being sustain, sus-tan', v. t. to hold up: to 
vigilant or w .tchful inspection. bear : to maintain : to relieve : to prove : 

survey, ser-va', v. t. to see or look to sanction : to prolong. — adjs. sustain'- 
over: to inspect: to superintend: to ex- able, that may be sustained; sustained', 
amine : to measure and estimate, as land, kept up at one uniform pitch. — ns. sus- 
— ns. sur'vey, oversight : view : examin- tain'ment, act of sustaining, sustenance ; 
ation : the measuring of land, or of a sus'tenance, that which sustains : main- 
country : a general view ; surveying, the tenance : provisions ; sustena'tion. 
art of ascertaining the boundaries and sutler, sut'ler, n. a person who fol- 
superncial extent of any portion of the lows an army and sells liquor or pro- 
earth's surface; survey'or, an overseer: visions. — n. sut'lery, a sutler's work, 
a measurer of land. suzerain, su'ze-ran, n. a feudal lord : 

survive, ser-viv', v. t. to Jive beyond: a supreme or paramount ruler.— n. su'- 
to outlive. — v. i. to remain alive. — n. zerainty, paramount authority. 
survival, a surviving or living after: swaddle, swod'l, v. t. to swathe or 
a custom or belief that survives from bind tight with clothes, as an infant, 
ancient times. — p. a. surviving, continu- swag, swag, n. (slang) anything ob- 
ing alive: outliving. — n. survl'vor, one tained by plunder: baggage, 
who survives or lives after another. swag, swag, v. i. (slang) to sway, as 

susceptible, sus-sep'ti-bl, a. capable the body or garments, proudly, 
of receiving anything: impressible: dis- ^ swage, swr.j, n. a tool used for mak- 
posed to admit. — ns. susceptibility; ing moldings on sheet-iron. 
suscep'tibleness, quality of being sus- swagger, swag'er, v. i. to swing the 
ceptible: capability: sensibility. — adv. body in a blustering defiant way: to 
suscep'tibly. — a. suscep'tive. brag noisily, to bully. — n. boastfulness : 

suspect, sus-pekt', v. t. to mistrust: insolence of manner. — a. (slang) very 
to imagine to be guilty: to doubt: to fashionable. — n. swagg'erer. 
have a slight opinion that something swain, swan, n. a young man: a 
exists, but without sufficient evidence, to rustic : a country lover, 
conjecture. — v. i. to imagine guilt, to be swallow, swol'6, n. popular name of 
suspicious. — n. a person suspected. a genus (Hirundo) of passerine birds. 

suspend, sus-pend', v. t. to hang one swallow, swol'6, v. t. to receive 
thing beneath another: to make to de- through the gullet into the stomach: to 
pend on: to make to stop for a time: engulf : to absorb: to occupy : to exhaust, 
to delay : to debar from any privilege, swam, swam, pa. t. of swim. 
office, emolument, etc., for a time. — ns. swamp, swomp, n. wet, spongy land: 
suspen'der, one who or that which sus- low ground filled with water. — v. t. to 
pends, one of a pair of straps worn over sink in, or as in a swamp : to overset, 
the shoulders to support the trousers; or cause to fill with water, as a boat. — a. 
suspense', state of being suspended : act swamp'y, consisting of swamp, 
of withholding the judgment : un- swan, swon, n. a large aquatic bird 
certainty: indecision; suspension, act having the neck as long as the body, 
of suspending : interruption : delay : noted for grace and stateliness of move- 
temporary privation of office or privi- ment on the watsr. — a. swan'-like. — n. 
lege: a conditional withholding; sus- swan'-song, the fabled song of a swan 
pen'sion-bridge, a bridge in which the just before its death: a poet's or 
roadway is supported by chains or cables musician's last work, 
secured below at each end.— a. suspen'- swap, swop, v. t. to barter, exchange, 
sory, that suspends : doubtful : having — ». an exchange.— Also swop. 
the_ effect of delaying or staying.— n. that sward, swawrd, n. the grassy surface 
which suspends: a bandage or sling for of land: green turf. 
a weak or injured part. swarm, swawrm, n. a body of hum- 

suspicion, sus-pish'un, n. act of sus- ming or buzzing insects: a cluster of 



swarthy mote, m6ve; mute; then. swim 477 

insects, esp. of bees: a great number: ns. sweep'stake (Shak.), one who wins 

throng. — v. i. to gather as bees: to ap- all — usually in pi. sweep'stakes. 

pear in a crowd : to throng : to abound. sweet, swet, a. pleasing to the taste 

swarthy, swawrf/i'i, a. dark-skinned, or senses : tasting like sugar : fragrant : 

swash, swosh, v. t. to dash or splash, melodious : beautiful, grateful to the 

— v. i. to make a splashing noise, to eye: fresh, as opposed to salt or to 

wash up against. — n. swash'buck'ler, a sour: pure: recent, not stale or putrid: 

bully, a blusterer. mild, soft, gentle: kind, obliging. — n. a 

swat, swot, v. t. (slang) to strike. — n. sweet substance : a term of endear- 

a blow. ment: (pi.) sweetmeats, confections: 

swath, swawth, n. a line of grass or sweet dishes served at table, puddings, 

grain cut by the mower or reaper: the tarts, jellies, etc. — v. t. sweet'en, to make 

sweep of a scythe. — a. swath'y. sweet : to make pleasing, mild, or kind : 

swathe, swatt, v. t. to bind with a to increase the agreeable qualities of: 

band or bandage. — n. a bandage. to make pure and healthy: to add to 

sway, swa, v. t. to swing or wield (a jack-pot, etc.). — ns. sweet'ener; 

with the hand: to incline to one side: sweet'ening, act of sweetening: that 

to influence by power or moral force : which sweetens ; sweet'heart, a lover of 

to govern: to hoist, raise. — v. i. to in- either sex. — a. sweetish, somewhat 

cline to one side : to govern : to have sweet to the taste. — n. sweet 'ishness. 

weight or influence. — n. the sweep of a — adv. sweetly. 

weapon: that which moves with power. swell, swel, v. i. to grow larger: to 

swear, swar, v. i. to affirm, calling expand : to rise into waves : to heave : 

God to witness : to give evidence on to be inflated : to bulge out : to grow 

oath : to utter the name of God or of louder : to be bombastic, to strut : to 

sacred things profanely. — v. t. to utter, become arrogant: to grow upon the 

calling God to witness : to administer an view : to grow more violent : to grow 

oath to : to declare on oath : — pa. t. louder, as a note. — v. t. to increase the 

swore; pa. p. sworn. — n. swear'er. size of: to aggravate: to increase the 

sweat, swet, n. the moisture from the sound of: to raise to arrogance: to aug- 

skin, the state of one who sweats, dia- ment the sound of : — pa. p. swelled or 

phoresis: labor: drudgery. — v. i. to give swollen (swoln). — n. act of swelling: a 

out sweat or moisture : to toil, drudge bulge or protuberance : increase in size . 

for poor wages : to suffer penalty, smart. ■ — n. swelling, a protuberance: a tumor: 

— v. t. to give out, as sweat: to cause to a rising, as of passion. 

sweat : to squeeze money or extortionate swelter, swelt'er, v. i. to be faint or 

interest from, to compel to hard work oppressed with heat : to perspire copi- 

for mean wages. — ns. sweat'er, one who ously from heat. — p. a. swelt'ering. 

sweats, or that which causes sweating, swept, swept, pa. t. and pa. p. of sweep. 

a diaphoretic: a heavy kind of jersey or swerve, swerv, v. i. to turn, depart 

woolen jacket; sweat'iness. — a. sweat'y, from any line, duty, or custom. 

wet with sweat : consisting of sweat. swift, swift, a. moving quickly : fleet, 

sweep, swep, v. t. to wipe or rub rapid: speedy: ready. — n. popular name 

over with a brush or broom : to carry of a family of picarian birds, resem- 

along or off by a long brushing stroke bling the swallows in general appear- 

or force: to destroy or carry off at a ance and habits. — adv. swiftly, with 

stroke : to strike with a long stroke : swiftness : rapidly. — n. swift'ness. 

to _ pass rapidly over. — v. i. to pass swig, swig, n. a large draught. — v. t. 

swiftly and forcibly : to pass with pomp : to drink by large draughts, to gulp down. 

to move with a long reach : — pa. t. and swill, swil, v. t. or v. i. to drink : 

pa. p. swept. — M.actof sweeping: extent: to drench oneself with. — n. a large 

general movement: rapid or wide- draught of liquor: the liquid mixture 

spread destructiveness : a chimney- given to swine. — ns. swill'er; swilling, 

sweeper: (pi.) oars of great length. — ■ swim, swim, v. i. to float, as opposed 

n. sweep'er. — adv. sweeplngly, in a to sink: to move on or in water: to be 

sweeping manner. — n. pi. sweepings, borne along by a current: to glide along, 

things collected by sweeping: rubbish. v. t. to pass by swimming: to mal^e 



478 swindle fate, far; me, her; mine; symbol 

to swim or float: — pa. t. swam or swum; swollen, swoln, pa. p. of swell. 

pa. p. swum. — n. act of swimming: any swoon, swon, v. i. to faint: to fall 

motion like swimming: air-bladder of into a fainting-fit. — n. the act of swoon- 

a fish. — ns. swim'mer, one who swims : ing : a fainting-fit. — n. swoon'ing. 

used in swimming; swim'ming. — adv. swoop, swop, v. t. to sweep down 

swim'mingly, in a gliding manner, as upon : to take with a sweep : to catch 

if swimming: smoothly, successfully. up. — v. i. to descend with a sweep. — n. 

swindle, swin'dl, v. t. to cheat under the act of swooping : a seizing, 
the pretense of fair dealing. — n. the act swop. See swap, 
of swindling or defrauding : anything sword, sord, n. an offensive weapon 
not really what it appears to be. with a long blade, sharp upon one or 

swine, swin, n. sing, and pi. a well- both edges, for cutting or thrusting: 
known quadruped with bristly skin and (fig.) destruction, war, military force: 
long snout, fed for its flesh: a pig. the emblem of vengeance or justice. 

swing, swing, v. i. to sway or wave swore, sworn. See swear, 
to and fro, as a body hanging in air: sworn, sworn, pa. p. of swear. 
to move forward with swaying gait : to swum, swum, pa. p. of swim. 
vibrate : to practise swinging : to turn swung, swung, pa. t. and pa. p. of 
round at anchor: to be hanged. — v. t. to swing. 

move to and fro : to cause to wave or sycophant, sik'6-fant, n. a common 
vibrate : to whirl, to brandish : to cause informer : a servile flatterer. — n. syc'- 
to wheel or turn, as about some point: — ophancy, the behavior of a sycophant: 
pa. t. and pa. p. swung. — n. the act of mean tale-bearing: obsequious flattery, 
swinging : motion to and fro : a wav- syllable, sil'a-bl, n. several letters 
ing motion : anything suspended for taken together so as to form one sound : 
swinging in : the sweep or compass of a word or part of a word uttered by a 
a swinging body : free course, unre- single effort of the voice : a small part 
strained liberty. — ns. swing'er; swing'- of a sentence. — v. t. to express by syl- 
ing, the act of moving back and forth. lables, to utter. — adjs. syllable, -al, con- 
swinish, swi'nish, a. like or befitting sisting of a syllable or syllables. — adv. 
swine : gross : brutal. — adv. swinishly, syllab'ically. — vs. t. syllabicate, syllab'- 
— n. swinishness. ify, to form into syllables. — ns. syllabi- 

swipe, swip, n. a hard blow. — v. t. to ca'tion, syllabification ; syll'abism, syl- 
give a strong blew to : to steal. labic character, representation of syllables. 

swirl, swerl, v. i. to sweep along with syllabus, sil'a-bus, n. an abstract : a 
a whirling motion. — n. a whirling mo- table of contents. 

tion, as of wind or water. syllogism, sil'd-jizm, n. the logical 

swish, swish, v. t. to cause to move form of every argument, consisting of 
or to cut with a whistling sound. three propositions, of which the first 

switch, swich, n. a small flexible twig two are called the premises, and the last, 
or cane : a movable rail for transferring which follows from them, the conclu- 
a car from one line of rails to another: sion. — n. syllogiza'tion. — v. i. syll'ogize, 
a device to make or break a circuit, or to reason by syllogisms. — v. t. to deduce 
to transfer an electric current from one consequences from. — n. syll'ogizer. 
conductor to another. — v. t. to strike sylph, silf, n. one of the elemental 
or beat with a switch : to swing, whisk : spirits of the air : a fairy. 
to transfer (a car) from one line of sylva, silva, sil'va, n. the forest trees 
rails to another by a switch: to shift of any region collectively. — a. syl'van. 
from one circuit to another, or in or symbol, sim'bol, n. a sign by which one 
out of circuit, as an electric current. knows a thing: an arbitrary or other 
swivel, swiv'l, n. something fixed in conventional mark, a scientific abbrevia- 
another body so as to turn tion, as in algebra, and esp. chemistry: 

round in it : a ring or link zSQpySSiS? 1 an em blem : that which represents some- 
that turns round on a pin ^^Ji^^s^^ thing else: a figure or letter represent- 
or neck: a pivot-gun. [A. Swivel and * n ? somet hing. — adjs. symbolic, -al, per- 
S. swifan, to move quickly, Chain. taining to or of the nature of a symbol : 

to turn round.] representing by signs: emblematic: fig- 



symmetry mote, move; mute; then. system 479 

urative: typical. — adv. symbolically. — (med.) a fainting-fit: (mus.) syncopa- 

v. i. sym'bolize. to be symbolical. tion. 

symmetry, sim'e-tri, n. due propor- syndic, sin'dik, n. a Swiss magistrate : 

tion: harmony or adaptation of parts one chosen to transact business for oth- 

to each other. — a. symm'etral, symmet- ers. — n. syn'dicate, a council: a body of 

rical. — adjs. symmet'ric, -al, having men chosen to watch the interests of 

symmetry or due proportion in its parts : others : an association for the purpose of 

harmonious. — adv. symmetrically, with carrying through some great or impor- 

symmetry. — v. t. symm'etrize. tant enterprise : a 'trust' : a combination 

sympathy, sim'pa-thi, n. like feeling : of financiers : an association for the pur- 

an agreement of inclination, feeling or chase and sale of commodities of any sort, 

sensation : compassion : pity : tenderness : — v. t. to effect by means of a syndicate, 

correspondence of parts in similar sensa- — v. i. to join in a syndicate. 

tions or affections: propensity to union synod, sin'od, n. a meeting: an eccle- 

or mutual action : effective union of siastical council : among Presbyterians, a 

colors. — adjs. sympathetic, -al, showing, church court consisting of several pres- 

or inclined to sympathy : feeling with byteries, intermediate between these and 

another : able to sympathize : compas- the General Assembly. — adjs. syn'odal, 

sionate: produced by sympathy. — adv. synod'ic, -al, pertaining to a synod. 

sympathetically. — v. i. sympathize. synonym, sin'o-nim, n. a name or 

symphony, sim'fo-ni, n. an agreeing word having the same meaning with an- 

together in sound : unison, consonance, other : one of two or more words which 

or harmony of sound : a musical compo- have the same meaning. — n. synonym'- 

sition for a full band of instruments. icon, a dictionary of synonymous words. 

symposium, sim-pd'zi-um, n. a drink- — v. t. synon'ymize, to express by other 

ing together : a banquet with philosophic words of the same meaning. — a. synon'- 

conversation : a collection of articles by ymous, pertaining to synonyms. 

various writers on some topic of general synopsis, si-nop'sis, n. a view of the 

interest. — adjs. sympo'siac, sympo'sial. whole together: a collective or general 

symptom, simp'tum, n. that which at- view of any subject: — pi. synop'ses. 

tends and indicates the existence of syntax, sin'taks, n. (gram.) the correct 

something else as a constant effect: arrangement of words in sentences. — 

(med.) that which indicates disease. — adjs. syntac'tic, -al, pertaining to syn- 

adjs. symptomatic, -al. tax : according to the rules of syntax. 

synagogue, sin'a-gog, n. an assembly synthesis, sin'the-sis, n. the making of 

of Jews for worship : a Jewish place of a whole out of parts : the combina- 

worship. — adjs. syri ago gal, synagog'ical. tion of separate elements of matter, 

synchronal, sing'kro-nal, a. happen- thought, etc., into a whole: (gram.) the 
ing or being at the same time: simul- uniting of ideas into a sentence: (med.) 
taneous : lasting for the same time— the reunion of parts that have been 
also synchronous. — n. synchronize'- divided: — pi. syn'theses (-sez). — adjs. 
tion. — v. i. synchronize, to be syn- synthet'ic, -al, pertaining to synthesis. 
chronal or simultaneous : to agree in syphilis, sif'i-lis, n. a markedly con- 
time. — v. t. to cause to be synchronous : tagious, infective and inoculable disease. 
to regulate, as a clock, etc., by some syringe, sir'inj, n. an instrument used 
standard. — ns. synchronizer; syn'- to draw in or contain a quantity of 
chronism, concurrence of events in time: liquid and eject it forcibly: a tube for 
the tabular arrangement of contempo- injecting, etc. — v. t. to inject or clean 
rary events, etc., in history. — adv. with a syringe. 
syn'chronously. — n. synchrony. syrup, sir'up, n. a saturated solution 

syncopate, sing'ko-pat, v. t. to con- of sugar : the juice of fruits saturated 

tract, as a word, by taking away letters with sugar. 

from the middle: (mus.) to unite by a system, sis'tem, n. an assemblage of 

slur the last note of a bar to the first bodies as a connected whole : an orderly 

note of the next. — ns. syncopa'tion; arrangement of objects according to 

syn'cope, the omission of letters from some common law or end: regular 

the middle of a word, as ne'er for never : method or order : an explanatory hy- 



480 system fate, far; me, her; mine; tacky 

pothesis or theory: the universe. — adjs. systyle, sis'til, n. (archit.) the ar- 

systemat'ic, -al, pertaining to or con- rangement of columns so that they are 

sisting of system: formed or done ac- only two diameters apart: a front or 

cording to system: methodical. — adv t portico having columns so arranged, 

systematically. — vs. t. systematize, syzygy, siz'i-ji, n. the period of new 

sys'temize, to reduce to a system. or full moon. [Gr. syzygia, union.] 



mt- te, the twentieth letter in our of:— pr. 3 
alphabet, its sound that of the tabooed', 
hard dental mute: something tabor, 1 



t, te, the twentieth letter in our , of: — pr. p. taboo'ing; pa. t. and pa. p. 
"tat of the tabooed', 
something tabor, tabour, ta'ber, n. a small drum 
fashioned like a T, or having a like the tambourine without jingles. — ns. 
cross section like a T. — ns. T'-rail, a rail tab'oret, tab'ouret, tabret, a smail tabor 
having a T-like cross section ; T'-square, or drum. 

a ruler shaped like the letter T, used in tabular, tab'u-lar, a. of the form of 

mechanical and architectural drawing. or pertaining to a table : having a flat 

tab, tab, n. a small tag, flap, or strap, surface : arranged in a table or schedule, 

forming an appendage of something: computed from tables: having the form 

reckoning, tally, check. of laminae or plates.— n. tabulariza'tion. 

tabard, tab'ard, n. a military cloak of —v. t. tab'ularize, to put in a tabular 

the 15th and 16th centuries: a loose form: to tabulate.— adv. tab'ulary.— v. t. 

sleeveless coat worn by heralds. tab'ulate, to reduce to tables or synopses : 

tabby, tab'i, n. a coarse kind of waved to shape with a flat surface.— n. tabula'- 

or watered silk: a female cat. tion. ^ .,.«'■ 

tabernacle, tab'er-na-kl, n. (B.) the tacit tas it, a. implied, but not ex- 
movable temple carried by the Jews Passed by words: silent, giving no 
through the desert: a tent: the human sound.— ady .tac ltly.— n. tac itness.-a. 
body as the temporary abode of the tac lturn, habitually tacit or silent: not 
soul: a place of worship or sacred place. f on .d of talking : reserved in speech.— n. 
a. 1.1 *-'ui „~,,wi-, fl„+ c-uu ~«. taciturnity, habitual silence: reserve m 

table, tabl n. a smooth, flat slab or ki Z adv . tac'iturnly. 

board, with legs, used as an article of P tack g tak ^ a short f h nail with 
furniture: supply of food, entertainment: broa > d head fastening, a long tern- 
he company at a table: the board or ^^ ( } th J' W eather clue 
table on which a game is played as £ r fo i: emost lo ^ er J rner of of the 
billiards or. pool: a surface on which CQUrs Qr of .j { ^ boom 
something is written or engraved: an Qr ff alsQ h / b whkh such 
inscription: a condensed statement: syl- ^ QV tack . con g ne / or f ast . e ned: 
abus or index.-fl of or pertaining to a the course of shi in reference to the 
tabe, or the mod partaken from the kion of hef ^ determinat e 
table.-v. t to make into a table or cat- CQUrs chan f H strategical 
alogue: to lay on the table: to pay down: move _^ ^ to attach or fasten, esp. in 
to postpone consideration of. > a sli ht manner? as b ta^.^. L to 
tableau, tab 1q, ^. ^picture: a living change the course or tack of a shi by 
picture: any striking and vivid repre- shifting the position of the sails: to shift 
sentation :— pi. tableaux (tabloz). one > s pos i tion> to vee r.— a. tack'y, ad- 
tablet, tab'let, n. a small flat surface: hesive, viscous, 
something flat on which to write, paint, tack, tak, n. food generally, fare, esp. 
etc. : a lozenge.— m. tab'loid, a small tab- D f the bread kind, as hard tack. 
let containing a certain portion of some tackle, tak'l, n. the ropes, rigging, etc., 
food or drug. [Dim. of table.] f a ship: tools, weapons: ropes, etc., 
taboo, ta-bo", n. an institution among for raising heavy weights : a pulley. — 
the Polynesians by which certain things v. t. to harness : to seize or take hold of, 
are held sacred and hence prohibited to attack, fasten upon. — v. i. to get hold 
be used : any prohibition, interdict, re- of and stop an opponent in football, 
straint. ban, exclusion, ostracism. — v. t tacky, tak'i, a. shabby: unkempt: in 
to forbid approach to : to forbid the use poor condition, as a horse. 



tact 



mote, move; mute; then. 



tales 481 



tact, takt, n. adroitness in managing 
the feelings of persons dealt with: nice 
perception in seeing and doing exactly 
what is best in the circumstances. — adjs. 
tact'ful; tac'tile, that may be touched or 
felt. — ns. tactillty, state of being tactile ; 
tac'tion, act of touching : sense of touch. 
— a. tactless, without tact. — n. tactless- 
ness. — a. tact'ual, relating to or derived 
from the sense of touch. — adv. tact'ually. 

tactics, tak'tiks, n. sing, the science 
or art of maneuvering military and naval 
forces in the presence of the enemy : 
method of proceeding. — adjs. tac'tic, -al, 
pertaining to tactics. — adv. tac'tically. — 
n+ tacti'cian, one skilled in tactics. 

tadpole, tad'pol, ;?. a young toad or 
frog in its first state. — n. tad, an urchin. 

taffeta, taf e-ta, n. a thin glossy silk- 
stuff. 

taffrail, taf'ral, n. the upper part of a 
ship's stern timbers. 

taffy, taf'i, n. a confection made by 
boiling molasses, etc. : (coll.) flattery. 

tag, tag, n. a tack or point of metal at 
the end of a string : any small thing 
tacked or attached to another : the rabble 
collectively, anything mean. — v. t. to fit 
a tag or point to : to tack, fasten, or 
hang to : to dog or follow closely. — v. i. 
to go behind as a follower. 

tag, tag, n. a children's game in which 
one player chases the rest until he 
touches another, who then takes his place 
as tag'ger. — v. t. to touch or hit in this 
game. 

tail, tal, n. the pos- 
terior extremity of an 
animal, its caudal ap- 
pendage: anything re- 
sembling a tail in ap- 
pearance, position, etc.: 
the back, lower, or hinder 
part of anything: a 
retinue, suite: a queue or 
body of persons in single 
file: anything long and 
hanging, as a catkin, 
tram of a comet, etc. — ■ 
n. pi. tailings, refuse, 
dregs. — n. tail'race, the 
channel in which water 
runs away below a mill- 
wheel. 

tailor, tal'er, n. # one Nest of Tailor . 
whose business is to bird. 

SI 




make garments for men or garments 
of similar texture and fit for women: 
— fern, tail'oress. — v. i. to work as a 
tailor. — v. t. to make clothes for. — ns. 
tail'or-bird, one of several small 
Oriental passerine birds which sew 
leaves together to form a nest; tail'or- 
ing, the business or work of a tailor. 
— a. tail'or-made, made by a tailor, 
esp. of plain, close-fitting garments for 
women, in imitation of men's: (coll.) 
wearing such garments, as a tailor- 
made woman. [Fr. tailleur — tailler, to 
cut.] 

taint, tant, v. t. to tinge, moisten, or 
impregnate with anything noxious: to 
infect: to stain. — n. a stain or tincture: 
infection or corruption: a spot: a 
moral blemish. 

take, tak, v. t. to lay hold of: to get 
into one's possession : to catch : to cap- 
ture : to captivate : to receive : to choose : 
to use : to allow : to understand : to 
agree to : to become affected with. — v. i. 
to catch : to have the intended effect : 
to gain reception, to please: to move or 
direct the course of: to have recourse 
to : — pa. t. took ; pa. p. ta'ken. — n. quan- 
tity of fish taken or captured at one 
time: (print.) quantity of 'copy* taken 
by a compositor at one time. — ns. ta'ker; 
ta'king, act of taking or gaining posses- 
sion : a seizing : agitation, excitement. — 
a. captivating: alluring. — adv. ta'kingly. 

talc, talk, n. a mineral occurring in 
thin flakes, of a white or green color 
and. a soapy feel. — adjs. talc'ky, tal'- 
cose, tal'cous, containing, consisting of, 
or like talc. — n. talc'um, talc. 

tale, tal, n. a narrative or story: a 
fable : what is told or counted off : num- 
ber : reckoning.-^., tale'-bear'er, one 
who maliciously Veils ""tales or gives in- 
formation. — a. tale'-bearlng, given to 
carrying tales. — n. act of telling secrets. 

talent, tal'ent, n. an ancient Hebrew 
and Greek weight or denomination of 
money — the Hebrew talent equaled about 
93 lbs. avoir., and (silver) from $1,655 
to $1,900, the Greek talent about $7 lbs. 
avoir., and $1,185: any natural or special 
gift : special aptitude : eminent ability : 
abundance. — a. tal'ented, possessing 
mental gifts. 

tales, ta'lez, n, pi. a list of persons, 
apparently a selection from spectators in 
court, made at a trial to supply any 



{ 




482 talisman fate, far; me, her; mine; tangent 

defect in a jury or panel. — n. tales'man, tambourine, tam-bo-ren', n. a shallow 
a bystander so chosen. drum with one skin and 

talisman, tal'is-man, n. a species of bells or jingles, and 
charm supposed to exert some protective played on with the hand, 
influence over the wearer of it. [Fr. tambourin, dim. of 

talk, tawk, v. i. to speak familiarly: tambour.] 
to prattle: to reason. — n. familiar con- tame, tarn, a. having 
versation: that which is uttered in lost native wildness and Tambourine, 
familiar intercourse: subject of dis- shyness : domesticated : gentle : spiritless : 
course: rumor. — a. talk'ative, given to without vigor: dull, flat, uninspiring: 
nuch talking : prating. — adv. talk'atively. wonted, accustomed. — v. t. to reduce to 
— ns. talk'ativeness; talk'er. — a. talk'- a domestic state: to make gentle: to re- 
ing, that talks. claim : to civilize. — adjs. tam'able, tame'- 

tall, tawl, a. high, esp. in stature: able, that may be tamed. — adv. tame'ly. 
lofty: long: sturdy: bold: courageous: — ns, tame'ness; ta'mer, one who tames, 
great, remarkable: demanding much Tammany, tam'a-ni, n. the Tammany 
credulity, hardly to be believed. Society, a Democratic organization in 

tallow, tal'6, n. the melted fat of New York, noted for the influence it 
animals : any coarse, hard fat. — v. t. to has exerted in city politics, 
grease with tallow. — ns. tall'ow-can'dle; tam-o'-shanter, tam-6-shan'ter, n. a 
tall'ow-chand'ler, a dealer in tallow. broad Scotch bonnet, or flat woolen cap. 

tally, tal'i, n. a stick cut or notched tamp, tamp, v. t. to fill up, as a hole 
to mark or keep account of number : bored in a rock for blasting : to force in 
a score or account: a certain number: or down by repeated light strokes, 
anything made to suit another : — pi. tamper, tam'per, v. i. to try the 
tall'ies. — v. t. to correspond with: to temper of: to meddle: to practise 
make to fit. — v. i. to correspond : to suit, secretly and unfairly. — n. tam'perer. 

tally-ho, tal'i-ho, inter j. a huntsman's tampion, tamp'i-un, n. the stopper 
cry betokening that a fox has gone used to close the mouth of a cannon 
away. — n. a four-in-hand coach. — v. t. to or mortar. — Also tom'pion. 
urge on, as hounds. tan, tan, n. bark of the oak, etc., 

Talmud, tal'mud, n. the name of the bruised and broken for tanning: a yel- 
fundamental code of the Jewish civil lowish-brown color. — v. t. to convert 
and canonical law, comprising the (skins and hides) into leather by steep- 
Mishna and the Gemara, the former as ing in vegetable solutions containing 
the text, the latter as the commentary tannin : to make brown or tawny : to take 
and complement. — adjs. Talmud'ic, -al. the freshness from : {coll.) to beat. — v. i. 

talon, falcon, n. the claw of a bird to become tanned. — ns. tan'ner, one who 
of prey. tans ; # tan'nery, a place for tanning ; 

tamal, ta-mal', tamale, ta-ma'le, n. a tan'ning, the art of converting into 
Mexican dish of crushed Indian corn, leather. 

meat, etc., highly seasoned, often rolled tandem, tan'dem, adv. applied to the 
in a cornshuck and sold by street- position of horses harnessed singly one 
venders — also called hot tamale. [Sp.] before the other instead of abreast. — n. 

tamarack, tam'a-rak, n. the American a team of horses (usually two) so 
or black larch : also the black pine of harnessed : a bicycle on which two ride 
the Pacific coast. [Amer. Ind.] one before the other. 

tamarind, tam'a-rind, n. an East tang, tang, n. a strong or offensive 
Indian tree, its pods filled with a pleasant, taste, esp. of something extraneous : 
acidulous, sweet, reddish-black pulp. relish : taste : specific flavor. — a. tang'y. 

tamarisk, tam'ar-isk, n. a Mediter- tang, tang, n. a point, the tapering 
ranean evergreen shrub with small white part of a knife or tool which goes into 
or pink flowers. the haft. 

tambour, tam'bor, n. a small, shallow tangent, tan'jent, n. a line which 
drum : a frame on which muslin, etc., is touches a curve, and which when pro- 
stretched for embroidering: a rich kind duced does not cut it. — ns. tan'gency, 
of gold and silver embroidery. tan'gence, state of being tangent. 



tangerine mote, move; mute; then. tariff 463 

tangerine, tan-je-ren', n. a small with tape. — ns. tape'-line, -meas'ure, a 

dark-skinned orange. — a. and n. (T-) measuring-line of tape, marked with 

relating to Tangiers, on the Morocco inches, etc. 

coast : a native of Tangiers. taper, ta'per, n. a small wax-candle or 

tangible, tan'ji-bl, a. perceptible by light : tapering form. — a. narrowed to- 

the touch : capable of being possessed or wards the point : long and slender. — v. i. 

realized. — ns. tangibil'ity, quality of be- to become gradually smaller towards one 

ing tangible or perceptible to the touch, end. — v. t. to make to taper. — a. ta'per- 

tangle, tang'gl, n. a knot of things ing, growing gradually thinner, 

united confusedly : an edible seaweed : a tapestry, tap'es-tri, n. an ornamental 

perplexity, complication. — v. t. to unite textile fabric used for the covering of 

together confusedly : to interweave : to walls and furniture, and for curtains and 

ensnare, entangle. — n. tanglefoot hangings. 

(slang), whisky, etc. — a. tangly, in a tapeworm, tap'werm, n: a popular 

tangle : united confusedly : covered with synonym for parasitic worms, esp. of 

tangle or seaweed. the genus Toenia. 

tank, tangk, n. a large basin or tapioca, tap-i-6'ka, n. a farinaceous 
cistern: a reservoir of water, oil, etc. substance obtained from cassava. 
— v. t. to cause to flow into a tank: tapir, ta'per, n. a hoofed animal, thick- 
to plunge into a tank.— n. tank age, the skinned, short-necked, with a short flex- 
capacity of a tank or series of tanks, ible proboscis, found in South America. 

tankard, tangk'ard, n. m a large vessel tapis> tap > iS) or ta _ p e', M< tapestry, 

for holding liquors : a armkmg vessel carpeting: formerly, the cover of a 

tannin, tan in, n. an astringent sub- council-table.— on the tapis, on the table : 

stance found largely in oak-bark or gall- under consideration. [Fr ] 

nuts, of great use in tanning.-n tann'- t ta ^ a visc0 K id res inous 

ate, a salt of tannic acid.-a. tannic, subs tance of a dark color, obtained from 

pertaining to or derived from oak-bark pme _ trees . a sa ilor.-^. t. to smear with 

Gr tan - , . ,... ,. tar.— n. Tar'heel, a North Carolinian. 

tansy tan zi » a bitter, aromatic taranti tar'ant-izm, n. an epidemic 

^n^^tal^T^torment ^%. " 'dancing mania sc .mewhat 

* ,• ,,.' , .. j • resembling chorea — also tar entism. — ns. 

by presenting sometnmg to excite desire, . . ,^ tar^nt^lla a livplv Near>o1i- 

but keeping it out of reach.— ns. tan- Jarantel la, tarentel la, a lively JN eapoli- 

♦oi:»3't,'L. f»«'t a u«r ™« ^t,^ ^^+i,o^ tan dance m triplets for one couple — 

taiization; tan talizer, one who or that ,, «, j r ±. „*-- ^ . 4.„i„„' 

u: u 4.««+.,i:-««, „a , ^«'toi.',;««i„ thought a remedy for tarantism taran - 

which tantalizes.— adv. tan tahzmgly. , s , , J , , . ' - dpr 

tantamount, tan'ta-mownt, a. amount- * ula ' , taren tula, a large hairy spider 

ing to so much or to the same : equivalent. foun T d , m , S °uth Italy whose bite is 

tantrum, tan'trum, n. a capricious fit much d + read ^. d ' and was !^^ ° J, ° r 

of ill-temper without adequate cause. cau + s , e ta J rantl S? : ,? Similar large Splder 

tap, tap, n. a gentle blow or touch, of + th ^ Ne J ^ orld , \, , • t 

esp. with something small: (pi.) a tardy, tar di, o. slow, late, sluggish : 

signal with a drum to put lights out.- out of season -o dv tar dily, slowly: re- 

v. t. to strike lightly, touch gently.— luctantly: late.— n. tardiness. 

v. i. to give a gentle knock. tare, tar, n any one of several species 

tap, tap, n. a hole or short pipe of vetch: (B.) an unidentified weed, 

through which liquor is drawn: (Eng.) P r o°- darnel. [Prob. tear.} 

a place where liquor is drawn, a bar: tare, tar, n. the weight of the vessel 

any particular liquor drawn through a or package m which goods are contained : 

tap.— v. t. to pierce, so as to let out an allowance made for it, the remainder 

fluid : to broach. being the net weight. 

tape, tap, n. a narrow fillet or band target, tar'get, n. 2l small buckler or 

of woven work, used for strings, etc.: shield: a mark to fire at: any object of 

a strong flexible band for directing the desire or ambition. — n. targeteer'. 

sheets in a printing-press: the strip of tariff, tarlf, n. a list of the duties, 

paper used in a printing-telegraph in- etc., fixed by law on merchandise: a 

strument, etc. — v. t. to furnish or tie up list of charges, fees, or prices. 



484 tarlatan fate, far; me, her; mine; tax 

tarlatan, tar'la-tan, n. a transparent of: to partake of: to relish, enjoy: to 
fabric resembling gauze. experience. — v. i. to try food or drink 

tarnish, tar'nish, v. t. to soil by ex- by the mouth: to have a flavor. — n. the 
posure to the air, etc.: to diminish the act or sense of tasting: the particular 
luster or purity of, to stain, sully. — v. i. sensation caused by a substance on the 
to become dull : to lose luster. — n. a tongue : the sense by which we perceive 
spot, 'stain, change in luster of a min- the flavor of a thing : the quality or 
eral. — n. tar'nisher. flavor of anything : a small portion : in- 

tarpaulin, tar-pawlin, n. strong linen tellectual relish or discernment: the 
or hempen cloth coated with tar or faculty by which the mind perceives the 
pitch to render it water-proof : a sailor's beautiful : nice perception : choice, pre- 
wide-brimmed storm-hat. dilection. — a. taste'ful, full of taste : 

tarpon, tar'pon, n. a large American having a high relish: showing good 
food-fish, common in the warmer taste. — adv. taste'fully. — n. taste'fulness. 
Atlantic waters, often six feet long. — a. tasteless, without taste : insipid. 

tarradiddle, tar-a-didl, n. a fib, a lie. — adv. tastelessly. — ns. taste'lessness; 

tarrier, tar'i-er, n. old form of terrier, tast'er. — adv. tastily, with good taste, 

tarry, tar'i, a. consisting of, covered neatly. — a. tast'y, having a good taste, 
with, or like tar. tat, tat, v. t. to make by hand by 

tarry, tar'i, v. i. to be tardy or slow : knotting and looping thread. — v. i. to 
to loiter or stay behind : to delay. make tatting. — n. tat'ting, a kind of lace. 

tart, tart, a. sharp or sour to the tatter, tat'er, n. a torn piece : a loose 
taste: (%.) sharp: severe. — adv. tartly, hanging rag. — v. t. and v. i. to tear to 

tart, tart, n. a small pie, containing tatters : to fall into tatters. — n. tatter- 
fruit or jelly baked in paste. demalion, a ragged fellow. — p. a. tatt'- 

tartan, tar'tan, n. a woolen or worsted ered, in tatters or rags : torn, 
stuff checked with various colors, once tattle, tatl, n. trifling talk or chat, 
the distinctive dress of the Scottish — v. i. to talk idly or triflingly: to tell 
Highlanders, each clan having its own tales or secrets.— n. idle talk. — ns. tatt'- 
pattern. ler, one given to tattling; tattlery. 

tartar, tar'tar, n. a deposit formed tattoo, tat-to', n. a beat of drum and a 
from wine, and known in its crude form bugle-call to call soldiers to quarters, 
as argol : a concretion which some- tattoo, tat-to', v. t. to mark perma- 
times forms en the teeth. — adjs. tarta'- nently, as the skin, with figures, by 
reous, tar'tarous, consisting of or re- pricking in coloring matter. — n. marks 
sembling tartar; tartaric, pertaining to or figures made in this manner, 
or obtained from tartar. — n. tar'trate, a taught, tawt, pa. t. and pa. p. of teach. 
salt of tartaric acid. taunt, tant, or tawnt, v. t. to reproach 

Tartar, tar'tar, n. a native of Tartary or upbraid with severe or insulting 
in Asia: an irritable person, or one too words: to censure sarcastically. — n. 
strong for his assailant. a bitter reproach. — n. taunt'er. 

task, task, n. a set amount of work, Taurus, taw'rus, n. the Bull, one of 
esp. of study, given by another : work : the signs of the zodiac, 
drudgery. — v. t. to impose a task on: to taut, tawt, a. tightly drawn: in good 
burden with severe work. — ns. task'er, condition. — v. t. taut'en, to make tight, 
one who imposes a task, or who per- tautology, taw-tol'6-ji, n. needless 
forms it; task'rnaster, a person who repetition of the same thing in different 
imposes a task: an overseer. words. — adjs. tautologlc, -al, contain- 

tasse, tas, n. a drinking-cup or its con- ing tautology. — adv. tautolog'ically. 
tents. — n. dem'i-tasse, a small cup. [Fr.] tavern, tav'ern, n. a licensed house 

tassel, tas'el, n. a hanging ornament for the sale of liquors, with accommo- 
consisting of a bunch of silk or other dation for travelers: an inn. 
material: anything like a tassel. — ■ tawdry, taw'dri, a. showy without 
v. t. to ornament with tassels. taste: gaudily dressed. — adv. taw'drily. 

taste, tast, v. t. to try or perceive tawny, taw'ni, a. of the color of 
by the touch of the tongue or palate: things tanned, a yellowish brown, 
to try by eating a little: to eat a little tax, taks, n. a charge imposed on 



taxidermy 



mote, move; mute; then. 



teem 



485 



property or persons for the benefit of 
the nation, state, or municipality: any- 
thing imposed: a burdensome duty. — 
V. t. to lay a tax on : to burden : to ac- 
cuse: to examine (accounts) in order 
to allow or disallow items.— a. tax'able, 
capable of being or liable to be taxed. — 
ns. taxa'tion, act of taxing; tax'er. 

taxicab, taks'i-kab, n. any vehicle with 
automatic device for indicating distance 
traveled and charges therefor. 

taxidermy, taks'i-der-mi, n. the art 
of preparing and stuffing the skins of 
animals. — adjs. taxider'mal, taxider'mic. 
— n. taxider'mist. 

taximeter, taks'i-rrie-ter, n. an auto- 
matic device for indicating distance 
traveled, charges therefor, or both, in 
any vehicle. 

taxis, tak'sis, n. (sarg.) the art of 
putting parts in their natural place by 
pressure: orderly arrangement. 

tea, te, n. the dried leaves of a shrub 
cultivated in China, Japan, Assam, and 
Ceylon : an infusion of the leaves in 
boiling water : any vegetable infusion. 
— ns. tea'cup, a small cup used in 
drinking tea; tea'gown, a loose gown 
for wearing at afternoon tea at home ; 
tea'pot, a . pot or vessel in which the 
beverage tea is made ; tea'spoon, a small 
spoon used with the teacup. 

teach, tech, v. t. to show : to impart 
knowledge to : to guide the studies of : 
to exhibit so as to impress upon the 
mind: to impart the knowledge of: to 
accustom : to counsel. — v. i. to practise 
giving instruction : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
taught (tawt). — a. teach'able, capable 
of being taught: apt or willing to 
learn. — ns. teach'er, one who teaches or 
instructs ; teaching, the act of teaching. 

teak, tek, n. a hardwood tree of many 
of the tropical countries. 

teal, tel, n. a web-footed water-fowl. 

team, tern, n. two or more horses or 
other animals harnessed to the same 
vehicle : a number of persons associated 
for doing anything conjointly, playing 
a game, etc. — n. team'ster. 

tear, ter, n. a drop of the fluid secreted 
by the lachrymal gland, appearing in the 
eyes : n. tear' duct, the lachrymal or 
nasal duct. — a. tear'ful, abounding with 
tears ; weeping. — adv. tear'fully. — n. 
tear'fulness. — adjs. tear'less, tear'y- 

tear, tar, v. t. to draw asunder or sep- 



arate with violence: to make a violent 
rent in : to lacerate.—^. *. to move or 
act with violence: to rage: — pa. t. tore, 
(B.) tare; pa. p. torn. — n. something 
torn, a rent: (slang) a spree. — n. 
tear'er. — p. a. tear'ing, great, terrible. 

tease, tez, v. t. to comb or card, as 
wool : to scratch, as cloth : to raise a 
nap on: to vex with importunity, jests, 
etc. : to torment, irritate. — n. one who 
teases or torments. — n. teas'er. — a. teas'- 
ing, vexatious. — adv. teas'ingly. 

teat, tet, n. the nipple of the female 
breast. [A. S. tit.] 

teazel, teasel, tez'l, n. a plant with 
large burs or heads 
covered with stiff, 
hooked awns, used 
in raising a nap on ^S\\ .§ 
cloth.—:'. /. to rai:e 
a nap on with the ^ 
teazel. — ns. teaz'- 
eler; teaz'eling. [A. 
S. icesel, tcssl — ■ 
icusan, to pluck.] 

technic, -al, tek'- 
nik, -al, a. pertain- 
ing to art, esp. the 
useful arts : belong- 
ing to a particular 
art or profession. — 
n. technical'ity, state or quality of be- 
ing technical : that which is technical. — 
adv. tech'nically. — ns. tech'nicalness; 
tech'nicist, one skilled in the practical 
arts. — n. sing, tech'nics, the doctrine 
of arts in general: — (pi) the matters, 
terms, etc., that relate to the arts ; 
technique (tek-neV), method of per- 
formance, manipulation, esp. every- 
thing concerned with the mechanical 
part of a musical performance. — adjs. 
technciog'ic, -al, relating to technol- 
ogy. — ns. technologist, one skilled in 
technology; technology, the sys- 
tematic knowledge of the industrial arts. 

tedious, te'di-us, a. wearisome: tire- 
some from length or slowness : irksome : 
slow. — adv. te'diously. — n. te'diousness. 

tedium, te'di-um, n. wearisomeness. 

tee, te, n. a mark for quoits, curling- 
stones, etc. : (golf) the raised sand from 
which the ball is played at each hole. — 
v. t. to place (the ball) on this before 
striking off. 

teem, tern, v. i. to bear or be fruitful : 
to be pregnant : to be full or prolific. t 




Common Teazel. 



486 teens fate, far; me, her; mine; tempei 

teens, tenz, n. pi. the years of one's strument for viewing objects at a dis- 
age from thirteen to nineteen. tance. — v. t. to drive together so that 

teeny, te'ni, a. very small, tiny. one thing, as a railway-car in a collision, 

teeth. See tooth. slides into another like the movable 

teething, teth'ing, n. the first growth joints of a spy-glass. — adjs. telescop'ic, 
of teeth, or the process by which they -al, pertaining to, performed by or like 
make their way through the gums. — a telescope: seen only by a telescope. — 
v. i teethe, to grow or cut the teeth. adv. telescop'ically. — n. tel'escopy (or 

teetotaler, te-to'tal-er, n. one pledged te-les'-), the art of constructing or of 
to entire abstinence from intoxicating using the telescope, 
drinks. — a. teeto'tal. — n. teeto'talism. teleseme, tel'e-sem, n. a system of 

teetotum, te-to'tum, n. a toy like a electric signaling for the automatic 
small top, twirled by the fingers. transmission of different signals, in use 

telautograph, tel-aw'to-graf, n. a in large hotels, for police alarms, etc. 
writing or copying telegraph, invented tell, tel, v. t. to number or give an 
by Elisha Gray, for reproducing writings account of: to utter: to narrate: to dis- 
at a distance. close : to inform : to discern : to explain. 

telegram, tel'e-gram, n. a message sent — v. i. to give an account : to produce or 
by telegraph. take effect : to chat, gossip : to tell tales, 

telegraph, tel'e-graf, n. an apparatus play the informer : — pa. t. and pa. p. told, 
for transmitting intelligible messages to — ns. tell'er, one who tells or counts : 
a distance, esp. by means of electricity, a clerk whose duty it is to receive or 
— v. t. to convey or announce by tele- pay money; tell'ership. — p. a. telling, 
graph. — ns. teleg'rapher, teleg'raphist, having great effect. — adv. tellingly, in 
one who works a telegraph. — adjs. a telling or effective manner. — n. tell'- 
telegraph'ic, -al, pertaining to or com- tale, one who tells tales : one who offi- 
municated by a telegraph. ciously tells the private concerns of 

telelogue, tel'e-log, n. a message to or others : an indicator, as an automatic 
speech with one at a distance, as by instrument. — a. given to reveal secrets, 
means of telephony. blabbing : apparent, openly seen : giving 

telemeter, te-lem'e-ter, n. an instru- warning, 
ment for fixing distances in surveying, tellurium, te-lu'ri-um, n. a non- 
gunnery, etc. metallic element, bluish-white in color, 

teleology, tel-e-ol'6-ji, n. the doctrine with close analogies to sulphur and selen- 
of the final causes of things. — adjs. ium. — n. tel'lurate, a salt of telluric acid. 
teleolog'ic, -al. — adv. teleolog'ically. ■ — a. tellu'rian, pertaining to the earth. 

telepathy, te-lep'a-thi, n. the phenom- telotype, tel'o-tip, n. a printing elec- 
enon of communication between mind trie telegraph : an automatically printed 
and mind otherwise than through the telegram. 

known channels of the senses, as at a telpher, tel'fer, a. pertaining to a sys- 
distance without external means : tern of telpherage. — n. an apparatus or 
thought-transference. — a. telepath'ic. — carriage employed in telpherage.— n. tel'- 
adv. telepath'ically. — n. telep'athist. pherage, a system of automatic electric 

telephone, tel'e-fon, n. an instrument traction, 
for reproducing sound at a distance over temerity, te-mer'i-ti, n. rashness: un- 
a conducting wire or cord, esp. by means reasonable contempt for danger, 
of electricity. — v. t. and v. i. to com- temper, tem'per, v. t. to mix in due 
municate by telephone. — a. telephon'ic. proportion: to modify by blending or 
— adv. telephon'ically. — ns. tel'ephonist; mixture: to moderate: to soften: to 
telepho'nograph, an apparatus for bring to a proper degree of hardness 
recording a telephone message; tel'- and elasticity, as steel. — n. due mixture 
ephony, the art of telephoning. or balance of different or contrary qual- 

telephote, tel'e-fot, n. an instrument ities: state of a metal as to hardness, 
for reproducing images of objects at a etc.: constitution of the body: consti- 
distance by means of electricity. — n. tutional frame or state of mind, esp. 
telepho'tograph, a picture so produced, with regard to feelings, disposition, 

telescope, tel'e-skop, n. an optical in- temperament, mood: passion, irritation; 



temperament mote, move; mute; then. tender 487 

calmness or moderation. — a. tem'pered, circumstances. — ns. tem'porizer; tem'- 

having a certain specified disposition or porizing. 

temper: brought to a certain temper, as tempt, temt, v. t. to put to trial: to 

steel. — adv. tem'peredly. — ns. tem'perer; test: to try to persuade, esp. to evil: to 

tem'pering, the process of giving the entice. — ns. tempta'tion, act of tempting : 

required degree of hardness or softness state of being tempted: that which 

to iron or steel. tempts: enticement to evil: trial; 

temperament, tem'per-a-ment, »• * em P'ter, one who tempts, esp. the devil : 
state with respect to the predominance *-fem. temp'tress.— a. temp'ting, adapted 
of any quality: internal constitution or to tempt or entice.— adv. temptingly . 
state: disposition— choleric or bilious, ten, ten, a. twice five.— n. a figure de- 
lymphatic, nervous, sanguine.— a. tern- noting ten units, as 10 or X : a playing- 
peramen'tal. — adv. temperamentally, card with ten spots : ten o'clock. 

temperance, tem'per-ans, n. moder- tenable ten'a-bl a capable of being 

ation, esp. in the indulgence of the nat- T etamed ; £ept or defended.-^, tenabil - 

ural appetites and passions — in a ^y* ten ableness. 

narrower sense, moderation in the use . tenacious, te-na shus, a. retaining or 

of alcoholic liquors, or entire abstinence holding fast: apt to stick : jstubborn.— 

- f rom suc h adv. tena ciously. — ns. tena ciousness, 

temperate, tem'per-at, a. moderate in tenac'ity, quality of being tenacious 

degree of any quality, esp. in the appe- tenant, ten ant, n. one who holds or 

titls and passions : self-restrained: Possesses land or property under another 

calm: cool, mild, moderate in tempera- b ^ a , te ™ re of Payments or services : 

hire: abstemious!-^, tem'perately— one who has ' on cer ; am conditions, tem- 

ns. tem'perateness; tem ' perature , porary possession of any place, an occu- 

constitution: proportion: degree of any Pant-*. *. to hold as a tenant.-*, ten- 

quality, esp. of heat or cold in weather an ^ , a temporary holding of land or 

or climate: state of a living body with Pf°P er ^ b / a temnt-fld;j. ten antable, 

respect to sensible heat. fit to be tenanted : ma state of repair 

tempest, tem'pest, n. a violent storm: ^^J !* T^J^^TtJ of 

any violent commo'tion.-a. tempes'tu- ^ "^^ * **ry, the body of 

ous resembling or pertaining to a tern- ™£ Zd%.Tto take care of, to be 

E^KlfT^W^ attentive to, to wait upon so as to ex- 

tempestuously-n. tempes tuousness. ecute _ w t ' en , der> a s P mall vessd that 

; templar, tern pier n one of a relig- att ends a larger with stores, etc.: a car 

ious and military order founded in 1119 attached to locomotives to supply fuel, 

for the protection of the Holy Sepulcher tend tend> Vm L to stre tch, aim at, 

and pilgrims going thither— extinguished movGj or incline j n a cert ain direction : 

1307-14: a student or lawyer living in to be d i rec ted to any end or purpose: 
the temple, London. .to contribute.— -n. ten'dency, direction, 

temple, tern pi, n. an edifice erected to object or result to which anything tends. 

a deity or lor religious purposes. tender, ten'der, v. t. to streteh out or 

temple, tem'pl, n. the flat portion of offer for acceptance.— n. an offer or pro- 

either side of the head above the cheek- posal, esp. of some service, also the 

bone.— a. tem'poral, pertaining to the paper containing it: the thing offered, 

temples. the actual production and formal offer 

_ temporal, tem'por-al, a. pertaining to of a sum due in legal money, or an offer 

time, esp. to this life or world : worldly, of services to be performed, 

secular, or civil. — n. temporal'ity, what tender, ten'der, a. soft, delicate : easily 

pertains to temporal welfare: (pi.) impressed or injured: not hardy : fragile: 

secular possessions, revenues of an ec- weak and feeble: easily moved to pity, 

clesiastic. — advs. temporally ;tem'porar- love, etc.: careful not to injure (with 

ily. — n. tem'porariness. — a. temporary, of) : unwilling to cause pain; apt to 

for a # time only: transient. — n. tempo- cause pain: pathetic, expressive of the 

riza'tion. — v. i. tem'porize, to comply softer passions : compassionate, loving, 

with the time or occasion : to yield to affectionate : young and inexperienced ; 



488 tendon fate, far; me, her; mine; term 

weakly in health : delicate, requiring the degree of it : mental strain, excited 

careful handling. — n. ten'derfoot, one feeling: a strained state of any kind; 

not yet hardened to life in the mining- ten'sity, tenseness : state of being tense ; 

camp, etc. : a newcomer, greenhorn. — a. ten'sor, a muscle that tightens a part. 
ten'der-heart'ed, full of feeling. — n. ten'- tent, tent, n. a portable lodge or shel- 

derloin, the tenderest part of the loin ter, generally of canvas stretched on a 

of beef, pork, etc. : {slang) a city dis- pole or poles : a plug or roll of lint 

trict infested by the dissolute. used to dilate a wound or opening in 

tendon, ten'don, n. the white fibrous the flesh. — v. t. to probe: to keep open 

tissue reaching from the end of a muscle with a tent. — a. ten'ted. 
to bone or some other structure. — a. ten'- tentacle, ten'ta-kl, n. a thread-like or- 

dinous, consisting of, containing or re- gan of certain insects for feeling or 

sembling tendons: full of tendons. motion. — adjs. ten'tacled; tentac'ular. 

tendril, ten'dril, n. a slen-*=s^ tentative, ten'ta-tiv, a. trying: exper- 

der, spiral shoot of a plant qgL. imental. — n. any attempt, conjecture. 
by which it attaches itself <2^i tenter, ten'ter, n. a machine for ex- 

for support. [O. Fr. ten- ^^^\ tending or stretching cloth by hooks.- 



drillons, tendre — L. tener, W <g$ v. t. to stretch on hooks. — n. ten'ter- 
tender.] ^C q&| hook, a sharp, hooked nail, anything that 

tenebrous, ten'e-brus, a. v 3t\ gives torture. — be on tenter-hooks, to 

dark : gloomy — also ten'e- ** be on the stretch : to be in suspense. 

brose. — n. tenebros'ity. Tendrils. tenth, tenth, a. the last of ten: next 

tenement, ten'e-ment, n. anything in order after the ninth. — n. one of ten 
held, or that may be held, by a tenant : equal parts. — adv. tenth'ly. 
a dwelling or habitation, or part of it, tenuity, te-nu'i-ti, n. thinness : small- 
used by one family : one of a set of ness of diameter : slenderness : rarity, 
apartments in one building, each occu- — v. t. ten'uate, to make tenuous. — adjs. 
pied by a separate family. tenuiros'tral (ornith.) slender-billed; 

tenet, ten'et, n. any opinion, principle, ten'uous, thin, slender. 
or doctrine which a person holds or tenure, ten'ur, n. a general name for 
maintains as true. the conditions on which land is held by 

tenfold, ten'fold, a. ten times folded: the persons who occupy and use it. 
ten times more. tepee, te'pe, n. an Indian wigwam, a 

tennis, ten'is, n. an ancient game for tent. [Amer. Ind.] 
two to four persons, played with ball tepefy, tep'e-fl, v. t. to make tepid or 
and rackets in a special building or moderately warm : — pa. t. and pa. p. tep'- 
court: lawn-tennis, a modern imitation efied. — n. tepefac'tion. 
of the old game. tepid, tep'id, a. moderately warm : 

tenor, ten'er, n. continuity of state: lukewarm. — ns. tepid'ity, tep'idness, 
general run or currency : purport : the lukewarmness ; tep'or, gentle heat, 
higherof the two kinds of voices usually tercentenary, ter-sen'te-na-ri, a. in- 
belonging to adult males : the part next eluding or relating to an interval of 
above the bass in a vocal quartet: one three hundred years. — n. the 300th an- 
who sings tenor. niversary of anything. — a. tercenten'- 

tenpins, ten'pinz, n. a game played in nial. 
a bowling-alley, the aim being to bowl teredo, te-re'do, n. the ship-worm, 
down ten pins set up at the far end. very destructive in boring into wood. 

tense, tens, n. time in grammar, the tergal, ter'gal, a. pertaining to the 
form of a verb to indicate the time of back, dorsal. [L. ter gum, the back.] 
the action. tergiversation, ter-ji-ver-sa'shun, n. 

_ tense, tens, a. strained to stiffness : a shuffling or shifting : subterfuge : fickle- 
rigid. — adv. tense'ly. — n. tense'ness, ness of conduct. — v. i. ter'giversate. 
state of being tense. — adjs. ten'sile, term, term, n. any limited period : the 
capable of being stretched. — ns. ten'sion, time for which anything lasts or is open 
act of stretching: state of being for business, as a court of law, a school, 
stretched or strained : strain : effort : etc. : a word or expression : a condition 
Strain in the direction of the length, or or arrangement (gener. in pi.) : (alg.) 



termagant mote, move; mute; then. testament 489 

a member of a compound quantity. — v. t. terrestrial, te-res'tri-al, a. pertaining 

to apply a term to : to name or call. — a. to or existing on the earth : earthly : 

terminological. — adv. terminolog'ically. living on the ground: representing the 

— n. terminol'ogy, doctrine of terms: earth. — adv. terres'trially 

the terms^used in any art, science, etc. terrible, ter'i-bl, a. fitted to excite 

^a. termless, having no term or end. terror or awe: awful: dreadful. — n. 

termagant, ter'ma-gant, n. a boister- terr'ibleness — adv. terr'ibly. 

ous, bold woman.— a. boisterous : brawl- terricolous, te-rik'6-lus, a. terrestrial, 

ing: tumultuous.— n. ter'magancy. terrier, ter'i-er, n. originally, any 

terminate, ter mm-at, v. t. to set a breed of dog used to burrow under- 

hmit to: to set the boundary of : to put gr0 und, but now applied to arv small 

an end to: to finish.— v. i. to be limited: dog, as the fox terrier, Scotch or Skye 

to end either in space or time : to close. t err i er ou \\ terrier etc 

T a. terminable, that may be limited: ten £ ter'i-fi, V t. to cause terror 

that may terminate or cease.— p. ter mm- in . to frighten greatly: to alarm:— pa. t. 

ableness,-a. terminal, pertaining to or and M ^ terr ' ifi ed.-a. terrific, creat- 

being at the end or extremity: ending • or causing terror . fitted t0 terrif 

a series or part: occurring in every term. territ ter'i-to-ri, n. the extent of 

r-n> a terminus: an end or extremity: knd £ d Qr belo j t0 a cit or 

the end of an electric conductor.-arfz,. t domain por f ior f of the TJ. S . 

ter minally.-n termination, act of ter- sions not ye t admitted as a State 

initiating or ending: limit: end: result: f h Union/and still under a pro- 

the variable ending of words -a. ter- {{ x government.-a. territorial, per- 

SnT^arsofute " tamin ^ t0 territ0r ^ limited to a di ^ ict 

terminus, ter'mi-nus, n. the end or J er f or ; / er ' or ' /■ extreme fear :. an 

extreme point: one of the extreme points ob J e + ct °. f , fear , or dread -~^ ^ + terr orize > 

of a railroad, etc :-pl. ter'mini (O.-n. 1° er ^ lfy: t0 + 8? ver ? + by terror --'f 

terminer (to), the act of determining, terrorism, a state of terror: a state 

termite, ter'mlt, n. the white ant. whl f ch impresses terror: an organized 

tern, tern, n. a long-winged aquatic system of intimidation; terrorist, one 

fowl allied to the gull who rules > terror ' 

tern, tern, a. threefold: consisting of .tjr se, ters, a. compact or concise, 
three: growing in threes.— n. that which Wlth smoothness or elegance: neat-odv. 
consists of three things or numbers to- tersely.-*, terseness, conciseness 
iether.-adjs. ter'nal, threefold; ter'- tertiary tershi-ar-i a. of the third 
nary, proceeding by or consisting of de S ree » order > or formation: (T-) per- 
threes —n the number three —a ter'- tainm § to the series of sedimentary rocks 
rate, threefold, or arranged in threes. ° r stra , ta l v' m Z above the chalk and other 
terne, tern, n. an inferior tin-plate. Secondary strata, and abounding m or- 
Terpsichore, terp-sik'6-re, n. one of ^ am< ; remains.-**, one who or that 
the nine muses, who presided over choral whlch 1S tertiary. [L. tertiarms—tertius.] 
song and dancing.— a. terpsichore'an, tessera, tes'e-ra, n. one of the small 
relating to dancino-. square tiles or cut stones used in form- 
terra, ter'a, n. earth.— ns. terr'a- ' m S tesselated^ pavements :—pl. tess'erae 
cot'ta, a composition of clay and sand, — a ^ s0 tessel'la: — /»/. tessel lae. v t. 
hardened like bricks by fire; terr'a- tess ellate, to form into squares or lay 
fir'ma, land as distinguished from water, with checkered work.— a. tess'elated. 

terrace, ter'as, n. a raised level bank test, test, n. any critical trial: means 

of earth: any raised flat plac~: a row of of trial: (chem.) anything used to dis- 

houses on top of a slope: a row of tinguish substances or detect their pres- 

similar houses.— v. t. to form into a ence, a reagent: standard: proof: dis- 

terrace. «• tinction: the hard covering of certain 

terrapin, ter'a-pin, n. the popular animals, shield, lorica — v. t. to put to 

name of many species of fresh-water and proof : to examine critically, 

tidal tortoises, of tropical and the testament, tes'ta-ment, n. that which 

warmer temperate countries. testifies, or in which an attestation is 



490 testicle fate, far; me, her; mine; thaumaturgy 

made : the solemn declaration in writ- is written : a passage of Scripture 

ing of one's will : a will : a dispensation : selected as the subject or basis of a 

(T-) one of the two great divisions of sermon : the main body or substance of 

the Bible. — adjs. testamen'tal, testa- a writing : a style of type. — n. text'-book, 

men'tary, pertaining to a testament or a book containing the leading principles 

will : bequeathed or done by will. — adv. of a science. — a. tex'tual, pertaining to 

testamen'tarily. — a. tes'tate, having or contained in the text: serving for a 

made and left a will. — ns. testation, text. — adv. tex'tually. 

a witnessing, a giving by will; testa'- textile, teks'til, a. woven: capable of 

tor, one who leaves a will : — fern, testa'- being woven. — n. a woven fabric. — a. 

trix. texto'rial, pertaining to weaving. 

testicle, tes'ti-kl, n. a gland which texture, teks'tur, n. anything woven, 

secretes the seminal fluid in males. — a web : manner of weaving or connect- 

adjs. testicular, pertaining to a testicle; ing: disposition of the parts of a body. 

testic'ulate, -d, shaped like a testicle. — ■ than, than, conj. when, as, if compared 

n. tes'tis, a testicle, a rounded body re- with — a word placed after the compara- 

semblingit: — pi. tes'tes. tive of an adjective or adverb between 

testify, tes'ti-fi, v. i. to bear witness : the things compared, 

to make a solemn declaration: to pro- thanatoid, than'a-toid, a. looking like 

test or declare a charge (with against), dead: deadly. — ns. thanatop'sis, a view 

— v. t. to bear witness to: to affirm or of or reflection upon death; thanato'sis, 

declare solemnly or on oath. death of a part, gangrene. 

testimony, tes'ti-mo-ni, n. evidence: thane, than, n. a member of a class 
declaration to prove some fact: proof: in the old British community between 
(B.) the two tables of the law: the the nobility and mere landowners, 
whole divine revelation. — a. testimo'- thank, thangk, v. t. to express grati- 
nial, containing testimony. — n. a writing tude to for a favor. — n. (usually in pi.) 
or certificate bearing testimony to one's expression of gratitude for favor re- 
character or abilities : a gift to a person ceived, often elliptically = my thanks to 
as a token of respect. you. — a. thank'ful, full of thanks : grate- 
testy, tes'ti, a. heady : easily irritated : ful. — adv. thank'fully. — n. thank'ful- 
fretful: peevish. — adv. tes'tily. ness. — a. thankless, unthankful: not 
tetanus, tet'a-nus, n. an involuntary, gaining thanks. — adv. thanklessly, in a 
persistent, intense, and painful cramp of thankless manner: unthankfully. — ns. 
the voluntary muscles : lockjaw. thank'lessness, the state of being thank- 
tete, tat, n. a head, headdress. — n. less: ingratitude; thank'-off'ering, an 
tete-a-tete (tat'-a-tat'), a private con- offering made to express thanks for 
fidential interview: a sofa for two. — a. mercies received; thanks'giving, act of 
confidential, secret. — adv. in private con- giving thanks : a public acknowledgment 
versation : face to face. [Fr.] of divine goodness and mercy: a day set 
tether, teth'er, n. a rope or chain for apart for this, esp. that in the United 
tying a beast, while feeding, within States, usually the last Thursday of 
certain limits. — v. t. to confine with a November. 

tether: to restrain within certain limits. that, that, pron. demons, and rel. — 

tetrachord, tet'ra-kord, n. a series of as a demons, (pi. those) it points out 

four sounds, forming a scale of two a person or thing: the former or more 

tones and a half. — a. tet'rachordal. distant thing: not this but the other: 

tetrad, tet'rad, n. a group of four: as a rel., who or which. — conj. used to 

(chem.) an atom, radical, or element introduce a clause: because: for: in 

having a combining power of four. order that. 

tetrasyllable, tet'ra-sil-a-bl, n. a word thatch, thach, v. t. to cover, as a 
of four syllables. — adjs. tetrasyllable, roof, with straw, reeds, etc. — n. straw, 
-al, consisting of four syllables. etc., used to cover the roofs of build- 
tetter, tet'er, n. a popular name for ings and stacks, 
several eruptive diseases of the skin. thaumaturgy, thaw'ma-ter-ji, n. the 
text, tekst, n. the original words of art of working wonders or miracles. — 
an author : that on which a comment adjs. thaumatur'gic, -al, wonder-work- 






thaw 



mote, move; mute; then. 



theorem 491 



mg.—n. pi. thaumatur'gics, wonderful, 
especially magical performances. 

thaw, thaw, v. i. to melt or grow 
liquid, as ice: to become so warm as to 
melt ice. — v. t. to cause to melt. — n. the 
melting of ice or snow by heat: the 
change of weather which causes it. 

the, the, or (when emphatic) the, 
definite article, used to denote a par- 
ticular person or thing: also to denote 
a species. 

the, the, adv. by how much, by so 
much, used before comparatives, as, 'the 
more the better'. 

thearchy, the'ark-i, n. a theocracy : a 
body of divine rulers. — a. thear'chic. 

theater, theatre, the'a-ter, n. a. place 
where public representations, chiefly 
dramatic or musical, are seen, a play- 
house : any place rising by steps like the 
seats of a theater : scene of action, field 
of operations : the drama, the stage. — 
adjs. theat'ric, -al, relating or suitable 
to a theater, or to actors : artificial, af- 
fected. — n. theat'ricalism, staginess, 
artificiality. — adv. theat'rically. — n. pi. 
theat'ricals, dramatic performances. 

thee, the, pron. objective of thou. 

theft, theft, n. act of thieving. 

theine, the'in, n. a bitter crystallizable 
volatile principle found in tea. 

their, thar, poss. a. pron. of or belong- 
ing to them. 

theirs, £/zarz, poss. of they. 

theism, the'izm, n. belief in the ex- 
istence of God with or without a belief 
in a special revelation. — n. the'ist, one 
who believes in God. — adjs. theist'ic, -al. 

them, them, pron. objective of they. 

theme, them. n. a subject set or pro- 
posed for discussion, or on which a 
person speaks or writes : a thesis, a 
brief essay : a word in its radical form 
unmodified by inflections : (mns.) sub- 
ject, a short melody developed with 
variations. — a. themat'ic. 

themselves, £/zem-selvz', pron. pi. of 
himself, herself, and itself. 

then, then, adv. at that time: after- 
ward: immediately: at another time. — 
conj. for that reason, therefore : in that 
case. — a. being at that time. — n. a specific 
time alreadv mentioned. 

thence, thens, adv. from that time or 
place: for that reason. — advs. thence'- 
forth, from that time forth or forward; 
thencefor'ward, from that time forward. 




theocracy, the-ok'ra-si, n. a form of 
government in which the Almighty is re- 
garded as the sole sovereign, and the 
laws of the realm as divine commands. 

theodicy, the-od'i-si, 
n. (theol.) the exposi- 
tion of the theory of 
Divine Providence, an 
explanation of the ex- 
istence of evil. [Gr. theos, 
God, dike, justice.] 

theodolite, the-od'o- 
lit, n. an instrument used 
in land-surveying for the 
measurement of angles 
horizontal and vertical — ■ 
a combination of the Theodolite, 
transit and level. — a. theodolit'ic. 

theology, the-ol'6-ji, n. the science 
which treats of God, and of man's duty 
to Him. — n. theolo'gian, one well versed 
in theology : a divine, a professor of or 
writer on divinity. — adjs. theolog'ic, -al, 
pertaining to theology or divinity. — adv. 
theolog'ically. — n. theolog'ics, theolog- 
ical disputation. — v. t. theol'ogize, to 
render theological. — v. i. to make a sys- 
tem of theology. — ns. theol'ogist, a stu- 
dent in the science of theology: a 
theologian; the'ologue (-log), a theo- 
logian, esp. a theological student. 

theomania, the-o-ma'ni-a, n. a mad- 
man's belief that he himself is God, ot 
that God dwells in him. — n. theoma'niac. 

theopathy, the-op'a-thi. n. religious 
emotion aroused by meditation about 
God. — a. theopathet'ic. 

theophany, the-of'a-ni, n. a manifes- 
tation or appearance of God or the gods 
to man : the incarnation and second com- 
ing of Christ. — a. theophan'ic. 

theophile, the'o-fil, n. one who loves 
God. 

theorem, the'6-rem, n. a proposition 
to be proved. — adjs. theoret'ic, -al, per- 
taining to theory : not practical : specu- 
lative. — adv. theoretically. — n. pi. theo- 
retics, the speculative parts of a science. 
— v. i. the'orize, to form a theory: to 
form opinions solely by theories : to spec- 
ulate. — ns. the'orlzer; the'orist, a theo- 
rizer: one given to theory and specula- 
tion; the'ory, an explanation or system 
of anything: an exposition of the ab- 
stract principles of a science or art: 
speculation as opposed to practice. 



492 theosophy fate, far; me, her; mine; thimble 

theosophy, the-os'6-fi, n. a system thermometer, ther-mom'e-ter, n. an 

of religion based on belief in the imme- instrument for measuring the variations 

diate divine illumination or inspiration of sensible heat or temperature. — adjs. 

claimed to be possessed by specially gifted thermomet ric, -al, pertaining to or 

men : knowledge of divine things. — n. the- made with a thermometer. 

os'ophist. — adjs. theosoph'ic, -al. thesaurus, the-saw'rus, n. a treasury 

therapeutic, ther-a-pu'tik, a. pertain- or repository, esp. of knowledge : a lex- 

ing to the healing art : curative. — adv. icon or cyclopedia. 

therapeutically n. sing, therapeu'tics. these, thez, demons, pron., pi. of this. 

there, thar, adv. in that place — opp. to thesis, the'sis, n. a position or that 

here, at that point — it is used to begin which is set down or advanced for argu- 

sentences when the subject comes after ment: a subject for a scholastic exer- 

the verb. — inter 7. expressing certainty, cise : an essay on a theme : — pi. theses 

alarm, etc., and in inter jectional phrases (the'sez). [L., — Gr. ti-the-mi, I set.] 

equivalent to that, as 'there's a good boy'. Thespian, thes'pi-an, a. pertaining to 

— advs. thereabout' or -abouts', about tragedy or to dramatic art generally : 

or near that place: near that number, tragic: dramatic. — n. an actor, 

quantity or degree; thereaft'er, after or theurgy, the'er-ji, n. that kind of 

according to that; thereat', at that place magic which affects to work by super- 

or occurrence : on that account ; there'- natural agency, as distinguished from 

away, from that place or direction, natural magic and necromancy, 

thence: in those parts, thereabout; thew, thu, n. (used chiefly in pi.) mus- 

thereby', by that means : in consequence cle or strength : sinews. 

of that; therefor', for that, this, or it; they, tha, pers. pron., pi. oi tie, she, or 

there'fore, for that or this reason : con- it. 

sequently ; therefrom', from that or this ; thick, thik, a. dense : imperfectly mo- 

therein', in that or this place, time or bile : compact : not transparent or clear : 

thing ; thereinaft'er, later in the same misty : dull, mentally clouded : crowded : 

document ; therein'to, into that place ; closely set : abundant : frequent, in quick 

thereof, of that or this ; thereon', on succession : having great depth or cir- 

that or this; thereto', thereun'to, to that cumference: {coll.) in fast friendship. — 

or this; there'tofore, before that time; n. the thickest part of anything. — adv. 

thereupon', upon or in consequence of closely: frequently: fast: to a great 

that or this: immediately; therewith', depth. — v. t. thick'en, to make thick or 

with that or this, thereupon ; there'- close : to strengthen. — v. i. to become 

withal, with that or this : at the same thick or obscure : to crowd or press. — 

time, over and above. ns. thick'ening, something put into a 

thermal, ther'mal, a. pertaining to liquid or mass to make it more thick; 

heat : warm. — n. therm, a thermal unit, thick'et, a collection of trees or shrubs 

—adv. ther'mally. — a. ther'mic, ther- thickly or closely set. — a. thick'head'ed, 

mal. — ns. ther'mo-dynam'ics, the branch having a thick head or skull : stupid. — 

of physics which treats of heat adv. thick'ly. — 11. thick'ness. — adjs. 

as a mechanical agent; ther'mo- thick'-set, closely planted: having a 

electric'ity, electricity developed by short, thick body; thick'-skinned, hav- 1 

the unequal heating of bodies; ther'- ing a thick skin: wanting sensibility. 

mograph, an automatic self-registering thief, thef, n. one who steals or takes 

thermometer; ther'mo-pile, a thermo- unlawfully what is not his own. 

electric battery used as a thermometer ; thieve, thev, v. i. to practise theft : 

ther'moscope, an instrument for detect- to steal. — n. thiev'ery, the practice of 

ing changes of temperature without thieving. — a. thiev'ish, given to or like 

measuring them accurately ; ther'mostat, theft or stealing : acting by stealth, 

an appliance for showing temperatures thigh, thi, n. the thick fleshy part of 

automatically — used in regulating steam the leg from the knee to the trunk, 

pressure, etc. ; thermot'ics, the science thill, thil, n. one of the shafts of a 

of heat. cart, buggy or other vehicle. 

thermite, ther'mlt, n. a mixture of thimble, thim'bl, n. a metal cover for 

aluminium filings and oxid of chromium, the finger, used in sewing. — ns. thim'ble- 



thin 



mote, move; mute; then. 



thought 493 



ful, as much as a thimble will hold: a 
small quantity; thim'ble-rig, a sleight- 
of-hand trick in which the performer 
conceals or pretends to conceal a pea 
or small ball under one of three thimble- 
like cups. — v. i. to cheat by such means. 

thin 4 thin, a. having little thickness : 
slim : lean : freely mobile : small : fine : 
not close or crowded : transparent, 
flimsy, shallow : not full or well grown, 
meager, weak. — adv. not thickly or 
closely : in a scattered state. — v. t. to 
make thin : to make less close or crowded 
(with away, out, etc.) : to make rare or 
less thick or dense. — v. i. to grow or be- 
come thin. — adv. thinly. — n. thin'ness. 

thine, thin, pron. (poss. form of 
thou) belonging to thee: thy. 

thing, thing, n. an inanimate object: 
a living being (in tenderness or in con- 
tempt) : an event: a part: (pi.) clothes. 

think, thingk, v. i. to exercise the 
mind, (with about, of, on) : to revolve 
ideas in the mind: to judge: to form or 
hold as an opinion : to consider : to pur- 
pose or design. — v. t. to imagine : to 
judge: to believe or consider: — pa. t. and 
pa. p. thought. — n. think'er. — p. a. think'- 
ing, having the faculty of thought. — n. 
the act or state of one who thinks. 

third therd, a. the last of three. — n. 
one of three equal parts : (golf) a handi- 
cap of a stroke every third hole. — adv. 
thirdly, in the third place. 

thirst, therst, n. the uneasiness caused 
by want of drink : vehement desire for 
drink : eager desire for anything. — v. i. 
to feel thirst : to desire vehemently. — adv. 
thirstily. — n. thirst'iness. — a. thirst'y. 

thirteen, ther'ten, a. and n. three and 
ten. — a. and n. thirteenth, the last of 
thirteen : a thirteenth part. 

thirty, ther'ti, a. and n. three times 
ten. — a. thir'tieth, the last of thirty. — n. 
a thirtieth part. 

this, this, demons, pron. or a. denoting 
a person or thing near, just mentioned 
or about to be mentioned : — pi. these. 

thistle, this'l, n. the common name of 
numerous prickly plants, mostly natives 
of Europe. — a. this'tly. 

thither, thith'er, adv. to that place: to 
that end or result. — adv. thith'erward. 

tho. Variant spelling of though. 

thole, thol. v. t. to endure, to suffer. 
— v. i. to be patient, to wait. 




Then 



thong, thong, n. a piece or strap of 
leather to fasten anything. 

thorax, tho'raks, n. 
the part of the body 
between the neck and 
abdomen : the chest. — 
a. thoracic (-ras'-). 
[L.,-Gr.] 

thorium, tho'ri-um, 
n. a rare metal resem- 
bling aluminium. 

thorn, thorn, n. a 
sharp, woody spine on 
the stem of a plant : a 
spine : a plant having 
spines or thorns : any- 

H-n'no- nnVtlv r>r rrrmh- c n > spine; a, a, a, inter- 
filing pncKiy or trouD c Q s t a x muscles . h< 

lesome. — ns. thorn chest muscles; d, 
annle the hawthorn thoracic muscles; e, 

appie, tne nawmorn, clavlcle; ft third rib . 

or its fruit; thorn- g, sternum, or breast- 
back a species of ray ^i^sj^fffge 
or skate which has ribs ; m o, base of dia- 
nail - like crooked pkrasm. 
spines in its back. — a. thorn'y, full of 
thorns : prickly : troublesome : harassing. 

thoro. Variant spelling of thorough. 

thorofare. Variant spelling of thor- 
oughfare. 

thorough, thur'o, a. passing through 
or to the end : complete : entire. — n. 
thor'ough-bass, (mus.) a bass part all 
through a piece, with figures to indicate 
the harmony to be played to each. — a. 
thor'oughbred, of pure or unmixed 
breed or race : high-spirited : of perfect 
breeding. — n. an animal, esp. a horse, of 
pure blood: (coll.) a well-bred person: 
a 'good fellow'. — n. thor'oughfare, a 
public way -or street : right of passing 
through. — a. thoroughgoing, going 
through or to the end: going all 
lengths: complete. — adv. thoroughly. 
n. thoroughness. — a. thor'ough-paced, 
thoroughly or perfectly paced or trained. 

those, thoz, pron. pi. of that. 

thou, f/iow, pron. of the second per- 
son sing., the person addressed. 

though, tho, conj. admitting: allow- 
ing: even if: notwithstanding. 

thought, thawt, pa. t. and pa. p. of 
think. [A. S.'thoht — thencan, to think.] 

thought, thawt, n. the act of thinking : 
reasoning: deliberation: that which one 
thinks: idea: fancy: consideration: 
opinion: meditation: design: care. — a. 
thought'fui, full of thought: employed 
in meditation: attentive: considerate: 



494 thousand fate, far; me, her; mine; through 

promoting serious thought. — adv. house: door : entrance : the place or 
thought'fully. — n. thought'fulness. — a. point of entering. 
thoughtless, without thought or care: threw, thro, pa. t. of throw. 
careless: inattentive: stupid: dull.— adv. thrice, thris, adv. three times. 
thoughtlessly. — n. thoughtlessness. thrift, thrift, n. state of thriving : f ru- 
thousand, thow'zand, a. denoting ten gality: prosperity: increase of wealth: 
hundred: proverbially, denoting any S^n^-adv. thriftily.-**, thnft'iness.— 
great number.— n. the number ten hun- a - thriftless, not thrifty : extravagant : 
dred: any large number.— adjs. thou'- not thriving. — adz; thriftlessly. — *, 
sandfold, folded a thousand times: thrift lessness.— a. thrifty, 
multiplied by a thousand; thousandth, thrill, thril, v. t. to affect strongly.— 
the last of a thousand or of any great ?• *• t0 caus ^ a tingling shivering feel- 
number.— n. one of a thousand or of ™8 t0 ru P through the body: to feel a 
any great number. ? har P> shivering sensation.— n. a thrill- 
thrall, thrawl, n. a slave, serf: slav- mgsensation.-a thrill ing, causing to 
ery, servitude. - v. t. to enslave. -nj. thr £ l i stimng.-adz/. thrill ingly. 
thral'dom, thrall'dom, the condition of thnve :> thnv > v - * *? Prosper: to in- 
a thrall or slave: slavery: bondage. crease \ n § oods: , to *> e successful: to 
. , , ,, , . , r. . , , • n grow : to flourish : — pa. t. throve and 
thrash, thrash, v t. to beat out (grain) f hrIyed th riv'en.-/>. a. thriving, 
from the straw: to beat soundly-also flourishing S uccessful.-adz/. thrivingly 
thresh.-^, thrasher, thresher; throat 5 thr5tj M> the f art of 5 th y e 
thrashing threshing, the act of beating neck in which are the Uet and wind _ 
out gram from the straw: a sound beat- pipe . an entrance: a narrow part of ■ 
mg or drubbing. thing . ( M0Mf# ) the widened and hollowed 
thread, thred, n. a very thm line of end of a gaff next the mast — opp. to 
any substance twisted and drawn out: ^^^ the outer end.— a. throat'y, formed 
a filament of any fibrous substance: a in the throat, guttural in sound, 
fine line of yarn : anything resembling a throb> throbj v ^ L to beat or pa lpitate, 
thread: the prominent spiral part of a as the heart or pulse> with more than 
screw: the uniform tenor of a discourse. usual f orC e.— n. a beat or strong pulsa- 
—v.t. to pass a thread through the eye t i on ._aaV. throb'bingly. 
of (a needle, etc.): to pass or pierce throe , thro, n. suffering, pain: agony, 
through as a narrow way: to furnish thr one, thron, n. a chair of state: 
with a thread.— a. thread bare, worn to seat of a bishop in the ca thedral-church 
the bare thread: having the nap worn of his dioce se: sovereign power and dig- 
off: hackneyed: used till its novelty or n i ty ._^ t . to place on a royal seat: to 
interest is gone. . . exalt. — v. i. to sit in state, as on a throne. 
threat, thret, n. declaration of an in- throng, throng, n. a large number of 
tention to inflict punishment or other people pressed or crowded together: a 
evil upon another : menace. — v. t. crow d : a great multitude,— v. t. to press 
threat en, to declare the intention of G r crowd : to annoy with numbers.— v. i. 
doing mischief to: to terrify by men- to crowd together: to come in multi- 
aces : to present the appearance of (com- tudes. 

ing evil or something unpleasant).— n. throttle, throt'l, n. the throat or wind- 

threat'ener.— a. threat'ening, indicating p i pe : a throttle-valve.—^, t. to choke by 

a threat or menace : indicating something pressure on the windpipe : to shut off 

impending.— adv. threat'eningly. the steam from a steam-pipe, engine, 

three, thre, a. and n. two and one.— etc.— v. i. to breathe hard, as when nearly 

adjs. three'fold, folded thrice : thrice re- suffocated. 

peated: consisting of three; three'ply,- through, thro, prep, from end to end 

having three plies or folds ; three'score, r from side to side of : between the 

three ^ times a # score, sixty (also n.) ; sides of: over the whole extent of: 

three'some, triple. among: from beginning to end: by 

thresh, thresh (see thrash). means of: in consequence of. — adv. from 

threshold, thresh'old, n. a doorsill, a one end or side to the other: from be- 

plank, stone, etc., under the door of a ginning to end : to the end or purpose. — 



throve 



mote, move; mute; then. 



tick 



495 



a. clear, unobstructed, serving for an en- 
tire route. — adv. through'-and-through, 
thoroughly. — prep, throughout', through 
to the outside: in every part of: from 
one end to the other. — adv. in every part. 

throve, throv, pa. t. of thrive. 

throw, thro, v. t. to hurl: to fling: to 
wind or twist together, as yarn : to form 
on a wheel, as pottery : to cast, as dice : 
to put off: to put on or spread care- 
lessly: to cast down squarely in wres- 
tling. — v. i. to cast or hurl : to cast dice : 
— pa. t. threw (thro) ; pa. p. thrown. — 
n. the act of throwing: a cast, of dice, 
a ball, etc. : the distance to which any- 
thing may be thrown : a violent effort. — 
n. throw'er. — a. thrown, twisted, as 
silk: cast from the hand, etc. 

thru. Variant spelling of through. 

thrum, thrum, n. the end of a weaver's 
thread, any loose thread or fringe : 
coarse yarn. — v. t. to furnish with 
thrums : to fringe. 

thrum, thrum, v. i. to play rudely or 
monotonously on an instrument with the 
fingers. — n. a monotonous sound. 

thruout. Variant spelling of through- 
out. 

thrush, thrush, n. a passerine bird of 
the family Turdidce, esp. the throstle. 

thrush, thrush, n. an inflammatory 
and suppurating affection in the frog 
of the horse: an infantile disease of 
the mouth and throat. 

thrust, thrust, v. t. to push or drive 
with force : to stab, pierce. — v. i. to make 
a push, esp. with a pointed weapon : to 
squeeze in : to intrude : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
thrust. — n. a stab: an assault: the hori- 
zontal outward pressure of an arch 
against its abutments, or of rafters, 
beams, etc., against the walls or bearings. 

thud, thud, n. a dull hollow sound, 
caused by a blow or a heavy body fall- 
ing. — v. i. to make a dull hollow sound. 

thug, thug, n. one of a class of pro- 
fessional robbers and assassins in India, 
extirpated 1826-35: any cut-throat ruf- 
fian. — ns. thug'gery, thug'gism. 

thumb, thum, n. the short, thick digit, 
consisting of two phalanges, on the 
radial side of the human hand: the cor- 
responding member in other animals. — 
v. t. to handle awkwardly: to play or 
soil with the thumb or fingers. — v. i. to 
finger. — a. thumbed, having thumbs: 
marked by the thumb, worn. 



thump, thump, n. a heavy blow. — v. t. 
to beat with something heavy. — v. i. to 
strike or fall with a dull, heavy blow. — ■ 
n. thump'er. — a. thump'ing {coll.), un- 
usually big. 

thunder, thun'der, n. the deep rum- 
bling sound after a flash of lightning, a 
thunderbolt: any loud noise: an alarm- 
ing denunciation. — v. i. to make thunder : 
to sound as thunder. — v. t. to give out 
with noise and terror : to issue as a 
denunciation. — ns. thun'derbolt, a bolt 
or shaft of lightning preceding a peal 
of thunder : anything sudden and irre- 
sistible : an awful threat, denunciation ; 
thun'der-clap, a sudden peal of thunder. 

thus, thus, adv. in this or that man- 
ner : to this degree or extent. — n. thus'- 
ness, state of being thus. — adv. thus'wise, 
in this manner. 

thwack, thwak, v. t. to strike with 
something blunt and heavy, to thrash. 

thwart, thwawrt, a. cross : being 
crosswise. — v. t. to cross : to oppose : to 
defeat. — n. the bench for rowers placed 
athwart the boat. — n. thwar'ter. 

thy, thl, a. pron. thine, of or pertain- 
ing to thee. 

thyme, tim, n. a plant of the mint 
family, some species being cultivated as 
a relish and flavoring. — a. thy'my. 

thyself, thi-seW, pron. thou or thee, 
in person — used for emphasis. 

tiara, ti-a'ra, n. a rich ornament for the 
head : the miter of the 
Jewish high priest: the 
pope's triple crown, the 
papal dignity. [Fr. tiare 
— L. tiara — Gr. tiara.] 

tibet, thibet, ti-bet', 
n. a fine woolen fabric. 
— a. Tib'etan, pertain- 
ing to Tibet, its lan- 
guage or people. — n. the 
language or a native of 
Tibet. 

tibia, tib'i-a, n. the large shinbone. 

tick, tik, n. the popular name for sev- 
eral parasitical mites which infest dogs, 
sheep, etc. 

tick, tik, n. the case or cover in which 
feathers, etc., are put for bedding. — ns. 
tick'ing, the cloth of which ticks are 
made. 

tick, tik, v. i. to make a small, quick 
noise: to beat, as a watch. — n. tick'er, 
anything which ticks, a watch. 




Tiara. 




^Nj^ 



496 tick fate, far; me, her; mine; timber 

tick, tik, v. i to get or give credit.— tiff, tif, v. i. to be in a pet.— n. a 
n. credit: trust. [Ticket.] display of irritation, a pet, huff. 

tick, tik, v. i. to touch lightly. — n. a tap tiger, ti'ger, n. a fierce and rapacious 
or light touch : a slight mark. — v. t. feline quadruped, 
tick'le, to touch lightly and cause to nearly as large as a 
laugh : to please by slight gratification. — lion: the jaguar or 
v. i. to feel titillation or tickling. — ns. puma : one more cheer 
tickler, tick'ling. after a round of 

ticket, tik'et, n. a marked card: a cheers -.—-fern, ti'gress. 
token of any right or debt, as for admis- — a - ti'gerish, like a 
sion, etc.: a list of candidates put for- tiger in disposition.— 
ward by a party for election.— v. t. to «• ti'gerism.-a. Bengal Tiger, 
mark by a ticket. ti'grine, like a tig'er. 

ticklish, tik'lish, a. easily tickled: eas- tight, tit, a. close: compact: rigid: 
ily affected: nice: critical.— adv. tick'- hampered from want of money: snug, 
lishly. — n. tick'lishness. — a. tick'ly, tr . lm \ n °t leaky: fitting closely, also too 

tidbit. Same as titbit. closely: scarce, not easily obtainable: 

tide, tid, n. time: season: the regular }. coll > unwilling to part with money:' 
flux and reflux or rhythmic ebb and tipsy : not loose or free m treatment- 
flow of the sea: course: a time or f \ *'•? ht en ' *? make ti 5 h f or tighter: 
season, a feast-day, festival: commotion: to Straiten — v. i. to grow tight or tighter, 
turning-point— z>. t. to drive with the TT* tightener. — ^, tightly. — n. 
stream.-z/. i. to pour a tide or flood: tight ness.-n. />/. tights a thm garment, 
to work in or out of a river or harbor f s of Sllk ' cl ° sel y fittin S the body, or the 
with the tide.-*, ti'dal, pertaining to le ^ w ° rn b ^ acrobats dancers, etc. 
tides: flowing and ebbing periodically. , tlle ' tl \ n - a P^ce of baked clay used 
a. tide'less, having no tides.-n. tide'- fcr covering roofs floors etc. : a tube 
wa'ter, the water of the portion of a °" pI P e of baked clay used in drains: 
river affected by the tide, the seaboard, {s !V lg X a tal1 Sllk h ^.-v. f ; . to co . ver 

..♦j* j.-fj\- Si • ^ 1 with tiles: to secure against intrusion. 

tidings, tidingz, n. pi. news: intel- as a i odg - e - r oom.-n,. tiler, one wto 
ligence. > makes or who lays tiles: the keeper of 

tidy tidi, a. neat: in good order: the door in a Freemason's lodge-also 
fairly large: (coll.) comfortable.— n. a t yler; tiling, a roof or floor of tiles. 
cover for chairs, etc.— v. t. to make neat: till til n a mon ey-box or drawer in 
to put in good : order:— pa. t. and pa. p. a desk counter, or trunk. 
ti died.-adv. ti dily, neatly.— n. ti diness. till) tilj prep , to the time ot _ ad ^ 

tie, ti, v. t. to bind: to fasten with a to the time when: to the degree that, 
cord: to unite: to constrain: (mus.) to till, til, v. t. to cultivate.— a. till'able, 
unite notes with a tie: to score equally arable.— ns. till'age, act or practice of 
with : to bind with a ligature.—*/, i. to tilling : husbandry, farming : a place 
make an exactly equal number of points tilled; till'er; tilling, 
with each other :—/>r. />. tying; pa. t. and tiller, til'e'r, n. the handle or lever 
ba. p. tied (tid).— n. a knot, bow, etc.: a for turning a rudder, 
bond: something for tying: a necktie: tilt, tilt, v. i. to ride against another 
one of a set 01 timbers laid crosswise, and thrust with a lance: to thrust or 
one of the cross-beams of a railway, on fight with a lance or rapier : to fall into 
which the rails are laid : an equality in a sloping posture, to heel over.-^. t. to 
numbers, as of votes, or of points in a pointy or thrust with, as a lance: to slant: 
g am e. to raise one end of : to forge with a tilt- 

tier, ter, n. a row or rank, especially hammer.— n. a thrust: in the Middle 
when several rows are placed one above Ages, an exercise in which combatants 
another. rode against each other with lances : in- 

tierce, ters, n. a cask containing one- clination forward, dip, slant. 
third of a pipe = 42 gallons: a sequence timber, tim'ber, n. wood for building 
of three cards of the same color: a purposes, lumber: trees collectively, a 
thrust, in fencing. wood or forest: one of the larger pieces 



time mote, move; mute; then. tip 497 

of the framework of a house, ship, etc. tinder, tin'der, n. anything used for 

— v. t. to furnish with timber or beams, kindling fire from a spark. 

— p. a. tim'bered, furnished with timber . tine, tin, n. the spike of a fork or 

time, tim, n. a point at which, or harrow, or of a deer's antler.— a. tined. 
period during which, things happen : a tinfoil, tin'foil, n. tin in thin leaves 
season or the proper season : an oppor- for wrapping articles.— s>. t. to cover with 
tunitv : absolute duration : an interval : such. _ _ 
the past: the duration of one's life: * m S> \™8> v ' *• and v - }■ to . J inkle 
allotted period : repetition of anything llke . a bell.— ». a sharp sound, a tinkling. 
or mention with reference to repetition: tinge, tmj, v . t. to tint or color: to 
musical measure, or rate of movement: nilx Wlt ^ something: -» give in some 
(gram.) the relation of a verb with re- degree the qualities of a substance.— n. 
gard to- tense: the referee's call in prize- a small amount of coior or taste in- 
fights, etc.: hour of travail: the state of fused mto another substance 
things at any period, usually in pi: the tingle, tmggl, v. i. to feel a thrilling 
period of existence or history of the sensation, as in hearing a shrill sound : 
world: addition of a thing to itself.— v. t. to feel a sharp, thrilling pain :_ to tinkle. 
to do at the proper season: to regulate —*>; /• to pause to tingle, to ring 
as to time: (mus.) to measure.—-,-, i, tinker, tmgk er, « a mender of kettles, 
to keep or beat time.— a. time'-hon'ored, P- ns > Qtc - : a ootcher or bungler: a 
honored for a long time: venerable on botch or bungle.— y. f. to repair, esp. un- 
account of antiquity.— ns. time'-keep'er, skilfully.— v i. to do tinker s work : to 
a clock, watch, or other instrument for make a botch or mess of anything, 
keeping or marking time : one who keeps 1 tinkle, tmgk 1, v i to make small 
the time of workmen; timeliness.— a. sharp sounds : to clink: to jingle.— v. t. 
timely, in good time : sufficiently early. to c -use to make quick, sharp sounds.—;?. 
—adv. early, soon.— ns. timepiece, a a shar P> clinking sound— hj. tink ler, a 
piece of machinery for keeping time, esp. small bell ; tink ling, a tinkling noise, 
a clock; time'-serv'er.— a: time'-serv'- tmsel, tinsel, n. something sparkling 
ing, complying with the spirit of the or shining: glittering metallic sheets, al- 
times or with present power.— n. mean mos t as thm as 101I, used in disks, 
compliance with the spirit of the times patches, strips, or threads, for giving 
or V ith present power.— n. time'-ta'ble, clothing, etc., a striking appearance : any- 
a table or list showing the times of thm S showy, but of little value: any- 
certain things, as trains, steamers, etc.— ^img having a false luster.— a. like 
a. time'-worn, worn or decayed by time. tms el : gaudy : superficial.— v. t. to adorn 

timid, tim'id, a, fearful: wanting wl * h , or , as , wlth tm ^ + - A - , i 

courage: faint-hearted.-;/, tirnid'ity, - tint ', tllu ' .»• .a slight tinge distinct 

quality or state o^ being timid: want of fr0 ™ h f. P^mcipal color: a series of 

courage.-^-, tim'idly?-;;. tim'idness. P a ^ allel h * e y n engraving, producing a 

-a. tim'orous, timid: indicating fear. uniform shading.-^, t. to give a slight 

., .. ,_ ... L . ^ coloring to. 

timothy, tim o-thi, n. timothy-grass. tintinnabulation, tin-tin-ab-u-la'shun, 

tin, tin, n. a silvery-white, non-elastic, n . the tinkling sound of bells, 

easily fusible, and malleable metal: tiny, ti'ni, a. (comp. tl'nier, saperl. 

(slang) money: a vessel of tin, a can, ti'niest) thin: very small. 

etc.— a. made of tin.—-.-, t. to cover or tip, tip. n. the top or point of any- 

overlay with tin or tinfoil: to pack in thing small: the end, as of a fishing-rod. 

tins.— ns. tin man, tinner, a tinsmith ; a billiard-cue, etc.— v. t. to form a point 

tin'nmg, the art of coating with tin, or to: to cover the tip or end of. 

of repairing tinware: canning. tip, tip, v. t. to strike lightly: to cause 

tincture, tingk'tur, n, a tinge or shade to slant: (slang) to communicate, give: 

of_ color : a slight taste added to any- (slang) to give private information to, 

thing: (med.) a solution of any sub- about betting, etc. : (coll.) to give a small 

stance in or by means of alcohol: (her.) gift of money to, as a gratuity. — v. i. to 

one of the metals, colors, or furs in slant: to give tips. — n. a tap or light 

achievements.—?, t, to tinge: to imbue; stroke: a place for tipping refuse into, 
82 



498 tipple fate, far ; me, her ; mine ; toad 

a dump : private hint or information title, ti'tl, n. an inscription set over or 

about horse-racing, stock speculations, at the beginning of a thing, by which it 
etc. : a gratuity. — ns. tip'per, a means of is known : a title-page : a name of dis- 

tipping, esp. an arrangement for dump- tinction: that which gives a just right 

ing coal: one who tips; tip'ping, act of to possession: ownership: the writing 

tilting: the habit of giving gratuities; that proves a right. — a. ti'tled, having a 

tip'ster, one whose business is to give title. — ns. ti'tle-deed, a deed or document 

private tips about horses, etc. — foul tip, that_ proves a title or just right to ex- 

a foul hit in baseball straight to the elusive possession; ti'tle-page, the page 

catcher's hands ; straight tip, a reliable of a book containing its title and usually 

hint about betting, etc. the author's and the publisher's names; 

tipple, tip'l, v. i. to drink in small ti'tie-role, the part in a play' which gives 

quantities : to drink strong liquors often its name to it, as 'Macbeth'. 

or habitually. — v. t. to drink, as intox- titling, tit'ling, n. the hedge-sparrow, 

icants, to excess. — n. liquor tippled. — n. — n. tit'mouse, a small bird which feeds 

tipp'ler, a constant toper. on insects, etc.: — pi. titmice (tit'mis). 

tipsy, tip'si, a. partially intoxicated. — ■ _ titrate, tit'rat, v. t. to subject to 

v. t. tip'sify, to fuddle. — adv. tip'sily. titration. — n. titration, the process of 

tiptoe, tip'to, 11. the end of the toe. ascertaining the quantity of any given 

— v. i. to walk on tiptoe, to go lightly, constituent present in a compound by 

tiptop, tip'top, a. first-rate. — adv. in a means of standard solutions, 

first-rate manner. titter, tit'er, v. i. to giggle, snicker, 

tirade, ti-rad', n. a strain of censure or laugh with the tongue striking the 
or reproof: a long vehement reproof, teeth: to laugh restrainedly. — n. a re- 
tire, tir, n. the hoop of iron, rubber, strained laugh, 
etc., that ties, binds, or surrounds the . tittle, tit'l, n. a small particle: an 
fellies of wheels. [From tie.] iota. 

tire, tir, v. t. to harass, to vex: to tMe, tit'l, v. t. (Scot.) to chatter.— 

exhaust the strength of : to weary.— v. i. n - titt le-tatt le, idle, empty talk.— v. i. 

to become weary: to be fatigued: to to P r ate idly.^ 

have the patience exhausted.— adjs. tired, titular, tit u-lar, a. existing in name 

wearied : fatigued ; tireless, untiring.— or title only : nominal : having the title 

adv. tirelessly.— a. tire'some, that tires : without the duties of an office, 

fatiguing: tedious. — adv. tire'somely. tmesis, tme'sis, n. (gram.) the sepa- 

'tis, tiz, a contraction of it is. nation of the parts of a compound word 

tissue, tish'u, n. cloth interwoven with \l one or more words inserted between 
gold or silver, or with figured colors: them as of whom be thou ware also. 
(anat.) the substance of which organs $°» J°» P re P- m the direction of: in 
are composed: a connected series.-^, t ord ? r t0 , : as f ar a ? : m a ccordance with, 
to form, as tissue: to interweave: to m the character of: regarding, concern- 
variegate.-^, tis'sue-pa'per, a thin, soft, ™f ."? connection with : the sign of the 
semi-transparent kind of paper. infinitive mood.-adv. to a place m view, 

tit tit n a teat forward : to its place, together. 

...' ,.,' ' 'r ,, , • , toad, tod, n. an amohibian of the 

tit, tit n. one of various small birds: Bufo fzm- 

a small horse. \\ y Bufonidce, 

tit, tit, n. m phrase tit for tat, prop- w id e ly distrib- 

erly tip for tap, blow for blow. _ uted.— ns. toad'- / 

Titan, ti'tan, Titanic, ti-tan'ik, a. eat'er, a fawning (1 

relating to the Titans, giants of myth- sycophant; toad'- 

ology: gigantic, huge generally. eat'ing, syco- 

titbit, tit'bit, n. a choice morsel. phancy. — a. syco- 

tithe, tlth, n. a tenth part, hence any p h a n t i c. — ns. 

indefinitely small part : the tenth of the toad'stool, any 

produce of land and stock sometimes non-edible fungus 

given to the clergy. — v. t. to tax to as distinguished 

a tenth. from the edible Toadstool. 




toast mote, move: mute; then. tome 499 

mushrooms — esp. those of the genus toil, toil, n. a net or snare. 

Agarica and allied genera; toady, a toil, toil, v. i. to labor: to work with 

mean hanger-on and flatterer. — v. i. to fatigue. — n. labor, esp. of a fatiguing 

fawn as a sycophant. — n. toad'yism, the kind. — n. toil'er. — adjs. toil'some, full 

practices of a toady. of fatigue: wearisome; toil'less. 

toast, tost, v. t. to dry and scorch toilet, toilette, toil'et, n. a dressing- 
at the fire : to name when a health is table with a mirror : also a cover for 
drunk : to drink to the health of. — v. i. such a table : the articles used in dress- 
to drink toasts. — n. bread toasted : a ing : mode or operation of dressing : the 
slice of such dipped in liquor : the person whole dress and appearance of a person, 
or thing named whose health is to be any particular costume : a toilet-room or 
drunk. — n. toast'mas'ter. lavatory. — make one's toilet, to dress. 

tobacco, to-bak'6, n. a plant of genus tokay, to-ka', n. a sweetish heavy wine 

Xicotiana, order Solanacea, the most with an aromatic flavor: a variety of 

generally cultivated being Nicotiana grape. 

Tabacum, a native of America — the dried token, to'kn, n. a mark : something 

leaves used for smoking in pipes, etc. representing another thing or event: a 

toboggan, to-bog'gan, n. a kind of sign or symbol : a memorial of friend- 
sled turned up at the front end, much ship : a coin issued by a private person, 
used in Canada and the Northern states, firm, or corporation, redeemable in 
— v. i. to slide down over snow on current money : a measure of press-work, 
such. — ns. tobog'ganer, tobogganing. told, told, pa. t. and pa. p. of tell. 

tocology, to-kol'o-ji, n. obstetrics. — tolerable, tol'er-a-bl, a. that may be 

Also tokol'ogy. tolerated or endured : moderately good 

tocsin, tok'sin, n. an alarm-bell, or the or agreeable : not contemptible. — adv. 

ringing of it. tol'erably. — n. tol'erance, the tolerating 

to-day, to-da', n. this or the present day. or enduring of offensive persons or 

toddle, tod'l, v. i. to walk with short opinions, charity, patience, indulgence. — 

feeble steps, as a child. a. tol'erant, tolerating: enduring: in- 

toddy, tod'i, n. a mixture of whisky, dulgent : favoring toleration. — adv. tor- 
sugar, and hot water. erantly. — v. t. tol'erate, to bear: to 
_ to-do, to-do', n. bustle: stir: commo- endure: to allow by not hindering. — ns. 
tion. tolera'tion, act of tolerating: allowance 

toe, to, n. one of the five small mem- of what is not approved : liberty given to 

bers at the point of the foot: the cor- a minority to hold and express their 

responding member of a beast's foot: own political or religious opinions with- 

the front of an animal's hoof. — v. t. out prejudice of their civil rights; tol'- 

to touch or reach with the toes: to erator. 

furnish with a toe, as a stocking. — v. i. toll, tol, n. a tax for the liberty of 

to place the toes in any particular way. passing over a bridge or road, etc. : a 

tog, tog, n. (slang) a garment — gen- portion of grain taken by a miller for 

erally in pi. — v. t. to dress. — n. tog'gery. grinding. — n. toll'age, payment of toll. 

toga, to'ga, n. the mantle or outer toll, tol, v. i. to sound, as a large 

garment of a Roman citizen. bell, esp. with a measured sound, as a 

together, to-geth'ev, adv. gathered to funeral bell. — v. t. to cause to sound, as 

one place : in the same place, time, or a bell : to strike, or signal by striking, 

company: in or into union: in concert. — n. the sound of a bell when tolling. 

toggle, tog'l, n. (naut.) a tomahawk, tom'a-hawk, n. a light 

short bar or pin of wood, // Indian war-hatchet. — v. t. to cut or kill 

placed in an eye at the end If with a tomahawk. [Amer. Ind.] 

of a rope, to keep the end m£ tomato, to-ma'to, or to-ma'to, n. the 

from passing through a J|f|| pulpy edible fruit of a plant of the 

loop or knot: an appliance rt ^«^ nightshade family (Solanacca?). 



for transmitting force at >IN8^% tomb, torn, n. a pit or vault in the 

right angles to its direction. Y- earth, in which a dead body is placed . 

— n. togg'le-joint, an elbow a , Toggle. tome, torn, n. a volume of a large 

or knee joint. work: a book. 



500 tomfool 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



top 



tomfool, tom'f 61, n. a great fool: a 
trifling fellow. — v. i. to act foolishly. — n. 
tomfool'ery, foolish trifling or jesting. 

to-morrow, to-mor'6, n. the day next 
after this. — adv. on the morrow. 

tomtit, tom'tit, n. the titmouse. 

tom-tom, tom'-tom, n. the drum used 
in the East by musicians, jugglers, etc. 

ton, tun, n. a measure of capacity, 
varying with the substance measured — ■ 
in the carrying capacity of ships, 40 
cubic feet : a measure of weight, equal 
to 20 cwt. or 2240 lb. avoirdupois (long 
ton) or of 2000 lbs. (short ton). 

ton, ton, 11. fashion, style. — a. tonlsh, 
stylish. — adv. ton'ishly. [Fr.] 

tone, ton, n. the character of a sound : 
quality of the voice : harmony of the 
colors of a picture, also its character- 
istic or prevailing effect: (gram.) syl- 
labic stress : character or style : state of 
mind : mood : a healthy state of the body. 
— v. t. to intone, to utter in a drawling 
way : to give tone or quality to : to alter 
or modify the color of. — a. to'nal. — n. 
tonality. — adjs. toned, having a tone 
(in compounds) ; toneless. 

tongs, tongz, n. pi. a domestic instru- 
ment, consisting of two jointed pieces 
or shafts 01 metal, used for lifting. 

tongue, tung, n. the fleshy organ in 
the mouth, used in tasting, swallowing, 
and speech : power of speech : manner of 
speaking : speech : discourse : a language : 
anything like a tongue in shape: the 
catch of a buckle : a point of land. 

tonic, ton'ik, a. relating to tones or 
sounds : (med.) giving tone and vigor 
to the system: giving or increasing 
strength : characterized by continuous 
tension. — n. a medicine which gives tone 
and vigor to the system. — n. tonicity. 

to-night, to-nlt', n. this night: the 
night after the present day. 

tonite, to'nit, n. a high explosive made 
from pulverized guncotton. 

tonnage, tun'aj, n. in regard to ships, 
a measure both of cubical capacity and 
of dead-weight carrying capability — the 
freight ton means 40 cubic feet of space 
available for cargo: a duty on ships, 
estimated per ton. 

tonneau, ton'6, n. the rear section of 
an automobile having a separate entrance 
for the rear seat: an automobile having 
such a section. [Fr.] 

tonsil, ton'sil, n. one of two glands 



at the root of the tongue, so named 
from its shape. — ns. tonsilli'tis, tonsili'- 
tis, inflammation of the tonsils. 

tonsile, ton'sil, a. that may be clipped. 
— n. ton'sor, a barber. — a. tonso'rial, 
pertaining to a barber or to shaving. 

tonsure, ton'shor, n. act of clipping 
the hair, or of shaving the head. 

tontine, ton-ten', n. a kind of life- 
annuity, increasing as the subscribers die. 
tony, to'ni,a. (coll.) genteel, high-toned. 
too, to, adv. over : more than enough : 
extremely : likewise. 
took, tok, pa. t. of take. 
tool, tol, n. an instrument used by 
workmen : one who acts as the mere in- 
strument of another. — v. t. to mark with 
a tool, esp. to ornament or imprint de- 
signs upon, of bookbinders : (slang) to 
drive, as a coach. — n. tooling, workman- 
ship done with a tool. 

toot, tot, v. i. to ^make short un- 
musical sounds on a flute or horn. — v. t. 
to blow, as a horn, etc. — n. a sound, as 
of a horn, a blast: (coll.) a spree. 

tooth, toth, n. one of the hard bodies 
in the mouth, attached c c b a a 
to the skeleton, but 
not forming part of it, 
their function pri- 
marily the mastica- 
tion of the food : the 
taste or palate, relish : 
anything tooth-like : a 
prong : one of the 
projections on a saw 
or wheel: — pi. teeth. 
— v. t. to furnish with 




Teeth. 



~, incisors; b, ca- 
teeth : to CUt into nine, cuspid, or dog- 
teeth.— n. tooth'ache, t° l h : c c bicus- 

! ' plus, or* lesser mo- 

an ache or pam m a lars: d,d,d, molars, 
tooth. — a. toothed, or great molars, 
having teeth or projections like teeth. — 
n. tooth'pick, an instrument for pick- 
ing out anything in the teeth. — a. tcoth'- 
some, pleasant to the taste. 

tootle, tot'l, v. i. to make a series of 
feeble sounds, as a poor player on the 
flute. [Freq. of toot.] 

top, top, n. the highest 
part of anything: the 
upper end or surface: 
the upper part of a plant : 
the crown of the head: 
the highest place, rank, 
or crown, consummation: **. t °p- (Naut.) 
(nant.) a small platform at the head 




top mote, move; mute; then. tortuous 501 

of the lower mast: (pi.) top-boots. — tornado, tor-na'do, n. a violent hur- 
ts, highest, foremost, chief: good, cap- ricane, frequent in tropical countries. 
jtal. — v. t. to cover on the top : to torous, to'rus, a. swelling, muscular, 
tip: to rise above: to surpass: to torpedo, tor-pe'do, n. a cartilaginous 
rise to the top of: to take off the top fish related to the rays, with electric 
of: to hit (a golf-ball) above its center, organs on each side of the head, giv- 

top, top, n. a child's pointed toy, ing an electric shock when touched so 

set or kept whirling round by means of as to produce torpor or numbness, the 

a string etc. cramp-fish : a submarine weapon of 

topaz,' to'paz, n. a mineral, ranked offense, carrying a charge of guncotton 

among gems, found generally in primi- or other explosive, and possessing 

live rocks, in great variety of shades, powers of locomotion :—/>/. torpedoes. 

tope, top, v. i. to drink hard or to ~ v - *• to att * ck . with torpedoes, to ex- 
excess : to tipple.— n. to'per, a drunkard. P lode a torpedo m or under. 

tophet, to'fet, n. a place at the south- f torpescent, tor-pes ent, a. becoming 

east corner of Gehenna, or vale of Hin- torpid or numk-,7. torpes cence . 

nom, to the south of Jerusalem, once the , t f or P ld ' tor pid, a. stiff, numb : having 

scene of idolatrous rites, including the J ? st th , e P° wer °, f motl ° n and feeling: 

burning of children to Moloch? the sluggish, dormant -n. torpid ity.-vdv. 

future place of torment for the damned, torpidly.-/^ torpidness; torpor, 

. ,_,._. r , . , numbness: inactivity: dullness : stupidity. 

topiary, to pi-a-ri a. cupped into or- torQ tork * m f £ \ 

namental shapes, of trees and shrubs. necklace of metal ri inte rlaced. 

topic, top ik, n. a subject of discourse torrefy, tor'e-fi, v. t. to scorch: to 
or argument: a matter.-a. top ical, per- parch ._ M . torrefac'tion. 
tammg to a place : local: relating to a torren t, tor'ent, n. a rushing stream: 
topic or subject: relating to things of a strong or turbulent curren t.-a. tor- 
local interest.— adv. topically. ren'tial, of the nature of a torrent, pro- 
topographer, to-pog raf-er, n one duced by the agency f rapid streams : 
who describes a place, etc. : one skilled overwhelminoly voluble 
in topography.— adjs. topographic, -al, torrid? tor ' id? ff burning or parching: 
pertaining to topography.-^*, topo- violently hot: dried with heat. 
graph ically.-^. topog raphist; topog - torsion, tor'shun, n. act of twisting or 
raphy the description of a place : a. turning a body: the force with which a 
detailed account of the superficial thread or wire tends to return when 
features of a trart of country. twisted.— adjs. tor'sional, pertaining to 

topple, top 1, v. i. to fall forward : to torsion ; tor'sive, twisted spirally, 

tumble down. [Freq. of top.} torso, tor'so, n. the trunk of a statue 

topsyturvy, top'si-ter'vi, adv. bottom without head or limbs :—/>/. tor'sos. 

upwards.— a, turned upside down.— n. tort, tort, n. a law term including all 

confusion. those wrongs, not arising out of contract, 

toque, tok, n. a close-fitting brimless for which a remedy by compensation or 

bonnet for women: a long woolen cap. damages is given in a court of law. 

Torah, to'ra, n. the Mosaic law: the tortile, tor'til, a. twisted: wreathed: 

book of the law, the Pentateuch. [Heb.] coiled. — n. tortil'ity. 

torch, torch, n. a light formed of tortilla, tor-te'lya, n. 3. round flat cake 

twisted tow dipped in pitch or other in- made from maize, the substitute for 

flammable material : a large candle or bread in Mexico, 

flambeau : a crude or temporary lamp. tortoise, tor'tis, or -tus, n. a turtle, 

tore, tor, pa. t. of tear. esp. a terrestrial or fresh-water species. 

toreador, tor-e-a-dor', n. a bull n. tor'toise-shell, the horny epidermic 

fighter, esp. on horseback. [Sp.] plate of a species of turtle.— a. of the 

torment, tor'ment, n. torture : anguish : color of the foregoing, mottled in yellow 

that which causes pain.— v. t. torment', and black. 

to torture: to put to extreme pain, tortuous, tor'tu-us, a. twisted, wind- 
physical or mental : to distress : to afflict, ing : ( fig.) deceitful. — a. tor'tuose, 

torn, torn, pa, p. of tear. twisted: wreathed: winding.—;?, tor- 



502 torture fate, far; me, her; mine; toward 

tuos'ity — adv. tor'tuously — n. tor'tu- hole of a cannon through which the fire 

ousness. is communicated to the charge. — adv. 

torture, tor'tur, h. a putting to the touch'ily, in a touchy manner : peevishly. 

rack or severe pain to extort a confes- — n. touchiness, the quality of being 

sion, or as a punishment : extreme pain : touchy: peevishness : irritability. — a. 

anguish of body or mind. — v. t. to put to touch'ing, affecting : moving : pathetic. — 

torture or to the rack : to put to extreme prep, concerning : with regard to. — adv. 

pain : to annoy : to vex. — n. tor'turer.— touch'ingly. — ns. touch'stone, a kind of 

adv. tor'turingly, in a torturing manner . compact basalt or stone for testing gold 

toss, tos, v. t. to throw up suddenly or silver: any test; touchwood, some 

or violently: to cause to rise and fall: soft combustible material, as amadou, 

to make restless: to agitate, pass from used . as tinder. — a. touch'y, irritable: 

one to another: to toss up with: to peevish. 

drink off. — v. i. to be tossed : to be in tough, tuf, a. not easily broken : firm : 

violent commotion: to tumble about: to stiff, viscous, sticky: stubborn, hard to 

fling. — n. act of throwing upward: a manage, trying: violent: tenacious: able 

throwing up of the head : confusion, to endure hardship.— n. a rough, a bully, 

commotion: a toss up. — ns. toss'er; — v. t. or v. i. tough'en, to make or be- 

toss'ing, the act of tossing or throwing come tough.— adv. tough'ly. 

upward; toss'-up, the throwing up of a toupee, to-pe', n. a little tuft or lock 

coin to decide anything: an even chance, of hair, a small wig. [Fr. toupet.] 

tot, tot, n. anything little, esp. a child. tour, tor, n. a going round: a journey 

total, to'tal, a. whole: complete: un- * n a circuit: a prolonged journey: a 

divided: unqualified, absolute.— n. the ramble.— n. tourist, one who makes a 

whole : the entire amount.— v. t. to bring tour, a traveler for sight-seeing. 

to a total, add up: to amount to.— n. tournament, tor'na-ment, n. a mih- 

total'ity, the whole sum, quantity, or tary sport of the Middle Ages in which 

amount. — adv. to'tally. combatants engaged one another to dis- 

tote, tot, v. t. to carry as a personal P la y their courage and skill in arms : any 

burden to bear contest in skill involving a number of 

totem, to'tem, ». among Indians, a competitors and a series of games.— Also 

natural object, taken by a tribe, a family, tourney. 

or a single person as a symbol. ' tourniquet, tor ni-ket, n. an mstru- 

totter, tot'er, v. i. to shake as if about ™ en f f ? r compressing a blood-vessel, to 

} H to fall: to be unsteady: to stagger: to check dangerous hemorrhage, etc. 

hake.— n. tott'erer— adv. tott'eringly. tournure, tor-nur', n. contour, char- 
touch, tuch, v. t. to come in contact acteristic tui ? °f, sh JP e: a pad worn by 
with: to perceive by feeling: to reach: wo ™ en t0 , &™ the hl P? a well-rounded 
to relate to: to handle or treat gently outlme > the dra P er y at the back of a 
or slightly: to take, taste: to move or gown. 

soften : to influence : to move to pity : to tousle, tow zl v. t. to disarrange, 

taint : (slang) to cheat, to borrow from, rumple.— a. tou sled. 

—v. i. to be in contact with : to make a tout, towt, v. t. to look out for custom 

passing call: to speak of anything in an obtrusive way.— n. one who does 

slightly.— n. act of touching: a move- so: a fellow who hangs about racing- 

ment on a musical instrument, skill or stables, etc., to pick up profitable mfor- 

nicety in such : any impression conveyed rnation : a tipster.— n. tout er, one who 

by contact, a hint, a slight sound : a touts. 

stroke with a pen, brush, etc. : a tinge, tow, to, v. t. to pull through the water 

smack, trace, a slight degree of a thing: with a rope.— n. the coarse part of flax 

sense of feeling, contact, close sympathy, or hemp : the act of towing* 

harmony : peculiar or characteristic man- toward, to'ard, towards, to'ardz, 

ner : test, touchstone. — ns. touch'-down, prep, in the direction of : with a tendency 

the touching to the ground of a foot- to : for, as a help to : near, about.— adv. 

ball by a player behind the opponents' nearly: in a state of preparation, 

goal; touch'er; touch'hole, the small toward, -ly, to'ward, -li, a. ready to 



*oweI 



mote, move; mute; thtn. 



tradition 503 



do or learn: apt. — ns. to'wardness, to'- 
wardliness. 

towel, tow'el, n. a cloth for wiping: 
an altar-cloth. — n. tow'eling. 

tower, tow'er, n. a lofty building, 
standing alone or forming part of an- 
other : a fortress. — v. i. to rise into the 
air: to be lofty. — adjs. tow'ered, having 
towers; tow'ering, very high, elevated: 
very violent; tow'ery, having towers. 

town, town, n. a place larger than 
a village: a township: the inhab- 
itants of a town. — ns. town'-clerk, 
one who keeps the records of a 
town; town'hall, a public hall for 
the official business of a town or town- 
ship; town'ship, the territory or district 
of a town : the corporation of a town : a 
district six miles square ; towns'man, an 
inhabitant or fellow-inhabitant of a 
town; town'y> a fellow-townsman. 

toxicology, tok-si-kol'o-ji^ n. the 
science of poisons. — n. toxe'mia, blood- 
poisoning. — adjs. toxe'mic; tox'ic, -al, 
pertaining to poisons, toxicological.— 
adv. tox'ically. — a. toxicolog'ical, per- 
taining to toxicology. — adv. toxicolog'- 
ically. — ns. toxicol'ogist, one versed in 
toxicology; tox'in, -e, a poisonous pto- 
main: any poisonous albumin produced 
by bacterial action. 

toxophilite, tok-sof i-lit, n. a lover of 
archery: an archer.— a. toxophilit'ic. 

toy, toi, 11. a child's plaything: a 
trifle: a thing only for amusement or 
look.— v. i. to trifle: to dally amorously. 

trabeated, tra-be-a'ted, a. having an 
entablature : belonging to beam o_r lintel 
construction. — a. trab'al. — n. trabea'tion. 

trace, tras, n. a mark left: footprint: 
a small quantity: (fort.) the ground- 
plan of a work. — v. t to follow by 
tracks or footsteps, to discover the 
tracks of, to follow step by step, to 
traverse : to fol- 
low with exact- 
ness : to sketch : 
to cover with 
traced lines or 
tracery. — a. 
trace'able, that 
may be traced. 
— adv. trace'- 
ably. — ns. tra'- 
cer; tra'cery, 




Trachea. 
a, larynx; b, trachea; 




ornamentation 



Flowing Tracery. 



traced in flowing outline: the ornamental 



forms in stone with which the arches 

of Gothic windows 

are filled for the 

support of the 

glass. [Fr., — L. 

tr actus, pa. p. of 

trahere, to draw.] 

trace, tras, n. 
one of the straps 
by which a vehicle 
is drawn. [O. Fr. 
trays, trais, same 
as traits, pi. of 
trait.] 

trachea, tra-ke'a, 

n. that part of the 

air-passages which 

lies between the 

larynx and the bronchial divisions; d' % 

bronchi :— pi. tra- £ ne °J. J^e lun &s; «, 
, _, /. . _, bronchial raminca- 

che as. — adjs. tra - tions. 
cheal, pertaining to the trachea; tra'- 
chean, having tracheae. — n. tracheot'- 
omy, the operation of making an open- 
ing in the trachea. 

tracing, tra'sing, n. act of one who 
traces : act of copying by marking on 
thin paper the lines of a pattern placed 
beneath: the copy so produced. 

track, trak, v. t. to follow by marks 
or footsteps : to traverse : to make marks 
upon. — n. a mark left : footprint : a beaten 
path : a course laid out for horse, foot, 
or bicycle races : the two continuous 
lines of rails on which railway cars run. 
— 11. track'age, length of track, as of a 
railroad. — a. trackless, without a path: 

tract, trakt, n. something drawn out or 
extended : continued duration : a region, 
area : a short treatise. — n. tractabil'ity, 
quality or state of being tractable : docil- 
ity. — a. trac'table, easily drawn, man- 
aged or taught : docile. — adv. trac'tably. 
— a. trac'tile, that may be drawn out. — 
ns. tractil'ity, ductility; trac'tion, act 
of drawing or state of being drawn . 

trade, trad, n. buying and selling : 
commerce : occupation, craft : men en- 
gaged in the same occupation. — v. i. to 
buy and sell : to act merely for money. — 
v. t. to traffic with. — ns. trade'-mark, any 
name or distinctive device warranting 
goods for sale as the production of any 
individual or firm ; tra'der; trades'man. 

tradition, tra-dish'un, n. the handing- 
down of opinions, practices, etc., to pos- 
terity unwritten: anything so handed 



504 traduce fate, far; me, her; mine; transfer 

down. — adjs. traditional, tradi'tionary. ism. — a. trait'orous, like a traitor: per- 

traduce, tra-dus', v. t. to calumniate : fidious : treasonable. — adv. trait'orously. 
to defame. — ns. traduce'ment, the act of trammel, tram'el, n. anything that con- 
traducing; tradu'cer. fines. — v. t. to shackle: to confine. 

traffic, traf'ik, n. commerce: large tramontane, tra-mon'tan, a. lying be- 
trade : the business done on a railway, yond the mountains (originally the 
etc. — v. i. to trade: to trade meanly. — Alps), from Rome: foreign: uncivilized. 
v. t, to exchange : — pr. p. trafficking ; pa. tramp, tramp, v. t. to tread, to travel 
t. and pa. p. trafficked. — n. trafficker, over on foot. — v. i. to walk, to go on 

tragedy, traj'e-di, n. a species of drama foot: to wander about as a vagrant. — n. 
in which the action and language are a foot-journey: a vagrant: a hobo, 
elevated, and the catastrophe sad: any trample, tramp'l v. t. to tread under 
mournful and dreadful event. — n. trage'- foot : to treat with pride, to insult. — v. i. 
dian, an actor of tragedy: — fern, trage'- to tread in contempt: to tread forcibly. 
dienne. — adjs. tragic, -al, pertaining to _ trance, trans, n. a morbid sleep, differ- 
tragedy : sorrowful : calamitous. — adv. ing from natural repose in duration, in 
tragically. — n. tragl-com'edy. profound insensibility, etc. : catalepsy. 

trail, tral, v. t. to draw along the tranquil, trang'kwil, a. quiet : peace- 
ground: to hunt by tracking: to draw ful. — n. tranquiliza'tion. — v. t. tran'quil- 
out, lead on: to carry, as a rifle, in an ize, to make tranquil. — ns. tranquilizer; 
oblique forward position, the breech or tranquillity. — adv. tran'quilly. — u.tran'- 
the butt near the ground. — v. i. to be quilness, state of being tranquil . 
drawn out in length, to hang or drag transact, trans-akt', v. t. to manage : to 
loosely behind : to run or climb as a perform. — n. transaction, act of trans- 
plant : to move with slow sweeping mo- acting : management of any affair : an 
tion: to drag oneself lazily along. — n. affair, proceeding. — (pi.) reports of pro- 
anything drawn out in length : track fol- ceedings. 
lowed by the hunter. — n. trail'er. transatlantic, trans-at-lan'tik, a. be- 

train, tran, v. t. to draw along: to yond the Atlantic Ocean: crossing the 
allure : to educate : to discipline : to tame Atlantic. 

for use, as animals : to cause to grow transcend, tran-send', v. t. to rise 
properly: to prepare for athletic feats, above: to surmount: to surpass: to 
as men, or for the race, as horses. — v. i. exceed. — ns. transcen'dence, tran- 
to exercise, to prepare oneself for any- scen'dency. — adjs. transcen'dent, tran- 
thing: to be under drill: (coll.) to be scending: superior or supreme in 
on intimate terms. — n. that which is excellence: surpassing others: beyond 
drawn along after something else : the human knowledge : abstrusely specula- 
part of a dress which trails behind the tive, fantastic; transcenden'tal, surpass- 
wearer : a retinue : a series : process : a ing others : concerned with what is 
line of gunpowder to fire a charge : a independent of experience : vague, 
line of cars on a railway: a set of wheels transcribe, tran-skrib', v. t. to write 
acting on each other, for transmitting over from one book into another : to 
motion: a string of animals, etc. — a. copy. — ns. transcriber; trans'cript, that 
trained, formed by training, skilled. — which is transcribed: a copy; transcrip'- 
ns. train'er, one who prepares men for tion, the act of copying: a transcript: a 
athletic feats, horses for a race, or the copy. 

like ; training, practical education in transept, tran'sept, n. one of the wings 
any profession, art, or handicraft : the or cross-aisles of a church, at right angles 
method adopted by athletes for develop- to the nave. 

ing their physical strength, endurance transfer, trans-fer', v. t. to carry or 
or dexterity. bring over : to convey to another place : 

traipse. See trapes. to remove: to transport. — ns. trans'fer, 

trait, trat, n. a stroke : a touch : a the act of transferring : the conveyance 
feature. of anything from one person or place to 

traitor, tra'ter, n. one who, being another: a ticket entitling a street-car 
frusted, betrays: one guilty of treason: passenger to transfer to another line: 
a deceiver: — fern, trait'ress. — n. traifor- that which is transferred; transferable 



transfiguration mote, move; mute; then. transport 505 

ity. — adjs. transfer'able, transferable, another place: to render into another 
— ns. transferee', the person to whom a^, language : to explain : to transfer from, 
thing is transferred; transference, the one office to another: to transform. — ns. 
act of transferring or conveying from translation, the act of translating: re- 
one person or place to another . moval to another place : the rendering 

transfiguration, trans-fig-ur-a'shun, n. into another language: a version; trans- 
a change of form. — v. t. transfig'ure la'tor. 

(rare), to change the figure or form of: transliterate, trans-lit'e-rat, v. t. to 
to change the appearance of. — the Trans- express the words of one language in 
figuration, the supernatural change in the alphabetic characters of another, 
the appearance of Christ, described in translucent, trans-lu'sent, a. shining 
Matt. xvii. through: allowing light to pass, _but not 

transfix, trans-fiks', v. t. to pierce transparent: clear. — ns. translu'cence, 
through. — n. transfix'ion. translu'cency. — adv. translu'centlyv 

transform, trans-form', v. t. to change transmit, trans-mit', v. t. to send 
the shape of: to change into another across to another person or place: to 
substance: to change the disposition of. suffer to pass through. — adjs. transmis'- 
— v. i. to be changed in form or sub- sible, transmit'tible, that may be trans- 
stance. — ns. transformation; transfor- mitted from one to another, or through 
ma'tion-scene, any scene on the stage any body or substance, 
which changes in presence of the transmogrify, trans-mog'ri-fi, v. t. 
audience. — a. transfor'mative. — ns. trans- (coll.) to transform into something else, 
for'mator, transformer, as by magic— n. transmogrifica'tion. 

transfuse, trans-fuz', v. t. to pour out transmute, trans-mut', v. t. to change 
into another vessel : to cause to pass to another form or substance. — a. trans- 
from one to another: to cause to be mu'table, that may be transmuted or 
imbibed. — a. transfu'sible, capable of be- changed into a different form, nature or 
ing transfused. — n. transfu'sion, the act substance. — ns. transmu'tableness, trans- 
of transfusing, esp. blood from the veins mutabil'ity. — adv. transmu'tably.- 
of one animal into another. transom, tran'sum, n. a thwart beam 

transgress, trans-gres', v. t. to pass or lintel in a window or above a door: 
beyond a limit: to break, as a law. — v. i. a narrow window placed above a door. 
to offend by violating a law: to sin. — transparency, trans-par'en-si, n. the 
ns. transgres'sion, the act of transgress- quality of being transparent : clearness : 
ing: violation of a law or command: that which is transparent: a picture on 
offense: fault: crime: sin; transgres— semi-transparent material seen by means 
sor, one who transgresses: one who of light shining through.— a. transpar'- 
violates a law or command : a sinner, ent, that may be distinctly seen through . 

transient, tran'shent, a. passing: of transpire, tran-spir', v. t. to breathe 
short duration : not lasting : momentary, or pass through the pores of the skin. 

transit, tran'sit, n. a passing over : — v. i. to exhale : to become public, to 
conveyance: (astron.) the passage of a come to light: to occur (a baduse). — 
heavenly body over the meridian of a a. transpir'able. — n. transpira'tion, act 
place: the passage of a planet over the or process of transpiring, 
sun's disk: an instrument for measuring transplant, trans-plant', v. t. to re- 
horizontal angles, used in surveying: a move and plant in another place, 
transit circle, or instrument, for observ- transport, trans-port', v. t. to carry 
ing the transit of a heavenly body across across or from one place to another : 
the meridian. — n. transi'tion, passage to banish : to carry away by violence of 
from one place or state to another: passion or pleasure. — ns. trans'port, car- 
change: (mus.) a change of key. — adjs. riage from one place to another: a vessel 
trans'itive, passing over : having the for conveyance, esp. of troops : the con- 
power of passing: (gram.) denoting a veyance of troops and their necessaries 
verb which has a direct object; by sea or land: ecstasy; transportabil'- 
trans'itory, going or passing away : last- ity. — a. transpor'table, that may be 
ing for a short time : speedily vanishing, carried across. — ns. transpor'tal, trans- 
translate, trans-lat', v. t to remove to portation; transportation, removal; 



506 



transpose 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



treasure 



conveyance: means of conveyance: cost 
of travel : banishment. — p. adjs. trans- 
ported, carried away with ecstatic emo- 
tion; transpor'ting, carrying away with 
emotion : passionate : ravishing. 

transpose, trans-poz', v. t. to put each 
in the place of the other: to change, as 
the order of words, or the key in music. 

transverse, trans-vers', a. turned or 
lying across. — adv. crosswise.- 

trap, trap, n. an instrument for snar- 
ing animals : an ambush : a stratagem : a 
contrivance for hindering the passage of 
foul air or gas from a waste-pipe, etc. : 
a trapdoor: any rickety structure: a 
carriage, a vehicle. — v. t. to catch in a 
trap. — ns. trap'door, a door in a floor 
shutting like the catch of a trap; trap'- 
per, one who traps animals for their fur. 

trap, trap, n. a term loosely applied 
to many rocks of volcanic origin. 

trap, trap, v. t. to drape or adorn 
with gay clothes : to ornament. — n. a 
horse-cloth: (pi.) personal belongings, 
baggage. — n. pi. trap'pings, gay clothes. 

trape, trap, v. i. to run about idly. — 
n. trapes, a slattern : a tramp. — v. i. 
trapes, traipse, to gad about idly. 

trapezium, tra-pe'zi-um, n. a plane 
figure having four unequal sides, no two 
of which are parallel : one of the wrist- 
bones — also trapeze': — pi. trape'zia, 
trape'ziums. — ns. trapeze', a swing with 
one or more cross-bars used in gym- 
nastics ; trap'ezoid, a plane four-sided 
figure like a trapezium, having two of its 
opposite sides parallel. — a. trapezoid'al. 

trash, trash, v. t. to crop : to strip off 
superfluous leaves. — n. refuse, matter un- 
fit for food, rubbish good for nothing, a 
worthless person. — adv. trash'ily. — n. 
trash'iness, the state or quality of be- 
ing trashy. — a. trash'y, like trash . 

travail, trav'al, n. excessive labor : 
toil : labor in childbirth. — v. i. to labor . 

travel, trav'el, v. i. to walk: to jour- 
ney : to pass : to move. — v. t. to pass : to 
journey over. — n. act of passing from 
place to place: journey. — p. a. trav'eled, 
having made journeys: knowing. — n. 
trav'eler, one who travels : a wayf arer . 

traverse, trav'ers, a. turned or lying 
across : denoting a method of cross-sail- 
ing. — n. anything laid or built across : 
something that crosses or obstructs : a 
turn: (law) a plea containing a denial of 
some fact alleged by an opponent: a 



work for protection from the fire of an 
enemy. — v. t. to cross : to pass over : to 
survey : to plane across the grain of the 
wood: (law) to deny an opponent's alle- 
gation. — v. i. to move in opposition or 
defense : to swing round. — adv. athwart. 

travesty, trav'es-ti, a. disguised so as 
to be ridiculous. — n. a kind of burlesque 
in which the original characters are pre- 
served, the situations parodied. 

trawl, trawl, v. i. to fish by dragging 
a trawl along the bottom. — v. t. to drag, 
to take with a trawl. — n. a wide-mouthed 
bag-net for trawling : a long line buoyed 
upon water, with baited hooks at inter- 
vals. — n. trawl'er, one who or that which 
trawls : a vessel engaged in trawling. 

tray, tra, n. a shallow trough-like ves- 
sel : a salver. 

tray. See trey. 

treachery, trech'er-i, n. faithlessness. 
— a. treach'erous, full of treachery. 

treacle, tre'kl, n. the dark viscous 
syrup obtained in refining sugar, also 
the drainings of crude sugar, properly 
distinguished from treacle as molasses. 

tread, tred, v. i. to set the foot down : 
to walk or go : 
to copulate, as 
fowls. — v. t. to 
walk on : to 
press with the 
foot: to trample 
in contempt : to 
subdue : — pa. t. 
trod; pa. p. trod 
or trod'den. — n. 




Treadmill. 



pressure with the foot: 
a step, way of stepping. — n. tread'le, 
tred'dle, the part of any machine which 
the foot moves. — vs. i. to work a treadle. 
— n. tread'mill, a mill turned by the 
weight of a person or persons treading 
the steps of a cylindrical wheel. 

treason, tre'zn, n. betraying of the 
government or an attempt to overthrow 
it: treachery: disloyalty. — In the United 
States treason is confined to the actual 
levying of war against ^the United 
States, or adhering to its enemies, giv- 
ing them aid and comfort, and is pun- 
ishable by death, or, at the discretion 
of the court, by imprisonment for not 
less than five years or a fine of not less 
than $10,000. The United States Con- 
stitution itself defines treason and what 
proof shall be necessary to establish it. 

treasure, trezh'ur, n. wealth stored 



treat mote, move; mute; thtn. triangle 507 

up: riches: a great quantity collected: tremendous, tre-men'dus, a. such as 
great abundance: anything much valued, astonishes or terrifies by its force or 
—v. t. to hoard up: to collect for future greatness: dreadful. — adv. tremen'- 
use: to value greatly: to enrich. — ns. dously. — n. tremen'dousness. 
treas'urer, one who has charge of a tremolo, trem'6-lo, n. (mus.) a trem- 
treasury or of collected funds; treas'ur- ulous effect suggesting passion: the de- 
ership; treas'ury, a place where treasure vice in an organ by which this is 
is deposited: a department of a govern- produced. [It] 
ment which has charge of the finances. tremor, trem'or, n. a shaking or quiv- 

treat, tret, v. t. to handle in a partic- ering, any involuntary shaking. 
ular manner: to discourse on: to enter- trench, trensh, v. t. to dig a ditch: 
tain, as with food or drink, etc. : to' to dig deeply with a spade or plough, 
manage in the application of remedies:* — v. i. to encroach. — n. a long narrow 
to use. — v. i. to handle a subject in writ- cut in the earth: (fort.) an excavation 
ing or speaking : to negotiate : to enter- to interrupt the approach of an enemy : 
tain. — n. an entertainment, esp. if of one of the excavated approaches made 
anything unusual : one's turn to provide by besiegers. — n. tren'chancy, causticity, 
such. — ns. treat'ing; treat'ise, a written — a. tren'chant, cutting: sharp: severe, 
composition in which a subject is trend, trend, v. i. to tend, to run, to 
treated: a formal essay; treat 'ment, the go in a particular direction: to incline, 
act or manner of treating: management: lean. — n. tendency. [A. S. trendan.] 
behavior to any one: way of applying trepan, tre-pan', n. (surg.) a small 
remedies ; treat 'y, the act of treating, cylindrical saw used in perforating the 
negotiation : a formal agreement between skull. — v. t. to remove a circular piece 
states. of (the skull) with a trepan, to relieve 

treble, treb'l, a. triple : threefold : the brain from pressure or irritation. 
(mus.) denoting the treble, that plays trephine, tre-fln', or tre-fen', n. the 
or sings the treble. — n. the highest of the modern trepan,* having a little sharp 
four principal parts in the musical scale, borer called the center-pin. — v. t. to per- 
— v. t. to make three times as much. — forate with the trephine. 
V. i. to become threefold : — pa. p. treb'led trepidation, trep-i-da'shun, n. a state 
(-Id). — adv. trebly. of confused hurry or alarm: an invol- 

tree, tre, n. a plant having a single untary trembling, 
trunk, woody, branched and of a large trespass, tres'pas, v. i. to pass over a 
size : anything like a tree : wood, as in limit or boundary : to enter unlawfully 
the compounds axle-tree, saddle-tree, upon another's land : to intrude : to in- 
etc. : (B.) a cross. — v. t. to drive into a jure or annoy another: to sin. — n. act 
tree, to corner. — ns. tree'nail, tre'nail, of trespassing: any injury to another's 
a long wooden pin or nail to fasten the person or property : a sin. 
planks of a ship to the timbers. ' tress, tres, n. a lock or curl of hair: 

trefoil, trefoil, n. a three-leaved a ringlet (esp. in pi). 
plant, as the white and red clover : trestle, tres'l, n. a movable support 
(archit.) an ornament like trefoil. for anything placed horizontally: the 

trek, trek, v.'i. to drag a vehicle: to frame of a table: a framework for the 
journey by ox-wagon. — n. the distance support of a bridge, etc. 
from one stopping-place to another: a tret, tret, n. in commerce, formerly., 
journey. — n. trek'ker, a traveler. an allowance to purchasers of 4 lb. on 

trellis, trel'is, n. a structure of cross- every 104 lb. for waste, 
barred or lattice work for supporting trey, tra, n. a three at cards or dice . 
plants, etc.: a shed, etc., of trellis-work. triad, tri'ad, n. the union of three: an 

tremble, trem'bl, v. i. to shake, as from association of three kindred deities, 
fear, cold or weakness: to shiver: to trial, tri'al, n. a trying: the act of 
shake, as sound. — n. the act of trem- trying: examination by a test: the state 
bling: a morbid trembling. — ns. trem'- of being tried: suffering: temptation: 
bier; trem'bling. — adv. trem'blingly. — ■ judicial examination: attempt. 
a. trem'ulous, trembling: affected with triangle, tri'ang-gl, n. (math.) a plane 
fear ; quivering. — adv. trem'ulously. figure with three angles and three sides ; 



508 tribe fate, far; me, her; mine; trigraph 

a musical instrument of percussion, ishness; trick'ster, one who practises 
formed of a steel rod bent in triangle- tricks, a cheat. — a. trick'y. 
form, open at one angle. — a. triang'ular, trickle, trik'l, v. i. to flow gently or in 
having three angles. — adv. triang'ularly. a small stream. — n. a trickling rill. 

tribe, trib, n. an aggregate of fam- tricolor, tricolour, tri'kul-er, n. any 
ilies, forming a community usually under flag of three colors, esp. that of France? 
the government of a chief: a number red, white, and blue, in vertical stripes, 
of things having certain common qual- tricycle, tri'si-kl, n. a velocipede with 
ities. — a. trib'al. — n. trib'alism. three wheels. 

tribulation, trib-u-la'shun, n. severe trident, tri'dent, n. the three-pronged 
affliction: distress. spear or scepter of Neptune, god of the 

tribunal, tri-bu nal, n. the bench on ocean : any three-toothed instrument, 
which a judge and his associates sit to tried, pa. t. and pa. p. of try. 
administer justice: a court of justice. triennial, tri-en'yal, a. continuing 

tribune, trib'un, n. a magistrate elected three years : happening every third year, 
by the Roman plebeians to defend their trier, tri'er, n. one who tries by ex- 
rights: a champion of popular rights: a periment: a judge, 
platform or pulpit. trifle, tri'fl, v. i. to act or talk lightly : 

tribute, trib'ut, n. a fixed amount paid to indulge in light or silly amusements : 
at certain intervals by one nation to an- to dally: to play. — n. anything of little 
other for peace or protection : a personal value. — n. tri'fler. — a. tri'fling, of small 
contribution : acknowledgment, or horn- value or importance : trivial. — adv. tri'- 
age paid. — a. tributary, paying tribute : flingly. — n. tri'flingness. 
subject: yielding supplies of anything, trifoliate, -d, tri-fo'li-at, -ed, a. three- 
subsidiary : paid in tribute. — n. one who leaved. — n. Trifo'lium, a genus of small 
pays tribute : a stream which contributes plants of the bean family — the clovers 
water to another. with trifoliate leaves and purple, red, 

trice, tris, v. t. (naut.) to haul or lift white, or yellow flowers. 
up by means of a rope. [Ger. trissen.] triform, tri' form, a. having a triple form. 

trice, tris, n. a very short time : an trifurcate, -d, tri-fer'kat, -ed, a. hav- 
instant. ing three forks or branches. 

tricentenary, trl-sen'te-na-ri, n. a trig, trig, a. trim, neat: tight, sound. 
space of three hundred years. — v. t. to dress or adorn — with out.- 

trichina, tri-ki'na, n. a parasitic worm, trig, trig, n. a skid for a wheel, etc. 
which in its mature state infests the in- — v. t. to stop, to obstruct, to skid, 
testinal canal, and in its larval state the trigamous, trig'am-us, a. (bot.) hav- 
muscular tissue of man and certain ing three sorts of flowers, male, female, 
animals, esp. the hog : — pi. trichi'nae. — and hermaphrodite, in the same flower- 
n. trichini'asis (more usually trichir head. — ns. trig'amist; trig'amy, the state 
no'sis), the disease caused by the pres- of having three husbands or wives at 
ence of trichinae in the body. the same time. 

trichotomous,tri-kot'6-mus, a. divided trigger, trig'er, n. a catch which when 
into three parts, or into threes. — n. pulled looses the hammer of a gun in 
trichot'orny, division into three parts, firing: a catch to hold a wheel on a 

trick, trik, v. t. to dress, to decorate, declivity. 

trick, trik, n. any fraud or stratagem triglot, tri'glot, a. containing three 
to deceive, an illusion : a clever contriv- languages. 

ance to puzzle, amuse, or annoy: a par- triglyph, tri'glif, n. a three-grooved 
ticular habit or manner, skill, adroitness, tablet at equal distances along the frieze 
manner: a number of cards falling to a in Doric architecture. — adjs. triglyph'ic, 
winner at one turn : a turn as at the -al. 

helm. — v. t. to deceive, to cheat— n. trigonometry, trig-o-nom'e-tri, n. the 
trick'ery, act or practice of playing branch of mathematics which treats of 
tricks: artifice: stratagem: imposition. — ■ the relations between the sides and 
adv. trick'ily. — n. trick'iness. — a. trick'- angles of triangles. — adjs. trigonomet'- 
ish, addicted to tricks: artful in making ric, -at— adv. trigonomet'rically. ^ 
bargains. — adv. trick'ishly.— ns. trick'? trigraph, trfgraf, n. a combination of 



trihedral 



mote, move; mute; then. 



triturate 



509 



three letters sounded as one, a triph- 
thong. 

trihedral, tri-he'dral, a. having three 
equal sides. — n. trihe'dron, 

trilateral, tri-lat'er-al, a. having three 
sides. — adv. trilat'erally. 

trilingual, tri-ling'gwal, a. consisting 
of • three languages. — Also triling'uar. 

trilith, tri'lith, n. a form of mega- 
lithic monument consisting of two up- 
right stones supporting another lying 
crosswise. — a. trilith'ic. 

trill, tril, v. t. and v. i. to shake : to 
utter with a tremulous vibration, to 
quaver. — n. a quaver or tremulous vibra- 
tion. 

trillion, tril'yun, n. a thousand multi- 
plied by itself three times, a million 
millions : in England, a million raised to 
the third power. — a. trill'ionth. 

trilogy, tril'6-ji, n. the name given by 
the Greeks to a group of three tragedies. 

trim, trim, a. in good order: nice. — 
v. t. to make trim : to put in due order : 
to dress : to decorate : to clip : to reduce 
to proper form : to arrange for sailing : 
to rebuke sharply, to thrash. — v. i. to 
balance or fluctuate between parties, to 
straddle.— n. dress : ornaments : state of 
a ship as to sailing qualities : arrange- 
ment. — adv. trim'ly. — ns. trim'mer, one 
who^ trims : one who fluctuates between 
parties, a time-saver; trim'ming, that 
which trims : ornamental parts, esp. of a 
garment, dish, etc. ; trim'ness. 

trimeter, trim'e-ter, n. a division of a 
verse consisting of three measures. 

trinal, tri 'nal, a. threefold. — adjs. trf- 
nary, ternary ; trine, threefold : of three. 

Trinity, trin'i-ti, n. the union of three 
in one Godhead : the persons of the God- 
head : any symbolical representation of 
the persons of the Trinity. — a. Trinita'- 
rian, pertaining to the Trinity, or to the 
doctrine of the Trinity. — n. one who 
holds the doctrine of the Trinity. 

trinket, tring'ket, n. a small ornament 
for the person: anything of little value. 

trio, tre'o, or tri'o, n. three united: 
(mus.) a composition for three per- 
formers. 

trip, trip, v. i. to move with short, 
light steps: to stumble and fall: to err, 
to go wrong, to make a slip: to fail. — 
v. t. to cause to stumble by striking 
one's feet from under him : to overthrow 
by taking away support: to catch: to 



catch in a fault: to loosen, as an anchor, 
from the bottom : to strike against. — n. 
a light, short step: a catch by which an 
antagonist is thrown : a false step : a 
mistake: a short voyage or journey, a 
jaunt.- 

tripartite, trip'ar-tit, or tri-par'tit, a. 
divided into three parts : having three 
corresponding parts or copies : relating 
to three parties. — adv. trip'artitely. 

tripe, trip, n. entrails : parts of the 
compound stomach of a ruminant, pre- 
pared as food. 

triphthong, trifthong, n. a combina- 
tion of three vowels to form one sound. 

triple, trip'l, a. consisting of three 
united : three times repeated. — v. t. to 
treble. — n. triplet, three of a kind, or 
three united : three lines rhyming to- 
gether : {coll.) one of three children 
born at one birth. — a. triplicate, three- 
fold : made thrice as much. — n. a third 
copy or thing corresponding to two 
others of the same kind. — v. t. to make 
threefold. — n. triplication. — adv. triply. 

tripod, tri'pod, n. anything on three 
feet or legs, as a stool, etc. — a. having 
three legs or supports. — a. trip'odal. 

tripping, trip'ing, n. the act of one 
who or that which trips. — adv. tripp'- 
ingly, in a tripping manner : with a 
light, quick step. 

trisect, trl-sekt', v. t. to cut or divide 
into three equal parts. — n. trisec'tion. 

trisepalous, trl-sep'al-us, a. (bot.) 
having three sepals. 

trismus, tris'mus, n. lockjaw. 

trisulcate, tri-sul'kat, a. having three 
forks or prongs . 

trisyllable, tri-, or tri-sil'a-bl, n. a 
word of three syllables. — adjs. trisyl- 
labic, -al, pertaining to a trisyllable . 

trite, trit, a. worn out by use : used 
till its novelty- and interest are lost: 
hackneyed. — adv. tritely. — n. trite'ness. 

Triticum, trit'i-kum, n. a genus of 
grasses including the varieties of wheat. 

Triton, tri'ton, n. (myth.) a marine 
demi-god, his trumpet 
being a wreathed uni- 
valve shell : a genus 
of mollusks with such 
a shell. [Gr. Triton.] 

triturate, trit'u-rat, 
v. t. to rub or grind 
to a fine powder. — a. 
trit'urable, that may Mythological Triton. 




510 triumph fate, far; me, her; mine; trouble 

be reduced to a fine powder by grind- in a certain way. — v. i. to roll: to move 
ing. — ns. trituration, tritura'tor, trit'- or run about : to sing a catch : to stroll, 
urature. ramble: to fish, as for pike, with a rod 

triumph, tri'umf, n. in ancient Rome, and reel, or by dragging a line behind 
a solemn procession in honor of a a boat. — n. a moving round, repetition: 
victorious general: joy for success: a round song: an artificial lure used in 
victory. — v. i. to celebrate a victory with fishing. — ns. troll'er; troll'ey, trolly, a 
pomp: to rejoice for victory: to obtain metallic roller or pulley used in many 
victory : to be prosperous : to boast, electric street-railways to conduct the 
exult (with over). — adjs. trium'phal, current from the supply-wire: a small 
pertaining to triumph : used in celebrat- truck running in a furnace, or in mines . 
ing victory; trium'phant, celebrating or trollop, trol'op, n. a loitering, slat- 
rejoicing for a triumph. ternly woman: a strumpet. 

triumvii, tn-um'ver, n. one of three trombone, trom'bon, n. a deep-toned 
men in the same office or government: brass musical wind instrument. 
— pi. trium'viri, trium'virs. — a. trium'- troop, trop, n. a company, a crowd : 
viral. — n. trium'virate, an association of soldiers taken collectively, an army, 
three men in office or government, or usually in pi.: a small body of cavalry, 
for any political ends : any trio. corresponding to a company of infantry. 

triune, tri'un, a. being three in one. — v. i. to collect in numbers : to march in 

trivet, triv'et, n. a stool or other a company, or in haste. — n. troop'er. 
thing supported on three feet : a movable trope, trop, n. (rhet.) a word or 
iron frame in an open fireplace or chim- expression changed from its proper 
ney for supporting kettles, etc. sense for emphasis, a figure of speech. — 

trivial, trrv'i-al, a. of little importance : a. tro'pical, figurative. — adv. tro'pically. 
trifling: common, vernacular. — ns. triv'- trophic, -al, trof'ik, -al, a. pertaining 
ialism, a trivial matter or remark; to nutrition and its processes. 
trivial'ity, the state or quality of being trophy, tro'fi, n. a memorial of a 
trivial: that which is trivial, a trifle. — victory: anything taken from an enemy 
adv. trivially. — n. triv'ialness. and preserved as a memorial of victory : 

tri-weekly, tri'-wek'li, a. once every an ornamental group of weapons, flags, 
three weeks : three times a week. memorials of the chase, etc. — v. t. to 

troche, tro'ke (better troch or trok), adorn with trophies. — a. tro'phied. 
n. a medicinal lozenge. tropic, trop'ik, n. one of the two 

trochee, tro'ke, n. a metrical foot of circles on the celestial sphere, 23° 28' on 
two syllables, in Latin verse consisting each side of the equator: one of 
of a long and a short, as numen; in Eng- two circles on the terrestrial globe cor- 
lish verse, of an accented and unaccented responding to these: (pi.) the regions 
syllable, as tri'pod. — n. trocha'ic, a lying between the tropics of Cancer and 
trochaic verse or measure.— adjs. trocha'- Capricorn. — adjs. trop'ic, -al, pertaining 
ic, -al, consisting of trochees. to the tropics: being within or near the 

trod, trod'den, pa. t. and pa. p. of tropics. — adv. tropically. 
tread. „ trot, trot, v. i. to_ go, lifting the feet 

troglodyte, trog'lo-dit, n. a cave- quicker and higher than in walking: to 
dweller. — adjs. troglodyte, troglodyt'- walk or move fast: to run. — v. t. to 
ic, -al, cave-dwelling. — n. trog'lodytism. ride at a trot. — n. the pace of a horse 

troika, troi'ka, n. a Russian vehicle or other quadruped when trotting. — n. 
drawn by three horses abreast. trot'ter, one that trots: a trotting- 

Trojan, tro'jan, a. pertaining to horse: the foot of an animal, as a sheep, 
ancient Troy. — n. an inhabitant of ancient troth, troth, or troth, n. truth, con- 
Troy: (coll.) a plucky fellow. fidence: faith: fidelity. — v. t. to plight. 

troll, trol, n. (Scand. myth.) a super- troubadour, tro'ba-dor, ^ n. one of a 
natural being of small size, dwelling in class of poets of chivalric love, 
a cave, hill, etc. [Ice. troll (Ger. droll).] trouble, trub'l, v. t. to put into a con- 
troll, trol, v. t. to move circularly : fused state : to agitate : to disturb : to 
to sing the parts of in succession, as annoy: to busy or engage overmuch: 
a catch or round: to fish (a lake, etc.) to put to inconvenience. — v. i. to take 



trough mote, move; mute; then. trunk 511 

pains. — n. disturbance : affliction : dis- goods : a small wooden cap at the top 
ease: uneasiness: that which disturbs or of a mast or flagstaff. — v. t. to convey 
afflicts. — a. troublesome, causing or by truck, 

givirig trouble or inconvenience : vexa- truculent, tro'ku-lent, a. very fierce : 
tious : importunate: troublous. — adv. barbarous: cruel: inspiring terror. 
troublesomely. — n. troub'lesomeness. trudge, truj, v. i. to travel on foot: 
— a. troublous, full of trouble or dis- to travel with labor or effort: to march 
order . heavily on. — n. a weary walk. 

trough, trof, n. a long, hollow vessel true, tro, a. agreeing with fact : worthy 
for water or other liquid : a long tray : of belief or confidence : certain : trusty : 
a long narrow channel: a concavity or genuine: normal: (anat.) complete: 
hollow. exact: straight: right: rightful: honest. 

trounce, trowns, v. t. to punish or — v. t. to make straight in position, etc. 
beat severely. — n. true'ness. — adv. truly* 

troupe, trop, n. a company, esp. of truffle, trufl, n. a. globose under- 
actors, dancers or acrobats. ground edible fungus, much esteemed in 

trousers, trow'zerz, n. pi. long cookery. — a. truffled, 
breeches : a garment worn by males on truism, tro'izm, n. a plain or self- 
the lower limbs and fastened up at the evident truth. — a. truismat'ic. 
waist by suspenders of belt. — a. trou'- trump, trump, v. t. (obs.) to deceive: 
sered. — n. trou'sering. to introduce unfairly. — a. trumped'-up, 

trousseau, tro-so', n. a bride's out- forged, worthless. — n. trum'pery, some- 
fit of clothing, etc. : — pi. trousseaux, thing showy but worthless : rubbish : 

trout, trowt, n. a common name for nonsense, idle talk. — a. showy, 
fresh-water fish of the genus Salmo. trump, trump, n. a card of the lead- 
trover, tro'ver, n. the gaining pos- ing suit that triumphs or wins : one of 
session of goods : an action brought to the suit of cards which takes any other : 
recover goods from a person to whom (coll.) a good, trusty fellow. — v. i. to 
they do not belong. play a trump card. — v. t. to play a trump. 

trow, tro, v. i. to hold as true: (B.) trumpet, trum'pet, n. the most ancient 
to trust: to believe: to think. of wind instruments, formed of a long, 

trowel, trow'el, n. a tool used in narrow, straight tube, bent twice on 
spreading mortar, etc.' itself: in organs, a powerful reed-stop 

troy-weight, troi'-wat, n. a system of having a trumpet-like sound: a cry re- 
weights used for gold, silver and pre- sembling a trumpet-sound. — v. t. to pub- 
cious stones. The troy pounds contains lish by trumpet : to proclaim : to sound 
5760 grains, and is to the avoirdupois the praises of. — v. i. to sound a trumpet, 
pound as 144 to 175. — n. trum'peter, one who sounds the 

truant, tro'ant, n. an idler: a scholar trumpet: one who proclaims, praises or 
who, idly or without excuse, absents him- denounces : a crane-like bird _ of South 
self from school. — a. wandering from America: a kind of domestic pigeon, 
duty: loitering: idle. — 11. tru'ancy. truncate, trung'kat, v. t. to cut off: 

truce, tros, n. a suspension of hostil- to lop : to maim, 
ities between two armies or states for — adjs. trunc'- 
a period specially agreed upon . ate, -d, appear- | ^ 

truck, truk, v. t. to exchange or bar- ing as if cut off k__^l 

ter.— v. i. to traffic by exchange.— n. at the tip : end- °» truncated angles; &, trim- 

1 r 1 1 . /■ 11 \ 11 • • . cated cone: c, truncated 

exchange of goods: barter: (coll.) small ing in a trans- cube. 

goods : rubbish : garden produce, esp. verse line. — n. truncation. 

vegetables for domestic use.— ns. truck'- truncheon, trun'shun, n. a short staff : 

age; truck'er; truck'-farmer, a market- a cudgel: a baton or staff of authority. 

gardener. — v. i truckle, to yield meanly trundle, trun'dl, n. anything round : 

to the demands of another. — ns. truck'- a wheel: a truck: a trundle-bed. — v. t. 

ler; truckling. — a. fawning, slavish. to roll, as on wheels. — v. i. to roll: 

truck, truk, n. a wheel : a platform twirl : bowl along. — n. trun'dle-bed, 

running on wheels: a wheeled vehicle trunk, trungk, n. the stem of a tree: 

of various kinds for the conveyance of the body of an animal apart from the 




512 truss fate, far; me, her; mine; tubercle 

limbs: the main body of anything: any- ment with reality: true state of things, 

thing long and hollow: the proboscis or facts: practice of speaking or dis- 

of an elephant: a portable box or chest: — position to speak the truth: fidelity: 

(pi.) a light garment worn about the genuineness: righteous conduct: a , true 

loins by swimmers, etc. — ns. trunk'-hose, statement : an established principle* — a. 

large hose or breeches formerly worn truth'ful, full of truth: according to or 

over the lower part of the body and the adhering to truth : reliable. — adv. truth'- 

upper part of the legs; trunk'-line, the fully. — n. truth'fulness. 

main-line of a railway etc. tryj tri> Vm t to put to the test or 

m truss, trus, n. a bundle: a combina- proof . to sift . to prove b experiment: 

tion of timbers, etc for binding a beam to purify . to examine judiciously: to 

or supporting a roof: in ships, the rope determine, settle: to examine carefully 

or iron for keeping the lower yard to or experimentally: to experience: to at- 

the mast: a bandage or apparatus used tempt: to use as mea ns : to put to severe 

in hernia to retain reduced parts or to tria l, cause suffering to: to bring to a 

hinder protrusion.— v . t. to bind up: to decision, to settle.-*/, i. to endeavor: to 

pack close: to furnish with a truss: to make an effort:— pa. t. and pa p. tried 

draw tight and tie: to skewer in cook- ( tr id).— n. a trial: effort.— a. tried, 

m &* , . proved, experienced. — n. tri'er. — a. try'- 

trust, trust, n. trustworthiness: con- ing> making trial or f of . adapted 

fidence in the truth of anything: con- to try . sea rching: severe: difficult: per- 
fident expectation : a resting on the p l e xing 

integrity, friendship etc., of another: tryst', trist, w. an appointment to meet : 
faith: hope: credit (esp sale on credit appo inted place of meeting: a 'date'.- 
or on promise to pay) : he who or that „ t to make an appo intment with.— 
which is the' ground of confidence : that Vm L to agree to mee t.— ns. trys'ter; 
which is given or received in confidence : trys'ting-place, an arranged meeting- 
charge : an arrangement by which prop- p j ace 

erty is handed to or vested in a person tsc ' tse tset > s§ n< a dipterous insect 
for the benefit of another; also the f South Africa 

estate so managed for another: in mod- tub tuh> M an ' wooden vessel . a 

ern commerce, a combination for_ the vessel made of staves and h . a 

control of several, generally competitive, small cask . anything like a tub . a clum 
corporations, concerns, industries, fac- boat . a receptac i e f or bathing water : 
tones, etc., under one direction^ to re- the act of bathing in a tub.— z;. f. to place 
duce expenses, regulate production, do or bathe in a tuh ._^ L to take a bath- 
away with or otherwise overcome . u ,-,< . , . . . 

competition, and thus dominate the . tuba ! * u ba ^ V" a lar § e ' low-pitched 
market and obtain a maximum return trumpet-shaped instrument. [L.] 
on the capital invested.— a. held in trust. tube, tub, n. a pipe: a long, hollow 
—v. t. to place trust in: to believe: to cylinder for the conveyance of fluids, 
give credit to: to sell upon credit: to etc - : a canal: the body of a musical 
commit to the care of: to expect con- instrument: a cylindrical receptacle for 
fidently— v. i. to be confident or confid- pigments, etc.— v. t. to_ furnish with, in- 
ing.—ns. trustee', one to whom anything c lose m > a tube.— n. tu bing, tubes col- 
is intrusted: one to whom the manage- lectively: material for tubes. — adjs. 
ment of a property is committed in trust. tu , t bular > having the form of a tube; 
—a. trust'ful, trusting : worthy of trust. tu bulate, -d, tu bulous. 
adv. trust'ily.— n. trust'iness.— a. trust'- tuber > tu ber ' n - a knob m roots : a 
ing, confiding. — adv. trust'ingly. — n. rounded, fleshy underground stem, as in 
trust'worthiness.— adjs. trustworthy, the potato: a swelling.— n. tuberosity. 
worthy of trust or confidence : trusty ; tubercle, tu'ber-kl, n. a small tuber 
trust'y (comp. trust'ier, superl. trust'- or swelling: a pimple: the characteristic 
iest), that may be trusted: deserving product of a specific infective micro- 
confidence : honest : strong : firm. organism, the Bacillus tuberculosis. — 
truth, troth, n. that which is true or adjs. tu'bercled, having tubercles; 
according to the facts of the case : agree- tuber'cular, tuber'culate, -d, tuber'cu- 



tuck mote, move; mute; then. turbine 513 

lose, tuber'culous, pertaining to tuber- domestic pigeon, from its tumbling on 
cles: pimpled: affected with or caused the wing: a kind of catch in a lock: a 
by tubercles. — ns. tuber'culin, -e, a forty piece attached to the hammer of a fire- 
to fifty per cent, glycerin solution of a arm lock; tum'bling, the act of falling. 
pure cultivation of the tubercle bacillus, tumbrel, tum'brel, tumbril, tum'bril, 
injected into the subcutaneous tissues n. a cart with two wheels for conveying 
of persons affected with tuberculosis; tools, artillery stores, etc. 
tuberculd'sis, a specific infective dis- tumefy, tu'me-fi, v. t. to cause to 
ease induced by the invasion of the swell. — v. i. to swell : to rise in a tumor. 
Bacillus tuberculosis, and characterized — n. tumefac'tion, a tumor, swelling. 
by the presence of tubercles or other tumid, tu'mid, a. swollen or enlarged : 
tubercular formations — consumption or inflated : falsely sublime : bombastic. 
phthisis. tumor, tumour, tu'mer, n. a morbid 

tuck, tuk, v. t. to draw or press in or swelling on any of the cutaneous, mu- 
together: to stuff: to fold under: to cous or serous surfaces in any part of 
gather up : to inclose by pressing clothes the body, of independent growth, 
closely around. — n. a horizontal fold in tumult, tu'mult, n. uproar of a multi- 
a garment: (slang) eatables. — n. tuck'er, tude: violent agitation with confused 
a piece of cloth tucked or drawn over sounds : high excitement. — a. tumult'- 
the bosom, worn by women and chil- uous, full of tumult : disorderly : agitated . 
dren. — v. t. (coll.) to tire exceedingly. tun, tun, n. a large cask. 

Tudor, tu'dor, a. pertaining to the tundra, ton'dra, n. one of the level 
English royal line of the Tudor s (1485- treeless plains of northern Russia and 
1603) ; denoting the style of architecture Siberia. [Russ.] 
of that period. tune, tun, n. a melodious succession 

tufa, tu'fa, n. a variety of calcium of notes or chords in a particular key: 
carbonate usually deposited from springs, state of giving the proper sound : har- 

tuft, tuft, n. a green knoll : a grove, mony : a melody or air : frame of mind, 

tuft, tuft, n. a number of small things temper. — v. t. to adjust the tones of 
in a knot: a cluster: a dense head of (a musical instrument): to play upon, 
flowers : an imperial. — v. t. to separate celebrate in music : to give a certain 
into tufts: to adorn with tufts. character to. — a. tune'ful, full of tune 

tug, tug, v. t. to pull with effort : to or harmony : melodious : musical. 
drag along. — v. i. to pull with great tunic, tu'nik, n. a loose garment worn 
effort : to struggle. — n. a strong pull : a by women and boys, a blouse : a military 
steam-vessel for towing ships: a strong surcoat: the ordinary uniform coat of a 
rope: in harness, a trace. soldier: an ecclesiastical vestment: 

tuition, tu-ish'un, n. care over a (anat.) a membrane that covers some 
young person: teaching, the fee paid organ: (hot.) a covering, as of a seed. 
for such. tunnel, tun'el, n. an arched passage 

tulip, tu'lip, n. a bulbous plant of the cut through a hill, under a river, etc. : 

order LiliacecE, with many species, hav- a long underground burrow, a subway: 

ing highly-colored bell-shaped flowers, any mine-level open at one end. — v. t. to 

, tulle, tol, n. ? delicate kind of thin make a passage through : to hollow out. 

silk fabric of a very open structure. turban, ter'ban, n. a head-dress worn 

tumble, tum'bl, v. i. to fall: to come by Eastern nations, consisting of a cap 
down suddenly and violentry : to roll : to with a sash wound round it : a circular 
twist the body, as a mountebank : to fall head-dress worn by ladies : the spiral of 
rapidly, as prices : to go hastily : (slang) a univalve shell. — a. tur'baned. 
to understand. — v. t. to throw headlong : turbid, ter'bid, a. disordered : having 
to turn over : to throw about while ex- the sediment disturbed : muddy : thick, 
amining: to disorder, rumple. — n. act of turbine, ter'bin, n. a horizontal water- 
tumbling : a fall : a rolling over, a wheel with vertical axis, receiving and 
somersault : confusion. — a. tum'ble- discharging water in various directions 
down, dilapidated. — ns. tum'bler, one round the circumference — by parallel, 
who tumbles : an acrobat or contortion- outward or inward flow : a steam-engine 
ist: a large drinking-glass : a kind of on the principle of the turbine, used in 

83 



514 turbulent fate, far; me, her; mine; tutelage 

marine navigation, etc. — a. tur'binal, tur- temporary want of the proper letter. — » 
binate. — n. (anat.) a scroll-like bone. ns. turn'coat, one who abandons his 
— adjs. tur'binate, -d, shaped like a top principles or party; turn'er, one who or 
or inverted cone : spiral : {anat. ) whorled that which turns: a tumbler, gymnast; 
in shape : whirling like a top. turn'ing, a winding : deviation from the 

turbulent, ter'bu-lent, a. tumultuous, proper course: turnery: (mil.) a flank- 
disturbed: in violent commotion: dis- ing maneuver; turn'ing-point, the point 
posed to disorder : restless : producing on which a question turns and which 
commotion. decides the case: a grave and critical 

tureen, tu-ren', n. a large, deep dish, period; turn'key, one who turns the 
turf, terf, n. the surface of land matted keys in a prison: a warder; turn'-out, 
with the roots of grass, etc. : a cake of the act of coming forth : a crowd of 
turf cut off: sod: peat: race-ground: spectators: a carriage and its horses, 
horse-racing, the race-course: — pi. turfs. — turn the scale, to decide, determine; 
— v. t. to cover with peat or sod. — ns. turn the stomach, to nauseate; turn to, 
tur'finess; tur'fite (slang), one devoted to have recourse to: to point to: to 
to horse-racing. — a. tur'fy, resembling or result in. 

abounding in turf: pertaining to horse- turnip, ter'nip, n. a biennial plant, 
racing. the upper part of the root becoming, 

turgent, ter'jent, a. swelling: rising esp. in cultivation, swollen and fleshy. 
into a tumor : inflated : bombastic. — ns. turpentine, ter'pen-tin, n. a semi-solid 
turges'cence, turges'cency. — adjs. tur- resinous substance secreted by various 
ges'cent, swelling : growing big ; tur'gid, coniferous trees : the oil or spirit of 
swollen : extended beyond the natural turpentine. 

size : pompous : bombastic. turpitude, ter'pi-tud, n. baseness : ex- 

turkey, terk'i, n. a large gallinaceous treme depravity or wickedness: vileness 
bird, a native of America — not Turkey, of principles and actions. 
— n. turk'ey-buzz'ard, an American vul- turquoise, ter-koiz', or ter-kez', n. an 
ture resembling a turkey. opaque greenish-blue mineral. 

turmoil, ter'moil, n. harassing labor: turret, tur'et, n. a small tower on a 
disturbance. building and rising above it : a tower, 

turn, tern, v. i. to whirl round : to often revolving, containing guns on a 
hinge: to depend: to issue: to take a warship, or in a fort. — a. turr'eted, fur- 
different direction or tendency : to be- nished with turrets : formed like a tower, 
come by a change, hence to rebel : to turtle, ter'tl, turtle-dove, ter'tl-duv, n. 
return: to be fickle: to result: to be a bird noted for beauty of form and 
shaped on the lathe : to sour : to become color, soft cooing, and affection towards 
giddy : to be nauseated : to change from its mate and young, 
ebb to flow or from flow to ebb: to be- turtle, ter'tl, n. any tortoise, but esp. 
come inclined in the other direction. — the edible green turtle. 
v. t. to cause to revolve : to reverse : to Tuscan, tus'kan, a. of or belonging 
pass round : to direct, apply : to send, to Tuscany in Italy : denoting the sim- 
drive : to fold, remake : to translate : to plest of the five classic orders of archi- 
make sour: to change the position or tecture. 

the direction of: to nauseate, to make tush, tush, inter j. pshaw! be silent! 
giddy : to direct the mind to : to infat- an exclamation of impatience, etc. 
uate or make mad: to cause to return tusk, tusk, n. a long, protruding tooth 
with profit : to transfer : to convert : to on either side of the mouth of certain 
form in a lathe: to shape: to round: to animals: a sharp point. — v. t. to gore 
adapt: to blunt. — n. act of turning: new with the tusks. 

direction or tendency, disposition : a walk tussle, tus'el, n. a struggle. — v. i. to 
to and fro : chance : a turning-point, struggle. 

crisis: a spell of work, a job: (coll.) tussock, tus'ok, n. a tuft of grass or 
a nervous shock: change: a winding: a twigs. — a. tuss'ocky, abounding in tufts. 
bend : form : manner : opportunity, con- tut, tut. inter j. an exclamation of re- 
venience : act of kindness or malice : a buke, or impatience, etc. 
type turned upside down, owing to a tutelage, tu'te-laj, n. guardianship: 



tutor mote, move ; mute ; then. twit 515 

state of being under a guardian. — adjs. twill, twil, n. a woven fabric with an 
tu'telar, tu'telary, protecting: having appearance of diagonal lines: the raised 
the charge of a person or place. line made by twilling. 

tutor, tu'tor, n. one who has charge twin, twin, n. a pair : one of two born 
of the education of another: one who at a birth: one very like another: a 
gives private individual instruction to union of two similar crystals, or of two 
students: a teacher, instructor: — fern, halves of one crystal holding a reversed 
tu'toress. — v. t. to instruct: to teach position to each other. — a. twofold, 
privately and individually. — n. tu'torage, double: being one of two born at a 
the office or authority of a tutor: edu- birth: very like another: consisting of 
cation, as by a tutor. — a. tuto'rial. two parts nearly alike. 

tuxedo, tuk'se-dd, n. a men's jacket twine, twin, n. a cord composed of 
for evening wear. two or more threads twisted together: 

twaddle, twod'l, v. i. to talk in a silly a twist : an intertwining.— v. t. to wind, 
manner.— n. silly talk. as two threads together : to twist to- 

twain, twan, n. two, a couple, pair, gether: to wind about: to encircle: to 

twang, twang, n. (prov.) a sharp blend, intermingle.— v. i. to unite closely : 
flavor, an after-taste. [Tang.] to bend : to make turns : to ascend spirally 

twang, twang, n. a sharp, quick sound, round a support. — a. twining, twist- 
as of a tight string when pulled and let ing. 

go : a nasal tone of voice.— v i to sound twinge, twinj, v. t. to twitch or pinch : 
as a tight string pulled and let go : to to affect with a sharpj sudden p2i m.—v. L 
have a nasal sound.— v t. to make to to have or suffer a sudderi) sharp pain . 
sound with a twang. [Tang.] __ M a twitch) a pinch . a sudden , sharp 

tweak, twek, v. t. to twitch, to pull: pa j n 
to pull with sudden jerks.-* a sharp twinkIe twing'kl, v. I to blink: to 
pinch or twitch. [A by-form of twitch.] shine with a trembling spark i ing i ight: 

*« e .? d, i ^ ed r^' E ?? d -,, i f W °° len to sparkle: to open and shut the eyes 
twilled cloth. _ [Corr. of cwill] rapidly: to quiver.-^, twinkle, twink'- 

tweedle, twe dl, v. t. to handle lightly. H a ick motion of the the 

-v. i to wriggle -n. a sound such as time occupied by a wink: an instant: the 

is made by a nd_dle. : scintillation of the fixed stars ; twink'ier. 

tweezers, twez erz. n. sing, nippers: . - . « - .. A ... 

small pincers for pulling out hairs, etc. twirl .^ w l r1 ' V A L to tUr " ro . Und ra P l 1 dly ' 

twelfth, twelfth, a. being the last of es P- Wlth t. he fingers : to pitch with a 

twelve.— n. one of twelve equal parts. 5 0tarv motion, as a baseball— j. i. to 

twelve, twelv, a. ten and two.-n. the turn roun( ? rapidly: to be whirled round, 

number next after eleven: the figures ~ M - a wmrl . : a rapid circular motion, 
representing twelve. twist, twist, v. t. to twine: to unite 

twenty, twen'ti, a. twice ten : nineteen or form by winding together : to form 

and one.— n. the number next after nine- from several threads : to encircle with 

teen: the figures representing twenty.— something: to wreathe: to wind spirally: 

a twentieth, next after the nineteenth, to turn from the true form or meaning : 

—n. one of twenty equal parts. to cause to move spirally, to bend : to 

twice, twis, adv. two times : once and wrest, wrench.— v. i. to be united by 

again: doubly. — a. twice'-told, told winding: to be bent, to move spirally: 

twice: hackneyed. to revolve: to writhe. — n. that which is 

twiddle, twid'l, v. t. to twirl idly, to twisted: accord: a single thread: man- 
play with. ner of twisting : a contortion : a small 

twig, twig, n. a small shoot or branch roll of tobacco : a strong silk thread : a 

of a tree: a divining-rod. wrench, strain: a peculiar bent, perver- 

twig, twig, v. t. (slang) to observe slon. — adjs. twist'able, twist'ed. — n. 

narrowly: to understand. — v. i. to under- twist/er, "ne who or that which twists: 

stand, see. a whirling wind, a tornado : a ball sent 

twilight, twi'lit, n. the faint light after with a twist, 
sunset and before sunrise: partial dark- twit, twit, v. t. to remind of some 

ness. — a. of twilight : faintly illuminated . fault, etc. — n. a reproach. — n. twit'ter. « 



516 twitch fate, far; me, her; mine-; tyrant 

twitch, twich, v. t. to pull with a sud- Small Pica . Webster's I 11 point 

den jerk: to pluck: to snatch. — v. i. to p. -nrr -l^ ? t 19 » 

be suddenly jerked: to move spasmodi- ' ' ' VVeDSterSl M 

cally. — n. a sudden quick pull: a spas- English . . Webster's 14 * 

■&HSS. «■ a^"^ of a *** "*«* - ® l ° »»«* « : 

bird : a tremulous broken sound : a „ !?. ' ' S „ 

sUght trembling-,. ,'. to make a sue- g^^ I \ \ \ \ \ ' 1 « 

cession of small tremulous noises : to Aldiae g « 

palpitate.-^, t. to chirp out. clarendon '. '. *. ■ : ; : : ; 5 " 

two, to, a. one and one. — n. the sum Boldface. ... 6 " 

of one and one : a figure representing 

two: a pair.-<id/j. two'-faced, having _^ ty'pal.— >w. type'-bar, a line of 
two faces hence douole-deahng false; type C ast in one piece, as in a lino- 
twofold, folded twice: multiplied by type ; type'-found'er, one who founds or 
two: double.— adv. doubly.— a. two- casts printers' type; type'-met'al, metal 
hand ed, having or used with two hands : use d f or making types, a compound of 
ambidextrous, handy. ^ tin, antimony, and lead; type'set'ter, a 

tye, tl, n. an old form of tie. — n. compositor or a typesetting machine'. — 
ty'ing, the act of fastening, a fastening, v. t. and v. i. type'write, to produce by 
tympanum, tim'pan-um, n. (anat.) means of a typewriter: to practise type- 
the membrane which separates the ex- writing.— ns. type'writer, a machine for 
ternal from the internal ear, often called producing legible characters on paper by 
the drum of the ear: (archit.) the trian- mechanical means without the use of a 
gular space between sloping and hori- pen : # an operator on a typewriting 
zontal cornices, or in the corners or sides machine ; type'writing. — adjs. typ'ic, -al, 
of an arch : the panel of a door : a water- pertaining to or constituting a type : em- 
raising wheel, originally drum-shaped. blematic: figurative: connotative, in- 
type, tip, n. a mark or figure struck dicative.— adv. typ'ically.— v. t. typ'ify, 
or stamped upon something: an emblem 1° make a tyP e of : to represent by an 
or figure of something to come : an ex- ima ? e or resemblance : to prefigure.— ns. 
emplar, pattern : a representative style, */ P 1S *> one who uses a typewriter ; typo 
model: (nat. hist.) that which combines (^po), a compositor; typog'rapher, a 
best the characteristics of a* group : a printer.— adjs. typographic, -al, pertain- 
representative chemical compound, esp. m S to typography or printing.— adv. 
hydrochloric acid, water, ammonia, and typograph ically.— n. typog raphy, the 
marsh-gas: a piece of metal, wood, or a ^ °f printing: the general appearance 
other material bearing a character, sign, of printed matter.— type genus (biol.), 
etc., used in printing: printing types col- a generic type; type species (biol.), a 
lectively. — Various sizes of type are now s P ecrnc type. 

designated according to the number of typhoid, ti'foid, a. resembling typhus . 
'points' of which the body consists, the typhoon, tl-fon'^n. a violent hurri- 
point being T V of a pica, or .0138 of an cane which occurs in the Chinese seas. 
inch. The following table gives the old typhus, ti'fus, n. a very contagious 
names of the type bodies in ordinary use, and fatal continued fever, specially asso- 
and their modern designation by points: ciated with filth and overcrowding. 

typothetae, tl-poth'e-te, n. pi. an asso- 
Brilliant . . . Wi in»m %% point, ciation of master printers and pub- 
Diamond . . wuu»m w% *> Ushers: printers and publishers collec- 

Pearl . . . Webster's Imperial D 5 " tively. 

Agate . . Webster's Imperia 5# " typtology) t i p _ t ol'6-ji, «. the so-called 

Nonpareil . Webster's Imperia 6 science or theory of spirit-rapping. 

Mimpn . Webster's Impen 7 tyrant, tl'rant, n. one who uses his 

Brevier. . Webste^s Imp 8 - ^ a ' rbitrari ly and oppressively: a 

Bourgeois . Webster s Imp 9 M 5 espotic ru i er ._i tyr'anness, a female 

Long Primer Webster S Im 10 " tyrant.— adjs. tyran'nic, -al, tyr'annous, 



Tyrian mote, move; mute; then. umbo 517 

pertaining to or suiting a tyrant: unjustly tyriasis, ti-ri'a-sis, n. elephantiasis: 

severe: imperious: despotic. — advs. the falling out of the hair. 

tyran'nically, tyr'annously. — n. tyran'- tyro, ti'ro, n. one learning any art: 

nicide, the act of killing a tyrant: one one not yet well acquainted with a sub- 

who kills a tyrant— v. i. tyr'annize, to ject:— pi. ty'ros.— n. ty'ronism, state of 

act as a tyrant: to rule with oppres- being a tyro. 

sive severity.— v. t. to act the tyrant Tyrolese, tir-ol-ez', a. relating to 

to. — n. tyr'anny, the government Tyrol, or to its people. — n. a native of 

or authority of a tyrant: abso- Tyrol. 

lute monarchy cruelly administered: op- tyrotoxiccn, tl-ro-tok'si-kon, n. a 

pression : cruelty : harshness, severity, ptomain in milk or cheese. 

Tyrian, tir'i-an, a. pertaining to Tyre: tyrotoxin, ti-ro-toks'in, n. any toxin 

deep-purple, like the dye formerly pre- developed in cheese or milk by a bacil- 

pared at Tyre. his. — n. tyrotox'ism, cheese-poisoning. 



n" u, yo, the twenty-first letter and side: beyond: in the future: remoter, be- 
the fifth vowel in our alphabet — yond what is seen or avowed. 
| a cursive form of V. ultimate, ul'ti-mat, a. farthest: last: 

ubiquity, u-bik'wi-ti, n. exist- incapable of further division. — adv. ul'- 

ence everywhere at the same time : om- timately. — n. ultima'tum, the final prop- 

nipresence. — n. ubi'ety, the state of being osition or terms for a treaty : — pi. ulti- 

in a definite place: omnipresence. — adjs. ma'ta. — a. ul'timo, in the last (month). 
ubiq'uitous, ubiq'uitary, being every- ultra, ul'tra, a. going beyond, extreme 

where. — adv. ubiq'uitously. — in composition, as in ultra-classical, 

udder, ud'er, n. the mammary gland ultra-fashionable, etc. — ultra vi'res, be- 

of various animals, esp. cows. yond one's power or rights. 

udometer, ii-dom'e-ter, n. a rain- ultramarine, ul-tra-ma-ren', a. situ- 

gauge. ated beyond the sea. — n. the most dur- 

ugh, uh, interj. an exclamation of able sky-blue color, 
repugnance. ultramontane, ul-tra-mon'tan, a. be- 

ugly, ug'li, a. offensive to the eye: ing beyond the mountains (i. e. the 

deformed: hateful: ill-natured: very Alps): holding or denoting extreme 

severe, dangerous, as an ugly wound. — views, as of the Pope's rights and 

adv. ug'lily, in an ugly manner. — n. ug'- supremacy. 
liness. ultramundane, ul-tra-mun'dan, a. be- 

uhlan, 6'lan, n. one of a kind of light ing beyond the world, or beyond the 

cavalry armed with a lance, esp. in the limits of our system. 
Prussian army. ultra-religious, ul'tra-re-lij'us, a. ex- 

uitlander, the Dutch form of out- cessively religious : unusually devout. 
lander, a foreigner. ultroneous, ul-tro'ne-us, a. sponta- 

ukase, u-kas', n. a Russian imperial neous, voluntary. — adv. ultro'neously. 
decree : any official proclamation. umbel, um'bel, n. a form of flower 

ulcer, ul'ser, n. a dangerous sore, dis- in which a number of stalks, each bear- 
charging matter: (fig.) a moral sore. — ing a flower, radiate from one center. — 
v. i. ul'cerate, to be formed into an adjs. um'bellate, -d, bearing umbels. — 
ulcer. — v. t. to affect with an ulcer or n. umbell'ifer, any plant of the parsley 
ulcers. — n. ulceration, an inflammatory family. — a. umbelliferous. 
process : an ulcer.— a. ul'cerous. umber, um'ber, n. a brown earthy 

ullage, ul'aj, n. the quantity a cask, mineral used as a pigment, 
bottle, etc., lacks of being full. umbilic, -al, um-bil'ik, -al, a. pertain- 

ulna, ul'na, n. the inner and larger of ing to the navel, 
the two bones of the forearm : — pi. ul'nae. umbles, um'blz, n. pi. the entrails of 

ulster, ul'ster, n. a long and loose a deer, 
kind of overcoat. umbo, um'bo, n. the boss of a shield : 

ulterior, ul-te'ri-or, a. on the farther a knob: the point of a bivalve shell 



i 



518 umbra fate, far; me, her; mine; unbaptized 

immediately above the hinge : — pi. umbo'- being unanimous. — a. unan'imous, of 

nes, um'bos. — a. um'bonal. one mind : agreeing in opinion or will : 

umbra, um'bra, n. a shadow: (astron.) done with the agreement of all. — adv. 

the dark cone projected from a planet unanimously. 

or satellite on the side opposite to the unanswerable, un-an'ser-a-bl, a. not 
sun. — adjs. um'bral, um'brated. — n. um- answerable or capable of refutation. 
bra'tion, adumbration. [L.] unappealable, un-a-peTa-bl, a. not ad- 
umbrage, um'bra j, n. suspicion of in- mitting of an appeal to a higher court, 
jury: offense: a shade of foliage. — a. unappeasable, un-a-pe'za-bl, a. in- 
umbra'geous, shady or forming a shade, capable of being appeased, implacable. 

umbrella, um-brel'a, n. a familiar unapproachable, un-a-proch'a-bl, a. 

covered sliding frame carried in the that cannot be approached or attained, 
hand, as a screen from rain or sun- unappropriate, un-a-pro'pri-at, a. in- 

shine. appropriate. — a. unappropriated, not ap- 

umpire, um'plr, n. an unbiased person propriated : not applied to any other 

called in to decide a dispute : an arbi- purpose. 

trator: a referee or superintendent in unarm, un-arm', v. t. to deprive of 

certain games, as baseball, etc. — v. i. to arms, to disarm : to make harmless. — 

act as umpire. — v. t. to decide as v. i. to take off one's armor. — adjs. un- 

umpire. armed', without weapons, defenseless; 

un-, prefix, not : also signifying back, unar'mored, not armored, not plated 

or a reversal of action, when prefixed with armor, of ships. 
to a verb or verbal noun, as undo, un- unarrayed, un-a-rad', a. not arrayed 

lock, etc. or dressed : not arranged. 

unabated, un-a-ba'ted, a. not dimin- unasked, un-askt', a. not asked: not 

ished or lowered. invited, sought, or cared for. 

unable, un-a'bl, a. not able : not hav- unassailable, un-a-sa'la-bl, a. incon- 

ing sufficient strength, power, or skill . testable. 

unabridged, un'a-brijd, a. not short- unassimilated, un-a-sim'i-la-ted, a. not 

ened : complete : full. assimilated, not absorbed into the system 

unaccompanied, un-a-kum'pa-nid, a. as nutriment: not brought into con- 
not accompanied, escorted, or attended : formity with something. 
(mus.) having no instrumental accom- unassuming, un-a-sum'ing, a. not as- 
paniment. suming: not forward or arrogant: 

unaccountable, un-ak-kownt'a-bl, a. modest. 
not accountable or to be accounted for: unattached, un-a-tacht', a. not at- 

not responsible. — ns. unaccountabil'ity, tached: not assigned to a particular 

unaccount'ableness. — adv. unaccount'- regiment or company : not seized for debt. 
ably, inexplicably. unattainable, un-a-tan'a-bl, a. beyond 

• unacknowledged, un-ak-nol'ejd, a. one's reach. 

not acknowledged or recognized : not unauthorized, un-aw'thor-Izd, a. not 

confessed : not noticed. sanctioned by proper authority. 

unadorned, un-a-dornd', a. not unavailing, un-a-val'ing, a. not avail- 
adorned: plain. ing, or of no avail or effect: useless. 

unadvised, un-ad-vizd', a. not ad- — n. unavailability. — a. unavailable. 

vised : not prudent or discreet : rash. — a. unavoidable, un-a-void'a-bl, a. not 

unadvis'able, not advisable. — advs. un- avoidable : that may not be rendered null 

advis'ably, unadvis'edly. — n. unadvis'- or void : inevitable. — n. unavoid'able- 

• edness, imprudence : rashness. ness. — adv. unavoid'ably. 

unaffected, un-af-fekt'ed, a. not af- unaware, un-a-war', adv. without be- 

fected or moved: without affectation: ing or making aware: suddenly: unex- 

not affected or artificial : plain : real : pectedly — also unawares'. 
sincere. — adv. unaffect'edly. — n. unaf- unbalanced, un-bal'anst, a. not in a 

fect'edness, the state of being unaffected, state of equipoise : without mental bal- 

unalloyed, un-al-loid', a. not alloj^ed ance, unsteady? - , 
or mixed: pure. unbaptized, un-bap'tlzd. a. not hav- 

unanimity, u-na-nim'i-ti, n. state of ing received baptism, unchristian. 



unbar 



mote, move; mute; then. uncompromising 



519 



unbar, un-bar', v. t. to remove a bar 
or hindrance from : to unfasten : to open. 

unbearable, un-bar'a-bl, a. intoler- 
able. — adv. unbearably. 

unbeaten, un-be'tn, a. not beaten with 
blows : untrodden : unconquered. 

unbecoming, un-be-kum'ing, a. not 
becoming: unsuited to the wearer, the 
place, etc. : not befitting, indecorous, im- 
proper. — adv. unbecomingly. 

unbeknown, un-be-non', a. (coll.) un- 
known. 

unbelief, un-be-lef ', n. want of belief : 
disbelief, esp. in divine revelation. — n. 
unbeliev'er, one who does not believe, 
esp. in divine revelation. 

unbend, un-bend', v. t. to free from 
being in a bent state : to make straight : 
to free from strain or exertion : to set 
at ease. — v. i. to become relaxed : to 
behave with freedom from stiffness, to 
be affable. — a. unbend'ing, not bending: 
unyielding: resolute. — n. a relaxing. 

unbias, un-bi'as, v. t. to free from 
bias or prejudice. — a. unbl'ased. 

unblamable, un-bla'ma-bl, a. not 
deserving of blame : faultless. 

unbleached, un-blecht', a. not having 
been bleached. 

unblemished, un-blem'isht, a. not 
blemished or stained : free from reproach. 

unblown, un-blon', a. not sounded : 
yet in the bud, not yet having bloomed, 

unblushing, un-blush'ing, a. not 
blushing: without shame: impudent. 

unbolt, un-bolt', v. t. to remove a 
bolt from: to open. — a. unbolt'ed, not 
fastened by bolts : not separated by bolt- 
ing or sifting : coarse. 

unbosom, un-boz'um, v. t. to disclose 
what is in the bosom or mind : to tell 
freely. 

unbounded, un-bownd'ed, a. not 
bounded or limited. 

unbridle, un-bri'dl, v. t. to free from 
the bridle, to let loose. — a. unbri'dled, 
unrestrained : licentious. 

unbroken, un-bro'kn, a. entire : un- 
subdued : undisturbed. 

unburden, un-ber'dn, v. t. to take a 
burden off : to free (the mind) from any 
weight or anxiety: to disclose. 

uncalled, un-kawld', a. not called, un- 
invited. — uncalled-for, quite unneces- 
sary or superfluous : not called for. 

uncanny, un-kan'i, a. weird; un- 



earthly: supposed to possess super- 
natural powers : dangerous, severe. 

uncanonic, -al, un-ka-non'ik, -al, a. 
not agreeable to the canons, not accord- 
ing to the canon of Scripture. 

uncate, ung'kat, a. hooked. [L. uncus, 
a hook.] 

unceasing, un-se'sing, a. not ceasing, 
continual. — adv. uncea'singly. 

uncertain, un-ser'tan, a. not certain, 
doubtful : not to be depended upon : not 
sure of the result. — adv. uncertainly. 
— n. uncer'tainty, want of certainty. 

unchain, un-chan', v. t. to free from 
chains or slavery. 

uncharitable, un-char'i-ta-bl, a. not 
charitable, harsh in judgment. 

unchaste, un-chast', a. not chaste, 
lewd. — adv. unchaste'ly. — n. unchas'- 
tity, lewdness, incontinence. 

unchecked, un-chekt', a. not checked 
or hindered, unrestrained. 

uncial, un'shal, a. applied to a variety 
of writing, with large round charac- 
ters, used in ancient MSS. — n. an uncial 
writing: a MS. written in uncials. 

unciform, un'si-form, a. hook-shaped. 
— adjs. uncif'erous, having a hook, as 
an ovipositor ; un'cinal, un'cinate. 

uncivil, un-siv'il, a. not civil or cour- 
teous, rude. — a. uncivilized, barbarous. 
— adv. uncivilly, not civilly or politely. 

unclasp, un-klasp', v. t. to loose the 
clasp of. 

uncle, ung'kl, n. the brother of one's 
father or mother : an old man generally : 
a pawnbroker. 

unclean, un-klen', a. not clean: foul: 
(B.) ceremonially impure: sinful: lewd. 

unclose, un-kloz', v. t. to open. 

uncollected, un-kol-ek'ted, a. not col- 
lected or gathered : absent in mind, not 
having one's thoughts collected. 

uncolored, un-kul'erd, a. not colored, 
undyed, white : truthful, not exaggerated. 

uncomely, un-kum'li, a. not comely : 
indecent. — n. uncome'liness, want of 
comeliness : unseemliness. 

uncomfortable, un-kum'fer-ta-bl, a. 
not comfortable, causing discomfort or 
disquiet: awkwardly situated. — adv. un- 
comfortably. 

uncommon, un-kom'un, a. not com- 
mon, strange. — adv. (coll.) very. 

uncompromising, un-kom'pro-mi- 
zing, a. not admitting of compromise 
or adjustment: unyielding: obstinate, 



580 unconcern fate, far; me, her; mine; undercoat 

unconcern, un-kon-sern', n. want of uncurl, un-kerl', v. t. to loose from 

concern, anxiety, or solicitude. curls or ringlets. — v. i. to relax from a 

unconditioned, un-kon-dish'und, a. curled state, 

not subject to conditions or limitations: uncus, ung'kus, n. a hook or claw, or 

infinite: inconceivable. — a. uncondi- a hook-like process: — pi. un'ci (si), 

tional, not conditional, absolute. undaunted, un-dan'ted, a. not daunted : 

unconfirmed, un-kon-fermd', a. not bold: intrepid. — adv. undaun'tedly. 

confirmed: not verified. undeceive, un-de-sev', v. t. to free 

unconnected, un-kon-ek'ted, a. not from deception or mistake, 

connected, separate : not coherent, ram- undecennial, un-de-sen'i-al, a. per- 

bling, vague: without connections of taining to a period of eleven years, 

family, etc. undecided, un-de-si'ded, a. irresolute. 

unconquerable, un-kong'ker-a-bl, a. undefiled, un-de-fild', a. not made un- 

that cannot be conquered or brought clean, unpolluted, spotless, innocent, 

under control. — adv. uncon'querably. undefined, un-de-find', a. not defined 

unconscionable, un-kon'shun-a-bl, a. or explained precisely : indefinite. — a. 

not conformable to conscience: unreason- undefi'nable, not capable of being de- 

able: inordinate. — adv. uncon'scionably. fined. 

unconscious, un-kon'shus, a. not con- undemonstrative, un-de-mon'stra-tiv, 

scious : not self-conscious, not perceiv- a. not showing feeling openly, reserved, 

ing. — adv. uncon'sciously. undeniable, un-de-ni'a-bl, a. not deni- 

unconstitutional, un-kon-sti-tu'shun- able or able to be denied: true. 

al, a. not agreeable to or authorized undenominational, un-de-nom-i-na'- 

by the constitution (of a state, etc.). shun-al, a. free from denominationalism, 

uncontradicted, un-kon-tra-dik'ted, a. not sectarian. — n. undenomina'tional- 

not contradicted or denied. ism, the absence of denominationalism. 

uncontrollable, un-kon-tro'la-bl, a. under, un'der, prep, in a lower posi- 

not capable of being controlled: indis- tion than: beneath: below: less than, 

putable. — n. uncontroll'ableness. falling short of: in subjection, subor- 

unconventional, un-kon-ven'shun-al, dination, oppression, liability, etc.: dur- 

a. not conventional, free in one's ways, ing the time of: undergoing: in 

unconverted, un-kon-ver'ted, a. not accordance with : in, in course of. — adv. 

converted, not having experienced a in a lower degree or condition: in 

quickening chang'e of heart. subjection: below: less. — a. lower in po- 

uncork, un-kork', v. t. to draw the sition, rank, or degree: subject: sub- 
cork from. ordinate. — under way, moving: having 

uncouple, un-kup'l, v. t. to loose from commenced a voyage, 

being coupled: to disjoin: to set loose. underbid, un-der-bid', v. t. to bid or 

uncouth, un-koth', a. awkward, un- offer less than, as at an auction, 

graceful, esp. in manners or language, underbred, un'der-bred, a. of inferior 

grotesque, odd. — adv. uncouth'ly. breeding or manners, vulgar. 

uncover, un-kuv'er, v. t. to remove underbrush, un'der-brush, n. brush- 

the cover of : to lay open : to expose wood or shrubs growing beneath or be- 

the formation of (troops). — v. i. to take tween large trees: undergrowth, 

off the hat. underbuy, un-der-bi', v. t. to buy a 

uncrown, un-krown', v. t. to deprive thing at a price lower than that paid 

of a crown, to dethrone. — a. uncrowned', by another : to pay less than the value 

not yet wearing a crown, not yet for. 

formally crowned: possessing kingly undercharge, un-der-charj', v. t to 

power without the actual title and charge less than the proper sum. 

dignity. ( underclothes, un'der-klo^z, n. pi. 

unction, ungk'shun, n. an anointing: clothes worn' next the skin or under 

that which is used for anointing: oint- others — also un'derclothing. 

ment : warmth of address : divine or undercoat, un'der-kot, n. a coat for 

sanctifying grace. — n. unctuos'ity, state wearing in the house, one worn under 

or quality of being unctuous: oiliness : an overcoat: the under-fur of a long* 

greasiness. — a. unc'tuous, oily: greasy, haired animal. 



undercurrent mote, move; mute; then. undertone 521 

undercurrent, un'der-kur-ent, n. a underpay, un-der-pa', v. t. to pay in- 
current under the surface of the water: sufficiently. 

any influence or feeling not apparent underpin, un-der-pin', v. t. to pin or 

on the surface. support underneath : to prop. 

undercut, un-der-kut', v. t. to cut un- underproof, un-der-prof, a. lower or 

der, as a mass of coal : to strike a heavy weaker than proof, of alcohol, 

blow upward.— w. un'dercut, the act or underrate, un-der-rat', v. t. to rate 

effect of cutting under : a blow dealt a t less than the value, 

upward : the tenderloin of beef, etc. underscore, un-der-skor', v. t. to draw 

underdo, un-der-do', v. t. to do less a score or line under, as for emphasis, 

than is requisite, esp. f to cook msuf- undersell, un-der-sel', v. t. to sell 

ficiently.— a. underdone'. under or cheaper than another. 

underestimate, un-der-es'ti-mat, v. t undershot, un'der-shot, a. moved by 

to estimate at too low a rate : to set too wa ter passing under the wheel, 

low a value on.— n. an insufficiently high un dersign, un-der-sin', v. t. to sign 

opinion. , , „ . « or write one's name under or at the 

underfeed, un-der-fed , v. t. to feed f oot f.— the undersigned, the person 

inadequately. or persons subscribing. 

underflow, un'der-flo, n. 2l current underskirt, un'der-skert, n. a petti- 

flowmg below the surface. coa t, the foundation skirt of a draped 

undergarment, un'der-gar-ment, n, gown, 

any article of clothing worn under an- understand, un-der-stand', v. t. to 

other, comprehend: to have just ideas of: to 

undergo, un-der-go , v. t to be sub- know thoroughly : to be informed of : to 

jeered to: to endure or suffer: to pass learn: to suppose to mean: to mean 

through: to sustain without sinking: to without expressing: to imply.— v. i. to 

partake of:— pa. t. underwent'; pa. p. have the use of the intellectual faculties : 

undergone'. to be informed: to comprehend: to 

underground, un'der-grownd, a. sit- learn. — a. understandable. — n. under- 

uated below the surface of the ground, stan'ding, the act of comprehending: 

undergrow, un-der-gro', v. t. to grow the faculty or the act of the mind by 

beneath the normal size. — n. un'der- which it understands or thinks : the 

growth, shrubs or low woody plants power to understand : knowledge : exact 

growing among trees : underbrush. comprehension : agreement of minds : 

underhand, un-der-hand', a. and adv. harmony. — a. knowing, skilful, 

secretly: by secret means: by fraud: understate, un-der-stat', v. t. to state 

delivered with the hand underneath, as or represent under or below the truth. 

a ball. — a. underhan'ded, clandestinely understood, un-der-stood', pa. t. and 

carried on : short-handed. pa. p. of understand. 

underlay, un-der-la', v. t. to lay under. understudy, un'der-stud-i, v. t. and 

or to support by something laid under, v. i. to study a dramatic part so as to 

underlie, un-der-H', v. t. to lie under be able to take the place of the actor 

or beneath : to be liable to. — a. under- playing it, if necessary. — n. an actor who 

ly'ing, lying under or lower in position . prepares a part in this way. 

underline, un-der-lm', v. t. to draw a undertake, un-der-tak', v. t. to take 

line under or below, as a word. under one's management : to take upon 

underling, un'der-ling, n. . an inferior oneself : to attempt : to answer for, war- 
person or agent : a subordinate. rant : to take in, understand : to assume, 

undermine, un-der-mm', v. t. to form to have charge of. — v. i. to take upon 
mines under, in order to destroy: to oneself: to be bound: to manage all the 
destroy secretly the foundation or sup- arrangements of a burial. — ns. under- 
port of. ta'ker, one who undertakes, a projector, 

undermost, un'der-most, a. lowest in a contractor : one who manages funerals ; 

place or condition. undertaking, that which is undertaken : 

underneath, un-der-neth', adv. be- any business or project engaged in. 

neath : below : in a lower place. undertone, un'der-ton, n. a low tone : 



522 undertook fate, far; me, her; mine; unending 

a low state of the physical faculties: undoubted, un-dowt'ed, a. indubit- 

a low, subdued color. able: unsuspected. — adv. undoubt'edly. 

undertook, un-der-took', pa. t. of mm- undress, un-dres', v. t. to take off the 

dertake. dress or clothes of: to strip. — v. i. to 

undertow, un'der-to, n. an undercur- take off one's clothes.— n. (also un'- 

rent in a different direction from that dress) a loose dress: the plain dress 

at the surface. worn by soldiers when off duty. — a. per- 

undervalue, un-der-vU u, v. t. to taining to ordinary dress, as opposed to 

value below the real worth: to esteem uniform, etc. 

lightly.— m. undervaluation, undue, un-du', a. not due or owing: 

underwear, un der-war, n. garments i mpr0 per : immoderate : excessive, 

worn under others underclothing undulate, un'du-lat, v. t. to wave, or 

underwent, un-der-went , pa. t of to move like waves . to cause to vibr ' ate> 

undergo. — Vm ^ to wave: to vibrate. — a. wavy.— 

under-world, un der-werld , n. the adjs< un ' du i ant) undulating; un'dulat- 

lower or inferior world, Hades : the ing ._ a ^ un'dulatingly.-u. undula'- 

antipodes: the lower classes of society. ti an undu i ating . a waving motion or 

underwrite, un-der-nt , v. t to write vibration . wavinesS) a set of ° aved lineS- 

under something else : to subscribe : to _ a ^ un'dula'tive, undulatory; un'- 

subscnbe ones name to for insurance. dulatory movi likc waves : relating 

-v i. to practise msurmg.-M. under- to the the0 of H ht whkh consider b 5 

writer one who insures, as subscriptions its transmission as wave-motion in a 

to stocks, bonds, etc., or shipping medium filling space; un'dulose, un'- 

< undesigning, un-de-zi nmg, a. not de- dulo undul | ting . 

8, ^^ S8 ^^.K not to t -f 1 ^ - d V'H; ^ not according 

be wished for.'-M,. undesira'bil'ity, un- to dut ^ or propriety ^improperly. _ 

desir'ableness.-arfz/. undesir'ably. , unearned, un-ernd , a. not gained by 

undetermined, un-de-ter'mind, a. not a or " ,, „ ^ , . . - i £ 
determined or settled: not limited or unearth, un-erth , v. *. to take out of, 
defined drive, or draw from the earth or a bur- 
undid, un-did', pa. t. of undo. 5? w > as a fox or bad ^. : to uncover, to 

undignified, un-dig'ni-fld, a. not dig- disclose. - n. unearth liness. - a. un- 

nified, not consistent with dignity. earthly, supernatural. 

undiscriminating, un-dis-krim'i-na- , uneasy, un-e zi, a. not at ease: rest- 
ting, a. not discriminating, not quick to les s : feeling pain: constrained: not easy 
detect differences to ® Q done. — n. uneas iness, -state of be- 

undisguised, un-dis-gizd', a. not dis- in S uneas y ° r r not at e . ase: want of ease: 

guised, frank, open, plain. disquiet.— adv. uneas ily. 

undisputable, un-dis'pii-ta-bl, a. in- uneatable, un-e ta-bl, a. not fit to be 

disputable.— a. undisputed, not disputed, eaten.— n. uneat ableness.— a. uneat en. 

undissolved, un-di-zolvd', a. not dis- uneducated, un-ed'ii-kat-ed, a. not 

solved, not broken.— adjs. undissol'- educated.— v. t. uned'ucate.^ 

vable, not to be loosened or broken ; un- unembodied, un-em-bod'id, a. disem- 

dissolVing, not dissolving. bodied, incorporate: not collected into 

undistinctive, un-dis-tingk'tiv, a. a body, 

making no distinctions. unemotional, un-e-mo'shun-al, a. not 

undistinguished, un-dis-ting'gwisht, a. emotional, not readily giving way to 

not distinguished : not marked out by feeling or causing emotiom 

conspicuous qualities, not famous. unemployed, un-em-ploid', a. out of 

undo, undo', v. t. to reverse what has work : not put to use or profit. < 
been done : to bring to naught : to loose : unencumbered, unincumbered, un- 
to open : to unravel : to impoverish : to en-, un-in-kum'berd, a. not encumbered, 
ruin, as in reputation. — ns. undo'er; un- esp. in law, free from encumbrance by 
do'ing, the reversal of what has been lien, claim, lease, or charge of any kind 
done : ruin.— a. undone', not done : unending, _ un-en'ding, a. having no 
ruined: umied, unfastened. end, everlasting, eternal. 



unendurable mote, move; mute; then. unhand 523 

unendurable, un-en-dur'a-bl, a. intol- unfit'ness — a. unfit'ting, unsuitable, 
erable.— adv. unendur'ably. unflagging, un-flag'ing, a. not nagging 

unenviable, un-en'vi-a-bl, a. not to be or drooping: maintaining strength or 
envied. — adv. unen'viably. spirit. 

unequal, un-e'kwal, a. not equal or unflinching, un-flin'shing, a. doing 
alike in any quality, extent, duration, without flinching or shrinking, brave, 
etc. : insufficient : varying, not uniform, steadfast. — adv. unflinchingly. 
— a. une'qualed, not to be equaled. unfold, un-fold', v. t. to open the folds 

unequivocal, un-e-kwiv'6-kal, a. not of : to release from a fold : to spread 
equivocal. — adv. unequiv'ocally. out: to tell. — v. i. to spread open, ex- 

unerring, un-er'ing, a. making no pand, develop. — n. unfold'ing. 
error, infallible : not missing the mark. unforgivable, un-for-giv'a-bl, a. in- 
uneven, un-e'vn, a. not even, smooth, capable of being forgiven. — adjs. unfor- 
straight, uniform, or just: odd, not giv'en, not forgiven; unforgiving, not 
divisible by two without remainder: ill- forgiving, implacable, 
matched: difficult. — adv. une'venly. unfortunate, un-for'tvi-nat, a. not 

uneventful, un-e-vent'fool, a. not fortunate, prosperous, or successful. — n. 
eventful, without striking events. one who is unfortunate, esp. a fallen 

unexceptionable, un-ek-sep'shun-a-bl, woman. — adv. unfor'tunately. 
a. not liable to exception: unobjection- unfounded, un-fown'ded, a. not 
able : faultless. — adv. unexcep'tionably. founded or established : having no foun- 
— a. unexceptional, not forming an ex- dation, baseless. 

ception, usual. — adv. unexcep'tionally. unfriendly, un-frend'li, a. not friend- 

unexpected, un-eks-pek'ted, a. not ex- ly, kind, or favorable. — adv. in an un- 
pected, coming without warning, sudden, kind manner. 

unexperienced, un-eks-pe'ri-enst, a. unfurl, un-ferl', v. t. to loose from 
inexperienced : untried. being furled : to unfold, display : to 

unfailing, un-faling, a. not failing or spread. — v. i. to be spread out. 
liable to fail. — adv. unfailingly. ungainly, un-gan'li, a. awkward: 

unfair, un-far', a. not fair: dishonest: clumsy: uncouth. — adv. in an awkward 
unequal : (recent) under the ban of a manner. — n. ungain'liness. 
trade-union. — adv. unfairly. — n. unfair'- ungenerous, un-jen'er-us, a. not gen- 
ness, the state of being unfair, dishonest, erous or liberal. — adv. ungen'erously. 
unjust, or obnoxious to a trade-union. ungodly, un-god'li, a. not godfy, 

unfaith, un-fath', n. want of faith : neglecting God : sinful, polluted by sin : 
faithlessness. — a. unfaith'ful, not faith- (slang) outrageous, vexatious. — adv. un- 
ful : violating trust : not having faith, god'lily. — n. ungodliness. 
infidel: not. trustworthy. — adv. unfaith'- ungovernable, un-guv'er-na-bl, a. 
fully, in an unfaithful manner: negli- that cannot be governed, refractory, un- 
gently: imperfectly.— n. unfaithfulness, ruly. — n. ungov'ernableness. 

unfasten, un-fas'n, v. t. to loose, as ungown, un-gown', v. t. to degrade 
from a fastening: to unfix. — v. i. to be- from the position of priest, 
come untied. ungracious, un-gra'shus, a. without 

unfathomable, un-fa^'om-a-bl, a. that graciousness of manner, rude, 
cannot be fathomed : too deep to be meas- ungrammatical, un-gra-mat'i-kal, a. 
ured or to be understood. not according to the rules of grammar. 

unfavorable, un-fa'ver-a-bl, a. not ungrateful, un-grat'fool, a. not feel- 
favorable or propitious. ing or manifesting gratitude : disagree- 

unfeeling, un-fe'ling. a. without feel- able, irksome, 
ing : without kind feelings : hard-hearted. ungrounded, un-grown'ded. a. with- 

unfeigned, un-fand'. a. not feigned : out ground or basis, unreal, false. 
real: sincere. — adv. unfeign'edly. unguent, ung'gwent, n. ointment. — a. 

unfermented, un-fer-ment'ed, a. not ung'uinous, oily, unctuous, 
having undergone fermentation: not unhallowed, un-hal'od, a. unholy: 
leavened. profane : very wicked. 

unfit, un-fit', a. unsuitable, improper. unhand, un-hand', v. t. to take the 
— v. t. to disqualify. — adv. unfitly. — n. hands off: to let go. — adv. unhandily 



524 unhappy fate, far; me, her; mine; unite 

awkwardly. — «. unhandiness. — a. un- unimpeachable, un-im-pe'cha-bl, a. 
hand'y, not handy : awkward. not to be impeached : not liable to be 

unhappy, un-hap'i, a. not happy or accused: free from fault: blameless, 
fortunate : miserable : marked by evil. unimproved, un-im-provd', a. not im- 
— adv. unhapp'ily. — n. unhapp'iness, the proved, made better, or cultivated, 
state of being unhappy : misfortune . cleared, or built upon : not used, unem- 

unhealthy, un-hel'thi, a. not healthy: ployed, inactive, 
wanting health or soundness of body: uninfluenced, un-in'flo-enst, a. not 
unfavorable to health. subject to or acted upon by influence: 

unheard, un-herd', a. not heard: not not biased or prejudiced, 
granted a hearing: not known, obscure. unintentional, un-in-ten'shun-al, a. 

unheeded, un-he'ded, a. not heeded, done or happening without intention or 
Unnoticed. — a. unheed'ing, heedless, care- design, involuntary, 
less. union, un'yun, n. a uniting : that which 

unhesitating, un-hez'i-ta-ting, a. not is united or made one : something formed 
hesitating or doubting: prompt: ready. by the combination of parts or indi- 

unhinge, un-hinj', v. t. to take from vidual things or persons: concord: 
the hinges: to render unstable, to un- harmony in color: agreement between 
settle : to deprive of support. parts : the state of wedlock * a device 

unholy, un-ho'li, a. not sacred or emblematic of union borne in the canton 
hallowed, wicked, sinful. of a flag, or the canton used separately 

unicity, u-nis'i-ti, n. state of being as a flag: a combination for class pro- 
unique, sameness, tection, as of the workmen of a partic- 

unicorn, u'ni-korn, n. a fabulous ular trade. — n. un'ionist, one who advo- 
animal mentioned by y cates or supports union, esp. an upholder 

classic authors, with a sttfe* °* *^. e American Union, 

body like that of a iPiSi* uniparous, u-nip'a-rus, a. producing 

horse and one straight Rp^^s* on< r at a birth : (hot.) having but one 

horn on the forehead : ^ jpf^li!!!^^ axis or stem. 

(B.) an animal vari- l/^Sj^t uniped, u'ni-ped, a. having only one 

ously understood as the ^ £jjM& w foot. 

rhinoceros, the urus, JS^J/ . unipersonal, u-ni-per'son-al, a. exist- 

the wild ox, and the jT ^ C ing as only one person: (gram.) used 

ox-antelope. [L. units, '3 ^__&^ »^p|!^ in only one person, 
one, cornu, a horn.] . unipolar, u-ni-po'lar, a. (elect.) show- 

unicycle, u-ni-sl'kl, Umcorn. j ng on j v one \^[ n ^ f polarity: (biol.) 

n. an acrobat's cycle having but one having one process only, 
wheel. unique, u-nek', a. single or alone in 

unifarious, u-ni-fa'ri-us, a. with the any quality: without a like or equal, 
parts arranged in one rank, uniserial. unison, u'ni-son, n. oneness or agree- 

uniform, u'ni-form, a. having one or ment of sound: concord: harmony. — a. 
the same form: having always the same unis'onal. — adv. unis'onally. 
manner or character: consistent with it- unit, u'nit, n. one: a single thing or 
self : agreeing with another. — n. a dress person : the least whole number : any- 
or livery of the same kind for persons thing taken as one : any known deter- 
who belong to the same body, as that minate quantity used as a standard of 
of a soldier. — n. uniform'ity, state of measurement. — n. Unita'rian, one who 
being uniform : agreement with a pattern asserts the unity of the Godhead as op- 
or rule : sameness : likeness between the posed to the Trinity, and ascribes divinity 
parts of a whole. — adv. u'niformly. to God the Father only. — a. pertaining 

unify, u'ni-fi, v. t. to make into one. to Unitarians or their doctrine. 
— adjs. u'nifiable, capable of being made unite, ii-nit', v. t. to make one: to 
one ; unif'ic, making one. join two or more into one: to join: 

unilateral, u-ni-lat'er-al, a. one-sided, to make to agree or adhere. — v. i. to 

unimaginable, un-i-maj'i-na-bl, a. not become one : to grow or act together.— 
imaginable, inconceivable. — a. unimag'- a. .uni'ted, joined, made one: harmo- 
inative, not imaginative, prosaic. nious. — adv. uni'tedly, in union : together. 



unity 



mote, move; mute; then. 



unmanageable 525 



having 




Univalve. 



unity, u'ni-ti, n. oneness: state of 
being one or at one: agreement: the 
arrangement of all the parts to one 
purpose or effect: harmony: (math.) 
any quantity taken as one. 

univalent, u-niv'a-lent, 
valence of one. — ns. 
univ'alence, univ'alency. 

univalve, u'ni-valv, a. 
having one valve or 
shell only. — n. a shell of 
one valve only: a mol- 
lusk whose shell is com- 
posed of a single piece. — 
a. unival'vular. 

universal, u-ni-ver'sal, 
a. comprehending, affect- 
ing, or extending to the 
whole: comprising all the particulars: 
applied to a great variety of uses. 
— n. a universal proposition, a general 
term, a universal concept. — ns. Univer'- 
salism, the doctrine or belief of universal 
salvation, or the ultimate salvation of all 
mankind; Univer'salist, a believer in 
Universalism. — a. pertaining to such be- 
liefs. — n. universal'ity, state or quality 
of being universal. — adv. univer'sally. 

universe, u'ni-vers, n. the whole 
system of created things: all created 
things viewed as one whole: the world. 

university, u-ni-ver'si-ti, n. an insti- 
tution or corporation, or an assemblage 
of colleges, for _ teaching the higher 
branches of learning, and having power 
to confer degrees. 

univocal, u-niv'6-kal, a. having one 
meaning only: having unison of sounds. 
— n. a word with but one meaning. 

unjust, un-just', a. not just or con- 
trolled by justice: contrary to justice: 
dishonest, faithless. — adv. unjustly. 

unkempt, un'kemt, a. uncombed: un- 
polished, rough. 

unkind, un-kind', a. contrary to kind 
or nature : wanting in kindness : cruel. — 
n. unkindliness, want of kindliness. — 
a. unkindly, contrary to kind or nature : 
malignant: not kind. — adv. (Milt.) in a 
manner contrary to kind or nature: in 
an unkindly manner : cruelly. 

unknit, un-nit', v. t. to separate or 
loose what is knit or knotted: to open: 
to free from contraction, to relax, as 
the brow. 

unknowable, un-no'a-bl, a. incapable 
of being known. — n. that which cannot 



be known, the first or original cause: 
that which is cognizable only in its re- 
lations. — a. unknow'ing, ignorant, ob- 
tuse. — adv. unknowingly. — a. unknown'. 

unlace, un-las', v. t. to loose from be- 
ing laced: to loose the dress of. 

unlatch, un-lach', v. t. to open by lift- 
ing the latch. 

unlawful, un-law'fool, a. not lawful or 
permitted by law. — adv. unlawfully. 

unlead, un-led', v. t. (print.) to take 
out the leads from (matter set up). 

unlearn, un-lern', v. t. to forget or 
lose what has been learned. — a. un- 
lear'ned, not learned: ignorant. 

unless, un-Ies', conj. at or for less: 
if not: supposing that not: save, except. 

unlettered, un-let'erd, a. unlearned, 
illiterate. 

unlike, un-llk', a. not like or similar: 
having no resemblance. — adv. in another 
manner to. — ns. unlikelihood, unlike'- 
liness, improbability. — a, unlikely, not 
likely: improbable: likely to fail. — adv. 
in an unlikely manner, improbably. 

unlimber, un-lim'ber, v. t. to remove 
the limbers from, to take off the limbers 
of. — v. i. to detach the limbers from the 
guns. 

unlimited, un-lim'i-ted, a. not limited, 
bounded, defined, or restrained. 

unload, un-lod', v. t. to take the load 
from : to discharge : to disburden : to 
sell in great quantity, as risky stock, 
etc. — v. i. to discharge freight. 

unlocated, un-lo-ka'ted, a. not located : 
not surveyed or marked off. 

unlock, un-lok', v. t. to unfasten what 
is locked: to open. 

unlooked, un-lookt', a. not anticipated 
(generally with for). 

unloose, un-16s', v. t. to make loose: 
to set free. 

unlucky, un-luk'i, a. not lucky or for- 
tunate: ill-omened. — adv. unluckily. 

unmailable, un-mala-bl, a. incapable 
of being mailed or sent to its proper 
destination by mail: prohibited from the 
mails by law. 

unman, un-man', v. t. to deprive of 
the powers of a man, as courage, virility, 
etc. : to deprive of men. — adjs. unmanly, 
not becoming a man: unworthy of a 
noble mind: base: cowardly; un- 
manned', not manned or furnished with 
men: disheartened. 

unmanageable, un-man'aj-a-bl, a. not 



526 unmannerly fate, far; me, her; mine; unprecedented 

manageable, not easily controlled or obser'vable, not to be observed; un- 
directed, obser'vant, not observant or attentive; 

unmannerly, un-man'er-li, a. not unobserved', not observed, 

mannerly^ ill-bred. unobtrusive, un-ob-tro'siv a. not ob- 

unmarried, un-mar'id, a. not married, trusive or forward, 

single.— a. unmarrigeable, not fit to unorthodox, un-or'tho-doks, a. not 

marry, not yet old enough to be married, orthodox. — n. unor'thodoxy, hetero- 

unmask, un-mask', v. t. to take a doxy, heresy, 

mask or any disguise off: to expose.— unostentatious, un-os-ten-ta'shus, a, 

v. i. to put off a mask. not ostentatious or showy. 

unmatched, un-macht', a. matchless. unpack, un-pak', v. t. to take out of s. 

unmeaning, un-me'ning, a. having no pack: to open. 
meaning : without intelligence. unpaid, un-pad', a. not discharged : re- 
unmeasured, un-mezh'erd, a. not ceiving no pay. 
measured, boundless : irregular. unparalleled, un-par'a-leld, a. without 

unmentionable, un-men'shun-a-bl, a. parallel or equal. — a. unpar'allelable. 

unworthy of being mentioned. unparliamentary, un-par-li-men'tar-i, 

unmindful, un-mind'ful, a. not keep- a. contrary to the usages of proceeding- 

ing in mind, regardless. in the British parliament, or, by exten- 

unmistakable, un-mis-ta'ka-bl, a. in- sion, in any legislative body: not such 

capable of being mistaken: clear: dis- as can be spoken in a legislative body: 

tinct. — adv. unmista'kably. contrary to the rules of debate: out of 

unmitigated, un-mit'i-ga-ted, a. not order, 

mitigated or abated: having full force: unperformed, un-per-formd', a. not 

(coll.) unconscionable. performed or fulfilled: not represented 

unmoor, un-mor', v. t. to loose from on the stage, 

being moored or anchored. — v. i. to unplaced, un-plast', a. not arranged 

weigh anchor. in proper places, confused : not having a 

unmounted, un-mown'ted, a. not place or situation. — v. t. unplace'. 
mounted: not placed on horseback: not unpleasant, un-plez'ant, a. not pleas- 
set or arranged with any suitable back- ant : disagreeable. — adv. unpleas'antly. — 
ground, etc., for display or protection, as n. unpleas'antness, state or quality of 
a precious stone, a drawing or pho- being unpleasant: disagreeableness : a 
tograph, etc. disagreement, quarrel. — a. unpleasing 

unmoved, un-movd', a. not moved, (-pie'), displeasing, disgusting, 

firm: not touched by emotion, calm. unplugged, un-plugd', a. free from 

unmusical, un-mu'zi-kal, a. not musi- plugs: not short-circuited by a plug. — v. 

cal or harmonious : not skilled in music, t. unplug', to remove a plug from. 

unmuzzle, un-muz'l, v. t. to take a unpointed, un-poin'ted, a. not pointed, 

muzzle off. blunt: having no vowel points, as in 

unnamable, un-na'ma-bl, a. not to be Hebrew: with the joints uncemented, of 

named. a wall. 

unnatural, un-nat'u-ral, a. not accord- unpopular, un-pop'u-lar, a. not pop- 
ing to nature: without natural^ affection, ular: disliked by the people.. 

unnecessary, un-nes'e-sa-ri, a. not unpossessed, un-po-zest', a. not pos- 

necessary: useless: needless. — a. unnec'- sessed, not in possession (with of). 

essarily. unpractical, un-prak'ti-kal, a. not 

unnerve, un-nerv', v. t. to deprive of practical, disinclined to give attention to 

nerve, strength, or vigor: to weaken. things immediately useful or profitable: 

unnumbered, un-num'berd, a. (Milt.) not workable in detail, 

not to be numbered, innumerable. unpractised, un-prak'tist, a. having 

unobjectionable, un-ob-jek'shun-a-bl, no practice or experience: not carried 

a. not liable to objection. out in practice, not usually done: not 

unobservance, un-ob-zer'vans, n. state yet familiar through practice, 

of being unobservant, inattention: lack unprecedented, un-pres'e-den-ted, a. 

of observance of some law. — adjs. un- having no precedent : novel. 



unprejudiced mote, move; mute; then. unrobe 527 

unprejudiced, un-prej'u-dist, a. not readable (un-re'da-bl), indecipherable- 
prejudiced: impartial. too dull to be read. 

unpremeditated, un-pre-med'i-ta-ted, unready, un-red'i, a. not ready or 
a. not planned beforehand, not previously prepared : slow : awkward.— adv. un- 
thought of.— a. unpremed'itable, not to read'ily.— n. unread'iness. 
by foreseen, unforeseen. unreal, un-re'al, a. not real: having 
unprepared, un-pre-pard', a. without appearance only, illusive. — ns. unre'- 
preparation, done without such. alism, unreality, want of reality or ex- 
unprepossessing, un-pre-po-zes'ing, istence. 
a. not predisposing in one's favor, un- unreasonable, un-re'zn-a-bl, a. not 
pleasing. — a. unprepossessed'. agreeable to reason : exceeding the 
unpretending, un-pre-ten'ding, a. not bounds of reason, immoderate: not in- 
pretending or making pretense : modest, fluenced by reason. 

unpriest, un-prest', v. t. to strip of unreconciled, un-rek'on-slld, a. not 

the rank of priest. reconciled, restored to friendship, or 

unprincipled, un-prin'si-pld, a. with- made consistent- 

out settled principles : not restrained by unreconstructed, un-re-kon-struk'ted, 

conscience : profligate. a. not reconstructed : formerly applied to 

unproductive, un-pro-duk'tiv, a. not seceded states before their reinstate^ 

productive, profitable, or efficient: not ment in the Union after the Civil War, 

effecting some particular result (with unredeemed, un-re-demd', a. not re« 

of). — adv. unproduc'tively. deemed or ransomed: not fulfilled: un 

unprofessional, un-pro-fesh'un-al, a. mitigated: not recalled into the treasury 

having no profession : beyond the limits by payment of the value in money : not 

of one's profession : contrary to the rules taken out of pawn. — a. unredeemable. 

or the ethics of a particular profession. unregenerate, un-re-jen'e-rat, a. no\ 

unprofitable, un-prof'i-ta-bl, a. not renewed in heart through regeneration 

profitable : bringing no profit : serving no unreconciled to God. 

purpose.— n. unprofitableness. unrelenting, un-re-len'ting, a. not re< 

unpronounceable, un-pro-nown'sa-bl, lenting : inflexible : cruel. 

a. difficult to pronounce: not fit to be unreliable, un-re-li'a-bl, a. that canv 

mentioned. not be relied upon, untrustworthy. 

unpropitious, un-pro-pish'us, a. not unremitting, un-re-mit'ting, a. not 
propitious, inauspicious. remitting or relaxing: continued: in- 
unprovoked, un-pro-vokt', a. not cessant. — a. unremit'ted, not remitted or 
having received provocation, uncalled forgiven: without remission. 
for. — adv. unprovo'kedly. unreserved, un-re-zervd', a. not re- 
unpublished, un-pub'lisht, a. not ser ved or restrained: withholding noth- 
made public, esp. still in MS. or privately i ng ._ a ^. unreser'vedly, frankly. 
printed form: secret. unresolved, un-re-zolvd', a. not re- 
unqualified, un-kwol l-fid, a. not pos- so i ved . no t separated into its constituent 
sessmg the proper qualifications for any- p ar ^ s 

thing, incompetent: given without re- unrest un . res t', n. want of rest: dis- 

stnctions, absolute.-^, unqua inedly. kt of mind or body .__ a . unrest'ful. . 

unquenchable un-kwen sha-bl a. that * unrestrained> un -re-strand', a. not re- 

cannot be quenched or extinguished. , trP ^,ed licentious 

unquestionable, un-kwes'tyim-a-bl, a . strained licentious 

.• 1.1 . i_ . • j unriddle, un-rid 1, v. t. to read tne rid- 
not questionable or to be questioned.— ,, u y , ' \ 

adv. unquestionably, without question Gle ° .' to s0 . , x . ^ . e . 

or doubt.-a. unquestioned, not called . unn S> un-ng , v. t to strip of rig- 
in question, undoubted, not examined. S^g.-^. unrigged , without rigging. 

unravel, un-rav'el v. t. to take out of unrighteous, un-ri tyus, a. not righ- 
a raveled state : to unfold or exolain : to teous : wicked : un] ust _ 

separate.—^, i. to be disentangled. unrivaled, un-ri vald, a, without a 

unread, un-red', a. not informed by rival or competitor, unique. 
reading, ignorant : not perused.— a. un- unrobe, un-rob', v. t. to strip of a 



528 unroll fate, far; me, her; mine; unsurpassable 

robe, to undress. — v. i. to take off a able: not having the dregs deposited: 

robe, esp. a robe of state. not yet inhabited and cultivated. 

unroll, un-rol', v. t. to roll down: to unsex, un-seks', v. t. to deprive of 

open out. — v. i. to become uncoiled or sex : to make unmanly or unwomanly, 

opened out unshackle, un-shakl, v. t. to loose 

unroof, un-rof, v. t. to strip the roof from shackles: to set free, 

off. — a. unroofed'. unshakable, un-sha'ka-bl, a. (Shak.) 

unruffled, un-ruf'ld, a. not ruffled: not to be shaken.— a. unsha'ken, not 

calm. shaken, firm, steady. — adv. unsha'kenly. 

unruly, un-rol'y, a. regardless of re- unsheathe, un-sheW, v. t. to draw 

straint or law.— n. unrul'iness. from the sheath or scabbard, as a sword. 

unsaddle, un-sad'l, v. t. to take the unshod, un-shod', a. without shoes, 

saddle off: to throw from the saddle. barefoot. 

unsafe, un-saf, a. not safe.— adv. un- ^shorn, un-shorn , a. not shorn, un- 
safely clipped, unshaven. 

unsaid, un-sed', a. not said. unsighted un-si'ted o not seen- 

llt , p ,i 'i „ v*. a 4. u a earlier unsight : not furnished with a 

fresh "n-sawlted, «• not salted, sight _^ un sightliness.-a. unsightly, 

" . e ,.-,,_. not sightly or pleasing to the eye : ugly. 

unsatisfactory, un-sat-is-fak to-n a. unski i fl k un -skirfool, a. not skilful : 

not satisfying.— adv. unsatisfactorily. wanting skill or experience: awkward. 

unsavory, un-sa vor-i, a. not savory, —adv. unskil'fully, in an unskilful or 

tasteless : unpleasing, disgusting. awkward manner.— n. unskil'fulness, 

unsay, un-sa', v. t. to recall what has want of skill or experience: awkward- 
been said : to retract— a. unsaid'. ness.— a. unskilled', without special skill, 

unscathed, un-skafAd', a. not harmed untrained, unacquainted with, 

or injured. unsophisticated, un-so-fis'ti-ka-ted, 

unschooled, un-skold', a. not taught a. genuine, unadulterated : free from 

or trained in anything. artificiality, simple, inexperienced, un- 

unscrew, un-skro', v. t. to loose from worldly, 

screws: to unfasten. unsought, un-sawt', a. not sought or 

unscrupulous, un-skro'pu-lus, a. not solicited, 

scrupulous, unprincipled.— adv. unscru'- unsound, un-sownd', a. not sound or 

pulously. perfect : not honest : erroneous. 

unseal, un-sel', v. t. to remove the unsparing, un-spar'ing, a. not spar- 
seal of: to open what is sealed. ing, liberal, profuse: unmerciful. 

unseasonable, un-se'zn-a-bl, a. not unspeakable, un-spe'ka-bl, a. incapa- 
in the proper season or time: late: ill- ble^ of being spoken, uttered, or de- 
timed : not suited to the time of the year, scribed. 

unsectarian, un-sek-ta'ri-an, a. not unstable, un-sta'bl, a. not stable, un- 

sectarian, free from the narrow qualities reliable, infirm, inconstant. 

or prejudices of sect. unsteady, un-sted'i, a. not steady: 

unseemliness, un-sem'li-nes, n. state changeable.— v. t. to make unsteady. 

or quality of being unseemly or unbe- unstrained, un-strand', a. not strained 

coming. — a. unseemly, not seemly, be- or purified by straining: not forced, 

coming, or decent. — adv. in an unseemly unstring, un-string', v. t to take the 

manner. strings off: to relax or loosen. 

unseen, un-sen', a. not seen: invis- unstudied, un-stud'id, a. done with- 

ible. — a. unseeing, not seeing, blind. out premeditation, natural, easy: not 

unset, un-set', a. not set or placed: acquainted with through study, 
unplanted: not mounted or placed in a unsuitable, un-sii'ta-bl, a. not suit- 
setting: not set, as a broken limb. able, fitting, or adequate: unbecoming. 

unsettle, un-set'l, v. t. to move from unsung, un-sung', a. not celebrated 
being settled: to make uncertain. — v. i. in song, forgotten: not yet sung, 
to become unfixed. — a. unsettled, not unsurpassable, un-ser-pas'a-bl, a. in- 
settled, fixed, or determined: change- capable of being surpassed. 



unsuspected mote, move; mute; then. up 529 

unsuspected, un-sus-pek'ted, a. not anted, without warrant or authoriza- 
suspected: not known. tion: not guaranteed as to quality, etc. 

untamed, un-tamd', a. not tamed, not unwary, un-wa'rv a. not wary or 
domesticated.— a. untamable. cautious.— adv. unwarily. 

untarnished, un-tar nisht, a. not tar- unwashed, un-wosht', a. not washed, 
xiished or soiled. filthy : untouched by the waves. 

untaught, un-tawt', a. not taught, il- unwearied, un-we'rid, a. not tiring: 
literate: not communicated by teaching, indefatigable.— adv. unwea'nedly. 

untenable, un-ten'a-bl, a. not tenable, unwelcome, un-wel'kum, a. not wel- 
not defensible. come, causing grief. 

untidy, un-ti'di, a. not tidy or neat. unwell, un-wel', a, not well: not in 

untie, un-ti', v. t. to loose from being good health. 
tied : to unbind : to loosen.— a. untied'. unwept, un-wept', a. not mourned. 

until, un-til', prep, till: to: as far as unwholesome, un-hol'sum, a. not 
(used mostly with respect to time).— wholesome: unfavorable to health: re- 
adv. till : up to the time that pulsive. 

untimely, un-tim'li, a. not timely : be- unwieldy, un-wel di, a. not f easily 
fore the time, premature: unseasonable, moved or handled.— adv. unwiel dily. 
ill-timed.— n. untime'liness. unwilling, un-wil'ing, a. not willing: 

untiring, un-tir'ing. a, unwearied. disinclined: reluctant. 

unto, un'to, prep, to; used chiefly in unwise, un-wiz', a. not wise: mjudi- 
reverent and elevated speech and com- cious: foolish. — n. unwis'dom, want of 
position. wisdom: ignorance: foolishness. — adv. 

untold, un-toid', a. not told or re- unwise'ly, not wisely or prudently, 
lated: not counted or capable of being unwitting, un-wit'mg, a. without 
counted. knowledge: ignorant. 

untoward un-to'ard, a. not easily unwoman, un-woom'an, v. t.to make 
guided: froward: awkward. unwomanly. — n. unwom'anliness. — a. 

untraveled, un-trav'eld, a. not passed unwom'anly, not befitting or becoming 
over: not having learned through travel, a woman.— adv. in a manner unbecom- 

untried, un-trid', a. not tried, not yet ™g a woman, 
experienced, not yet having passed trial . unwonted, un-wun ted, a. not wonted 

untrim, un-trim', v. t. to deprive of or accustomed: uncommon, 
trimming, to put out of order.— a. un- unworldly, un-werld 111, a, above 
trimmed', not adorned with trimmings . worldly or self-interested motives, spir- 

untrodden, un-trod'n, a. not trodden *ual.-». unworld liness. 
upon, unfrequented.-Also untrod'. unworthy, un-wer fhi, a not worthy: 

^f^i£^ : ^^SS^SZ rlT- T rit ' n ; T not written or 

"Tnturore^ T^t^ ^TfS ™£^^A a. not yield- 
untutored, un-tutord, a. having had • Q y r bend t ng: stiff: obstinate. 

ri°ence U d ' UmnStmCted ' raW ' mexpe " unyoke, un-yok', v. t. to loose from a 
' , _, . _ , , yoke: to disjoin. — v. i. to be loosed from 

unusual, un-u znu-al, a. not usual or a yoke to cease work> 
commoner, unusually _ ^,, toward a hi her lace . 

unutterable, un-ut er-a-bl a. incapable aloft . on high: from a lower to a higher 
of being uttered or expressed. position, as out of bed, above the hori- 

unvarmshed, un-var nisht, a. not var- zon , etc.: in a higher position: in a.con- 
mshea: not artfully embellished: plain, dition of elevation, advance, excitement, 

unveil, un-val , v. t. to remove a veil etc. : as far as, abreast of : completely : 
from : to disclose, reveal.— v. i. to be- at an end, over.— prep, from a lower to 
come unveiled, to reveal oneself. a higher place on or along.— a. inclining 

unwarrantable, un-wor'an-ta-bl, a. up, upward.— n. in phrase 'ups and 
not warrantable or justifiable : improper, downs', rises and falls, vicissitudes. — a. 
--adv. unwarrantably.— a. unwarr'- up-to-date', new: strictly modern. 
84 



580 upbraid fate, far; me, her; mine; uremia 

upbraid, up-brad', v. t. to charge with rectitude : honest : just. — adv. vertically.-^ 

something wrong or disgraceful: to re- adv. up'rightly, in an upright manner, 

proach; to reprove severely. uprise, up-riz', v. i. to rise up. — n. up- 

upbringing, up'bring-ing, n. the proc- ri'sing, the act of rising up, ascent: any 

ess of nourishing and training. strong outburst of popular excitement, 

upbuilding, up-bil'ding, n. the act of insurrection, 

building up, edification. uproar, up'ror, n. noise and tumult: 

upheave, up-heV, v. t. to heave or bustle and clamor. — a. uproar'ious, 

lift up. — n. upheav'al, the raising of sur- making or accompanied by great uproar, 

face formations by the action of internal uproot, up-rot', v. t to tear up by the 

forces. roots. 

upheld, up-held', pa. t. and pa. p. of upset, up-set', v. t to turn upside 

uphold. down : to overthrow. — v. i. to be upset. 

uphill, up'hil, a. ascending: difficult. — n. up'set, an overturn. — a. relating to 

uphold, up-hold', v. t. to hold up : to what is set up for sale, in phrase upset 

sustain: to countenance: to defend: to price, the sum at which anything is 

continue without failing. — n. uphol'der. started at a public sale. — a. upset'ting, 

— v. t. uphol'ster, to supply furniture discomposing. 

with stuffing, springs, etc. : to provide upshot, up'shot, n. final Issue : end. 

with curtains, etc. — ns. uphol'sterer, one upside, up'sld, n. the upper side. 

who supplies or sells furniture, beds, upstart, up'start, a. suddenly raised 

curtains, etc. ; uphol'stery, furniture, to prominence or consequence, charac- 

etc. : business of an upholsterer. teristic of such, pretentious and vulgar. 

upland, up'land, n. upper or high land, — n. one who has suddenly risen from 

as opposed to meadows, river-bottoms, poverty or obscurity to wealth or power, 

etc. — a. high in situation. uptown, up 'town, a. situated in the 

uplift, up-lift', v. t. to lift up or raise upper part of a city. — adv. to or in the 

aloft. — n. (geol.) a raising or upheaval upper part of a city, 

of strata. upturn, up-tern', v. t to turn up or 

upward: to throw up. — v. i. to turn up. 
upward, up'werd, a. directed up or to 
a higher place. — advs. up'ward, up'- 
wardly, up'wards, toward a higher 
direction. — upward of, more than, about. 
uralite, u'ral-it, n. a. mineral with the 
crystalline form of augite and the cleav- 

Uplift Dislocation in Strata of Rock or Slate. age and specific gravity of hornblende. 

, . uranium, u-ra'ni-um, n. a very hard 

upon, up-on , prep, on, in an elevated an( j radioactive metal, resembling nickel 
position.— adv. on or i ron [ n { ts i uster and color, pitch- 
upper, up er, a. (comp. of up), farther blende being its principal ore. 
up: higher in position, dignity, etc.: Uranus, ii'ra-nus, n. one of the 
uperior : — superl. up permost, up most, primary planets. 
— ns. up'per, the part of a boot or shoe urate) a 'rat, n. a salt of uric acid, 
above the sole and welt; up^perhand, urban, er'ban, a. of or belonging to 
superiority: advantage.— a. up'permost, a c ity.— a. urbane', civilized: refined: 
highest in place, rank, etc.: first to courteous.— adv. urbane'ly.— n. urban'- 
come into the mind.— adv. in the high- j ty) trie quality of being urbane, 
est place, first.— n. pi. up'per-ten, the urchin, er'chin, n. a hedgehog : a mis- 
wealthier or leading class in a com- c hievous child, an elf, fairy.— a. elfish, 
munity.— a. up'pish, assuming, preten- U rea, u're-a, n. a soluble colorless 
tious, snobbish.— adv. up'pishly. crystalline compound formed in the body 

upraise, up-raz', v. t to raise or lift a nd carried off in the urine.— a. u'real. 

up.— n. uprais'ing (Scot), nurture. < uremia, uraemia, u-re'mi-a, n. a mor- 

uprear, up-rer', v. t. to rear or raise, bid condition of the blood due to the 

upright, up'rit, a. right or straight retention of urea or other waste ma- 

up: in an erect position: adhering to terials ordinarily excreted from the body 




urethra 



mote, move; mute; then. 



uveous 



531 



by the kidneys. — adjs. ure'mic, urae'mic. 

urethra, u-re'thra, n. the canal by 
which the urine is discharged from the 
bladder :—/>/. ure'thrae. — a. ure'thral. 

urge, erj, v. t. to press in any way: to 
drive : to press earnestly : to solicit earn- 
estly : to provoke. — v. i. to incite : to 
insist : to make allegations. — n. ur'gency, 
quality of being urgent: earnest ask- 
ing: pressing necessity. — a. ur'gent, urg- 
ing: pressing with importunity: calling 
for immediate attention : earnest. 

uric. See under urine. 

urine, u'rin, n. the fluid which is se- 
creted or separated by the kidneys from 
the blood and conveyed to the bladder. 
— n. ure'sis, a frequent desire to make 
water. — a. u'ric, pertaining to or ob- 
tained from urine. — n. u'rinal, a vessel 
for urine : a convenience for discharg- 
ing urine. — a. u'rinary, pertaining to or 
like urine. — v. i. u'rinate, to discharge 
urine. — n. urina'tion. 

urn, ern, n. a rounded or angular vase 
having a foot, a water vessel, an elec- 
toral vase, a tea-urn, etc.: a vessel for 
preserving the ashes of the dead.' 

ursine, er'sin, a. 
of or resembling a 
bear : thickly 
clothed with bris- 
tles, as certain cat- 
erpillars. — n. a 
bear. — n. Ur'sa, 
the name of two 
constellations, 
Ursa Major and Ursa Major. 

Ursa Minor, the Great and the 
tie Bear. 

us, us, pron. the objective case of we. 

usage, u'zaj, n. act or mode of using: 
treatment : practice : custom. 

use, uz, v. t. to put to some purpose : 
to avail oneself of: to habituate: to 
treat or behave toward. — v. i. to be ac- 
customed. — a. u'sable, that may be used. 

use, us, n. act of using or putting to 
a purpose: convenience: employment: 
need : advantage : practice : common oc- 
currence : custom. — a. use'ful, full of use 
or advantage : able to do good : service- 
able. — adv. use'fully. — n. usefulness. — a. 
use'less, having no use: answering no 
good purpose or the end proposed. 

usher, ush'er, n. one who guides or 
conducts people to seats in a hall, theater, 
church, etc.: an officer whose business 




Lit- 



it is to introduce strangers or to walk 
before a person of rank: (Eng.) an 
under-teacher. — v. t. to introduce : to 
forerun. 

usual, u'zhu-al, a. in use: occurring 
in ordinary use : common. — adv. u'sually. 

usufruct, u'zu-frukt, n. the use and 
profit, but not the ownership of a thing. 

usurp, u-zerp', v. t. to take possession 
of by force without right. — n. usurpa- 
tion, act of usurping: unlawful seizure 
and possession : intrusion into an office. 

usury, u'zhii-ri, n. the taking of in- 
iquitous or illegal interest on a loan. — n. 
u'surer {orig., and in B.), any money- 
lender for interest : one who practises 
usury. — a. usu'rious. — adv. usu'riously. 

utensil, u-ten'sil, n. an instrument or 
vessel used in common life. 

uterine, u'te-rin, a. pertaining to the 
womb : born of the same mother by a 
different father. — ns. uteri'tis, inflamma- 
tion of the womb; u'terus, the womb. 

utilize, u'ti-liz, v. t. to make useful: 
to put to profitable use. — ns. utilization ; 
utility, usefulness: profit: a useful 
thing. 

utilitarian, u-til-i-ta'ri-an, a. consist- 
ing in or pertaining to utility or to util- 
itarianism. — n. one who believes in 
utilitarianism. — n. utilitarianism, the 
ethical theory which finds the basis of 
moral distinctions in the utility of ac- 
tions, i. e. their fitness to produce hap- 
piness. 

utmost, ut'most, a. outmost: farthest 
out : most distant : last : in the greatest 
degree: highest. — n. the greatest that 
can be : the greatest effort. a 

Utopian, u-to'pi-an, a. imaginary: I 
fanciful : chimerical. — n. one who advo- ^ 
cates impracticable reforms or who ex- 
pects an impossible state of perfection 
in society. — n. uto'pianism. . 

utter, ut'er, a. farthest out: extreme: | 
total: perfect. — adv. utt'erly. — n. utt'er- " 
ness, quality of being extreme. 

utter, ut'er, v. t. to circulate: to pub- 
lish abroad: to speak. — a. utt'erable, | 
that may be uttered or expressed. — n. 
utt'erance, act of uttering: manner of 
speaking: pronunciation: expression. 

uttermost, ut'er-most, a. farthest out : 
utmost. — n. the greatest degree. [Same i 
as utmost; the r is intrusive.] ' 

uveous, u've-us, a. resembling a 
grape. 



532 uvula fate, far; me, her; mine; Valhalla 

uvula, u'vu-la, n. the fleshy conical uxorious, uk-so'ri-us, a. excessively or 

body suspended from the palate over submissively fond of a wife. — a. uxd'rial, 

the back part of the tongue. — a. u'vular. pertaining to a wife. — n. uxo'ricide, one 

— adv. u'vularly, with thick utterance, who kills his wife: the killing of a wife. 



[FsKjl v, ve, the twenty-second letter of out any settled dwelling: unsettled: un- 

ra^a our alphabet, a differentiated certain, erratic: (med.) wandering. — n. 

\&>M*\ form of U — in sound a labio- one who has no settled home: an idle 

dental and closely related to F. or disorderly person : a beggar : a tramp. 

vacant, va'kant, a. empty : free : not — n. va'grancy, the state of being a 

occupied by an incumbent or possessor: vagrant: life and habits of a vagrant, 
not occupied with study, etc. : thought- vague, vag, a. unsettled : indefinite : 

less, inane. — n. va'cancy, emptiness: uncertain: of doubtful origin: not think- 

idleness : empty space, void or gap be- ing clearly. — n. an indefinite expanse, 
tween bodies : a situation unoccupied. — vail, val. Same as veil. 
adv. va'cantly. — v. t. vacate', to leave vail, val, v. t. to let fall. — v. i. to 

empty : to quit possession of. — n. vaca'- yield : to drop, move down. 
tion, a vacating or making void or in- vail, val', v. i. (poet.) to profit, avail. 
valid : freedom from duty, etc. : recess. vain, van, a. unsatisfying : fruitless : 

vaccinate, vak'si-nat, v. t. to inocu- unreal: silly: conceited: showy. — adv. 
late with the cowpox as a preventive vainly. — ns. vain'ness, fruitlessness ; 
against smallpox. — ns. vaccina'tion; vanity, worthlessness, futility: empty 
vaccinator, one who vaccinates. — a. pride or ostentation: ambitious display: 
vac'cine, pertaining to or derived from idle show : empty pleasure : fruitless de- 
cows : of or relating to vaccination. — n. sire, a trifle. — in vain, ineffectually, 
the virus used in the process of vaccina- vainglory, van-glo'ri, n. empty glory 
tion. in one's own performances : pride above 

vacillate, vas'i-lat, v. i. to sway to desert. — a. vainglo'rious, given to vain- 

and fro : to waver : to be unsteady. — a. glory : proceeding from vanity. 
vacillating, inclined to fluctuate : waver- valance, val'ans, n. hanging drapery 

ing: unsteady. — adv. vaclllatingly. for a bed, etc. — also val'ence. 

vacuous, vak'u-us, a. empty, void: vale, val, n. a tract of low ground, 
without intelligence, unexpressive. — v. t. esp. between hills : a valley. 
vac'uate, to make empty. — ns. vacua'- valediction, val-e-dik'shun, n. a fare- 
tion; vacuity, emptiness: space unoc- well. — a. valedic'tory, saying farewell: 
cupied : idleness, listlessness ; vac'uous- farewell : taking leave. — n. a farewell 
ness; vac'uum, vacant or empty space: oration spoken at graduations by the 
a space empty or devoid of all matter: graduating student of highest rank, often 
— pi. vac'iia; vac'uum-tube, a sealed called the valedicto'rian. 
glass tube in which a vacuum has been valence, va'lens, n. (chem.) the corn- 
made, through which electric discharges bining power of an element, or the pro- 
are passed to produce luminous effects, portion in which it forms a combination 

vade-mecum, va'de-me'kum, n. a with another. — Also valency. 
handbook, pocket-companion. valentine, val'en-tm, n. a lover or 

vagabond, vag'a-bond, a. wandering: sweetheart chosen on St. Valentine's 

having no settled home: unsettled. — n. Day, February 14: a love-letter or other 

a wandering, idle fellow : a scamp, a ras- amatory print or token sent on that day. 
cal. — ns. vag'abondage, vag'abondism. valet, val'et, or val'a, «. a man-servant, 

vagary, va-ga'ri, n. a wandering of the esp. one who attends on the person, 
thoughts : a wild freak : a whim : — pi. valetudinarian, val-e-tu-di-na'ri-an, a. 

vaga'ries. pertaining to ill-health : sickly : weak. 

vagina, va-ji'na, n. (anat.) the canal Valhalla, val-hal'la, n. (Scand. myth.) 
or passage which leads from the external the palace of immortality for the souls 
orifice to the uterus: a sheath, case. of heroes slain in battle: the final rest- 
vagrant, va' grant, a. wandering with- ing-place of the heroes of a nation. 



valiant mote, move; mute; then. variable 533 

valiant, val'yant, a . strong: brave: one hostile to arts or literature, a bar- 
intrepid in danger: heroic. barian. — n. van'dalism, hostility to arts 

valid, val'id, a. strong: having suf- or literature, 
ficient strength or force : founded in Vandyke, van-dlk', n. one of the points 
truth: sound: conclusive: legal: rightful, forming an edge or border, as of lace, 
— v. t val'idate, to confirm, give legal etc.: a short pointed beard. — a. pertain- 
force to, test the validity of. ing to the style of dress or beard rep- 
valise, va-les', n. a traveling-bag, gen- resented in portraits by Vandyke, 
erally of leather. vane, van, n. a contrivance of wood 

valley, val'i, n. a vale or lowland be- or metal at the top of a spire, etc., to 

tween hills or mountains : a low, ex- show which way the wind blows : a 

tended plain, usually watered by a river . weathercock : the thin web of a feather : 

valor, valour, val'er, n. intrepidity: one of the blades of a windmill. 

courage : bravery. — a. val'orous, intrepid . vanguard, van'gard, n. the part of an 

value, val'ii, n. worth: that which army preceding the main body : the front 

renders anything useful or estimable: line. 

the degree of this quality : esteem, re- vanilla, va-nil'a, n. the dried aromatic 
gard: efficacy: importance: excellence: pod or fruit of a tropical orchid, a 
price: precise meaning: (math.) the favorite confection: a flavoring extract 
special determination of a quantity. — v. t. prepared from the vanilla-bean. 
to estimate the worth of: to rate at a vanish, van'ish, v. i. to pass away 
price : to esteem : to prize. — a. valuable, from a place, leaving it vacant or empty : 
having value or worth: costly: deserv- to disappear: to be annihilated or lost: 
ing esteem. — n. a thing of value, a (math.) to become zero. — n. van'isher. 
choice article — often in pl—ns. val'- vanity. See vain, 
uableness; valuation, the act of valu- vanquish, vangk'wish, v. t. to con- 
ing: value set upon a thing. quer: to defeat in any contest: to con- 
valve, valv, n. a cover to an aperture fute. — a. vanq'uishable. 
which opens in one direction and not in vantage, van'taj, n. advantage : in 
the other.: one of the pieces or divisions lawn-tennis, same as advantage. — ns. 
forming a shell: (anat.) a membraneous van'tage-ground, -point, superiority of 
fold resembling a valve or serving as a place, opportunity, etc. 
valve in connection with the flow of vapid, vap'id, a. having the spirit 
blood, lymph, or other fluid. — adjs. evaporated : spiritless : insipid. 
val'val, pertaining to a valve; val'vate, vapor, vapour, va'per, n. the gas into 
having or resembling a valve or valves; which most liquids and solids are con- 
val'vular. vertible by heat : the condition of a 

vamose, va-mos', v. i. (slang) to be body when it becomes gas by heat : water 

off, to be gone. [Sp. vamos, let us go.] in the atmosphere: (pi.) dejection, a 

vamp, vamp, n. the upper leather of nervous disease. — v. i. to evaporate : to 

a boot or shoe. boast: to brag. — v. t. to make to pass 

vampire, vam'pir, n. in eastern into vapor. — n. vaporiza'tion. — v. t. 

Europe, a fabulous accursed body which va'porize, to convert into vapor. — v. i. 

nightly leaves its grave to suck the blood to pass off in vapor. — a. va'porish, full 

of sleeping men: an extortioner: a of vapors: hypochondriacal: peevish. — a. 

bloodsucking bat. va'porous, full of or like vapor: vain: 

van, van, n. the front : the front of affected with the vapors : unsubstantial, 

an army or a fleet: the leaders of any vainly imaginative. — adv. va'porously. — ■ 

movement. [Abbrev. of vanguard.] ns. va'porer, one who vapors, a boaster; 

van, van, n. a large covered wagon: va'poring, windy or ostentatious talk. — 

a light vehicle used in delivering goods : adv. va'poringly. — a. va'pory, full of 

(Eng.) a railway-car for baggage, etc. vapor: affected with the vapors: peevish. 

Vandal, van'dal, n. one of a fierce vaquero, va-ka'ro, n. a herdsman. 

race from northeastern Germany who variable, va'ri-a-bl, a. that may be 

in the 5th century carried devastation varied: changeable: liable to change: 

and ruin from the shores of the Atlantic unsteady: (math.) quantitatively inde- 

to the frontiers of Cyrene: (v-) any terminate: (astron.) changing in bright- 



( 




534 variance fate, far; me, her; mine; vault 

ness. — n. {math.) a quantity subject to vary, va'ri, v. t. to make different: to 
continual increase or decrease. — ns. diversify, modify: {mus.) to alter or 
variability (biol.), tendency to depart embellish a melody, -preserving its iden- 
in any direction from the mean character tity : to change to something else : to 
of the species; variableness. — adv. va'- make of different kinds. — v.ri. to alter 
riably. — a. va'riated, varied, diversified, or be altered : to be or become different : 
— n. variation, a varying : a change : to change in succession : to deviate (with 
change from one to another: successive from): to disagree. — a. va'ried. 
change: the extent to which a thing vas, vas, n. {anat., zool.) a vessel con- 
varies: {gram.) change of termination: taining blood, etc.: — pi. va'sa. — adjs. 
{mus.) a manner of singing or playing va'sal, pertaining to a vas; vas'iform. 
the same air with various changes in vascular, vas'kti-lar, a. of or relating 
time, rhythm, or key. to the vessels of animal 

variance, va'ri-ans, n. state of being and vegetable bodies. — n. 
varied: an alteration: a change of con- vascularity. — adv. vas'cu- 
dition: {law) a discrepancy: difference larly. [Fr. vasculaire — L. 
that arises from or produces dispute. — vasculum, dim. of vas, a 
n. va'riant, a different form of the same vessel.] 
original word : a different reading, as of vase, vas, vaz, or vaz, 
a manuscript. — a. diverse, variable. n. an ornamental vessel 

varicocele, var'i-ko-sel, n. an enlarge- generally of an antique Vase, 

ment of the veins of the spermatic cord pattern: a sculptured, vase-like orna- 
or of the scrotum. ment: {archit.) the body of the Cor- 

varicolored, va'ri-kul-erd, a. diversi- inthian capital. — a. va'siform. 
fied in color. vaseline, vas'e-lin, n. a yellowish in- 

varicose, var'i-kos, a. permanently di- odorous, translucent substance obtained 
lated or enlarged, as a vein. — n. varicos'- from petroleum, used as a salve, liniment, 
ity, state of being varicose. — varicose lubricant, etc. 
veins, a condition in which the super- vasiform. See vas. 
ficial veins, usually of the leg, are vassal, vas'al, n. one who holds land 
swollen for no apparent physiological from and renders homage to a superior : 
reason. a dependent, retainer : a bondman, slave. 

variegate, va'ri-e-gat, v. t. to mark vast, vast, a. of great extent: very 
with different colors. — n. variega'tion. great in amount : very great in degree, 

variety, va-ri'e-ti, n. the quality of mighty: {Shak.) vacant, desolate. — n. 
being various: difference: many-sided- immensity: {coll.) a large quantity. — adv. 
ness, versatility: a collection of differ- vastly. — n. vast'ness. — a. vas'ty. 
ent things : vaudeville : one of a number vat, vat, n. a large vessel or tank, esp. 
of things nearly allied to each other: a one for holding liquors, 
subdivision of a species. Vatican, vat'i-kan, n. an assemblage 

variola, va-n'6-la, n. smallpox. — adjs. of buildings on the Vatican hill in Rome, 
vari'olar, variolic, vari'olous. — n. va'- including the pope's residence : the papal 
riole, a shallow pit or pitted marking.— authority. 

a. va'rioloid, resembling smallpox: re- vaticide, vatl-sid, n. the killing of a 
sembling measles. — n. modified smallpox, prophet: one who kills a prophet. 

various, va'ri-us, a. varied, different: vaticinate, va-tisl-nat, v. t. to proph- 
several: unlike each other: changeable: esy. — a. vatic, prophetic, oracular, in- 
uncertain: variegated. — adv. va'riously. spired — also vaticlnal. — n. vaticina'tion. 

varlet, var'let, n. a footman : a low vaudeville, vod'vil, n. originally a pop- 
fellow :^ a scoundrel. ular song with topical allusions : an en- 

yarnish, var'nish, v. t. to cover with tertainment interspersed with dances and 
a liquid so as to give a glossy surface to : songs, usually comic : a variety-show, 
to give a fair appearance to. — n. a sticky vaudoo. See voodoo. 
liquid which dries and forms a hard, vault, vawlt, n. an arched roof: a 
lustrous coating: a glossy, lustrous ap- chamber with an arched roof, esp. one 
pearance. — ns. var'nisher, var'nishing. underground: a cellar: anything vault- 
: varsity, var'si-ti, n. {coll.) university, like: a leap or spring by means of a pole 



vaunt mote, move; mute; then. vend 535 

or by resting the hands on something: worn by women to shade or hide the 
the bound of a horse: a jump. — v. t. to face: a cover: a disguise: (bio I.) a mem- 
shape -as a vault: to arch: to roof with branous covering, etc. — v. t. to cover with 
an arch: to form vaults in. — v. i. to cur- a veil: to cover: to conceal. — n. veil'ing, 
vet or leap, as a horse : to leap : to ex- the act of concealing with a veil : a veil : 
hibit feats of leaping or tumbling. — a. material for making veils. — a. ve'lar 
vaul'ted, arched: concave overhead, (philol), denoting sounds (gw, kw, etc.) 

vaunt, vant, or vawnt, v. i. to make a produced by the veil of the palate or soft 
vain display: to boast. — v. t. to make a palate. — take the veil, to become a nun. 
vain display of : to boast of. — n. vain dis- vein, van, n. one of the vessels or 
play: boast. — n. vaun'ting. tubes which convey the blood back to 

veal, vel, n. the flesh of a calf. — a. the heart : one of the horny tubes form- 
veal'y, like veal or like a calf: immature, ing the framework of an insect's wings: 

vector, vek'tor, n. (math.) any directed (hot.) one of the small branching ribs in 
quantity, as a straight line in space, in- a leaf: a seam of a different mineral 
volving both its direction and magnitude, through a rock : a streak in wood or 

Veda, va'da, n. the four holy books of stone : a train of thought : a course : 
the Hindus. — adjs. Vedan'tic, Ve'dic. tendency or turn of mind. 

vedette, ve-det', n. a mounted sentry veldt, velt, n. in South Africa, the 
stationed at the outposts of an army, name given to unforested grass coun- 

veer, ver, v. i. to change direction, as try. [Dut. veld, field.] 
the wind: to Uter its course, as a ship: _ velleity, ve-le'i-ti, n. (rare) volition 
to change one's mind.— v. t. to turn, in its^ lowest form: mere inclination, 
shift: to change the course of (a ship) by vellicate, vel'i-kat, v. t. and v. i. to 
turning her head away from the wind, twitch. — n. vellica'tion. — a. vell'icative. 

vegetable, vej'e-ta-bl, n. an organized vellum, vel'um, n. a fine kind of 
body without sensation and voluntary parchment prepared from the skins of 
motion, nourished by roots fixed in the calves, etc. 

ground: a plant for the_ table. — a. be- velocipede, ve-los'i-ped, n. a light ve- 
longing to plants : consisting of or hav- hide originally moved by striking the 
ing the nature of plants : derived from toes on the road, now with a treadle, 
vegetables. — a. veg'etal, of the nature of velocity, ve-los'i-ti, n. swiftness : 
a vegetable : pertaining to the vital func- speed : rate of change of position of 
tions common to plants and animals, as a point per unit of time, 
growth, reproduction, etc. — a. vegeta'- velure, vel'ur, n. velvet : a silk or plush 
rian, abstaining from animal food : con- pad for smoothing or giving luster to silk 
sisting of vegetables. — n. one who holds hats — also velours (ve-16r'). 
that vegetables are the only proper food velvet, vel'vet, n. a cloth made from 
for man. — n. vegeta'rianism. — v. i. veg'- silk, with a close shaggy pile: a similar 
etate, to grow by roots and leaves : to cloth made of cotton : the velvet-like 
sprout : to lead an idle, aimless life. — covering of a growing antler : (slang) 
n. vegeta'tion, process of growing, as a money gained without effort, as by gam- 
plant : vegetable growth : plants in gen- bling. — a. made of velvet : soft like vel- 
eral. — a. veg'etative, growing, as plants : vet. — n. velveteen', a kind of velvet made 
producing growth in plants : without in- of silk and cotton mixed throughout. — 
tellectual activity, unprogressive. a. vel'vety, made of or like velvet: soft: 

vehement, ve'he-ment, a. passionate: soft in taste or touch, 
furious : very eager or urgent. — ns. venal, ve'nal, a. that may be sold or 
ve'hemence, ve'hemency, the quality of got for a price : held for sale : mercenary, 
being vehement : violence : great ardor venal, ve'nal, a. Same as venous. 
or fervor. — adv. ve'hemently. vend, vend, v. t. to give for sale, to 

vehicle, ve'hi-kl, n. any kind of car- sell: to give for money: to make an 
riage or conveyance: that which is used object of trade. — ns. vendee', the person 
to convey: (med.) a substance in which to whom a thing is sold; ven'der, -dor, 
a medicine is taken. — a. vehicular. one who sells; vendibil'ity. — a. vend'- 

veil, val, n. a curtain: anything that ible, that may be sold. — adv. ven'dibly. 
hides an object: a piece of lace, etc., — n. vendue', a public auction. 



53G vendetta fate, far; me, her; mine; verb 

vendetta, ven-det'ta, n. the practice of the free passage of air: to cause fresh 
individuals taking private vengeance on air to pass through : to expose to ex- 
those who have shed the blood of their amination and discussion : to make pub- 
relatives : a feud. lie. — ns. ventila'tion, act or art of 

veneer, ve-ner', v. t. to overlay or face ventilating : free exposure to air : supply 
with another and superior wood: to of air: public exposure; ven'tilator. 
cover with a thin coating of any sub- ventral, ven'tral, a. belonging to the 
stance: to disguise with artificial attrac- belly: (bot.) denoting the anterior or 
tiveness. — n. a thin coating, as of wood: inferior surface: in the body, situated 
false show or charm. opposite the dorsal or back aspect. — n. 

venerable, ven'e-ra-bl, a. that may or in fishes, one of the posterior fins. — n. 
should be venerated : worthy of venera- ven'tricle, a small cavity within an ani- 
tion, reverence, or honor : rendered mal body, as in the heart or brain, 
sacred by religious or other associations : ventriloquism, ven-tril'o-kwizm, n. 
aged. — adv. ven'erably. the act or art of producing tones and 

venerate, ven'e-rat, v. t. to honor or words, without any motion of the mouth, 
reverence with religious awe: to rev- so that the hearer is induced to refer 
erence: to regard with the greatest the sound to some other place — also ven- 
respect. — n. venera'tion, the act of ven- tril'oquy.— adv. ventrilo'quially. — v. i. 
erating : the state of being venerated : ventril'oquize, to practise ventriloquism, 
respect mingled with reverence and awe . — n. ventril'oquist. 

venereal, ve-ne're-al, a. pertaining to venture, ven'tur, n. chance, luck, haz- 
or arising from sexual intercourse. ard : that which is risked : an undertaking 

venery, ven'er-i, n. the act or exercise whose issue is uncertain or dangerous. — 
of hunting : the sports of the chase. v. t. to send on a venture : to risk. — v. i. 

Venetian, ve-ne'shan, a. of or belong- to make a venture : to run a risk, 
ing to Venice. — n. a native or inhabitant venue, ven'u, n. (law) the place or 
of Venice. court where an action is laid. — change of 

venge, venj, v. t. (Shak.) to avenge, to venue, change of place of trial, 
punish. — n. venge'ance, the infliction of Venus, ve'nus, n. (Roman myth.), the 
punishment upon another in return for goddess of love, originally of spring: 
an injury or offense: retribution. — a. beauty and love deified : the most brilliant 
venge'ful, vindictive, retributive: re- of the planets, second in order from 
vengeful. — adv. venge'fully. the sun. 

venial, ve'ni-al, a. pardonable : excus- veracious, ve-ra'shus, a. truthful : 
able : allowed. — adv. ve'nially. — n. ve- true. — adv. vera'ciously. — n. verac'ity, 
nial'ity. the quality of being veracious: habitual 

venison, ven'zn, or ven'i-zn, n. the truthfulness: truth, 
flesh of the deer. veranda, ve-ra'n'da, n. a kind of cov- 

venom, ven'um, n. any drink, juice, or ered balcony or open portico, with a roof 
iiquid injurious or fatal to life: poison: sloping beyond the main building, sup- 
ipite : malice. — v. t. to infect with poison, ported by light pillars. 
r—a. ven'omous, poisonous : spiteful : mis- verb, verb, n. (gram.) the part of 
chievous. — adv. ven'omously. speech which asserts or predicates some- 

venose, ve'nos, a. (bot.) having well- thing. — a. ver'bal, relating to or consist- 
marked veins, veined. — n. venos'ity. — a. ing in words: spoken (as opposed to 
ve'nous, pertaining to or contained in written) : exact in words : attending to 
veins: veined. [From vein.] words only: literal, word for word: de- 

vent, vent, n. a small opening to let rived directly from a verb. — ns. ver'- 
air, etc., escape : the flue of a chimney : balism, something expressed in words or 
the air-hole in the top of a barrel: dis- orally; yer'balist, one skilled in words: 
charge : escape : passage into notice : pub- a literalist. — advs. ver'bally; verba'tim, 
lication, utterance, voice : the touch-hole word for word. — n. ver'biage, abundance 
of a gun. — v. t. to give a vent or opening of words : wordiness : verbosity. — a. ver- 
to : to let out, as at a vent : to allow to bose', containing more words than are 
escape: to publish: to pour forth. necessary: wordy: diffuse. — adv. ver- 

ventilate, ven'ti-lat, v. t. to open to bose'ly. — ns. verbose'ness, verbos'ity. 



verberate mote, move; mute; then. vertex 537 

verberate, ver'ber-at, v. t. to strike, structive to game, such as weasels^ 

verdant, ver'dant, a. green: fresh (as hawks, etc.: any contemptible person, or 

grass or foliage): nourishing: inexpe- such collectively. 

rienced : ignorant. — n. ver'dancy. — adv. vermuth, vermouth, ver'moth, n. a 

ver'dantly. — n. ver'dure, greenness . mild cordial consisting of white wine 

verdict, ver'dikt, n. the finding of a flavored with wormwoocL 

jury on a trial: decision: opinion pro- vernacular, ver-nak'u-lar, a. native: 

nounced. belonging to the country of one's birth. 

verdigris, ver'di-gris, n. a basic ace- — n. one's mother-tongue. 

tate of copper, the greenish rust of cop- vernal, ver'nal, a. belonging to the 

per, brass, or bronze. spring: appearing in spring: belonging 

verge, verj, n. a rod, staff, or mace, to youth. — adv. ver'nally. — n. verna'tion, 

or anything like them, used as an emblem the particular manner of arrangement of 

of authority: the brink, extreme edge: leaves in the bud. 

the horizon : a boundary, limit : scope, Veronica, ve-ron'i-ka, n. the genus of 

opportunity.— n. ver'ger, a pew-opener or plants including speedwell. [L.] 

attendant in a church. versability, ver-sa-bil'i-ti, n. aptness to 

verge, verj, v. i. to tend downward: to be turned round. — a. ver'sable. 

slope : to tend : to border upon. versatile, ver'sa-til, a. capable of being 

veridical, ve-rid'i-kal, a. truthful, moved or turned round : changeable : un- 
truth-telling: true. — adv. verid'ically. steady: turning easily from one thing 

veriest. See very. to another. — adv. versatilely . — ns. ver'- 

verify, ver'i-fi, v. t. to make out or satileness, versatil'ity. 

show to be true : to establish the truth verse, vers, n. a line of poetry : metri- 

of by evidence : to fulfil : to confirm the cal arrangement and language : poetry : 

truth or authenticity of. — n. verifica'tion. a stanza : a short division of any com- 

verily, ver'i-li, adv. truly : certainly . position, esp. of the chapters of the Bible. 

verisimilar, ver-i-sim'i-lar, a. truth- — n. ver'sicle, a little verse : in liturgy, 

like : likely : probable. — n. verisimil'i- the verse said by the officiant. — a. versic'- 

tude, similitude or likeness to truth . iilar, pertaining to verses. — n. versifica'- 

verity, ver'i-ti, n. the quality of being tion, the act, art, or practice of compos- 
true or real: truth: a true assertion or ing metrical verses. — v. i. ver'sify, to 
tenet : — pi. ver'ities. — a. ver'itable, true : make verses. — v. t. to relate in verse : to 
according to fact : real : actual. turn into verse. — n. ver'sion, the act of 

Vermes, ver'mez, n. pi. worms : one translating or turning from one language 

of the classes of Linnseus's zoological into another : that which is translated 

system, including all the invertebrate an- from one language into another : ac- 

imals other than Insecta. — a. ver'micidal, count : statement. 

destroying worms. — n. ver'micide, a versed, verst, a. thoroughly acquainted, 

worm-killer. — adjs. vermic'ular, pertain- skilled (fol. by in). 

ing to or like a worm, esp. in its motion ; verst, verst, n. a Russian mile, 3500 

vermic ; ulate; vermic'ulose, vermic'u- feet in length. [Russ. versta.] 

lous, wormy; ver'miform, having the versus, ver'sus, prep, against — abbre- 

form of a worm. — n. ver'mifuge (med.), viated v. and vs. [L.] 

a substance that destroys intestinal vertebra, ver'te-bra, n. one of the seg- 

worms or expels them from the digestive mented portions of the spinal column : — 

canal. — vermiform appendix (see under pi. ver'tebrae (-bre). — a. ver'tebral. — 

append). adv. ver'tebrally. — n. ver'tebrate, an an- 

vermicelli, ver-mi-sel'i, n. the stiff imal having an internal skeleton with a 

paste or dough of fine wheat-flour made backbone. — adjs. ver'tebrate, -d, fur- 

into small worm-like or thread-like rolls, nished with joints : having a backbone. 

vermilion, ver-mil'yun, n. a bright-red vertex, ver'teks, n. the top or sum- 
pigment: any beautiful red color. mit: the point of a cone, pyramid, or 

vermin, ver'min, n. sing.^ and pi. a angle: — pi. ver'tices. — a. ver'tical, per- 

worm: a name for all obnoxious insects, taining to the vertex: placed in the 

as bugs, fleas, and lice ; troublesome ani- zenith : perpendicular to the plane of the 

mals, such as mice, rats; animals de- horizon. — n. a vertical line. 



538 verticillate fate, far; me, her; mine; vibrate 

verticillate, ver-ti-sil'at, a. (hot.) ar- print: traces or remains of something, 
ranged round the stalk in a ring or vestment, vest'ment, n. something 
whorl, as leaves or flowers. — n. verticil, put on, a garment : a long outer robe : 

vertigo, ver'ti-go, n. a sensation of (pi.) articles of ecclesiastical dress, 
giddiness: dizziness. — adjs. vertig'inate vestry, ves'tri, n. a room adjoining 
(ver-tij'-), vertiginous, turning round: a church in which the vestments are 
affected with vertigo: giddy. kept: an}' small room attached to a 

verve, verv, n. the enthusiasm which church : in the Anglican Church, a paro- 
animates a poet or artist: animation, chial meeting or controlling body of 

very, ver'i, a. true (now used chiefly parishioners. 
in an intensive sense) : real (so in B.) : vesture, ves'tur, n. clothing: dress: a 
actual — sometimes used in superlative robe: integument, 
form veriest. — adv. in a high degree. Vesuvian, ve-su'vi-an, a. pertaining 

vesica, ve-si'ka, n. (anat.) a bladder, or relating to Vesuvius, a volcano near 
sac. — adjs. vesical, of or pertaining to a Naples. 

vesica; ves'icant, blistering. — n. a sub- veteran, vet'e-ran, a. old, experienced : 
stance that vesicates or raises blisters. — long exercised, esp. in military life.- 
v. t. vesicate, to raise blisters on.— ns. veterinary, vet'e-ri-na-ri, a. pertain- 
vesica'tion, the act or process of raising ing to the art of treating the diseases of 
blisters on the skin; vesicatory (same domestic animals. 

as vesicant) ; vesicle, a small bladder or veto, ve'to, n. any authoritative pro- 
blister: a small cavity in an animal body: hibition : the power of rejecting or for- 
(bot.) a bladder-like cell. — a. vesic'ular. bidding: — pi. vetoes (ve'toz) — v. t. to 
— n. vesicula'tion, formation of vesicles, reject by a veto: to withhold assent to. 

vesper, ves'per, n. the evening star, vex, veks, v. t. to harass: to torment: 
Venus: the evening: (pi.) the sixth to irritate by small provocations: to 
canonical hour : evensong, evening service agitate : to contest. — n. vexa'tion, state 
generally. of being vexed : trouble : a teasing an- 

vessel, ves'el, n. a vase or utensil noyance: uneasiness. — a. vexa'tious, 
for holding something : a hollow struc- causing vexation or annoyance : harass- 
ture made to float on water, used for ing : full of trouble. — adv. vexa'tiously. 
conveyance, etc., a water-craft, ship : a via, vi'a, or ve'a, n. a highway, a 
tube in which fluids, as blood, etc., are road, a route — via Panama = by way of 
contained. Panama: a natural passage of the body. 

vest, vest, n. a waistcoat: formerly a — n. viam'eter, an odometer. — a. viat'ic. 
cassock-like garment: a kind of close viaduct, vi'a-dukt, n. a road or rail- 
jacket: a knitted or woven under- way carried 
garment. — v. t. to clothe : to invest : by a struc- 
(law) to give fixed rights of possession, ture over a 
— v. i. to descend or to take effect, as valley, river, 
a right. — a. ves'ted, clothed, wearing etc. [L. via, 
robes of ceremony: not contingent or a way, du- 
suspended, hence (law) already ac- cere,ductum, 
quired : denoting a present absolute to lead, Viaduct, 

right. — n. vesting, cloth for men's vests, bring.] 

Vesta, ves'ta, n. among the Romans, vial, vi'al, n. a phial. [L. phiala.] 
the chaste goddess that presided over viand, vi'and, n. food, articles for 
the family: (v-) a match or waxlight: food — usually in pi. 

— pi. ves'tas. — a. ves'tal, pertaining to viaticum, vl-at'ik-um, n. (orig.) pro- 
or consecrated to the service of Vesta: visions for the way: (R. C.) the eucha- 
chaste : pure. — n. a virgin, a nun. rist given to persons in danger of death : 

vestibule, ves'ti-bul, n. an open a portable altar. [L., — via, a way.] 
court or porch before a house: a hall vibrate, vi'brat, v. i. to shake: to 
next the entrance to a house: (anat.) tremble: to move backwards and for- 
a small bony cavity forming part of the wards : to swing : to pass from one state 
ear# — y. t. to furnish with a vestibule, to another. — v. t. to cause to shake: to 

vestige, ves'tij, n. a track or foot- move to and fro : to affect with vibra- 




vibrissa mote, move; mute; then. villain 539 

tory motion. — a. vi'brant, vibrating: which is necessary for living, food for 
sonorous. — n. vibra'tion, a vibrating: human beings (gener. in pi.). — v. t. to 
tremulousness, quivering motion. — adjs. supply with victuals or food: to store 
vi'brative, vi'bratory, vibrating: con- with provisions. — n. victualer (vit'l-er), 
sisting in vibrations : causing vibrations, one^ who supplies provisions. 

vibrissa, vi-bris'a, n. a whisker, as of vide, vi'de, see, imper. of L. videre, 
a cat: a rictal bristle in birds: a bristle, to see. — vide supra, see above; quod vide, 
hair, as in the nostril. or q. v. = which see. 

vicar, vik'ar, n. one who holds author- videlicet, vi-del'i-set, adv. to wit. that 
ity as the delegate or substitute of an- is, namely — generally viz. 
other: (Eng.) a parson of a parish who vie, vi, v. i. to strive for superiority: 
receives only the smaller tithes as salary : — pr. p. vy'ing; pa. t. and pa. p. vied. 
{R. C. Church) a bishop's assistant view, vu, n. a seeing: sight: reach of 
who exercises jurisdiction in his name, the sight: whole extent seen: that which 
— n. vic'arage, the benefice or residence is seen : inspection : direction in which a 
of a vicar. — adjs. vica'rial, pertaining to thing is seen: the picture of a scene: a 
a vicar: substituted; vica'rious, filling sketch: mental survey: mode of looking 
the place of another : performed or suf- at or receiving : opinion : intention. — v. t. 
fered in place of or for the sake of to see: to look at attentively: to ex- 
another. — adv. vica'riously. amine intellectually. — in view of, having 

vice, a screw-press. See vise. regard to. 

vice, vis, n. a blemish or fault: im- vigesimal, vi-jes'i-mal, a. twentieth, 
moral conduct: depravity of manners: vigil, vij'il, n. a watching: a keeping 
a bad trick or habit in a horse. — a. awake for religious exercises: the eve 
vicious (vish'us). — adv. vic'iously. before a feast or fast day. — ft. vig'ilance, 

vice, vis, prep, in the place of: also wakefulness: watchfulness: circumspec- 
a prefix denoting in the compound word tion. — a. vig'ilant, watchful : on the look- 
one who acts in place of or is second in out for danger : circumspect. — n. vigi- 
rank to another. lan'te, a member of a vigilance com- 

vicenary, vis'e-na-ri, a. of or belong- mittee. — adv. vig'ilantly. — vigilance 
ing to the number twenty: twentieth. — ■ committee, a committee of citizens for 
a. vicen'nial, continuing or comprising regulating a lawless community by sum- 
twenty years. mary measures. 

vicinage, vis'i-naj, n. neighborhood: vignette, vin-yet', ». any small orna- 
the places near. — n. vicin'ity, neighbor- mental engraving, etc., not inclosed by 
hood: nearness. a definite border: (orig.) an ornamental 

vicissitude, vi-sis'i-tud, n. change flourish of vine leaves and tendrils on 
from one thing to another : change . manuscripts and books. 

victim, vik'tim, n. a living being vigor, vigour, vig'er, n. active strength : 
offered as a sacrifice : some thing or physical force : vital strength in animals 
person destroyed in the pursuit of an or plants : strength of mind : energy. — 
object: a person suffering injury: a a. vig'orous, strong either in mind or 
dupe. — v. t. vic'timize, to make a victim body. — adv. vigorously, 
of: to cheat. viking, vi'king, n. one of the preda- 

victor, vik'tor, n. one who conquers on tory Northmen who in the 8th, 9th, and 
any particular occasion : one who defeats ioth centuries ravaged the coasts of 
in battle: a winner. — adjs. vic'tor, vie- western Europe. 

to'rious, relating to victory: superior in vile, vil, a. worthless: mean: morally 
contest : having overcome an enemy : impure : wicked. — adv. vilely. — ns. vile'- 
producing or indicating victory. — adv. ness, vilifica'tion. — v. t. vil'ify, to make 
victoriously.- — n. vic'tory, a conquer- vile: to attempt to degrade by slander. 
ing_: success in any contest. villa, vil'a, n. a country residence: a 

victoria, vik-to'ri-a, n. a low, light, suburban mansion. — ns. vill'age, any 
four-wheeled carriage, seating two, with small assemblage of houses, less than 
an adjustable top: a gigantic plant of a town ; vill'ager. 
the water-lily family. villain, vil'in, or vil'un, n, a wicked 

victual, vit'l, n. provision of food, that wretch : a man extremely degraded ; in 



540 villi 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



virgin 




Villous 



feudal times, a member of the lowest 
class of unfree persons. — ns. vill'ainage, 
vill'anage, vill'einage, vill'enage, in 
feudal times, the tenure of land by 
villein, i. e. base or menial services. — a. 
vill'ainous, like or suited to a villain: 
depraved : proceeding from extreme de- 
pravity : very bad, mean, vile. — adv. vill'- 
ainously. — ns. vill'ainousness; vill'ainy, 
the act of a villain : extreme depravity . 

villi, vil'i, n. pi. (anat.) fine small 
fibers covering certain membranes: (bot.) 
fine soft hairs on fruits, 
flowers, and other parts of 
plants : — sing, vill'us. — a djs. 
vill'ose, vill'ous, covered with 
fine soft hairs. — w. villos'ity. 
[L., pi. of villus, hair, wool.] 

vim, vim, n. (coll.) energy, 
force. [Accus. of L. vis, 
strength.] 

vinaigrette, vin-a-gret', n. Membrane, 
a small box or bottle of silver, gold, 
glass, etc., for holding aromatic vinegar, 
used as a smelling-bottle. 

vincible, vin'si-bl, a. that may be con- 
quered. — n. vincibil'ity. 

vinculum, ving'ku-lum, n. a band: a 
bond: (math.) a horizontal line placed 
over several quantities to show that they 
are to be treated as one. 

vindicate, vin'di-kat, v. t. to lay claim 
to : to defend : to maintain by force. — n. 
vindication, act of vindicating : defense : 
justification: support. — a. vindicative, 
vindicating: tending to vindicate. — ns. 
vin'dicativeness; vin'dicator, one who 
vindicates. — adjs. vin'dicatory, tending 
to vindicate : inflicting punishment ; vin- 
dictive, revengeful. — adv. vindic'tively. 

vine, vln, n. the woody climbing plant 
that produces grapes: (hort.) a climbing 
or trailing plant, or its stem. — ns. vi'nery, 
a hot-house for rearing vines: a vine- 
yard; vineyard (vin'yard), a plantation 
of grape vines. — a. vi'nic, pertaining to 
or derived from wine. — ns. viniculture, 
the cultivation of the vine ; vin'icultiirist. 
— adjs. vi'nose, vl'nous, pertaining to 
wine : caused by wine. 

vinegar, vin'e-gar, n. an acid liquor 
obtained by the fermentation of vege- 
table substances, from malt, cider, or in- 
ferior wines : sourness of temper. — adjs. 
vin'aigrous, sour like vinegar, ill- 
tempered; vin'egary, vin'egarish, sour. 

vingt-et-un, vant-a-un', n. a game of 



cards, the aim in which is to get as 
near as possible to the value of twenty- 
one (hence the name) without exceed- 
ing it. [Fr.] 

vintage, vin'taj, n. the gathering of 
grapes : the yearly produce of grapes : 
the wine of a particular year : the time 
of grape-gathering: wine. — n. vin'tager. 

viol, vi'ol, n. a stringed instrument 
which was the precursor of the violin. — 
n. viola (ve-6'la, or vi'6-la), a large-sized 
violin having four strings — also called 
tenor violin. — bass viol, a large medieval 
viol : the modern violoncello. 

violate, vfo-lat, v. t. to injure: to 
abuse: to ravish: to profane: to break 
forcibly : to transgress. — a. vi'olable, that 
may be violated, injured, or broken. — 
adv. vi'olably. — ns. viola'tion, vi'olator. 

violent, vi'6-lent, a. acting with phys- 
ical force or strength : moved by strong 
feeling : passionate : vehement : outrage- 
ous : produced by force : intense : com- 
pulsory : unnatural. — n. vi'olence, the 
state or quality of being violent: force, 
physical or moral: unjust force: out- 
rage: profanation: injury. 

violet, vi'6-let, n. any plant of genus 
Viola, of many species, with a flower 
generally of some shade of blue, and 
most often fragrant: the color of the 
violet, a bluish or light purple. — a. of the 
color of the violet. 

violin, vl-o-lin', n. a musical instru- 
ment of four strings played with a bow : 
a fiddle : a player on the violin. 

violoncello, ve-6-lon-chel'6, or vl-o- 
lon-sel'o, n. a large four-stringed musi- 
cal instrument of the violin class, held 
between the knees in playing. 

violone, ve-6-lo'na, n. the largest kind 
of bass viol. [It., — viola.] 

viper, vi'per, n. a venomous snake of 
the family Viperidce: any venomous 
serpent except a rattlesnake : any base, 
malicious person. — adjs. vi'perish, vi'- 
perous, having the qualities of a viper: 
venomous : malignant. — adv. vi'perously. 

virago, vi-ra'go, n. a masculine 
woman : a bold, impudent woman : a 
termagant. 

virgin, ver'jin, n. a pure maiden: a 
madonna, a figure of the Virgin : a 
person of either sex who has not known 
sexual intercourse. — a. becoming a 
maiden: maidenly: pure: chaste: unde- 
fined: fresh, new. — a. vir'ginal, maid- 



virid mote, move; mute; then. Vitis 541 

enly — //, virginity, the state of a virgin, bench, etc., for holding anything tightly, 

virid, vir'id, a. green. — n. virid'ity, vise, ve-za', n. an official indorsement 
verdure: greenness. on a passport. 

virile, vir'il, or vi'ril, a. of or belong- visible, viz'i-bl, a. that may be seen : 
ing to a man or to the male sex: mas- obvious. — ns. visibility, state or quality 
culine : manly. — n. viril'ity, the power of of being visible, or perceivable by the eye. 
a full-grown male: manhood. vision, vizh'un, n. the act or sense of 

virtu, ver-to', n. a love of the fine seeing : sight : anything seen : anything 
arts : taste for curiosities : artistic excel- imagined to be seen : a divine revela- 
lence, hence objects of art or antiquity. — tion : an apparition: anything imaginary. 
ns. virtuosity, exceptional skill in some ■ — a. visionary, affected by visions: apt 
of the fine arts; virtuo'so, one skilled to see visions, imaginative: existing in 
in the fine arts, in antiquities, curiosities, imagination only : not real. — n. one who 
and the like : a skilful musician, painter, sees visions : one who forms imprac- 
etc. {pi. virtuo'sos, virtuo'si). ticable schemes. 

virtue, ver'tii, n. excellence: worth: visit, viz'it, v. t. to go to see or in- 
moral excellence: the practice of duty: spect : to attend, enter, appear in: to 
a moral excellence: sexual purity, esp. call on: (£.) to reward or punish. — v. i. 
female chastity: purity: (B.) strength: to be in the habit of seeing or meeting 
force : inherent power, efficacy. — a. vir'- each other : to keep up acquaintance. — n. 
tual, having virtue or efficacy: having act of visiting or going to see. — ns. vis'- 
the efficacy without the material part : itant, one who visits : one who is a guest 
in effect though not in fact. — adv. vir'- in the house of another: a migratory 
tually. — a. vir'tuous, having virtue or bird; visita'tion, act of visiting: exam- 
moral goodness : blameless : righteous : ination by authority : a dispensation of 
practising duty: being according to the divine favor or retribution; visitor, one 
moral law: chaste (of a woman). ^ — adv. who visits, calls on, or makes a stay with 
vir'tuously. — seven principal virtues, a person. — a. visitorlal. 
faith, hope, charity, justice, prudence, visor, vizor, viz'er, n. a part of a 
temperance, and fortitude. helmet covering the face and perforated 

virulent, vir'u-Jent, a. full of poison: to see through: forepart of a cap. — a. 
very active in injury: bitter in enmity: vis'ored, wearing a visor : masked, 
malignant. — ns. vir'ulence, vir'ulency. vista, vis'ta, n. a view or prospect 

virus, vi'rus, n. contagious or poison- through or as through an avenue: the 
ous matter (as of ulcers, etc.) : the objects that form the avenue, 
poison which causes infection : any foul, visual, vizh'u-al, a. belonging to vision 
hurtful matter. — adjs. vi'rose, yi'rous. or sight: visible: produced by sight: used 

vis, vis, n. force : power. — vis inertiae, in sight : used for seeing. — adv. vis'ually. 
inertia: sluggishness. [L.] vital, vi'tal, a. belonging or contribut- 

visage^ viz'aj, n. the face or look, ing to life: containing or necessary to 

vis-a-vis, vez'-a-ve', a. facing one life: important as life: essential. — v. t. 
another. — n. one who faces or is op- vi'talize, to make vital or alive: to give 
posite to another : a kind of couch. life to or furnish with the vital principle. 

viscera, vis'e-ra, n. pi. the inner parts — n. vitality, quality of being vital : 
of the animalbody: the entrails: — sing, principle or power of life: capacity to 
vis'cus. — a. vis'ceral, pertaining to the endure and flourish. — adv. vi'tally. — n. pi. 
viscera: abdominal. — v. t. vis'cerate, to vi'tals, the interior organs essential for 
disembowel. life. 

viscount, vi'kownt, n. a title of no- vitellus, vT-tel'us, n. the yolk of an 
bility next below an earl: — fern. egg. — adjs. vit'ellary, vitelline, pertain- 
vi'scountess. ing to the vitellus, or forming such. [L.] 

viscous, vis'kus, a. sticky : tenacious — vitiate, vishl-at, v. t. to render faulty 
also vis'cid. — ns. viscidity; vis'cous- or defective: to make less pure: to de- 
ness; viscosity, the property of being prave: to taint. — n. vitia'tion. 
viscous: (phys.) internal friction. Vitis, vi'tis, n. a genus of plants, in- 

vise, vice, vis, n. an iron or wooden eluding the grape. — n. viticulture, cul- 
screw-press, fixed to the edge of a work- tivation of the vine. 



542 vitreous fate, far; me, her; mine; volant 

vitreous, vit're-us, a. glassy : pertain- councilor of state in Mohammedan coun- 
ing to, consisting of, or like glass. — adjs. tries. 

vitres'cent, tending to become glass; vocable, vo'ka-bl, n. that which is 
vit'ric. — ns. vitrifac'tion, vitrifica'tion, sounded with the voice : a word : a name. 
act, process, or operation of vitrifying, — ns. vocab'ulary, a list of vocables or 
or converting into glass. — adjs. vit'rifi- words explained in alphabetical order : 
able, that may be vitrified or turned any list of words: the aggregate of 
into glass; vit'rified. — v. t. vit'rify, to words used by an individual or in a 
make mto glass. — v. i. to become glass, particular branch of science, etc.; 

vitriol, vit'ri-ol, n. the popular name vocab'ulist, a lexicographer. — a. vo'cal, 
of sulphuric acid: a soluble sulphate of having a voice: uttered or changed by 
a metal. — a. vitriolic, pertaining to or the voice. — n. vocaliza'tion, act of vocal- 
having the qualities of vitriol : biting, izing. — v. t. vo'calize, to make vocal : to 
very severe. — oil of vitriol, concentrated form into voice. — v. i. to speak, sing. — 
sulphuric acid. n. vo'calist, a vocal musician, a singer. 

vitular, vit'u-lar, vituline, vit'u-lin, a. vocation, vo-ka'shun, n. calling: oc- 
relating to a calf or to veal. cupation. 

vituperate, vi-tu'pe-rat, v. t. to find vocative, vok'a-tiv, a. pertaining to 
fault with : to address with abuse : to the act of calling, applied to the gram- 
rate soundly. — n. vitupera'tion, act of matical case used in personal address, 
vituperating : censure : abuse. — a. vitu'- vociferate, vo-sif'e-rat, v. i. to cry 
perative, containing vituperation or cen- with a loud voice. — v. t. to utter with a 
sure. — adv. vitii'peratively. loud voice. — n. vocifera'tion, act of vo- 

viva, ve'va, inter j. long live. [It., ciferatirtg: a violent or loud outcry. — 
'Let him live' — L. vivere, to live.] a. vociferous, making a loud outcry: 

vivacious, vl-va'shus, a. lively : active : noisy. — adv. vociferously. 
sportive. — adv. viva'ciousiy. — ns. viva'- vodka, vod'ka, n. a Russian spirit, 
ciousness, vivacity, state of being viva- properly distilled from rye, but some- 
cious : life : animation : liveliness or times from potatoes, 
sprightliness of temper or behavior. vogue, vog, n. mode or fashion at 

vivandiere, ve-von-di-ar', n. in the any particular time : practice : popular 
French and some other European armies, reception. 

a female vendor of liquor, cigars, etc., voice, vois, n. sound from the mouth : 
who marches with the regiment. sound given out by anything: utter- 

viva voce, vi'va vo'se, by word of ance or mode of utterance : language : 
mouth. expression : expressed opinion : one who 

vive, vev, inter j '. long live. [Fr., 'let speaks: sound uttered with resonance 
him live'.] of the vocal chords: vote: (gram.) mode 

vivid, viv'id, a. lively or lifelike : hav- of inflecting verbs, as being active or 
ing the appearance of life : forming passive. — v. t. to~ give utterance to, de- 
brilliant images in the mind : striking, clare, announce. — a. voiceless, having 
— adv. viv'idly. — ns. viv'idness, vivid'- no voice or vote. 

ity, vivifica'tion, viv'ifier. — v. t vivify, void, void, a. unoccupied: empty: des- 
to make vivid, endue with life. titute (with _ of) : having no binding 

viviparous, vi-vip'a-rus, a. producing force : wanting : unsubstantial. — n. an 
young alive. empty space. — v. t. to make vacant: to 

vivisection, viv-i-sek'shun, n. the quit: to send out, emit, empty out: to 
practice of making experiments on liv- render of no effect, to nullify. — a. void'- 
ing animals for the purposes of physio- able, that may be voided_ or evacuated, 
logical research or demonstration. — v. t. — ns. void'ance, act of avoiding or empty- 
vivisect', to practise vivisection on. ing: state of being void: ejection; void'- 

vixen, vik'sn, n. a she-fox: an ill- ness, emptiness: nullity, 
tempered woman. — adjs. vix'en, vix'- volant, vo'lant, a. flying: nimble. — a. 
enish, ill-tempered, snarling. vol'atile, evaporating very quickly: 

viz. See videlicet. flighty: apt to change. — ns. vol'atileness, 

vizor. See visor. volatility, quality of being volatile : dis- 

vizir, vizier, vi-zer', n. a minister or position to 'evaporate rapidly : sprightli- 



volcano mote, move; mute; thzti. votary 543 

ness : fickleness.—*, t. vol'atilize, to make part of a work : cubical content : a quan- 
volatile : to cause to evaporate. tity : dimensions : fullness of voice. — *. i. 

volcano, vol-ka'no, n. an opening in to swell— adjs. volu'minal, pertaining 
the crust of the earth, often on top of to cubical content ; volu'minous, of great 
a conical hill or mountain, communi- bulk : having written much, as an author : 
eating with the interior of the earth, in many volumes, capable of filling many 
from which issue hot vapors and gases, volumes.— adv. volu'minously. 
and frequently loose fragmentary ma- voluntary, vol'un-ta-ri, a. willing : act- 
terials and streams of molten rock called ing by choice : free : proceeding from the 
lava.— a. volcan'ic, pertaining to, pro- will: subject to the will: done by de- 
duced, or affected by a volcano. sign or without compulsion.— w. one who 

volition, vo-lish'un, n. act of willing does anything of his own free-will : a 
or choosing: the exercise of the will: piece of mu:ic played at will.— a^. vol - 

~a:~ . M i;'«: Am ..i .,«i :'+:«««.... untanly. — n. voluntariness. 

-yJLXxt-rmTo Pshot: the , vol Jteer, vol-un-ter', „ one W ho en- 

an outburst or many at once in tennis u i • * u a ±-u <.u ±u 

and lawn-tennis, a hard return of the belo ^ in & to ^ body other than the 
ball before it reaches the ground :-/>/. re f la / army.-a entering into service 
voll'eys.-*. t to discharge^ in a vol- voluntarily.-*, t to offer voluntarily, 
ley.-*, i. to fly together, as missiles: in f voluptuary, vo-lup tu-a-ri, ». a volup- 
lawn-tennis, to use the stroke so called. tuou ? Person: * s 5 1 } su ^ 1 _ st - . „ , 

volodrome, vol'o-drom, n. a structure voluptuous, vo-lup tu-us, a. full of 
for housing air-ships. pleasure: given to excess of pleasure 

. ,, -«° , , , , esp. sensual: contributing to sensual 

volt, volt, n a turn or bound: a sud- p 4 sure _ a ^. volup'tuously. 
den movement or leap to avoid a thrust: p volut v6 _ m > / a iml scroll used 
a gait of two treads made by a horse in ^ Ionic and Corinthian capi t a i s: a 

going sideways round a center. ^ 

' volt, volt, n. the unit of electro-motive 
force in universal use among electricians, 
defin:d legally in terms of the ohm and 
ampere. — n. vol'tage, electro-motive 
force reckoned in volts. — a. volta'ic, 
pei.aining to Alessandro Volta, an Ital- ^L tM «u iZ*. 

M scientist, who developed voltaism : Volutes of Ionian and Corinthian Capitals . 
gavanic. — ns. voltaism, that branch . 

o •'. electric science which treats of the kmd of s P iral shell.— a. volu ted, having 
pioduction of an electric current from a volute. 

the chemical interaction of two immersed vomit, vom it, *. i. to throw up the 
dissimilar metals (same as galvanism); contents of the stomach by the mouth, 
voltam'eter, an instrument for measur- to spew.—*, t. to throw out with vio- 
ing the decomposition produced by an lence.— w. matter ejected from the 
electric current; volt'-am'pere, the rate stomach: something that excites vom- 
of activity in an electric circuit iting.— a. vom'itory, causing to vomit, 
when the electro-motive force is one voodoo, voudou, vo-d6\ n. a South- 
volt and the current one ampere; volt'- ern name for any practiser of witch- 
meter, an instrument for measuring craft, or of any charm, incantation, etc. 
voltage. voracious, vo-ra'shus, a. eager to de- 

voluble, vol'u-bl, a. easy to roll or vour: greedy: very hungry. — adv. vora'- 
move: flowing smoothly: fluent in ciously.— ns. vorac'ity, vora'ciousness. 
speech. — ns. volubil'ity, vol'ubleness, vortex, vor'teks, n. a whirlpool : an 
state or quality of being voluble : fluency eddy having a rotational motion in the 
of speech. — adv. vol'ubly. center : — pi. vor'tices, vor'texes. — a. 

volume, vol'um, n. a roll or scroll, vor'tical, whirling. — adv. vor'tically. 
which was the form of ancient books: votary, vo'ta-ri, a. bound or conse- 
a book, whether complete in itself or crated by a vow. — n. one devoted, as by 




544 vote fate, far; me, her; mine; wade 

a vow, to some service, worship, or way voyageurs (vwo-ya-zher'), name given 

of life: — fern, vo'taress. — n. vo'tarist. in Canada to the men who in their 

vote, vot, n. expression of a wish or canoes kept up communication between 
opinion: that by which a choice is ex- the stations in the Northwest and Hud- 
pressed, as a ballot: decision by a ma- son's Bay territory, 
jority: something granted by the will of Vulcan, vul'kan, n. {Roman myth.) 
the majority. — v. i. to express the choice the god of fire. — n. vulcaniza'tion. — v. t. 
by a vote. — v. t. to choose, enact, or vul'canize, to combine with sulphur by 
grant by a vote: (coll.) to declare by heat, as caoutchouc. — v. i. to admit of 
general consent: to cause to vote. such treatment. — n. vul'canite, the 

votive, vo'tiv, a. given by vow : vowed, harder of the two kinds of vulcanized 

vouch, vowch, v. t. to maintain by re- indiarubber or caoutchouc, the softer 

peated affirmations : to warrant : to at- kind being called soft rubber. 

test: to produce vouchers for. — v. i. to vulgar, vul'ger, a. pertaining Jo or 

bear witness : to give testimony.— n. used by the common people, native : pub- 

vouch'er, one who vouches or gives wit- lie : common : national, vernacular : 

ness : a paper which vouches or con- mean or low : rude. — n. the common 

firms the truth of anything, as accounts, people. — n. vulga'rian, a vulgar person: 

vouchsafe, vowch-saf, v. t. to sane- a rich unrefined person. — v. t. vul'garize, 

tion or allow without danger : to con- to make vulgar or rude. — ns. vul'garism, 

descend to grant. a vulgar phrase: coarseness; vulgarity, 

vow, vow, n. a solemn promise, volun- vul'garness, quality of being vulgar : 

tarily made : a solemn or formal promise mean condition of life : rudeness of man- 

of fidelity or affection. — v. t. to give by ners. — adv. vul'garly. — n. Vul'gate, an 

solemn promise: to devote: to threaten, ancient Latin version of the Scriptures, 

to maintain solemnly. — v. i. to make so called from its common use in the 

vows. R. C. Church. — vulgar fraction, a frac- 

vowel, vow'el, n. a sound or tone pro- tion written in the common way. 

duced by the vibration of the vocal vulnerable, vul'ner-a-bl, a. capable of 

chords — the letters a, e, i, o, u are called being wounded : liable to injury. — ns. 

vowels, as being able to be sounded by vulnerability, vurnerableness. — a. vul'- 

themselves, with a continuous passage nerary, pertaining to wounds : useful in 

of the breath. — a. vocal : pertaining to a healing wounds. 

vowel. — vs. t. vow'el, vow'elize, to in- vulpine, vul'pin, a. relating to or like 

sert vowel signs in words written the fox: cunning, 

primarily with consonants only. vulture, vul'tur, n. a large rapacious 

vox, voks, n. voice: a voice or song bird of prey, feeding largely on carrion, 

part. [L.] — adjs. vul'turine, vul'tiirous, like the 

voyage, voi'aj, n. a passage by water, vulture : rapacious. — n. vulturism. 
— v. i. to make a voyage, or to pass by vulva, vul'va, n. the orifice of the ex- 
water. — v. t. to traverse, pass over. — ternaj organs of generation of the female. 
n. voy'ager, one who voyages. — n. pi. vying, vi'ing, pr. p. of vie. 



irml w, dub'l-u, the twenty-third let- thrust close together for packing, etc.: 

I A fl ter °* our a ^P na ^ et ' w * tn a double a little mass of paper, tow, or the like 

IBukfll value, as consonant and as to keep the charge in a gun. — v. t. to 

vowel. form into a mass: to pad, stuff out: to 

wabble, wobble, wob'l, v. i. to incline stuff a wad into. — n. wad'ding, the ma- 

alternately to one side and the other : terials for wads : cotton batting, 

to rock, to vacillate. — n. a wabbling, un- waddle, wod'l, v. i. to take short steps 

equal motion. — ns. wabb'ler, wobbler, and move from side to side in walking. 

— adjs. wabbly, wobbly, shaky, given — n. a clumsy, rocking gait. — n. waddler. 

to wabbling. — a. and n. wobbling, vacil- wade, wad, v. i. to walk through any 

lating. substance that yields to the feet, as 

wad, wod, n. a mass of loose matter water: to pass with difficulty or labor. 



wafer mote, move; mute; then. waik 545 

— n. wa'der, one who wades : a bird that wainscot, wan'skot, n. a paneled 
wades, e. g. the heron. boarding on the walls of a room. — v. t. 

wafer, wa'fer, n. (R. C.) a thin round to line with or as if with boards or 
cake of unleavened bread, used in the panels. — n. wain'scoting, the act of 
Eucharist: a thin leaf of colored paste lining with boards or panels: materials 
for sealing letters, etc.: a small thin for making a wainscot, 
sweet cake. waist, wast, n. the smallest part of 

waffle, wof'l, n. a kind of batter-cake, the human trunk, between the ribs and 
baked over the fire in an iron utensil of the hips : the bodice of a woman's dress : 
hinged halves called a waff'le-i'ron. the middle part, as of a ship or of a 

waft, waft, v. t. to bear through a musical instrument. — ns. waist'band, the 
fluid medium, as air or water. — v. i. to band or part of a garment which en- 
float. — n. a signal made by moving circles the waist; waist'belt, a belt for 
something in the air, as a flag : a breath, the waist ; waist'coat, a vest. 
puff, slight odor. [Wave.] wait, wat, v. i. to stay in expectation 

wag, wag, v. t. and v. i, to move from (with for) : to remain : to attend (with 
side to side : to shake to and fro. — n. on) : to follow : to lie in ambush. — v. t. 
a shaking, moving to and fro. to stay for: to await: (coll.) to defer. 

wag, wag, n. a droll, mischievous — n. ambush, now used only in such 
fellow : a man full of sport and humor : phrases as 'to lie in wait' : the act of 
a wit: a fellow generally. — n. wag'gery, waiting or expecting: delay: (pi.) itin- 
mischievous merriment. — a. wag'gish. erant musicians who welcome-in Christ- 
wage, waj, v. t. to pledge : to engage mas. — ns. wait'er, one who waits : an 
in as if by pledge: to carry on, esp. of attending servant: a salver or tray; 
war: to venture. — n. a gage or stake: wait'ing, act of waiting: attendance; 
that for which one labors: wages. — n. wait'ress, a female waiter. 
wa'ger, that which is waged or pledged : waive, wav, v. t. to relinquish for the 
something staked on. the issue of any- present : to give up claim to : not to in- 
thing : a bet : that on which bets are sist on a right or claim. — n. wai'ver, the 
laid. — v. t to hazard on the issue of act of waiving: renouncement of a 
anything. — v. i. to lay a wager. — n. claim. 

wa'gerer. — n. pi. wa'ges (used as sing.), wake, wak, v. i. to cease from sleep: 
wage: that which is paid for services, to lie awake: to be roused up, active, or 

waggle, wag'l, v. i. and v. t. to wag or vigilant : to return to life. — v. t. to 
move from side to side. rouse from sleep: to keep vigil over: 

wagon, wag'un, n. a four-wheeled ve- to excite, disturb: to reanimate: — pa. t. 
hide for carrying goods. — v. t. to transport and pa. p. waked or woke. — n. act of 
by wagon. waking: the sitting up of persons with 

wagtail, wag'tal, w. a small European a corpse. — a. wake'ful, being awake : : .n- 
bird distinguished by constant wagging disposed to sleep: vigilant. — adv. wake'- 
of the tail: the American water-thrush, fully. — n. wakefulness. — v. t. and v. i. 

wa'ken, to wake or awake : to be 
awake. — ns. wake'ning, act of one who 
wakens ; wa'king. — a. being awake : rous- 
ing from sleep. 

wake, wak, n. the streak of smooth 
water left in the track of a ship : hence 
(fig.) 'in the wake of, in the train of, 
immediately after. 
Wagtail. wale, wal, n. a raised streak left by a 

waif, waf, n. a stray article : anything stripe : a ridge on the surface of cloth . 
found astray without an owner : a worth- walk, wawk, v. i. to move along lei- 
less wanderer. — a. vagabond, worthless, surely on foot with alternate steps : to 

wail, wal, v. i. to lament or sorrow pace: to travel on foot: to conduct one- 
audibly. — v. t. to bemoan : to grieve over, self : to act or behave : to live : to be 
— n. a cry of woe : loud weeping. — w.wail'- guided by: (coll.) to move off, depart: to 
ing. — adv. wail'ingly. be stirring, move about (as of a ghost). 

as 




( 



646 wall fate, far; me, her; mine; ward 

— v. t. to pass through or upon: to cause no definite object: (lit. or fig.) to go 
to walk. — n. act or manner of walking : astray : to leave home : to depart from 
gait: that in or through which one the subject: to be delirious. — v. t. to 
walks : distance walked over : place for traverse. — n. wan'derer. — a. wan'dering. 
walking, promenade : path : conduct : wane, wan, v. i. to decrease, esp. of 
course of life, sphere of action. — ns. the moon — opp. to wax: to decline, to 
walk'er, one who walks ; walk'ing, the fail. — n. decline : decrease, 
verbal noun of walk : pedestrianism. want, wont, n. state of being without 

wall, wawl, n. an erection of brick, anything: absence of what is needful or 
stone, etc., for a fence or security: the desired: poverty: scarcity: need. — v. t. 
side of a building: (fig.) defense, means to be destitute of: to need: to dispense 
of security : in mining, one of the sur- with : to feel need of : to fall short : to 
faces of rock inclosing the lode : (anat.) wish for. — v. i. to be deficient: to fall 
a paries or containing structure or part short: to be in need. — n. wan'tage, de- 
of the body: (pi.) fortifications. — v. t. ficiency. — adjs. wan'ted, sought after, 
to inclose with, or as with, a wall : to being searched for ; wan'ting, absent : 
defend with walls : to hinder as by a deficient. — prep, except, 
wall. — a. walled, fortified. — n. wall'- _ wanton, won'tun, a. moving or play- 
blower, a plant with fragrant yellow ing loosely : roving in sport : frisky : 
flowers : the gillyflower : an onlooker at wandering from rectitude : licentious : 
a dance. running to excess: unrestrained: irreg- 

wallet, wol'et, n. a bag for carrying ular. — n. a wanton or lewd person, 
necessaries on a journey: a knapsack: a war, wawr, n. a state of opposition or 
pocketbook. contest: a contest between nations, etc., 

wall-eye, wawl'-i, n. an eye in which carried on by arms : open hostility : the 
the white part is very large : glaucoma : profession of arms. — v. i. to make war : 
the alewife, or a pike-perch. — a. wall'- to contend: to fight. — ns. war'fare, 
eyed, very light gray in the eyes, esp. armed contest, military life ; war'horse, 
of horses. . a charger, a horse used in battle: (fig.) 

wallop, wol'op, v. t. (slang) to beat, a tried partizan. — a. warlike, fond of 
flog. — n. a blow. — ns. wall'oper; wall'- war, pertaining to or threatening war: 
oping, a thrashing. — a. (slang) great, martial, m i 1 i- 
bouncing. tary. — ns. war'- 

wallow, wol'o, v. i. to roll about, as rior, a soldier, 
in mire : to live in filth or gross vice. — n. a veteran ; war'- 
the place an animal wallows in. ship, a vessel 

walnut, wawl'nut, n. popular name of for war. — war 
a genus (Juglans) comprising seven or department, a 
eight species of beautiful trees. department of 

walrus, wol'rus, n. an aquatic, web- state under a 
footed carnivore, intermediate between cabinet minister, 
the sea-lions and the seals — the upper the secretary of 
canine teeth developed into enormous war, having Ancient War Horse, 

tusks — also called the seahorse. control of caparisoned. 

waltz, wawlts, n. a dance performed everything connected with the army, 
by two persons with a rapid whirling warble, wawr'bl, v % i. to sing in a 
motion : the music for such. — v. i. to quavering _ way, or with variations : to 
dance a waltz: (slang) to move trip- chirp as birds do. — v. t. to sing in a vi- 
pingly. — ns. waltz'er, waltz'ing. bratory manner: to utter musically: to 

wampum, wom'pum, n. the North carol. — n. a quavering modulation of the 
American Indian name for shells or voice: a song. — ns. war'bler, one that 
beads used as money. warbles : a songster : a singing-bird : any 

wan, won, a. faint: wanting color: bird of the family Sylviidce; war'bling. 
pale and sickly : languid : gloomy, dark. ward, wawrd, v. t. to guard or take 

wand, wond, n. a long slender rod : care of : to keep in safety : to keep away, 
a rod of authority, or of conjurers. fend off (with off). — v. i. to act on the 

wander, won'der, v. i. to ramble with defensive. — n. act of warding, watch. 




ware 



mote, move; mute; then. wash 54? 



those whose business is to ward or de- bend : to swerve : to move by warping. — 

fend: state of being guarded: one who n. alluvial sediment: the threads 
is under a guardian : a division of a stretched out lengthwise in a loom to be 
city, hospital, etc. : that which guards a crossed by a woof : a rope used in tow- 
lock or hinders any but the right key ing, etc. — a. warped, twisted by shrink- 
f rom opening it : a defensive movement ing : perverted. — ns. war'per ; war'ping. 

in fencing, etc. — ns. ward'en, one who warrant, wor'ant, v. t. to guarantee or 

wards or guards : a keeper, especially a make secure : to give assurance against 

public officer appointed for the superin- harm to : to authorize : to maintain : to 

tendence of some public institution, as a assure. — n. that which warrants or au- 
penitentiary ; ward'enship; ward'er, one thorizes : a commission giving authority: 

who wards or keeps: a guard; ward'- a writ for arresting a person or for 

robe, a room or portable closet for robes carrying a judgment into execution : 

or clothes: wearing apparel; ward'- security: a certificate of appointment, as 

room, the messroom of the officers of a in the navy,' inferior to a commission. — 

warship; ward'ship, the office of a ward — a. warrantable, authorized by warrant 

or guardian: state of being under a or right: justifiable. — adv. warr'ant- 

guardian. ably. — a. warr'anted. — ns. warr'antee, 

ware, war, n. (used generally in pi.) one to whom warrant is given; warr'- 

merchandise : commodities : goods. — n. anter, -or, one who warrants ; warr'anty, 

ware'house, a house or store for wares a legal warrant or deed of security: a 

or goods. — v. t. to deposit in a ware- guarantee: authority, 

house. warren, wor'en, n. a piece of ground 

ware, war, v. t. to take care of. for breeding game or rabbits. 

warily, wariness. See wary. wart, wawrt, n. a small, hard excres- 

warm, wawrm, a. having moderate cence on the skin : a protuberance on 

heat, hot: subject to heat : zealous : easily trees. — adjs. wart'ed; wart'y, like a 

excited: violent: enthusiastic: intimate, wart: overgrown with warts, 

close: fresh, of a scent: (coll.) indeli- wary, wa'ri, a. warding or guarding 

cate : unpleasant. — v. t. to make warm : against deception, etc. : cautious. — adv. 

to interest: to excite: (coll.) to beat, wa'rily. — n. wa'riness. 

— v. i. to become warm or ardent. — a. was, woz, used as pa. t. of be. 

warm'-blood'ed, having warm blood : en- wash, wosh, v. t. to cleanse with 

thusiastic, passionate, generous: (biol.) water: to overflow: to waste away by 

applied to mammals and birds whose the action of water : to cover with a thin 

blood temperature remains -about the coat of metal or paint: in mining, to 

same whatever the surrounding tempera- separate from earth by means of water. 

ture may be, in contradistinction from — v. i. to cleanse oneself, to cleanse 

fishes and reptiles, or cold-blooded ani- clothes with water: to stand water, of 

mals. — n. war'mer. — adv. warm'ly. — ns. clothes: (coll.) to stand the test. — n. a 

warm'ness, warmth, moderate heat: washing: the break of waves on the 

geniality: earnestness, moderate or shore: the rough water left behind by a 

growing anger : the bright effect of warm moving vessel : alluvial matter : waste 

colors. liquor, refuse of food, etc. : that with 

warn, wawrn, v. t. to make wary or which anything is washed : a lotion : a 

aware : to put on ward or guard : to give thin coat of paint, metal, etc. — a. wash'- 

notice of danger: to caution against: to able. — ns. wash'board, a corrugated 

admonish. — ns. war'ner; war'ning, cau- board for rubbing clothes on in washing; 

tion against danger, etc. : admonition : wash'er, one who washes : a flat ring of 

previous notice : notice to quit, notice of iron or leather between the nave of a 

the termination of an engagement, etc. wheel and the linchpin, under the head 

warp, wawrp, v. t. to turn: to twist of a screw, etc.; wash'erman; wash'er- 

out of shape: to turn from the right or woman; wash'ing, the act of cleansing 

proper course: to pervert: to move a by water: the clothes washed, esp. at one 

vessel from one place to another by time; wash'out, an erosion of earth by 

hauling on warps or ropes.— v. i. to be the action of water, the hole made by 

v twisted out of a straight direction: to such. — a. wash'y. watery, moist: thin, 



548 wasp fate, far; me, her; mine; w&tef 

wasp, wosp, n. a popular name for so as to give a wavy appearance to: to 
hymenopterous insects of the family increase the nominal capital of (a com- 
Vespidce, or closely related families: pany) by the issue of new shares with- 
a petulant and spiteful person.— a. out a corresponding increase of actual 
waspish, like a wasp: having a slender capital.— v. i. to shed water: to gather 
waist like a wasp: quick to resent an saliva, noting strong craving^ to take in 
affront. — ad-\ was'pishly. water. — ns. wa'ter-back, an iron reser- 

wassail, wos'al, n. a festive occasion: voir at the back of a stove, for heating 
a drinking bout: a mixed liquor once and holding a supply of hot water; 
used on festive occasions. wa'ter-col'or, a color or pigment diluted 

wast, wost, pa. t. 2d pers. sing, of with water and gum, instead of oil: a 
the verb be. painting in such a color or colors ; 

waste, wast, a. empty, desert: deso- wa'tercourse, a course or channel for 
late : useless, vain : stripped : lying un- water ; wa'tercress, a small plant grow- 
used: unproductive.—^, t. to lay waste ing in watery places, much esteemed as 
or. make desolate: to destroy: to wear a salad; wa'ter-cure, medical treatment 
out gradually : to squander : to diminish : by means of water.— a. wa'tered, marked 
to impair.— v. i. to be diminished: to with wavy lines like those made by 
dwindle: to be consumed.— n. act of water— (watered stocks, a term applied 
wasting: useless expenditure: stuff left to securities whose nominal amount has 
over: loss: destruction: that which is been increased without any correspond- 
wasted or waste: uncultivated country: ing payment in cash).— ns. wa'terfall, a 
desert : refuse, as of coal, etc. : decay, de- fall or perpendicular descent of a body 
cline.— n. was'tage, loss by use, natural of water : a cataract or cascade ; wa'ter- 
decay.— a. wasteful, full of waste: gas, a gas partly derived from the de- 
destructive: lavish.— adv. waste'fully.— composition of steam; wa'ter-gauge, an 
ns. waste'fulness; was'ter, one who or instrument for gauging or measuring the 
that which wastes.— a. was'ting, devas- quantity or height of water ; wa'ter-hen, 
rating: enfeebling. the moorhen; wa'tering-place, a resort 

watch, woch,^. act of looking out: for bathing, etc.; wa'ter-lev'el, the level 
close observation: g-qrd: one who formed by the surface of still water: a 
watches or those who watch: a sentry: leveling instrument in which water is 
a pocket timepiece: a division of the used; wa'ter-lil'y, a name commonly 
night: time of watching, esp. in a ship, given to plants of the natural order 
a division of a ship's crew into two or ISlymphceacece, esp. species of genus 
three reliefs.— v. i. to look with atten- Castalia, common in still waters and 
tion: to keep guard: to look out: to having floating leaves; wa'ter-line, the 
attend the sick by night : to inspect, keep line on a ship to which the water rises : 
guard over (with over).— v. t. to keep in a water-mark.— a. wa'ter-logged, ren- 
view : to give heed to : to have in keep- dered log-like or unmanageable i rom be- 
ing: to guard: to wait for, detect by ing filled with water. — ns. wa'termain, 
lying in wait.— n. watch'er, one who a great- subterranean pipe supplying 
watches.— a. watch'ful, careful to watch water in cities; wa'termark, a mark 
or observe: attentive: circumspect: showing the height to which water has 
cautious.— adv. watch'fully.— ?w. watch'- risen : a tide-mark: a mark wrought 
fulness; watch'man, a man who watches into paper, denoting its size or its man- 
or guards, esp. the streets of a city at ufacturer; wa'termel'on, a plant hay- 
night; watch'word, the password to be ing a large, spherical, pulpy, and highly 
given to a watch or sentry: any signal, esteemed fruit, the fruit itself; wa'ter- 
water, waw'ter, n. in a state of purity, mo'tor, any waterwheel or turbine, 
at ordinary temperatures, a transparent esp. any small motor ^driven by water 
liquid, chemically neutral and devoid of under pressure ; wa ter-pow er, the 
taste or smell : any collection of such, as power of water employed to move ma- 
the ocean, a lake, river, etc.: tears: chinery, etc.— a. wa'terproof, proof 
saliva: rain: urine: transparency, luster, against water: not permitting water to 
as of a diamond.—^, t. to wet, overflow, enter.— n. anything with such qualities : 
or supply with water : to wet and press a garment of some waterproof substance, 



watt 



mote, mpve; mute; then. 



weal 549 




like indiarubber. — ns. watershed, the 
line which separates two river-basins : 
a district from which several rivers rise; 
wa'terspout, a pipe 
from which water 
spouts : a moving 
spout or column of 
water, often seen at 
sea, and sometimes 
on land. — a. water- 
tight, so tight as not 
to admit water nor 
let it escape. — ns. 
wa'terwheel, a wheel 
moved by water: an Waterspout, 

engine for raising water: any wheel for 
propelling machinery or other purposes, 
that is made to rotate by the 
direct action of water — ; 
called an over shot-wheel 
when the water is applied at 
the top, an undershot-wheel 
when at the bottom, a breast- 
wheel, when at an intermedi- 
ate point, and a turbine -wheel, Overshot- 
when its axis is vertical, and wheel, 
the water 
acts upon 
different 
sides of 
the wheel 
at the same 
time; wa'- 
terwork 





Breast- 
wheel. 



Undershot- 
wheel. 

(mostly in pi), any device or engine 
by which water is furnished, as to a 
city, etc. — a. wa'tery, pertaining to or 
like water: thin or transparent: taste- 
less: weak, vapid. 

watt, wot, n. the practical unit of 
electrical activity or power. 

wattle, wot'l, n. a twig or flexible 
rod : a hurdle : the fleshy excrescence 
under the throat of a cock or a turkey. 
— v. t. to bind with wattles or twigs . 

wave, wav, n. a ridge on the surface 
of water swaying or moving backwards 
and forwards : (poet.) the sea : a state 
of vibration propagated through a sys- 
tem of particles : inequality of surface : 
an undulation : a rush of anything : a 
gesture. — v. i. to move like a wave: to 
play loosely : to be moved, as a signal : to 
fluctuate. — v. t. to move backwards and 
forwards: to brandish: to waft or 
beckon : to raise into inequalities of sur- 
face.— «, wave'let, a little wave.— v. t. 



wa'ver, to move to and fro: to shake: 
to falter: to be unsteady or undeter- 
mined: to be in danger of falling. — ns. 
wa'verer, wa'vering. — adv. wa'veringly, 
in a wavering or irresolute manner. — ns. 
wa'viness, wa'ving. — a. wa'vy, full of 
or rising in waves : playing to and fro : 
undulating. 

wax, waks, n. the fat-like yellow sub- 
stance produced by bees, and used by 
them in making their cells, beeswax : any 
substance like it, as that in the ear: the 
substance used to seal letters : that used 
by shoemakers to rub their thread, etc. 
— v. t. to smear or rub with wax. — a. 
wax'en, made of wax, like wax, easily 
effaced. — ns. wax'-end, a strong thread 
having its end stiffened by shoemakers' 
wax; wax'iness, waxy appearance. 

wax, waks, v. i. to grow or increase, 
esp. of the moon, as opposed to wane: 
to pass into another state. 

way, wa, n. passage: road: length of 
space : distance : direction : manner of 
life : condition, state : advance in life : 
general manner of acting : means : man- 
ner: will: (naut.) progress or motion 
through the water, headway. — ns. way'- 
bill, list of passengers and goods car- 
ried by a coach: list of goods carried 
by a freight-train, etc.; way'farer, a 
traveler or passenger. — a. way'faring, 
traveling or passing. — v. t. waylay, to 
lie in the way for : to watch or lie in 
ambush for, — n. way'-train, a train stop- 
ping at most of the stations on a line. — 
a. way'ward, froward: wilful: irregular. 

we, we, pron. pi. of I : I and others. 

weak, wek, a. soft: wanting strength 
and vigor : not able to sustain a great 
weight : wanting health : easily over- 
come: feeble of mind: wanting moral or 
mental force : frail : unsteady : slight or 
incomplete : having little of the chief in- 
gredient : impressible : inconclusive : 
tending downward in price. — v. t. 
weak'en, to make weak: to reduce in 
strength or spirit. — v. i. to grow weak 
or weaker. — a. weak'-kneed, having 
weak knees: weak in will. — n. weak'ling, 
a weak or feeble creature. — adv. weak'ly. 
— n. weak'ness. 

weal, wel, n. state of being well: a 
sound or prosperous state : welfare. — 
the public, general, or common weal, 
the well-being, interest, and prosperity 
of the state or country. 



550 weald 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



week 



weald, weld, n. any open country. 

wealth, welth, n. large possessions of 
any kind: riches. — adv. wealth'ily. — n. 
wealth'iness. — a. wealth'y, rich: pros- 
perous : well-fed. 

wean, wen, v. t. to accustom to nour- 
ishment other than the mother's milk: 
to reconcile to the want of anything: to 
estrange from any object or habit. 

weapon, wep'un, n. any instrument or 
organ of offense or defense. 

wear, war, v. t. to carry on the body : 
to have the appearance of: to consume 
by use, time, or exposure : to waste by 
rubbing: to exhaust, efface: (naut.) to 
veer. — v. i. to be wasted by use or time: 
to be spent tediously : to consume slowly : 
to last under use: (naut.) to come round 
away from the wind : — pa. t. wore ; pa. p. 
worn. — n. act of wearing: lessening or 
injury by use or friction: the article 
worn. — n. wear'er. — p. a. wearing. 

weary, we'ri, a. worn out : having the 
strength or patience exhausted : tired : 
causing weariness. — v. t. to wear out or 
make weary: to reduce the strength or 
patience of: to harass. — v. i. to become 
weary or impatient : to long for. — a. 
wea'ried, tired. — adv. wea'rily. — n. 
wea'riness. — a. wea'risome. 

weasand, we'zand, n. the windpipe. 

weasel, we'zl, n. 
a common carnivore ^S^^^iAfWA 
belonging to the g 
same genus as the z 
polecat and stoat. 
[A. S. wesle; Ger. "*^J§BWMW5te 
wiesel] Weasel. 

weather, wew er, 
n. state of the air as to heat or cold, 
dryness, wetness, cloudiness, etc. — v. t. 
to affect by exposing to the air: to sail 
to the windward of: to gain or pass, as 
a promontory or 
cape : to hold out 
stoutly against, as 
difficulties. — a. 
(naut.) toward the 
wind, windward. 

weave, wev, v. 
t. to twine threads 
together: to unite 
threads in a loom 
to form cloth: to 
work into a fab- 
ric: to unite by Weaver Bird and Nest, 





intermixture: to construct, contrive. — v. 
i. to practise weaving : — pa. t. wove, 
(rarely) weaved; pa. p. wov'en. — ns. 
weav'er; weav'er-bird, a passerine bird 
so called from its remarkably woven 
nests ; weav'ing, the act or art of form- 
ing a web or cloth by the inter- 
secting of two distinct sets of fibers, 
threads, or yarns — those passing longi- 
tudinally from end to end of the web 
forming the warp; those crossing and 
intersecting the warp at right angles 
forming the weft. 

web, web, n. that which is woven : any- 
thing resembling a web, as a roll of cloth, 
paper, etc. : a plot, scheme : in birds, 
the blade of a feather: (anat.) any con- 
nective tissue : the fine texture spun by 
the spider as a snare for flies: the skin 
between the toes of water-fowls. — v. t. 
to envelop, to connect with a web. — a. 
webbed, having the toes united by a 
web or skin. — n. web'bing, a narrow 
woven fabric of hemp: (print.) tapes 
conducting webs of paper in a printing- 
machine. — a. web'by. — n. web'foot, a 
foot the toes of which are united by a 
web or membrane. 

wed, wed, v. t. to marry: to join in 
marriage : to unite closely. — v. i. to 
marry : — pa. t. and pa. p. wed'ded or wed. 
— n. wed'ding, marriage: the marriage 
ceremony. 

wedge, wej, n. s. piece of wood or 
metal, thick at one end and sloping to a 
thin edge at the other : anything shaped 
like a wedge. — v. t. to cleave with a 
wedge : to force or drive with a 
wedge : to press closely : to fasten with 
a wedge. — v. i. to force one's way like 
a wedge. 

wedlock, wed'lok, n. the state of matri- 
mony. 

wee, we, n. a short distance, a short 
time. — a. tiny. 

weed, wed, n. any useless plant of 
small growth: anything useless or 
troublesome: (coll.) a cigar. — v. t. to 
free from v/eeds: to remove anything 
hurtful or offensive. — n. weed'iness. — a. 
weed'y, weed-like ; consisting of weeds . 

weed, wed, n. a garment, esp. in pi. 
a widow's mourning apparel. 

week, wek, n. the space of seven days, 
esp. from Sunday to Saturday, inclusive : 
the six working days of the week. — n. 
week'day, any day of the week except 



ween mote, move; mute; thzn. wether 551 

Sunday. — a. week'ly, coming, happening, well, wel, a. good in condition: for- 
or done once a week. — adv. once a week, tunate : comfortable : in health. — adv. in 

ween, wen, v. i. to think or fancy, a proper manner : rightly : thoroughly : 

weep, wep, v. i. to express grief by favorably: conveniently: to a consider- 
shedding tears: to wail or lament: to able extent: conscientiously: so be it (as 
drip, rain. — v. t. to lament: to pour a sign of assent). — n. well'-be'ing, state 
forth: — pa. t. and pa. p. wept. — n. of being well, welfare. — a. well'-bred, 
weep'er. — a. weep'ing, drooping the educated to polished manners : of good 
branches (as it were through grief). stock. — adv. well'-nigh, nearly : almost. — 

weevil, wev'il, n. a popular name for adjs. well'-read, of extensive reading; 
a large number of beetles, with a beak well'-set, properly arranged: fitly put 
or proboscis, feeding upon plants: any together; well'-to-do, prosperous ; well'- 
insect injurious to stored grain. worn, worn threadbare. 

weft, weft, n. the threads woven into welsh, welsh, v. i. and v. t. to run off 
and crossing the warp — also woof. from a race-course without settling or 

weigh, wa, v. t. to compare by the bal- paying one's bets : to cheat out of the 
ance : to find the heaviness of : to be amount of a wager — also welch. 
equal to in heaviness : to bear up, to welt, welt, n. a kind of hem or edging 
raise, esp. a ship's anchor: to ponder in round a shoe: {coll.) a weal. — v. t. to 
the mind. — v. i. to have weight : to press furnish with a welt : to flog severely, 
heavily: to get under sail. — ns. weigh'er, welter, wel'ter, v. i. to roll or tumble 
an officer who weighs articles or tests about, to wallow about, esp. in dirt, 
weights; weighing; weight, the heaviness wen, wen, n. a sebaceous cyst, most 
of a thing when weighed, or the amount commonly on the scalp, 
which anything weighs : the force with wench, wensh, n. a maid, damsel : a 
which a body is attracted to the earth : maid-servant : a lewd woman, 
a mass of metal adjusted to a standard wend, wend, v. i. to go : to wind or turn, 
and used for finding weight : anything went, went, properly pa. t. of wend, 
heavy : a ponderous mass : pressure : im- but now used as pa. t. of go. 
portance: power: impressiveness. — v. t wept, wept, pa. t. and pa. p. of weep. 
to make more heavy. — adv. weigh'tily. were, wer, v. i. the pi. of was, used as 

weir, wer, n. a dam across a river: a pa. t. of be. 
fence of stakes set in a stream for catch- wert, wert, the 2d pers. sing, of were, 
ing fish. used as the pa. t. subjunctive of be. 

weird, werd, n. fate : that which comes west, west, n. the quarter where the 
to pass : a spell or charm. — a. skilled in sun sets : one of the four chief points 
witchcraft : unearthly, uncanny. of the compass : the states to the west 

welcome, wel'kum, a. received with of the Mississippi river. — a. situated to- 
gladness : admitted willingly : causing wards or coming from the west. — adv. 
gladness : free to enjoy. — n. kindly recep- towards the west. — a. wes'terly, lying or 
tion. — v. t. to receive with kindness. moving towards the west : from the west. 

weld, weld, v. t. to join together as — adv. towards the west— a. wes'tern, 
iron or steel by hammering, when situated in the west: belonging to the 
softened by heat: to join closely. — v. i. west: moving towards or coming from 
to undergo welding. — n. a welded joint. the west. — n. wes'terner, a person be- 

welfare, wel'far, n. state of faring or longing to or coming from the west. — a. 
doing well: freedom from any calamity, wes'ternmost, farthest to the west. — a. 
etc.: enjoyment of health, etc. and adv. west'ward, towards the west 

welkin, wel'kin, n. the sky or region of wet, wet, a. containing water : having 
clouds. water on the surface: rainy: (coll.) al- 

well, wel, n. a rise of water from the lowing the sale of intoxicating liquors, 
earth: a spring: a pit in the earth whence as opposed to prohibition. — n. water or 
a supply of water is obtained : an in- wetness : moisture : act of wetting, a 
closure in a ship's hold round the pumps : dram. — v. t. to make wet : to soak with 
the open space in the middle of a stair- water : to sprinkle : — pa. t. and pa. p. 
case: a cavity. — v. i. to issue forth, as wet, (rarely) wet'ted. 
water from the earth: to spring. wether, weth'ev, n. a castrated ram. 



552 whack fate, far; me, her; mine; whiff 

whack, hwak, v. t. to thwack : (slang) pletely : to plunge deep : to overburden : 
to parcel out, share. — v. i. to keep on to ruin, destroy. 

striking: (slang) to settle accounts. — whelp, hwelp, n. the young of the dog 
n. a blow: a stroke, share. — a. whack'- kind and of lions, etc.: a puppy: a cub: 
ing, very large, astounding. [Thwack.] a young man (in contempt). 

whale, hwal, n, the common name of when, hwen, adv. and conj. at what 
a cetaceous mammal, the largest of sea- time? at which time: at or after the time 
animals, including the toothed whales, that: while. — adv. and conj. whence 
as the sperm whale and dolphin, and the (also from whence), from what place: 
whalebone whales, as the right whale from which things: wherefore. — conjs. 
and rorqual, in which the teeth are only whenev'er, whene'er', at every time 
embryonic. — v. i. to take whales. — ns. when. 

whale'back, a boat whose maindecks are where, hwar, adv. and conj. at which 
covered in and rounded like a cigar; place, at what place? to what place, to 
whale'bone, a light flexible substance which place? wherever. — adv. and conj. 
consisting of the baleen plates of the whereabout', about which, about where : 
Arctic and allied whales. — a. made of near what? — also where'abouts. — n. 
whalebone. — n. whal'er, a person or ship where'abouts, one's present place. — 
employed in whale-fishing. — a. whaling, conj. whereas', as or on account of 

whale, hwal, v. t. (slang) to thrash, which: since: when in fact: where. — 

wharf, hworf, n. a bank of timber or advs. and conjs. whereat', at which: at 
stone on the shore of a harbor or river what? whereby', by which; where'fore, 
for lading and unlading vessels: — pi. for which reason: for what reason? 
wharves, wharfs. — n. wharfage, the why? — n. the cause. — advs. and conjs. 
dues paid for using a wharf. wherefrom', whence ; wherein', in which 

what, hwot, interrog. pron. applied respect: in what? whereof, of which: 
both to persons and things — also used of what? whereon', on which: on 
elliptically and as an interjection. — in- what? wheresoev'er, in what place so- 
terrog. a. of what sort, how much, how ever; whereun'der, under which; 
great — also used in an intensive manner, whereunto', whereto : for what pur- 
— rel. pron. that which, such ... as. pose? whereupon', upon or in conse- 
— indef. pron. something. — conj. so much quence of which; where'er', wherev'er, 
as : that, as in but what, that . . . not. at^ whatever place ; wherewith', where- 
— prons. whatev'er, whate'er', anything withal', with which: with what? 
which. — a. any or all that, no matter whet, hwet, v. t. to sharpen by rub- 
what. — pron. what'not, whatever or who- bing : to make keen : to excite, 
ever. — adjs. whatsoever, whatsoe'er', whether, hwe^'er, interrog. and rel. 
of whatever kind. pron. signifying which of two. — conj. 

wheat, hwet, n. the most valuable of which of two alternatives. — interrog. adv. 
all the cereal grasses, Triticum sativum introducing the first of two questions, the 
or vulgare, the grain furnishing a white second being introduced by or — also 
flour for bread. — a. wheat'en. conj. — whether or no (coll.), in any 

wheedle, hwed'l, v. t. to entice by soft case, surely. 
words : to flatter. whew, hwu, inter j. expressing wonder 

wheel, hwel, n. a circular frame turn- or dismay. — n. a whistling sound noting 
ing on an axle : an old instrument of tor- astonishment. — v. i. to utter such, 
ture: a steering-wheel: the emblem of whey, hwa, n. the watery part of 
mutability: (coll.) a bicycle or tricycle: milk, separated from the curd, 
circular motion. — v. t. to cause to whirl : which, hwich, interrog. pron. what 
to convey on wheels: to turn. — v. i. to one of a number? — also used adjectively. 
turn round or on an axis: to roll for- — rel. pron. formerly, who, whom — now 
ward : to change direction : to move in a used of things only. — pron. whichev'er, 
circle: to change about: (coll.) to ride whichsoev'er, every one which : whether 
a bicycle, etc. one or other. 

wheeze, hwez, v. i. to breathe audibly whiff, hwif, n. a sudden puff of air or 
or with difficulty. — n. wheeze. smoke from the mouth : a slight blast. — 

whelm, hwelm, v. t. to cover com- v. t to throw out in whiffs: to puff.— 



whiffletree mote, move; mute; then. whistle 553 

v. i. to go out or off in a whiff. — ns. cut with a whip-saw : to have the ad- 
whiff 'er; whiff 'et, a whipper-snapper. — vantage of at every point; whip'stock, 
v. i. whiffle, to veer about, blow in the rod or handle of a whip, 
gusts : to be fickle : to prevaricate : to whippet, hwip'et, n. a kind of dog, a 
talk idly. — n. a fickle, light-headed per- cross between a greyhound and a spaniel. 
son. whip-poor-will, hwip'-por-wil', n. a 

whiffletree, hwifl-tre, n. a swingletree. bird of the goatsucker family, native to 

Whig, hwig, n. formerly the name ap- North America, 

plied to the English Liberal party : in whir, hwer, n. a sound from rapid 

American history, one of those who in whirling. — v. i. to whirl round with a 

the colonial period were opposed to noise. — n. whir'ring. 

British rule, also one of a party opposed whirl, hwerl, n. a turning with rapid- 

to the Democratic party 1834-56.- ity: anything that turns with velocity. — 

while, hwil, n. a space of time : trouble v. i. to revolve rapidly. — v. t. to turn 
spent. — adv. during the time that : at the round rapidly : to carry away rapidly, as 
same time that, as long as. — v. t. to cause on wheels. — ns. whirl'er; whirligig, a 
to pass without irksomeness (with child's toy which is spun or whirled rap- 
away). — conjs. while, whilst, as long as: idly round: a merry-go-round: anything 
at the same time that. — adv. whilom, that revolves rapidly; whirling; whiri'- 
formerly, once. pool, a circular current in a river or sea, 

whim, hwim, n. a caprice : a fancy. — produced by opposing tides, winds, or 

a. whim'sical, full of whims, odd, fan- currents : an eddy ; whirl'wind, a violent 

tastical. — ns. whimsicality, whim'sical- aerial current, with a whirling, rotary, or 

ness— adv. whim'sically. spiral motion and wild circling rush. 

whimper, hwim'per, v. i. to cry with whisk, hwisk, v. t. to move with a 

a low, whining voice. — n. a peevish cry. quick motion : to sweep or stir rapidly. 

whine, hwin, v. i. to utter a plaintive, — v. i. to move nimbly and rapidly. — 

shrill cry : to complain in an unmanly n. a rapid sweeping motion : a small 

way. — n. a plaintive cry : an affected bunch of anything used for a brush : a 

nasal tone of complaint. whisk-broom: a small instrument for 

whinny, hwinl, v. i to neigh. — n. a beating or whisking, esp. eggs, 

neigh. [Freq. of whine.] whisky, whiskey, hwis'ki, n. a spirit 

whip, hwip, n. a lash with a handle made by the distillation of the fermented 
for punishing or driving : a driver, coach- extract from malted and unmalted cere- 
man : one who enforces the attendance als, potatoes, or any starch-yielding 
of a political party : a simple form of material. 

hoisting apparatus. — v. t. to strike with whisper, hwis'per, v. i. to speak with 

a lash: to drive or punish with lashes: a low sound: to speak very softly: to 

(coll.) to beat, outdo: to beat into a plot secretly. — v. t. to utter in a low 

froth, as eggs, cream, etc. : to keep to- voice or under the breath. — n. a low, 

gether, as a party: to fish with fly: to hissing voice or sound: cautious or 

overlay: to overcast, as a seam: to move timorous speaking: a secret hint: a low 

quickly, snatch (with up, away, out). — rustling sound. — ns. whis'perer; whis'- 

v. i. to move nimbly: to make a cast in pering, whispered talk: insinuation.- — 

fishing with fly : — pa. t. and pa. p. whipped, whist, hwist, a. hushed : silent. — v. i. 

whipt. — ns. whip'cord, cord for making to become silent. — inter j. hush! silence! 

whips; whip'-hand, the hand that holds be still! [Akin to hist!] 

the whip : advantage over ; whip'per-in, whist, hwist, n. a well-known game at 

one who keeps the hounds from wander- cards, played with the whole pack, by 

ing: one who enforces the discipline of two against two. 

a party; whip'per-snap'per, a preten- whistle, hwis'l, v. i. to make a shrill 

tious but insignificant person ; whip'ping- sound by forcing the breath through the 

post, a post to which offenders are tied lips contracted : to make a like sound 

to be whipped: the punishment itself; with an instrument: to sound shrill. — 

whip'-saw, a saw usually set in a frame, v. t. to form or utter by whistling : to 

for dividing timber lengthwise, and com- call by a whistle. — n. the sound made in 

monly worked by two persons. — v. t. to whistling: a small wind instrument: an 



554 whit fate, far; me, her; mine; wig 

instrument sounded by escaping steam, cough, an infectious and epidemic dis- 
used for signaling on locomotives, ease, mostly attacking children, 
steamships, etc. whop, whap, hwop, v. t. {coll.) to 

whit, hwit, n. the smallest particle im- whip.— n. whop'per, one who whops : 

aginable : a bit. anything very large, esp. a monstrous 

white, hwit, a. of the color of pure lie -— a - whop'ping (slang), very large, 

snow: pale, pallid: colorless: pure: un- whorl, hworl, n a number of leaves in 

blemished: purified from sin: bright: a circle round the stem: a turn in a 

burnished without ornament : transpar- spiral shell : a volution, as in the ear : 

ent and colorless, as of wine: gracious, the % o f a spindle.— p a. whorled. 

favorable: (coll) reliable, honest.— n. whortleberry hwor tl-ber-i n a 

the color of snow: anything white, as widely-spread plant with a purple edible 

a white man, the albuminous part of an beri T> called also the huckleberry. 

egg etc — v t to make white whose, hoz, pron. the possessive case 

whither, hwitt'er, adv. to what place? oi who or which.— pron. whosesoev'er 

to which place: to what: whithersoever. <-#•), oi whomsoever 

— adv. whithersoev'er,to whatever place. ™°s°» /° s ,°> A whosoever, ho-so- 

whitlow, hwit'lo, n. a painful inflam- ev e ?> w { e h rel , ^ ron ' A evei 7 ° ne w ^° ; 

matory affection of the fingers. wh ^ hwl ' adv ; and c ™\ for wh ? 

„„{ , .,, & , . . cause or reason? on which account: 

Whitsun hwit sun a. pertaining to or wherefore ._^ r y. use d as an expletive 

observed at Whitsuntide— ns. Whit sun- Qr exc i amat i on 

day, Whit'suntide, the seventh Sunday wick wik ^ f {n cmV tQ stdke 

after Easter commemorating the day of (a stone) in an oWi direction> 

Pentecost, when the converts in the prim- wkk wik n< the twisted thfeads of 

itive Church wore white robes. CQtton or other substance in a cand]e or 

whittle, hwit 1, v. t. to pare or cut with lamp which draw up the inflammable 

a knife : to cut to an edge. — v. i. to cut ijq U i d to a flame 

wood^ aimlessly. ^ wicked, wik'ed, a. evil in principle or 

whiz, hwiz, v. i. to make a hissing prac tice: deviating from morality: sin- 
sound, like an arrow or ball flying f u i. ung odly: mischievous, 
through the air.— w. a hissing sound. w i c ker, wik'er, n. a small pliant twig 

who, ho, pron. (both rel. and inter- or osier : wickerwork.— a. made of twigs 

rog.) what person? which person.— pron. or osiers.—**, wick'erwork, basketwork. 

whoev'er, every one who. wicket, wik'et, n. a small gate : the 

whoa, hwo, inter j. stop! three upright rods bowled at in cricket. 

whole, hoi, a. sound, as in health (so wide, wid, a. extended far: having 

in B.) : unimpaired: containing the total a considerable distance between: broad: 

amount, number, etc. : all : not defective : distant : bulging, expanded : deviating, 

complete. — n. the entire thing : a system errant, wild. — advs. wide, widely. — v. t. 

or combination of parts. — adv. wholly, and v. i. wi'den, to make or grow wide 

— adjs. whole'-heart'ed, -souled, noble: or wider. — n. wide'ness, width. — a. 

hearty, generous. — ns. whole'ness; widespread, diffused. — n. width, wide- 

whole'sale, sale of goods by the whole ness, breadth. 

piece or large quantity. — a. buying and widow, wid'o, n. a woman who has 

selling in large quantities : extensive.— lost her husband by death. — v. t. to 

n. wholesaler, one who sells by whole- bereave of a husband. — ns. wid'ower, a 

sale. — a. whole'some, healthy : sound : man whose wife is dead ; wid'owhood. 

salutary. — adv. whole'somely. — n. wield, weld, v. t. to use with full 

whole'someness. — adv. wholly (ho'li), command: to manage: to use. — ns. 

whom, horn, pron. objective case of wiel'der, wiel'diness. — a. wiel'dy, ca- 

who. — prons. whomev'er, whomsoev'er, pable of being wielded: manageable, 

objective case of whoever, whosoever. wife, wif, n. a married woman: an 

whoop, hop, n. a loud eager cry.— v.i adult female: the mistress of a house, 

to give a clear, sharp cry: to shout in a hostess, as in 'housewife', 'goodwife'. 

scorn, eagerness, etc. — v. t. to insult with wig, wig, n. an artificial covering of 

shouts. — ns. whoop'er; whoop'ing- hair for the head. [Short for periwig.] 



wig 



mote, move; mute; then. 



wind 555 




wig, wig, v. t. (coll) to scold. — n. 
wig'ging, a scolding. 

wiggle, wig'l, v. i. to wriggle. — n. a 
wiggling motion. — n. wigg'ler, one who 
wriggles: the aquatic larva or pupa of 
certain insects, as the mosquito. 

wight, wit, 11. a creature or a person 
— used chiefly in sport or irony. 

wigwag, wig'wag, v. i. to twist about, 
to signal by means of flags. — a. twist- 
ing. — adv. to and fro. 

wigwam, wig'wawm, n. an Indian hut 
[Eng. corr. of Indian 
words.] 

wild, wild, a. frolic- 
some, light-hearted : 
being in a state of 
nature; not tamed or 
cultivated : uncivil- 
ized : desert : unshel- 
tered : violent : eager, 
keen : licentious : fan- Wigwam, 

tastic: wide of the mark. — n. an unculti- 
vated region : a forest or desert. — n. 
wild'cat, the undomesticated cat: the 
lynx. — a. haphazard, reckless, unsound 
financially. — v. i. (coll.) to travel at 
random. — n. wil'derness, a wild or waste 
place : an uncultivated region. 

wile, wil, n. a trick: a sly artifice. — 
v. t. to beguile, inveigle: coax, cajole. 

will, wil, n. power of choosing or de- 
termining: volition: choice or determina- 
tion : pleasure : command : arbitrary dis- 
posal : feeling towards, as in good or ill 
will : disposition of one's effects at death, 
the written document containing such. — ■ 
v. i. to have a wish, desire : to resolve, 
be resolved: to be accustomed, certain, 
ready, or sure (to do, etc.) — used as an 
auxiliary, esp. in future senses : to exer- 
cise the will: to decree: (B.) to be will- 
ing. — v. t. to wish, desire : to determine : 
to be resolved to do : to command : to 
dispose of by will : — pa. t. would. — a. 
wil'ful, governed only by one's will : 
done or suffered by design: obstinate. — 
adv. wil'fully. — n. wilfulness. — a. will'- 
ing, having the will inclined to a thing: 
desirous: disposed: chosen. 

will-o'-the-wisp, wil'-o-the-wisp', n. 
the ignis-fatuus : any deluding person 
or thing. 

willow, wil'o, n. any tree or shrub of 
the genus Salix, having slender, pliant 
branches: the wood of the willow. — a. 




will'owy, abounding in willows: flex- 
ible, graceful. 

willy-nilly, wil'i-nil'i, adv. willing or 
unwilling. — a. vacillating. 

wilt, wilt, v. i. to droop, lose energy. 
— v.t. to render limp or pithless. 

wilt, wilt, 2d pers. sing, of will. 

wily, wi'li, a. full of wiles or tricks : 
using craft or stratagem: artful: sly. — 
adv. wi'lily. — n. wi'liness, cunning. 

wimble, wim'bl, n. an instrument for 
boring holes, turned by a handle. 

wimple, wim'pl, n. a hood or veil 
folded round the neck 
and face (still a part of 
a nun's dress). [A. S. 
wimpel, a neck-cover- 
ing; cf. Ger. wimpel, 
a pennon, Fr. guimpe, 
a nun's veil] 

win, win, v. t. to get 
by labor: to gain in 
contest: to allure to Wimple, 

kindness, to gain : to achieve, effect : to 
attain : to induce : to obtain the favor of. 
— v. i. to gain the victory : to gain favor : 
to make one's way, to succeed in getting : 
— pa. t. and pa. p. won (wun). — n. a 
victory, success. — ns. win'ner; win'ning, 
the act of one who wins : that which is 
won (usually in pi.).— a. influencing: at- 
tractive. — adv. win'ningly. 

wince, wins, v. i, to shrink or start 
back: to be affected acutely, as by a 
sarcasm : to be restive, as a horse. 

wincey, winsey, win'si, n. a cloth, 
plain or twilled, usually with a cotton 
warp and woolen filling — linsey-woolsey. 

winch, winsh, n. the crank of a wheel 
or axle: a kind of 
hoisting machine. 
[A. S. wince, prob. 
o r i g. 'a bent 
handle'.] 

wind, wind (poet. 
wind), n. air in 
motion : breath: 
flatulence : any- 
thing insignificant: 
the wind instruments in an orchestra : a 
hint or suggestion of something secret, 
publicity.— v. t. (wind) to sound or sig- 
nal by blowing: (wind) to scent: to 
expose to the wind: to drive hard, so 
as to put out of breath: to allow to 
recover wind: — pr. p. wind'ing and 
winding;' pa. p. wind'ed and wound. — 




Winch. 



556 wind fate, far; mg, her; mine; wise 

ns. wind'age, the difference between the v. i. to soar on the wing. — a. winged, 
size of the bore of a gun and that of furnished with wings: swift: wounded 
the ball or shell : the influence of the in the wing. 

wind in deflecting a missile; wind'bag, wink, wingk, v. i. to move the eyelids 
a person of mere words: a blusterer; quickly: to give a hint by winking: to 
wind'fall, fruit blown off a tree by seem not to see, connive at (gener. with 
the wind: any unexpected gain.— adv. a t) : to flicker, twinkle, sparkle.— v. t. to 
wind'ily.— ns. wind'iness; wind'mill, a close and open quickly.— n. act of wink- 
mill in which the motive-power is the ing: a hint given by winking, 
force of the wind acting on a set of winning, win'ing, a. and n. See win. 
blades or sails ; wmd'pipe, the passage w i nn ow, win'o, v. t. to separate the 
for the breath between the mouth and chaff from ( gra i n ) b y wind: to fan: to 
lungs the trachea; wind row, a row of examine: to sift: to blow upon, 
hay raked together to be made into cocks, wins w i n 'sum, a. cheerful : pleas- 

etc.-o^. windward, toward where the aflt . att ractive.-aJz/. win'somely. 
wind blows from. — a. toward the wind. „.:_+-,. „ T :„' fS ^ M ft, ^\a ,L,™ ~t 
~n. the point from which the wind ., J "l^ ™ \Z\1 h / cold season of 
blows-. P wind'y . ^^ ^™as fthe^me^T 

toTo^oTul ^W^SS t0 «> t0 d6tai ' dUdng Winten 11 
to encircle.-*;, i. to turn completely or ""^ ^VV? mmiI l g ' a 1 SmaU 
often: to turn round something: to ventilating _ shaft between two levels. 
twist: to move spirally: to meander: to , wl P e > W1 P> *•*• to c lean , by rubbing 
beat about the bush:— pa. t. and pa. p. ( Wlth away, off, out) : cleanse, clear 
wound.-^. wind'ing, curving, full of awa £ : (coU.) to beat.— ». act of clean- 
bends: twisted.— n. a turning: a twist. m & bv rubbing: a blow: a scar. 

windlass, wind'las, n. a modification wire, wir, n. a thread of metal: the metal 
of the wheel and axle, used for raising thread used in telegraphy, etc. : the string 
weights, consisting of a revolving cylin- of an instrument: a telegram or the 
d en telegraph system. — a. formed of wire. — 

windlass, wind'las, n. (Shak.) in- v. t. to bind, snare, or supply with wire : 
direct, crafty action.— v. I to take a to kee P the end s of a broken bone to- 
roundabout course. gether with wire : to send by telegraph. 

window, win'do, n. an opening in the —*>• *■ to telegraph.— v. t. wire'draw, to 
wall of a building for air and light: the draw into wire: to draw or spin out to 
frame or sash in the opening.— v. t. to a great length: to strain or stretch the 
furnish with windows. meaning of anything.— ns. wire drawer, 

wine, win, n. the fermented juice of wire'drawing.— a. wireless, carried on 
the grape : a liquor made from other or transmitted without the aid of wires- 
fruits : (%) intoxication.— ns. wine'- designating a system of telegraphy, as 
grow'er, one who cultivates a vineyard that invented by Marconi, in which com- 
and makes wine ; wine'-meas'ure, an old numication between distant points is 
English liquid measure, its gallon f effected by the generation or reception of 
of the gallon in beer-measure, contain- ether (Hertzian) waves or vibrations, 
ing 231 cubic inches — the standard intelligible signals being exchanged by 
United States gallon. the ordinary Morse key, sounder and 

"wing, wing, n. the organ of a bird, alphabet. Secrecy of the messages is 
animal, or insect by which it flies : flight, secured by having the receiver syntonized 
means of flying: anything resembling a or tuned to the transmitter.— nj. wire - 
wing, any side-piece, the side of a build- pull'er, one who exercises an influence 
ing, etc.: the flank corps or division of felt but not seen: an intriguer; wire - 
an army on either side: (fig.) protec- pull'ing.— adv. wi'rily.— n. wi'riness, the 
tion— v. t. to furnish or transport with state of being wiry.— a. wi'ry, made of 
wings : to lend speed to : to supply with or like wire : flexible and strong. r 
side-pieces : to bear in flight, to traverse wisdom, wiz'dum, n. quality of being 
by flying: to wound on the wing, to wise : judgment : right use of knowledge . 
wound a person in arm or shoulder.— wise, wiz, a. having wit or knowledge : 



wise mote, move; mute; then. wolf 55T 

able to make use of knowledge well: respect of, in the regard of: like: by, 

judging rightly: discreet: learned. by means of, through: showing, using: 

wise, wiz, n. way, manner. — in any from. — adv. withal', with all or the rest: 

wise, in no wise, in any way, in no way. likewise : moreover. — prep, an emphatic 

wiseacre, wi'za-ker, n. one who pre- form of with. — with that, thereupon, 

tends to wisdom without reason. withdraw, wi//i-draw', v. t. to draw 

wish, wish, v. i. to have a desire: to back or away: to take back: to recall. 
be inclined. — v. t. to desire or long for : — v. i. to retire : to go away. 
to ask: to invoke. — n. desire, longing: withe, with, withy, with'y, n. a flex- 
thing desired: expression of desire. — n. ible twig, esp. of willow: a band of 
wish'er. — n. wish'ful, having a wish or twisted twigs : a boom-iron. — a. with'y, 
desire : eager. — adv. wish'fully. made of withes : like withes, flexible. 

wishy-washy, wish'i-wosh'i, a. thin wither, with'er, v. i. to fade or be- 

and weak, diluted, feeble. come dry : to lose freshness : to shrink : 

wisp, wisp, n. a small bundle of straw waste. — v. t. to cause to dry up : to cause 

or hay : a small broom : will-o'-the-wisp, to decay, perish, waste. — adjs. with'ered, 

wist, wist, v. pa. t. (B.) knew. dried up; with'ering, blasting, blighting. 

wistful, wist'fool, a. hushed: full of withers, with'erz, n. pi. the ridge be- 
thought: thoughtful: earnest: eager, tween the shoulder-bones of a horse. 

wit, wit, v. i. to know: — pr. t. ist withhold, wif/i-hold', v. t. to hold 

pers. sing, wot; 2d, wost; 3d, wot back: to keep back. — v. i. to stay back: 

(erroneously wot'teth) — pi. ist, 2d, 3d, — pa. t and pa. p. withheld', 

wot; pa. t. wist; pr. p. wit'ting, weet'- within, wi^/z-in', prep, in the inner 

ing (erroneously wot'ting) ; pa. p. wist, part : inside : in the reach of : not going 

— to wit, that is to say. outside of. — adv. in the inner part: in- 

wit, wit, n. understanding : a mental wardly : at home, 

faculty (chiefly in pi.) : the power of without, wi^-owt', prep, outside or 

combining ideas with a ludicrous effect, out of : beyond : not with : in absence of : 

the result of this power: ingenuity. — a. not having: except: all but. — adv. on 

wit'less, wanting wit or understanding: the outside: out of doors.— conj. except, 

thoughtless. — adv. wit'lessly. — ns. wit'- withstand, wi^-stand', v. t. to stand 

lessness; witticism (wit'i-sizm), a against: to oppose or resist: — pa. t. and 

witty remark: a sentence or phrase af- pa. p. withstood'. 

fectedly witty. — adv. wit'tily. — n. wit'ti- witness, wit'nes, n. knowledge brought 

ness. — adv. wit'tingly, knowingly : by in proof : testimony of a fact : that which 

design. — a. wit'ty, possessed of wit. furnishes proof: one who sees or has 

wit, wit, n. a person of understand- personal knowledge of a thing : one who 

ing or judgment, esp. one who has a attests. — v. t. to have direct knowledge 

keen perception of the ludicrous and can of : to see : to give testimony to : to show, 

express it neatly : a humorist. — v. i. to give evidence. 

witch, wich,w. a woman regarded as hav- wives, wivz, pi. of wife. 

ing supernatural power through compact wizard, wiz'erd, n. one who practises 

with the devil or some minor evil spirit: witchcraft or magic. — n. wiz'ardry. 

a hag, crone: (coll.) a fascinating young wizen, wiz'n, wizened, wiz'nd, a. 

girl. — ns. witch'craft, the craft or prac- dried up : thin : shriveled. — v. i. and v. t. 

tice of witches : the black art, sorcery : to become dry, to make dry. 

supernatural power; witch'ery, witch- wobble, wobbler, wobbling. See 

craft : fascination. — a. witch'ing, weird : wabble. 

fascinating. — adv. witch'ingly. woe, wo, wo, n. grief : misery : a 

witch-hazel, wich'-ha'zel, n. a North heavy calamity: a curse: an exclamation 

American shrub, Hamamelis Virginiana, oi grief. — adjs. woe'begone, wo'begone, 

also a useful medicinal extract prepared beset with woe ; woe'ful, wo'ful, sorrow- 

from its bark and leaves. ful : bringing calamity : wretched. 

with, wi^, prep, denoting nearness, wold, wold, n. an open tract of 

agreement, or connection : by : in com- country. 

petition or contrast : on the side of : im- wolf, woolf, n. the common name oi 

mediately after: among: possessing: in certain species of the genus Canis — in- 



558 woman fate, far; me, her; mine; work 

eluding the ravenous common gray wolf, snipes, but larger; wood'eraft, skill in 
Canis lupus, the timber-wolf, and the the chase or anything pertaining to for- 
prairie wolf or coyote : anything very ests, forestry generally ; wood'eut, an 
ravenous : a greedy and cunning person : engraving cut on wood : an impression 
— pi. wolves. — a. wol'fish, like a wolf from it. — adjs. wood'ed, supplied with 
either in form or quality : rapacious. — wood : covered with wood ; wood'en, 
adv. wol'fishly. — n. wolf V-bane, aconite, made of wood : hard : dull, insensible : 
woman, woom'an, n. the female of heavy, stupid: clumsy, without grace or 
man, an adult female of the human race : spirit. — adv. wood'enly. — ns. wood'en- 
the female sex, women collectively : a ness, wooden quality : want of spirit or 
female attendant : — pi. women (wim'en). expression, clumsiness; wood'iness, the 
— n. wom'anhood, the state, character, state or quality of being woody; wood'- 
or qualities of a woman. — a. wom'anish, land, land covered with wood; wood'- 
having the qualities of a woman: fern- man, a man who cuts down trees: a 
inine. — adv. wom'anishly. — ns. wom'an- forest officer; wood'pecker, one of a 
ishne^s; wom'ankind, wom'enkind, family (Picidte) of birds remarkable for 
women taken together: the female sex; making holes in trees with their heavy 
wom'anliness. — a. wom'anly, like or be- bills, in search of insects and grubs ; 
coming a woman : feminine. — adv. in the wood'-pulp, wood-fiber reduced to a 
manner of a woman. pulp, used in making paper; wood'- 

womb, worn, n. the uterus, the organ shed, a shed for storing firewood, etc. ; 
iu which the young of mammals are woods'man, a woodman; wood'work, a 
developed and kept till birth : the place part of any structure made of wood. — a. 
where anything is produced: any deep wood'y, abounding with woods: per- 
cavity. taining to woods: consisting of wood. 

won, wun, pa. t. and pa. p. ol win. woodchuck, wood'ehuk, n. the mar- 

wonder, wun'der, n. the state of mind mot or ground-hog. 
produced by something new, unexpected, woof, woof, n. same as weft. 
or extraordinary: a strange thing: a wooingly, wo'ing-li, adv. in a wooing 
prodigy. — v. i. to feel wonder: to be or persuasive manner. [Woo.] 
Umazed (with at) : to speculate expect- wool, wool, n. the soft, curly hair of 
antly. — a. won'derful, full of wonder : sheep and other animals : short, thick 
exciting wonder: strange. — adv. won'- hair: any light, fleecy substance resem- 
derfully. — ns. won'derfulness, won'der- bling wool. — ns. wool'-card'ing, the 
ing. — adv. won'deringly, with wonder, process of separating the fibers of wool 
— ns. won'derland, a land of wonders ; preparatory to spinning ; wool'-gath'er- 
won'derment, surprise. — a. won'drous, ing, indulgence of idle fancies. — a, 
such as may excite wonder: strange.— dreamy: listless. — a. wool'en, wool'len, 
adv. won'drously. — n. won'drousness.— made of or pertaining to wool: clad in 
nine days' wonder, something that aston- wool, rustic. — n. cloth made of wool. — n. 
ishes everybody for the moment, wool'liness. — a. woolly, consisting 

wont, wunt, a. used or accustomed. — of or like wool : clothed with wool. 
n. habit. — v. i. to be accustomed. — a. word, werd, n. an oral or written sign 
won'ted, accustomed: usual. expressing an idea or notion: talk, dis- 

won't, wont, will not. course : signal or sign : message : prom- 

woo, wo, v. t. to court: to solicit ise : declaration: a password, a watch- 
eagerly, to seek. — v. i. to court or make word, a war-cry: the Holy Scripture, 
love: to ask. — ns. woo'er, woo'ing. or a part of it: (pi.) verbal contention. 

wood, wood, n. the solid part of trees : — v. t. to express in words. — n. word'- 
trees cut or sawed : lumber, timber : a book, a book with a collection of words : 
collection of growing trees: the cask a dictionary. — adv. wor'dily. — ns. wor'- 
or barrel, as distinguished from the bot- diness; wor'ding, act, manner, or style 
tie. — v. t. to supply with wood. — ns. of expressing in words. — a. _ wor'dy, 
wood'bine, wood'bind, the honeysuckle, full of words : using or containing many 
applied also to other climbers, such as words. — word for word, literally, 
some kinds of ivy, the Virginia-creeper, wore, wor, pa. t. of wear. 
etc.; wood'eock, a bird allied to the work, werk, n. effort directed to an 



world mote, move; mute; then. worth 559 

end: employment; the result of work: worms: old: worn-out; worm'-gear, a 
that on which one works : anything made gear-wheel made to revolve by an end- 
or done : needlework : deed : effect : a less screw ; wor'my, like a worm : grov- 
literary composition : a book : manage- eling : containing a worm : abounding 
ment : — (pi., fort.) walls, trenches, etc.: with worms. 

a manufactory, workshop, place of work : j wormwood, werm'wood, n. the bitter 
mechanism — e. g. of a watch. — v. i. to plant Artemisia absinthium: bitterness. 
make efforts to attain anything : to per- worn, worn, pa. p. of wear. 
form : to be in action : to be occupied worn-out, worn'-owt, a. much in- 
in business or labor: to produce effects, jured or rendered useless by wear: 
to make progress with difficulty, to strain wearied: past, gone, 
or labor : to ferment : to be agitated, to worry, wur'i, v. t. to tear with the 
seethe : to labor with the needle. — v. t. teeth : to harass : to tease. — v. i. to 
to make by labor : to bring into any trouble oneself : to be unduly anxious : 
state by action: to effect: to carry on to fret: — pa. t. and pa. p. worr'ied. — n. 
operations in : to put in motion : to act of worrying : trouble, perplexity, vex- 
purge : to influence : to manage : to solve : ation. — n. worr'ier, one who worries 
to achieve : to cause to ferment : to pro- himself or others. — a. worr'isome, caus- 
voke, agitate : to keep employed : to em- ing trouble. 

broider, etc. : — pa. t. and pa. p. worked or worse, wers, a. (used as comp. of 
wrought (rawt). — ns: workabil'ity; bad) bad or evil in a greater degree: 
work'ingman, a man who works or more sick. — adv. bad in a higher degree . 
labors, esp* manually : a skilful artificer. worship, wer'ship, n. religious service : 
— a. work'manlike, becoming a skilful fervent esteem: adoration paid to God: 
workman : well performed. — ns. work'- a title of honor in addressing certain 
manship, the skill of a workman: magistrates, etc.: submissive respect. — 
manner of making : work done ; work'- v. t. to respect highly : to treat with civil 
room, a room for working in; reverence: to pay divine honors to: to 
work'shop, a shop where work is done, adore or idolize. — v. i. to perform acts 

world, werld, n. the earth and its in- of adoration: to perform religious serv- 
habitants : the system of things : present ice. — a. wor'shipful, worthy of worship 
state of existence: a planet: public life or honor, used as a term of respect. 
or society : an organic whole : business : worst, werst, a. bad or evil in the 
the public : a secular life : course of life : highest degree. — adv. to a very bad or 
a very large extent of country, as the very evil degree. — n. the highest degree 
'New World' : very much or a great of badness : the most evil state. — v. t. to 
deal. — ns. world'liness; worldlinar, one get the advantage over in a contest: 
who is devoted to worldly or temporal worsted, woost'ed, n. twisted thread 
possessions. — adjs. worldly, pertaining or yarn spun out of long, combed wool . 
to the present world : devoted to this wort, wert, n. a plant of the cabbage 
life and its enjoyments: bent on gain — ■ kind. 

also adv.; world'-wide, wide or exten- wort, wert, n. new beer unfermented 
sive as the world. or in the act of fermentation. 

worm, werm, n. the earthworm, a worth, werth, n. value : possessions : 
grub, a maggot: any invertebrate animal that quality ,/hich renders a thing val- 
resembling the earthworm in appear- uable : price : moral excellence : impor- 
ance : anything spiral : the thread of a tance. — a. equal in value to : having 
screw : a spiral pipe surrounded by cold a certain moral value : deserving of. — 
water into which steam or vapors pass adv. worthily (th), in a worthy man- 
for condensation in distilling: a debased ner: justly: truly. — n. worthiness (th). 
being, a groveler : (pi.) any intestinal — a. worthless, of no worth or value: 
disease arising from the presence of having no value, virtue, excellence, etc. : 
wormlike parasites. — v. i. to move like useless. — adv. worthlessly. — n. worth'- 
a worm, to squirm: to work slowly or lessness. — a. worthy (wer'thi), having 
secretly. — v. t. to effect by slow and worth: valuable: deserving: suited to. — 
secret means : to elicit by underhand n. a man of eminent worth : a local 
means. — adjs. worm'-eat'en, eaten by celebrity: — pi. wor'thies. 



560 wot fate, far; me, her; mine; write 

wot, wot, wotteth, wot'eth, v. t. (B.) with a twist: to force by violence: to 
pr. t. of obsolete wit, to know. sprain. — v. i. to undergo a violent 

would, wood, pa. t. of will. — a. would'- wrenching. — n. a violent twist : a sprain : 
be, aspiring, trying, or merely professing an instrument for turning bolts, etc. 
to be.— n. a vain pretender. wrest, rest, v. t. to twist from by 

wound, wownd, pa. t. and pa. p. of force: to twist from truth or from its 
wind. natural meaning. 

wound, wond, n. any division of soft wrestle, res'l, v. i. to contend by grap- 
parts, including the skin, produced by p ij ng an d try i ng t0 throw an opponent 
external mechanical force— whether in- down: to struggle: to apply oneself 
cised, punctured, contused, lacerated, or keenly.— v. t. to contend with in wrest- 
poisoned: any cut, bruise, hurt, or injury. \[ ng .—n. a bout at wrestling: a struggle. 
-v. t. to make a wound in: to injure wretc h, rech, n. a most miserable per- 

wove, woven, pa. t. and pa. p. of son . one sunk in vice . a worth i ess per - 
weave. son. — a. wretch'ed, very miserable : 

wrack, rack, rak, n. a term loosely d i str essingly bad: despicable: worthless, 
given to various seaweeds: shipwreck. wri x r{% . ^ and f 

wraith rath, n a specter: an appan- tQ « sinuously: to use crooked 
tion in the exact likeness of a person means ^ t to cal / se to wrigg l e .-n. the 
seen before or soon after his death. motion of wrigg lmg.-n. wrigg'ler. 

wrangle, rang gl, v. i. to make a dis- . ,. -, 1 / r- a j 

turbancf: to dispute: to dispute noisily . wn S ht > n > n - a maker (chiefly used 
or peevishly.-n. a noisy dispute. m compounds, as shipwright 

wrap, rap, 'v. t. to roll or fold to- , wnn S> » n & v : '■. t0 twls V to force ' or 
gether: to enfold: to hide: to cover by force out > by twisting : to force or corn- 
winding something round (often with P^ e . ss : to .pain: to extort: to bend out 
up).-n. a wrapper, as a shawl, etc-* of lts P 051 ^ 011 /-^/ l ' to wnthe: to . tw i st: 
wrap'per, one who or that which wraps . —P a - . \ f nd P\P- wrung.-n. wring er. 

wrath, rath, n. violent anger: holy in- wrinkle, nngkl, n.^ a small ridge on a 
dignation: heat— a. violently angry.— a. surface caused by twisting or shrinking: 
wrath'ful, full of wrath: very angry: unevenness.— v. t. to contract into wrin- 
springing from or expressing wrath.— kles or furrows : to make rough, 
acfo.wrath'fuliy.— n. wrath'fulness.— adv. wrist, nst, n. the joint by which the 
wrath'ily.— a. wrath'y, very angry. hand is united to the arm.— ns. wrist'- 

wreak, rek, v. t. to inflict : to avenge, band, the band or part of a sleeve which 

wreath, reth, n. a chaplet : a garland : covers the wrist ; wristlet, an elastic 
anything long and circular.— v. t. band used to confine the upper part of a 
wreathe (reth), to form by twisting: to glove to the wrist: a bracelet, 
form into a wreath: to twine about or writ, rit, n. a writing: (law) a writ- 
encircle. — v. i. to be interwoven. ten document by which one is summoned 

wreck, rek,'n. destruction: destruction or required to do something: a formal 
of a ship : ruins of a destroyed ship : re- document, any writing.— Holy Writ, 
mains of anything ruined: wrecked prop- the Scriptures. 

erty— v. t. to destroy or disable : to ruin : write, rit, v. t. to form letters with a 
to tear down. — v. i. to suffer wreck or pen or pencil: to express in writing: to 
ruin. — ns. wreck'age, the act of wreck- compose : to engrave : to record : to com- 
ing: wrecked material; wreck'er, a per- municate by. letter. — v. i. to perform the 
son who purposely causes a wreck or act of writing: to compose books: to 
who plunders wreckage: one who lures send letters: to practise the art of writ- 
a ship ashore for purposes of plunder: ing: to work as an author: to compose 
one who criminally ruins anything: a a letter:— pr. p. wri'ting; pa. t. wrote; 
person employed by the owners in re- pa. p. writ'ten. — ns. wri'ter, one who 
covering disabled vessels or their cargo : writes : a professional scribe or clerk : 
one employed to tear down buildings, an author; wri'ting, the forming let- 
wren, ren, n. a small bird, genus Trog- ters with a pen or pencil : that which is 
lodytes. written: literary production. — a. writ'- 

wrench, rensh, v. t. to wring or pull ten, reduced to writing— opposed to 



writhe 



mote, move; mute; then. xylopyrography 



561 



oral. — write off, to cancel by an entry 
on the opposite side of the account; 
write out, to transcribe : to exhaust one's 
mental capacity by too much writing; 
write up, to put a full description of in 
writing: to praise something in writing 
above its merits. 

writhe, rlth, v. t. to turn to and fro: 
to twist violently: to wrest. — v. i. to 
twist. — adv. wri'thingly. 

wrong, rong, a. not according to rule 
or right, deviating from what is correct 
or suitable: perverse: not fit or suitable: 
incorrect : not right or true. — n. what- 
ever is not right or just: any injury 



done to another : an erroneous view. — < 
adv. not rightly. — v. t. to do wrong to: 
to deprive of some right: to injure. — a. 
wrong'ful, wrong: unjust: injurious. — 
adv. wrong'fully. — n. wrongfulness. — 
adv. wrong'ly, in a wrong manner. 

wrote, rot, pa. t. of write. 

wroth, rawth, a. wrathful. 

wrought, rawt, pa. t. and pa. p. of 
work. 

wrung, rung, pa. t. and pa. p. of 

wring. 

^ wry, ri, a. twisted or turned to one 

side: not in the right direction. — v. t. 

to give a twist to, pervert. — adv. wry'ly. 



[fsjfl x, eks, the twenty-fourth letter 
\w*M\ in our alphabet, having in modern 
lEUI English the value of ks — except 
at the beginning of a word, where 
it is pronounced like z. — X-rays, the 
name given by Rontgen of Wiirzburg in 
1895 to those dark or invisible rays 
emitted, under the influence of an elec- 
tric current, from a glass-bulb highly 
exhausted of air through an aluminium 
window into a close box, and which 
when passed through the hand or other 
part of the body imprint a _ shadow- 
picture of the bones on a sensitive pho- 
tographic plate — a discovery of high 
value in surgery, enabling a bullet, etc., 
embedded in the flesh to be carefully 
localized. (See also under ^ ray.) 

Xanthochroi, zan-thok'roi, n. pi. one 
of the five groups of men, as _ classified 
by Huxley, comprising the fair whites. 

xanthophyll, zan'tho-fil, n. any one 
of certain yellow pigments contained in 
leaves. 

xanthous, zan'thus, a. yellow. 

Xantippe, zan-tip'e, n. a scold, shrew. 
[From the wife of Socrates.] 

xebee, ze'bek, n. a small three-masted 
vessel much used by 
the former corsairs of 
Algiers. [Sp., — Turk. 
sumbaki.] 

xenial, ze'ni-al, a. 
of or belonging to 
hospitality. [Gr. xenos, 
a guest.] 

xenogamy, zen-og'- 
a-mi, n. (bot.) cross- 
fertilization., Xebec. 
96 




xenomania, zen-6-ma ni-a, n. an in- 
ordinate attachment to things foreign. 

xenomorphic, zen-6-mor'fik, a. not 
having its own proper form, but an ir- 
regular shape impressed by adjacent 
minerals. 

xenon, zen'on, n. a rare gaseous 
element found in the atmosphere. 

xerasia, ze-ra'si-a, n. a morbid dry- 
ness of the hair. — Also xero'sis. 

xerophagy, ze-rof'a-ji, n. the habit of 
living on dry food. 

xerophilous, ze-rof'i-lus, a. (bot.) 
loving dryness. 

xerostomia, ze-ro-sto'mi-a, n. ab- 
normal dryness of the mouth. 

X-rays. See under X. 

xylem, zl'lem, n. the woody part of 
vegetable tissue — opposed to the phloem, 
or bast part. 

xylocarp, zi'lo-karp, n. a hard and 
woody fruit. — a. xylocar'pous. 

xylography, zi-log'ra-fi, n. the art of 
engraving on wood. — n. xyTograph, an 
impression or print from a wood block. 

xyloidine, zT-loi'din, n. an explosive 
prepared from starch or wood fiber. 

xylonite, zi'lo-nit, n. a kind of cellu- 
loid. [Gr. xylon, wood.] 

xylophagous, zi-lof'a-gus, a. wood- 
eating. 

xylophone, zi'lo-fon, n. a musical in- 
strument consisting of a graduated series 
of wooden bars, which are struck by 
small mallets. 

xylopyrography, zi-lo-pl-rog'ra-fi, n. 
the art or process of producing a picture 



I 



562 xyst 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



yea 



on wood, etc., by burning with a hot xyster, zis'ter, n. a surgeon's instru- 

iron. ment for scraping bones. 

xyst, zist, n. an ancient covered por- xystos, zis'tos, n. in surgery, scraped 

tico used by athletes for their exercises, lint. 



Irrj y, wi, the twenty-fifth letter of 
IE (3 1 our a ^phabet, in modern English 
IEJhI bofa a consonant and a vowel. 

yacht, yot, n. a sailing or steam 
vessel, fitted up for pleasure trips or 
racing, or as a vessel of state. — v. i. to 
sail in a yacht. — ns. yacht'ing, sailing 
in a yacht; yachts'man, one who keeps 
or sails a yacht; yachts'manship. 




Yacht. 

yahoo, ya-ho', n. a despicable char- 
acter. 

yak, yak, n. a species of ox found in 
Tibet, covered with a thick coat of long 
silky hair. [Tibetan.] 

yam, yam, n. a large root like the 
potato growing in tropical countries. 

yamun, yamen, ya'men, n. the head- 
quarters of a Chinese public depart- 
ment: official residence of a mandarin. 

yank, yangk, v. t. to carry, move with 
a sudden jerk (with out, over). — n. a 
sudden jerk or pull. 

Yankee, yang'ke, n. (in the U. S.) 
a citizen of the New England States : (in 
Europe) an inhabitant of the United 
States : a Northerner — also Yank (coll.). 

yap, yap, v. i. to yelp, bark constantly. 
— n. a yelp : a cur. 

yard, yard, n. a measure of 3 feet or 
36 inches : a long beam on a mast for 
spreading square sails. — ns. yard'arm, 
either half of a ship's yard (right or 
left) from the center to the end; yard'- 
stick, a stick 3 feet long, used as a 
measure. 



yard, yard, n. an inclosed place, esp. 
near a building, as 'back-yard', or where 
any special work is carried on, as 'brick- 
yard', 'navy-yard': a lawn or garden: a 
space for storing railroad-cars, for mak- 
ing up trains, etc. — often in pi. — v. t. to 
inclose in a yard. — ns. yard'man, one 
employed in a railway-yard in making 
up trains, etc.; yard'mas'ter, one who 
has charge of a railway-yard. 

yare, yar, a. ready: dexterous: quick: 
easily handled, manageable. — adv. yare'- 
ly (Shak.), promptly: dexterously. 

yarn, yarn, n. spun thread: one of 
the threads of a rope: a sailor's story 
(spun out to some length), a story gen- 
erally. — v. i. to tell stories. 

yarrow, yar'6, n. the plant milfoil. 

yashmak, yash'mak, n. the double 
veil worn by Moslem women in public. 

yataghan, yat'a-gan, n. a long Turk- 
ish dagger. [Turk.] 

yaw, yaw, v. i. to move unsteadily : 
(naut.) to deviate temporarily or to turn 
out of the line of her course, as a ship. 

yawl, yawl, n. a ship's small boat, 
with four or six 
oars : a sailing- 
boat with jigger 
and curtailed 
mainboom.[Dut. 
j'oL] 

yawn, yawn, 
v. i. to open the 
jaws involun- 
tarily from 
drowsiness : to Yawl, 

gape: to gape with astonishment. — n. the 
opening of the mouth from drowsiness. 
■ — a. yawn'ing, gaping: opening wide: 
drowsy. — Also n. the act of gaping. 

yaws, yaws, n. a tropical epidemic and 
contagious disease of the skin. 

yclept, i-klept', pa. p. (obs.) called. 

ye, ye, pron. the nom. pi. of the 26. 
person — in old English ye was always 
used as a nominative, and you as a dativa 
or accusative, as in the English Bible. 

yea, ya, adv. yes: verily. — n. an af 
firmative vote. 




yean mote, move; mute; f/*en. yoga 563 

yean, yen. v. t. to bring forth young, color. — n. a bright golden color. — v. t. to 
— n. yean'ling (Shak.), the young of a make yellow. — v. i. to become yellow. — 
sheep: a lamb. n. yell'ow-fe'ver, a pestilential con- 
year, yer, n. a period of time de- tagious fever of a continuous and special 
termined by the revolution of the earth type — also known as yellow jack. — a. 
in its orbit, and embracing the four yell'owish, somewhat yellow, 
seasons, popularly a period beginning yelp, yelp, v. i. to utter a sharp bark, 
with January I, and ending with Decern- — n. a sharp, quick cry or bark, 
ber 31, consisting of 365 days (excepting yen, yen, n. a Japanese gold or silver 
every fourth year, called 'leap-year', in coin, used as the monetary unit since 
which one day is added to February, 1871, and equivalent to about a dollar, 
making the number 366) : a space of yeoman, yo'man, n. in English history, 
twelve calendar months : (pi.) period of one of a class of small freeholders, 
life, esp. age or old age.— ns. year'book, forming the next grade below gentle- 
a book published annually containing men : any small farmer: an officer of 
fresh information on matters in regard the royal household: a member of the 
to which changes are continually taking yeomanry cavalry: in the U. S. navy, a 
place; year'ling, an animal a year old. petty officer in charge of stores.— a. yeo'- 
— a. a year old.— a. yearly, happening manly, of yeoman's rank: humble and 
every year: lasting a year.— adv. once honest.— a dv. stanchly, bravely.— n. yeo'- 
a year : from year to year.— year of manry, the collective body of yeomen : a 
grace, or of our Lord, date of the cavalry volunteer force in Great Britain 
Christian era. — astronomical year, the — yeoman's service, powerful aid. 
interval between one vernal equinox and yes , yes, adv. ay: a word of affirma- 
the next, or one complete mean apparent tion or consent 

circuit of # the ecliptic by the sun, or yes ter, yes'dr, a. relating to yester- 

mean motion through 360 of longitude day: last.— n. yes'terday, the day last 

—365 days 5 hours, 48 minutes, 497 past— adv. on the day last past.— ns. 

seconds— called, also the equinoctial, yes'ternight, the night last past; yes'- 

solar, or tropical year; ecclesiastical teryear, last year. — adv. yestreen' 

year, the year as arranged in the eccle- (Scot), last evening, contracted from 

siastical calendar, with saints days, yestereven 

festivals, etc.; Julian year, a period of t t ' adzK in addition: besides: at 

365^ days, thus causing an annual error the same time: to the nt time . 

of about 11 minutes— corrected by drop- hitherto . even . however.-*™/, never- 

pmg 10 days in 1582 under Pope the i ess . however 

Gregory XIII.— not adopted in England una tree of srenus Taxus 

till September 3, 1752, which became £ d ' di £ used oyer th n 8 orthern ts ' 

September 14; lunar year a period of f ^ w ieldi an d j w ^ od 

twelve lunar months or 3 54 days.-in also itg w0Q( j/ 

years, advanced mage. Yiddish, yid'ish, n. a strange corn- 
yearn yern, v. 1. to feel earnest de- d of co t Hebrew and 

sire: to feel uneasiness, as from longing andent Qr ovincial German spoken by 

or pity.-n. yearning, earnest desire, lower-class Jews. 

yeast,, yest, n. the froth of malt yield> gldf ^ t to resign . to grant: 

liquors m fermentation: the vegetable to give out . to prod uce : to allow.— v. i. 

growth to which fermentation is due, of to sub mit: to comply with: to give place. 

value in brewing, baking, etc.— v. 1. to _ 1U amount yielded : product.— a. yield'- 

ferment.-n. yeast mess. — a yeast y, ing inclined to give wa or com ply. 

like yeast: frothy, foamy: unsubstantial. yQ> y5) inUr - expressive of effortj etc> 

yelk. Same as yolk. — yo-ho, in order to call attention. 

yell, yel, v. i. to howl or cry out yodel, yodle, yo'dl, v. t. and v. i. tq 

with a sharp noise : to scream from pain sing, changing frequently from the ordi 

or terror.— v. t. to utter with a yell.— n. nary voice to falsetto and back again^ 

a sharp outcry. after the manner of the Tyrol. 

yellow, yel'o, a. of a bright gold yoga, yo'ga, n. a system of Hindu 



i 



564 yoke 



fate, far; me, her; mine 



zebra 



philosophy. — ns. yo'gi, a Hindu ascetic 
who practises the yoga system; yo'gism. 

yoke, yok, n. that which joins to- 
gether: the frame of wood joining oxen 
for drawing together : any similar frame, 
as one for carrying pails : a mark of 
servitude : slavery : a pair or couple. — ■ 
v. t. to put a yoke on: to join together: 
to enslave. — v. i. to be joined: to go 
along with. 

yokel, yo'kl, n. a country bumpkin. 

yolk, yok, yelk, yelk, n. the yellow 
part of an egg : the vitellus of a seed. 

yon, yon, yonder, yon'der, adv. at a 
distance within view. — a. being at a dis- 
tance within view. 

yore, yor, n. in old time. 

you, u, pron. 2d pers. pron. pi., but 
also used as singular. — pron. pi. you'-uns, 
a dialectic form for you, you ones. 

young, yung, a. not long born: in 
early life : in the first part of growth : 
vigorous: relating to youth: junior, the 
younger of two persons having the same 
name : inexperienced. — n. the offspring of 
animals. — n. young'ling, a young person 
or animal. — a. youthful, young. — adv. 
young'ly. — ns. young'ness; young'ster, 
a young person : a lad. 

younker, yung'ker, n. a young person. 



your, ur, pron. poss. of you: belong- 
ing to you. 

yours, urz, pron. poss. of you, not fol- 
lowed by a noun : used in many idio- 
matic senses, as e. g. *y° u and yours', 
your family, property, 'yours of yester- 
day', your letter, etc. 

yourself, ur-self, pron. your own self 
or person : — pi. yourselves'. 

youth, yoth, n. state of being young: 
early life : a young person : young 
persons taken together. — a. youth'ful, 
pertaining t j youth or early life : young : 
suitable to youth: fresh: buoyant. 

yowl, yowl, v. i. to cry mournfully, as 
a dog: to yell, bawl. — n. a distressed cry. 

ytterbium, i-ter'bi-um, n. an element 
found in gadolinite. 

yttrium, it'ri-um, n. a metal existing 
as a silicate in gadolinite. 

Yucca, yuk'a, n. a genus of plants, 
natives of Mexico, etc., some cultivated 
on account of the singularity and splen- 
dor of their appearance. 

yuga, yo'ga, n. one of the Hindu ages 
of the world. — Also yug. [Sans.] 

yulan, yo'lan, n. a beautiful Chinese 
magnolia, with large white fxowers. 

Yule, yool, n. the season or feast of 
Christmas. — n. Yule'tide. 



|grg| z, ze, or (in England) -zed, the 
Hr^l twenty-sixth and last letter in 
|fc£|| our alphabet — its sound a voiced 
sibilant, either a voiced s as in 
'zeal', or a voiced sh as in 'azure'. 

zabra, za'bra, n. a small vessel for- 
n. 4 rly used on the Spanish coast. [Sp.] 

zaffer, zaffre, zaf'er, n. impure oxid 
of cobalt. 

zamouse, za-mos', n. the short- 
horned buffalo of West Africa. 

zander, zan'der, n. the European pike- 
perch. [Ger.] 

zanella, za-nel'a, n. a mixed twilled 
fabric for covering umbrellas. 

zany, za'ni, n. a merry-andrew : a 
buffoon. — n. za'nyism. 

zaptieh, zap'ti-a, n. a Turkish police- 
man. 

zaratite, zar'a-tit, n. a hydrous car- 
bonate of nickel. 

zareba, za-re'ba, n. in the Soudan, a 



stockade, thorn-hedge, etc., against wild 
animals or enemies, a fortified camp gen- 
erally. 

zax, zaks, n. a slaters' hammer. — Also 
sax. 

Zea, ze'a, n. a monotypic genus of 
plants, including only corn or maize (Zea 
mays). [Gr.] 

zeal, zel, n. boiling or passionate 
ardor for anything: enthusiasm. — n. 
zealot (zel'ot), one full of zeal: an en- 
thusiast: a fanatic. — a. zealous (zel'-), 
full of zeal: warmly engaged or ardent 
in anything. — adv. zealously (zel'-). 

zebra, ze'bra, n. ~\ 
a generic name 
given to the group 
of striped animals 
of the genus Equus, 
peculiar to Africa. 
— a. ze'brine, like 
the zebra. Port, 
— Afr.] Zebra. 




\ 



zebu mote, move; mute; then. zollverein 565 

zebu, ze'bti, n. the humped do- from side to side. — v. t. to form with 

mestic ox of India. 4l^ short turns.— adv. with frequent sharp 

[Origin obscure.] fi&S^Bb^^^*. turns — also zig'zaggy. 

zed, zed, n. Eng- **(vlB zillah, zil'a, n. the technical name for 



lish name of the 13I^B"3j^Vl tne administrative districts into which 

letter Z. ^tr^B^J British India is divided. [Ar.] 

zedoary, zed'6- ^^^J^^*-^yi_' zinc, zingk, n. a. bluish-white metal, 

a-ri, n. certain SS^igillliP^ breaking with a crystalline fracture. — n. 
species of curcuma, ^^IlilfiPrS^ii, zinc'-blende, sphalerite, native sulphate 
natives of India, Zebu of zinc. — a. zinkif'erous, containing or 

China, etc., whose producing zinc. — ns. zinc'ite, a native 

root-stalks (rhizomes) are aromatic, oxid of zinc ; zinkifica'tion. — a. zinc'ous, 
bitter, pungent, tonic and sudorific. pertaining to zinc. 

Zeitgeist, tsit'gist, n. the spirit of the zincode, zing'kod, n. the negative pole 
age. of a voltaic battery: the anode of an 

zelotypia, zel-6-tip'i-a, n. morbid zeal, electrolytic cell. 

zemstvo, zems'tvo, n. in Russia, a zincography, zing-kog'ra-fi, n. a 
district and provincial representative process of etching on zinc (or copper) 
assembly. [Russ.] by which black and white pictures of all 

zenana, ze-na'na, n. the apartments or kinds can be reproduced for printing. — 
portion of a house in which East Indian ns. zinc'ograph, a plate or picture pro- 
women are secluded. duced by zincography; zincog'rapher. — 

Zend, zend, n. the ancient East-Iranian adjs. zincograph'ic, -al. 
and purely Aryan language — closely re- Zingaro, zing'ga-ro, n. a name in 
lated to the Vedic Sanskrit. — Zend- Italy for the Gipsies: — pi. Zing'ari. 
Avesta, the ancient sacred writings of Zion, zi'on, n. Jerusalem : the Is- 
the Parsees. raelitish theocracy : the Christian Church : 

zendik, zen'dik, n. an unbeliever in heaven, 
revealed religion in the East. zirconium, zer-ko'ni-um, n. the metal- 

zenith, zen'ith, n. that point of the lie constituent of the earth zirco'nia, 
heavens which is exactly overhead : which is found in association with silica 
greatest height, summit of ambition, etc. in the minerals zir'con and hyacinth. — 

zeolite, ze'6-lit, n. the common name n. zir'conite, a variety of zircon. 
of a large group of minerals, all soluble zither, zith'er, n. the modern form of 
in acids. — a. zeolit'ic. the cithern, or of the ancient cithara — 

zephyr, zef'er, n. the west wind : a a flat stringed instrument. — Also zith'ern. 
soft, gentle breeze : thin light worsted zoanthropy, zo-an'thro-pi, n. -a form 
or woolen yarn : anything very light and of mental delusion in which a man be- 
fine of its kind. lieves himself to be a beast. 

zero, ze'ro, n. cipher : nothing : the zodiac, zo'di-ak, n. an imaginary belt 
point from which the reckoning begins in the heavens, containing the twelve 
on scales, such as those of the barometer, constellations called signs of the zodiac, 
etc. zoetic, zo-et'ik, a. vital. 

zest, zest, n. something that gives a zoetrope, zo'e-trop, n. a scientific toy 
relish: relish. by which several pictures of objects or 

zetetic, ze-tet'ik, a. proceeding by in- persons in various positions are com- 
quiry. — n. a seeker bined into one visual impression, so as 

zeuglodon, zug'lo-don, n. a fossil to give the appearance of movement or 
whale-like mammal. life. 

zeugma, zug'ma, . n. a figure in zoiatria, zo-i-at'ri-a, n. veterinary 
rhetoric. — a. zeugmat'ic. surgery. 

Zeus, zus, n. the greatest of the zoic, zo'ik, a. pertaining to animals : 
national deities of Greece. [Gr.] containing evidences of life in fossils — 

zibeline, zib'e-lin, a. pertaining to the of rocks, 
sable. — 11. the fur of the sable. zollverein, zol've-rln, n. a customs 

zigzag, zig'zag, n. a short, sharp turn- union of the German states, under the 
ing. — a. having short, sharp turns, bent leadership of Prussia, established 1828. 



4 



566 



zone 



fate, far; me, her; mine; 



zurlite 



zone, zon, n. a girdle 
of different color or 
substance round any- 
thing: one of the five 
great belts into which 
the surface of the earth 
is divided : any con- 
tinuous tract with 
special characteristics. 
— v. t to encircle, as 
with a zone. 

zoo, zo, n. (orig.) 
Gardens in London 
tion of animals. 

zooblast, zo'6-blast, n 

zoochemistry. 




Zones, 
the Zoological 
any similar collec- 




an animal cell, 
zo-o-kem'is-tri, n. the 
chemistry of the constituents of the ani- 
mal body. 

zoodynamics, zo-o-di-nam'iks, n. ani- 
mal physiology. 

zoogamous, z5-og'a-mus, a. pertain- 
ing to zoogamy. — n. zoog'amy, sexual 
reproduction. 

zoogeny, zo-oj'e-ni, n. the doctrine or 
the process of the origination of living 
beings — also zobg'ony. — a. zoogen'ic. 

zoogeography, zo-o-je-og'ra-fi, n. 
the science of the distribution of ani- 
mals on the surface of the globe, faunal 
geography. 

zoogloea, zo-o-gle'a, n. the term ap- 
plied to the resting, motionless stage of 
the bacteria, in which they are embedded 
in gelatinous material. 

zoography, z5-og'ra-fi, n. descriptive 
zoology. — n. zoog'rapher. 

zooid, zo'oid, a. having the nature of 
an animal, having organic life and 
motion. — n. a term applied to each of 
the individuals which make up a com- 
pound organism. 

zoolatry, zd-ol'a-tri, n. the worship 
of animals. 

zoolite, zo'6-lit, n. a fossil animal. 

zoology, zo-ol'o-ji, n. the science of 
animal life. — a. zoolog'ical. — adv. zoo- 
logically. — n. zool'ogist, one versed in 
zoology. 

zoometry, zo-om'e-tri, n. compara- 
tive measurement of the parts of ani- 
mals. — a. zoomet'ric. 

zoon, zo'on, n. a morphological indi- 
vidual, the total product of a fertilized 
ovum: — pi. zo'a, zo'ons. — n. zo'onite, 
one of the segments of an articulated 
animal. — a. zoonit'ic. 



Zoophytes. 



a belt, a stripe zoopathy, zo-op'a-thi, n. animal 
pathology. [Gr. zoon, an animal, pathos, 
suffering.] 

zoophilist, 
zo-of'il-ist, n. a 
lover of ani- 
mals. — n. zb- 
oph'ily, love of 
animals. [Gr. 
zoon, an animal, 
philos, dear.] 

zoophysics, 
zo-6-fiz'iks, n. 
the study of the 
structure of ani- 
mal bodies, comparative anatomy. 

zoophyte, zo'6-fit, n. Cuvier's term 
for numerous simple animals, sedentary 
in habit, often with a superficial re- 
semblance to plants — now restricted to 
hydroid colonies. — adjs. zoophyt'ic, -al. 

zooscopy, zo'6-sko-pi, n. a form of 
mental delusion in which one sees im- 
aginary animals, esp. snakes. 

zoosperm, zo'6-sperm, n. the sperm- 
cell, or male seed-cell. — a. zoospermat'ic. 

zootaxy, zo'6-tak-si, n. the science of 
the classification of animals, systematic 
zoology. 

zootherapy, zo-6-ther'a-pi, n. vet- 
erinary therapeutics. 

zootomy, zo-ot'6-mi, n. the dissec- 
tion of animals : comparative anatomy. 

zopilote, zo-pi-lo'te, n. the turkey- 
buzzard. [Mex.] 

Zoroastrianism, zor-6-as'tri-an-izm, 
n. the ancient religion founded or re- 
formed by Zoroaster, set forth in the 
Zend-Avesta (which see), and still held 
by the Parsees in India. — n. and a. 
Zoroas'trian. 

zouave, zwav, n. one of a body of 
French troops wearing a quasi-Moorish 
dress: a member of any organized body 
wearing such a uniform. 

zounds, zowndz, inter j. an exclama- 
tion of anger and astonishment. 

Zulu, zo'16, n. a branch of the great 
Bantu division of the human family, be- 
longing to South Africa. — a. pertaining 
to the Zulus, their language, etc. 

Zufii, zo'nye, n. one of a tribe of 
Pueblo Indians living in large communal 
houses near the Zuni river in New Mex- 
ico. — a. and n. Zu'nian. 

zurlite, zerl'it, n. a white or green 
Vesuvian mineral. 



zwieback m5te, move; mute; then. zyxomma 567 

zwieback, zvi'bak, n. a baked loaf of zygospore, zi'go-spor, n. in fungi, a 

bread cut in slices and rebaked. spore produced by the union of buds 

zygal, zi'gal, a. pertaining to a zygon: from two adjacent hyphse— also zy'go- 

formed like a letter H. [Zygon.] sperm and zy'gote. 

zygodont, zi'go-dont, a. pertaining to zyme, zim, n. a ferment: a disease- 
molar teeth whose cusps are paired : pos- germ— the supposed specific cause of a 
sessino- such molars zymotic disease.— ns. zy mogen, a sub- 
zygoma, zi-go'ma, n. the arch formed s f ance ca P able ? f developing by internal 
by the malar bone and the zygomatic chan * e lnt ° % ferment; zymol ogy the 
process of the temporal bone of the skull. scien _ ce . of , fermentation ; zymol ysis, 

„ _ _ _ - fj _. ul zymosis, fermentation of any kind. — a. 

Zygomycetes, zi-go-mi-se tez, n pi. ^ pertaining to fermentation.- 

a group of fungi marked by the produc- motic dis a term for diseases 

tion of zygospores. _ caused by the multiplication of a living 

zygon, zigon, n. a connecting bar: introduced from without into the 

an H-shaped fissure of the bram. bodv 

zygophyte, zi'go-flt, n. a plant in zymurgy, zi'mer-ji, n. that branch of 

which reproduction takes place by means chemistry which treats of wine-making, 

of zygospores. ^ ^ brewing, distilling, and similar processes 

zygosis, zl-go'sis, n. (hot.) conjuga- involving fermentation, 

tion, the^coalescence of two distinct cells. zythum, zl'thum, n. a malt liquor 

—n. zy'goite, an organism resulting made by the ancient Egyptians, 

from zygosis.— a. zy'gose, pertaining to zyxomma, zik-som'ma, n. a large- 

zygosis. headed, large-eyed dragon-fly of India. 



APPENDIX 



INDEX TO APPENDIX 



PAGS 

Signs and Symbols used in Astronomy 5 

Signs and Symbols used in Chemistry 5 

Signs and Symbols used in Mathematics 6 

Signs and Symbols — Miscellaneous 7 

Signs and Symbols used in Monetary and Commercial Pursuits. . 8 

Signs and Symbols used in Typography 8 

Correction of the Press 8 

Marks used in Proofreading 8 

Signs and Symbols used in Medicine and Pharmacy 9 

Signs and Symbols used in Prescriptions 9 

Latin Phrases used in Prescriptions 9 

Equivalent Table of Liquids 10 

Measures of Liquids 10 

English Word Building or Scientific Etymology 11 

An Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes 12 

An Etymological Dictionary of Suffixes 17 

A Dictionary of Foreign Words and Phrases — Translated 23 

A Dictionary of Abbreviations and Contractions in Common Use 61 

Hints on Spelling 83 

Reasons for Apparent Irregularity in Spelling 84 

Hints on How to Punctuate 86 

How to Use Capital Letters 89 

An Etymological Dictionary of Grammatical Terms 89 

Grammatical Rules and Definitions 95 

How to Use Prepositions 98 

A Dictionary of 2,000 Homonyms 102 

A Dictionary of Familiar Allusions 115 

A Dictionary of Musical Terms 123 

A Dictionary of Christian Names with Their.Ongin and Meaning 138 

Cities of more than 25,000 Population 149 

Population of United States, by States 151 



SIGNS AND SYMBOLS 

USED IN 

ASTRONOMY, CHEMISTRY, MATHEMATICS, MONETARY AND 

COMMERCIAL PURSUITS, TYPOGRAPHY, MEDICINE 

AND PHARMACY, ALSO LATIN PHRASES USED 

IN WRITING PRESCRIPTIONS. 



I. ASTRONOMICAL. 
1. SUN, GREATER PLANETS, Etc. 1 



0,0,07*6 The Earth. 

$ Mars. 

% Jupiter. 

\ Saturn. 

$ Uranus. 

W Neptune. 

#, or ^ Fixed Star. 



O, or © The Sun. 
f), D, d The Moon. 
dD New Moon. 
gj), or 2) First Quar. 
O, or © Full Moon. 
O, (J Last Quarter. 
$ Mercury. 
9 Venus. 

The asteroids are now designated by 
numbers indicating the order of their dis- 
covery, and their symbol is a small circle 
inclosing this number. 



2. SIGNS OF THE ZODIAC. 



Spring ) 
Signs ) 

Summer j 
Signs ) 



Autumn 
Signs 



Winter 
■^igns 



1. "Y* Aries, the Ram. 

2. & Taurus, the Bull. 

3. □ Gemini, the Twins. 

4. 25 Cancer, the Crab. 

5. £1 Leo, the Lion. 

6. ™Z. Virgo, the Virgin. 

7. =£= Libra, the Balance. 

8. n\, Scorpio, the Scorpion. 

9. / Sagittarius, the Archer. 

10. V? Capricornus, the Goat. 

11. C# Aquarius, the Waterman. 

12. X Pisces, t/ie Fishes. 



3. ASPECTS AND NODES. 

6* Conjunction; — indicating that the 
bodies have the same longitude, or 
right ascension. 

*>*< Sextile ; — indicating a difference of 60° 
in longitude, or right ascension. 

□ Quadrature; — indicating a difference 
of 90° in longitude, or right ascension. 

V Trine ; — indicating a difference of 120° 
in longitude, or right ascension. 

(? Opposition; — indicating a difference 
of 180° in longitude, or right ascension. 

Q, Ascending Node; called also Dragon's 
Head. 

£3 Descending Node; called also Drag- 
on's Tail. 



II. CHEMICAL. 

• One equivalent of oxygen; — written 
above a symbol representing an ele- 
ment, and repeated to indicate two, 
three, or more equivalents; thus, Fe 
denotes a compound of one equivalent 
of oxygen with one of iron; S a com- 
pound of three equivalents of oxygen 
with one of sulphur. 

, One equivalent of sulphur; — used in the 
same manner as the preceding; thus, 

Fe denotes a compound of two equiv- 
alents of sulphur and one of iron. 
fi^lF' A dash drawn across a symbol hav- 
ing either of the foregoing signs above it 
denotes that two equivalents of the sub- 
stance represented by the symbol are 
joined with the number of equivalents of 
oxygen or sulphur indicated by the dots 
or commas; thus Fe represents a com- 
pound of two equivalents of iron and three 
of oxygen, forming sesqui-oxid of iron, 
-f- indicates in organic chemistry, a base 
or alkaloid, when placed above the ini- 
tial letter of the name of the substance; 

4- , +• 

as M, morphine; Q, quinine. 
— indicates, in organic chemistry, an 
acid, when placed above the initial let- 
ter of the name of the acid; as C, citric 
acid; T, tartaric acid. 
[|£ip Every elementary substance is rep- 
resented, in chemical notation, by a sym- 
bol consisting of the initial or abbrevia- 
tion of its Latin name; as, H for hydro- 
gen, O for oxygen, Ag (from Argentum) 
for silver, and the like, each symbol, when 
used singly, always indicating a single 
atom or equivalent of the substance rep- 
resented by it; thus, O stands for one 
atom or equivalent of oxygen, C for a sin- 
gle equivalent of carbon, and the others 
in like manner. A compound body made 
up of single equivalents of its constituents 
is represented by the two symbols of the 



Signs and Symbols 



respective constituents written side by- 
side; as, HO, a compound of one equiva- 
lent of hydrogen with one of oxygen. 
To express more than one atom or equiv- 
alent of a substance, a number is used, 
either prefixed to the symbol, or, more 
commonly, written after it, below the line; 
as 20, or 2 , two equivalents of oxygen. 

A secondary compound, as a salt, is in- 
dicated by writing the symbols of the 
constituent compounds, one after anoth- 
er, with the sign -f- between them, the 
symbol of the base being always placed 
first ; thus CaO + C0 2 represents carbon- 
ate of lime. A comma is frequently used 
instead of the sign + , commonly to ex- 
press a more intimate union than would 
be expressed by that sign. The period is 
also sometimes used to indicate a union 
more intimate than that denoted by the 
sign + , but less so than that implied by 
a comma. A number written before the 
symbol of a compound designates a cor- 
responding number of equivalents of that 
compound; as, 3 S0 3 , three equivalents 
of sulphuric acid. When the formula of 
the quantity contains several terms, those 
to which the figure applies are included 
in parentheses or brackets, to which the 
figure is prefixed; as 3(CaO + S0 3 ), three 
equivalents of sulphate of lime. 

III. MATHEMATICAL. 
THE RELATIONS OF QUANTITIES. 

+ Plus; and; more; — indicating addi- 
tion; as a + b = c; — used also to indi- 
cate that figures have been omitted from 
the end of a number, or that the latter 
is approximately exact ; as, the square 
root of 2 is 1.4142136 + . 

— Minus; less; — indicating subtraction; 
as, a — b = c. 

±,or T Plus or minus; ambiguous; — ■ 
indicating that the number or quantity 
to which it is prefixed may have either 
of the signs + or — ; as a ± b. 

X Multiplied by; times; into; as, a X & 
= ab; 6 X 4 = 24. 

flglp Multiplication is also often indi- 
cated by placing a dot between the fac- 
tors,, or by writing the latter, when not 
numerals, one after another without any 
sign. 

•«- w : Divided by; as, a -f- b; that is, a 
divided by b; 6-^3 = 2. 



Division is also very often indica- 
ted by writing the divisor under the divi- 
dend, with a line between them; as -£-; 

that is, a divided by b; '3=2. 

= Is equal to; equals; as (a + b) X c = 
ac + bc; 6 + 2 = 8. 

> Is greater than; as, a > b; that is, a 
is greater than b; 6 > 5. 

< Is less than; as, a < 6; that is, a is 
less than b; 3 < 4. 

=3= Is equivalent to; — applied to mag- 
nitudes or quantities which are equal in 
area or volume, but are not of the same 
form, or capable of superposition. 

"^ The difference between; — used to in- 
dicate the difference between two quan- 
tities without designating which is the 
greater; as, a ^ b. 

oc Varies as; is proportional to; as, a 
oc b. 

: Is to; the ratio of; ) — used to indicate 

: : As; equals; j[ geometrical pro- 

portion; as, a : b : : c : d; that is, a is 
to b as c is to d. 

.*. Hence; therefore; on this account. 

*.• Because. 

co Indefinitely great ; infinite ; infinity. 

Indefinitely small; infinitesimal; — 
used to denote a quantity less than any 
assignable quantity; also, as a numeral, 
naught; nothing; zero. 

/ Angle; the angle; as / ABC. 

L Right angle; the right angle; as, l 
ABC; that is, the right angle ABC. 

J_ The perpendicular; perpendicular to; 
as, draw ABJ_CD. 

II Parallel; parallel to; is parallel to; as, 
A B II C D. 

O Circle; circumference; 360°. 

A Triangle; the triangle; as, A ABC; 
that is, the triangle ABC. 

□ Square; the square; as, nABCD; 
that is, the square A B C D. 

en Rectangle, the rectangle; as,(=iABCD; 
that is, the rectangle A BCD. 

\/, or \/ Root; — indicating, when 
used without a figure placed above it, 
the square root; as, \/4 = 2; \/4a2 = 
2a. This symbol is called the radical 
sign. To denote any other than the 
square root, a figure (called the index) 
expressing the degree of the required 
root, is placed above the sign; as, % \/a, 
\/a, \/'a, etc.: that is, the cube root, 
6th root, 10th root of a. 



Signs and Symbols 



The root of a quantity is also de- 
noted by a fractional index at the right 
hand side of the quantity and above it, 
the denominator of the index expressing 
the degree of the root; as a*, a?, a?, that 
is, the square, cube, and fifth roots of a, 
respectively. 

Vinculum, vindicate that the 

( ) Parenthesis, quantities to 

[ ]«■ | [.Brackets, ^d^m^ 

| Bar, l«are inclosed by 

them are to be taken together; as 

x + y 2 ; 2 (a + b); a X (& + c [e + d]); 

x , 

+ y\ z - 

f, or F Function; function of; as y = 
f (x) ; that is, y is, or equals, a function 
of x. 

ESP Various other letters or signs are 
frequently used by mathematicians to 
indicate functions, as, /, <p, <j>' ', $, ir, and 
the like. 

d Differential; as dx; that is, the differ- 
ential of x. 
8 Variation; as 5 x; that is, the variation 

of x. 
A Finite difference. 
D Differential coefficient; derivative. 

JCSpthe letters d, 8, A, D, and some- 
times others, are variously employed by 
different mathematicians, prefixed to 
quantities to denote that the differentials, 
variations, finite differences, or differen- 
tial coefficients of these quantities are to 
be taken; but the ordinary significations 
are those given above. 

/ Integral; integral of; — indicating that 
the expression before which it is placed 
is to be integrated; a,s,/2xdx = x 2 ; that 
is, the integral of 2xdx is x 2 . 
ISlF* It is repeated to indicate that the 
operation of integration is to be per- 
formed twice, or three or more times, as 
fL If J ">etc. For a number of times great- 
er than three, an index is commonly writ- 
ten at the right hand above; as, f m xdx m ; 
that is, the with integral, or the result of 
m integrations of xdx m . 

% denotes that the integral is to be tak- 
en between the value b of the variable 
and its value a. J denotes that the 
integral ends at the value a of the va- 
riable, ancl/fc that it begins at the value 



A 



b. These forms must not be confound- 
ed with the similar one indicating re- 
peated integration, or with that indi- 
cating the integral with respect to a 
particular variable. 

2 Sum ; algebraic sum ; — commonly used 
to indicate the sum or summation of 
finite differences, and in nearly the 
same manner as the svmboiy. 

7T The number 3.14159265+ ; the ratio 
of the circumference of a circle to its 
diameter, of a semicircle to its radius, 
and of the area of a circle to the square 
of its radius. In a circle whose radius 
is unity, it is equal to the semi-circum- 
ference, and hence is used to designate 
an arc of 180°. 

° Degree oi Degrees; as, 60°; that is, six- 
ty degrees (of temperature or of an arc 
or circle). 

' Minutes of arc; as, 30'; that is, thirty 
minutes. 

" Seconds of arc ; as, 20" ; that is, twen- 
ty seconds. 

\ ", '", etc. Accents used to mark quan- 
tities of the same kind which are to be 
distinguished; as, a', a" ,,a'" , etc., which 
are usually read a prime, a second, a 
third, etc.; a b', c" + a' b" c + a" be'. 
Also used to designate feet, inches, and 
lines, as, 3' 6" 2'". 

1 , 2 , 3 , etc. Indices placed above and at 
the right hand of quantities to denote 
that they are raised to powers whose 
degree is indicated by the figure; as, a 1 , 
that is, the first power of a; a 2 , the 
square or second power of a; a 3 , the 
cube or third power of a; and the like. 

IV. MISCELLANEOUS. 

&,&,& And.— &c. (Et ccetera) And 
the rest; and so forth; and so on; and 
the like. 

]£ Response; — used in Roman Catholic 
service books. 

* A character used in Roman Catholic 
service-books to divide each verse of a 
psalm into two parts, and show where 
the response begins. 

t Used with a date to designate the time 
of a person's death, as, Augustine, |430. 

$ or $ Male (Entomology). 

9 Female. 

tfH, or + A sign of the cross used by the 
pope, and by Roman Catholic bishops 
and archbishops, immediately before 
the subscription of their names. In 
Roman Catholic service-books,it is used 



8 



Signs and Symbols 



in those places of the prayers and ben - 
ediction where the priest is to make the 
sign of the cross. 
— >- Broad Arrow; a British government 
mark, stamped, cut. or otherwise fixed 
on all government property used in the 
royal ships or dockyards, in order to 
prevent embezzlement of naval stores. 
X, or + A character customarily made 
by persons unable to write, when they 
are required to execute instruments of 
any kind, as deeds, affi- 
davits, etc. The name his 
of the party is added by John + Smith 
one w T ho can write; as, mark 
4to, or 4°. Quarto; four leaves, or eight 

pages, to a sheet. 
8vo, or 8°. Octavo; eight leaves, or six- 
teen pages, to a sheet. 
12mo, or 12°. Duodecimo; twelve leaves, 

or twenty-four pages, to a sheet. 
16mo, or 16°. Sexto -decimo; sixteen 
leaves, or thirty-two pages, to a sheet. 
18mo, or 18°. Octo- decimo; eighteen 
leaves, or thirty-six pages, to a sheet. 
IIP Other sizes are 24mo, or 24° (Vi- 
gesimo-quarto), 32mo, or 32° (Trigesimo- 
secundo), 36mo, or 36° (Trigesimo-sexto), 
48mo, or 48° (Quadrigesimo-octavo^, 
64mo, or 64° (Sexagesimo-quarto), 72mo, 
or 72° (Septuagesimo-secundo), 96mo, or 
96° (Nonagesimo-sexto), 128mo, or 128° 
(Centesimo et vigesimo-octavo). These 
sizes are of rare occurrence, and are not 
commonly known by their Latin names, 
but are colloquially called twenty-four- 
mo, thirty-two-mo, etc., or twenty-fours, 
thirty-twos, etc. 

7ber, September; 8ber, October; 9ber, No- 
vember; lOber, December. 

V. MONETARY AND COMMERCIAL. 

$ Dollar, or Dollars; as $1; $200. 

t Cent; or cents; as, 12^.; 33^. 

£ Pound, or Pounds (sterling); as, £1; 
£45. 

lb Pound, or Pounds (in weight) ; as, 1 lb ; 
241b. 

@ At, or to; as, silk @ $2 per yd. 

$ Per; as, sheep $4 $ head. 

% Per cent; as, discount 6% = $10.21. 

% Account; as, J. Smith in % with J. 
Jones. 

/ Shilling, or Shillings; as, 1 / 2 = Is. 2d.; 
2/3 = 2s. 3d. 

A 1 The designation of a first-class ves- 
sel, in Lloyd's Register of the British 



and Foreign Shipping; the letter denot- 
ing that the hull is well built and sea- 
worthy, and the figure the efficient state 
of her rigging, anchors, cables, etc. - 

XX Double strength, fineness, etc.. as 
XX ale. 

XXX Triple strength, fineness, etc., as 
XXX ale. 

VI. TYPOGRAPHICAL. 
1. MARKS OF PUNCTUATION, ETC. 
, Comma. 
; Semicolon. 
: Colon. 
. Period. 

— Dash. 
? Interrogation. 
! Exclamation. 
( ) Parenthesis. 
[ ] Brackets, or 

Crotchets. 
' Apostrophe, 

- Hyphen. 
' Acute Accent, 
v Grave Accent. 
a Broad or Circum- 
flex Accent. 

~ or ? Circumflex or 
Tilde. 
Long Accent, or 
Macron. 
v The Short, or 
Breve. 



Dieresis. 
c Cedilla. 
A Caret. 
" " Quotation 
Marks. 

>• Brace. 

* * * Ellipsis. 

. . . Ellipsis, also 

Leaders. 
Ellipsis. 

* Asterisk. 

t Dagger, or Obe 

lisk. 
X Double Dagger. 
§ Section. 
|| Parallels. 
% Paragraph. 
2gf~ Index. 
***> or **# Asterism. 



2. CORRECTION OF THE PRESS; OR, 
MARKS USED IN PROOF-READING. 

8, or $ (L. dele) Dele, delete, take out, 

or expunge. 
Q Turn a reversed letter. 
# A space, or more space between'words* 

letters, or lines. 
^ Less space, or no space, between words 

or letters. 
L_, or j Carry a word further to the left 

or to the right. 
D Indent. 
r - > Elevate a letter, word, or character 

that is sunk below the proper level. 
l _, Sink or depress a letter, word, or char- 
acter raised above the proper level. 
I Shows that a portion of a paragraph 

projects laterally beyond the rest! 
J^ Directs attention to a quadrat or space 
w which improperly appears. 
X , or + Directs attention to a broken or 

imperfect type. 



Signs and Symbols 



( Bring a word or words to the beginning 
of a line; also, make a new paragraph. 

^[ Make a new paragraph. 

— Change from Italic to Roman, or from 
Roman to Italic, as the case may be. 

= Put in small capitals. 

= Put in capitals. 

Jt^" The other marks are self-explana- 
tory; but the following abbreviations, 

used in correcting proof-sheets, require 

explanation: 

wf. Wrong-font; — used when a charac- 
ter is of a wrong size or style. 

tr. Transpose. 

I.e. Lower-case; i.e., put in small or 
common letters a word or a letter that 
has been printed in capitals or small 
capitals. 

s. caps, or s. c. Put in small capitals. 

Qu.,Qy.,OT? Query. 

out, s. c. Words are wanting, see copy. 

VII. MEDICINE AND PHARMACY. 

3 Scruple; 3i, one scruple; 3ij, two 

scruples; Bss, half a scruple; 3iss, a 

scruple and a half. 
3 Dram or drachm; 3i, one dram; 3ij, two 

drams; 3ss, half a dram; 3iss, a dram 

and a half. 
1 Ounce; ii, one ounce; fij, two ounces; 

fss, half an ounce; fiss, an ounce and 

a half. 
TTL A minim; a drop, 
aa (Gr. ana), of each a like quantity. 
$ (L. recipe), take. 

The above symbols are employed al- 
most always in medical prescriptions. A 
prescription consists of the following 
parts: (1) The Superscription; (2) The In- 
scription; (3) The Subscription; (4) The 
Signature. The Superscription, which 
consists of the letter ^ , is a relic of the 
days of astrology. It originally was used 
to represent the symbol of the planet Ju- 
piter. By common consent it is now re- 
garded as representing the imperative 
mood of the Latin verb recipere, to take. 
The Inscription is a statement of the 
names of the substances to be used, with 
their quantities. T^e Subscription is 
made up of the directions for the guidance 
of the dispenser. The Signature includes 
the directions to the patient. This part 
of the prescription should be written in 
English; the other parts are in Latin. 
Sometimes the signature also is in Latin. 



The body or prescription contains the 
following: the Basis, or principal active 
ingredient; the Adjuvant, or Auxiliary, 
to assist its action; the Corrective, to cor- 
rect or diminish some undesirable qual- 
ity; the Vehicle, or Excipient, to give a 
suitable form for administration. 



PRESCRIPTION. 



(Basis) Pot. Acet. 3v. . 

(Adjuvant). .Tinct. Digitalis 
(Corrective). Syr. Aurantii §j 



iijj 



. Superscription. 



^Inscription. 



Misce, fiat mist Subscription. 

Cpt. Cochl. mag. ii, 4ta. q. q. hora 

ex paul. aquae Signature. 

Without Abbreviations or Contractions. 

Recipe. 

Potassii Acetatis drachmas quinque. 
Tincturae Digitalis drachmam unam. 
Syrupi Aurantii unciam unam. 
Decoctum Scoparii ad uncias octo. 
Misce, fiat mistura. 

Capiat cochlearia duo magna quart a 
quaque hora ex paululo aqua?. 

English Translation. 

Take thou (the dispenser). 

Five drachms of acetate of potassium. 

One drachm of the tincture of digitalis. 

One ounce of syrup of orange-peel. 

Decoction of broom up to eight ounces. 

Mix, let a mixture be made. 

Let him (the patient) take two large 
spoonfuls at each fourth hour, out of (in) 
a little water. 

LIST OF LATIN PHRASES COMMONLY 
USED IN THE WRITING OF PRE- 
SCRIPTIONS. 

aa. Ana of each.] 



Ad. Adde 

Ad lib. Ad libitum 

Ad us. Ad usum 

Mq. ^quales 

Aq. Aqua 

Aq. bull. Aqua bulliens 

Aq. dest. Aqua destillata 

Bib. Bibe 

Bis ind. Bis indies 



add 

to the desired amount. 

according to custom. 

equal. 

water. 

boiling water. 

distilled water. 

drink. 

twice a day. 



Bis in 7 d. Bis in septem diebus twice a week. 

C. Cum with. 

Cap. Capiat let him take. 

C. m. Cras mane to-morrow morning. 

C. m. .. 0r, S mane sumendus \ *£•££&■"■ 

C. n. Cras nocte to-morrow night. 

Cochl. Cochleare spoonful. 

Cochl. ampl. Cochleare amplum a table-spoonful. 

Cochl. infant, Cochleare infantis a tea-spoonful. 

Cochl. mag. Cochleare magnum a table-spoonful. 

Cochl. mod. Cochleare modicum a dessert-spoonfu' 

Cochl. parv. Cochleare parvum a tea-spoonful. 



10 



Signs and Symbols 



Contin. 


Continuetur 


Opt. 


Capiat 


Cuj. 


Cujus 


C. v. 


Cras vespere 


Cyath. 


Cyathus 


Cyath. vinos. Cyathus vinosus 


D. 


Dosis 


d-. 


Da 


D. d. in d. 


De die in diem 


Det. 


Detur 


Dieb. alt. 


Diebus alternis 


Dim. 


Dimidius 


Div. 


Divide 


D. in p. ffi. 


j Divide in partes 
J aequales 


Exhib. 


Exhibiatur 


F. or ft. 


Fiat 


F.h. 


Fiat haustus 


F. m. 


Fiat mistura 


F.pil. 


Fiat pilula 


Gutt. 


Gutta or guttse 


Habt. 


Habeat 


Hor. intermed.Horis intermediis 


H.s. 


Hora somni 


Ind. 


Indies 


Lat. dol. 


Lateri dolenti 


Mit. 


Mitte 


Mod. prae- 
script. 


-j Modo praescripto •] 


0. m. 


Omni mane 


Omn. bih. 


Omni bihora 


Omn. hor. 


Omni hora 


O.n. 


Omni nocte 


P. or pt. 


Perstetur 


Part. seq. 


Partes aquales 


P. r. n. 


Pro re nata 


Q.l. 


Quantum libet < 


Q.s. 


Quantum sufficit 


Q.v. 


Quantum volueris 


3. 


Recipe 


Rep. 


Repetatur 


Sing. 


Singulorum 


Sum. 


Sumat or sumendum 


T.d. 


Ter in die 



let it be continued. 

let him take. 

of which. 

to-morrow evening. 

a glassful . 

a wine-glassful. 

a dose. 

give. 

from day to day. 

let it be given 

on alternate days. 

one-half. 

divide. 

divide into equal 
parts. 

let it be given. 

let it be made. 

make a draught. 

make a mixture. 

make a pill. 

drop or drops. 

let him have. 

at intermediate hours. 

at bed-time. 

daily. 

to the painful side. 

send. 

in the manner di- 
rected. 

every morning. 

every two hours. 

every hour. 

every night. 

continue. 

equal parts. 

when required. 

as much as is requi- 
site. 

a sufficient quantity. 

at will. 

take. 

let it be repeated. 

of each. 

[ let him take or let it 

| be taken. 

three times a day. 



TABLE TO ASSIST THE BEGINNER IN 
PRESCRIBING LIQUIDS. 

Having fixed upon the bulk of liquid, 
remember that there are in 

1 fluid ounce, 8 teaspoonfuls each 1 fluid 
drachm. 

2 fluid ounces, 15 teaspoonfuls each 1 fluid 
drachm. 

4 fluid ounces, 30 teaspoonfuls each 1 fluid 

drachm. 
4 fluid ounces, 15 dessertspoonfuls each 2 

fluid drachms. 
6 fluid ounces, 20 dessertspoonfuls each 2 

fluid drachms. 
6 fluid ounces, 12 tablespoonfuls each \ 

fluid ounce. 
8 fluid ounces, 15 tablespoonfuls each \ 

fluid ounce. 
1 pint, 30 tablespoonfuls each \ fluic 

ounce. 
1 pint, 8 wineglassfuls each 2 fluid ounces 

Approximate Measures. 
A drop = usually about \ minim. 
A teaspoonful = 60 drops f 3j. 
A dessertspoonful =f 3ij. 
A tablespoonf ul = f Bss. 
A wineglassful = f § ij. 
A teacupful = f |ix. 



ENGLISH WORD BUILDING 

OR 

SCIENTIFIC ETYMOLOGY 

In the formation, composition, or con- tives ending in -dom, -hood, and -skip, 
Auction of many English words— popu- and a large number of nouns expressing 
larly called word-building— there are the most homely and familiar ideas, 10- 
two distinct elements, namely, the root or S^er with all the numerals except see- 
the stem and the affix or affixes. °^, and those * bo ™ , a thousand. 

_. . , . . . f These pure English words are often 

The root is properly a primitive form monosvllabic . Some are affixed t0 the 

of speech, which may be of either native borrowed foreign words in the process 

or foreign origin. The root of a given of wor d-building and by the use of these 

word is that monosyllabic element which and other a fHx es t he borrowed terms are 

remains after the word has been stripped bu ji t up t0 con f orm to native words in 

of all affixes, that is, of everything of the t h e ir inflections and grammatical use. 
nature of prefixes and formative suffixes. j n t h e following list of prefixes and 

Take, for example, the word "irrevo- su ffi xes their origin is indicated in paren- 

cable." Here ir (for in) signifies not, re theses immediately after the alphabetical 

signifies again, and both are prefixes; entry> Thus the pure English prefix, be 

able, is a Latin suffix, and the remaining \ s followed by (A.S.), indicating its 

syllable voc is the root. native or Anglo-Saxon origin. The af- 

A stem may be described as a deriva- nxes f rom t h e Latin, the Greek, the 

tive from a root, having itself inflected French, and other sources are all similarly 

forms; it is that part of an inflected word indicated and the lists will be found ex- 

which remains unchanged throughout a tremely useful in the study of the prin- 

given inflection, and can be readily dis- c i p l es " f English etymology— a handy 

tinguished in the following cases, where guide in the process of tracing out and 

the affixes are italicized: goodness, verify, describing the elements of a word, with 

civilize unable, un-con-ioxm-able. their modifications of form and sense. 

In English, roots are never found used I n the main body of this dictionary 

alone, but always have suffixes or pre- the derivations of all the important words 

fixes and suffixes. They have been well m the English language are given with 

described as germs out of which has de- unusual completeness, but the lists sub- 

veioped the intricate structure of later joined will prove an additional help to the 

speech. Most if not all English words reader and student. With these lists at 

can be traced back to roots. hand interesting results can be obtained 

Our composite language has been de- in the dissection of words by the separa- 

rived from many and diverse sources, tion of the affixes from the word-base. 

Its words may be broadly divided into Thus the word in-com-pre-hen-s-ib-il-it-v 

two classes, those of native or Anglo- is found on examination to contain three 

Saxon origin and those from foreign prefixes and five suffixes, all of which 

sources, the latter including contributions modify the meaning and use of the 

from the Latin, the Greek, the Scandi- primary word. 

navian, the Celtic, and the Romance Ian- Prefixes frequently vary in form ac- 

gLuges. The simplest and strongest cording to the letter which succeeds them, 

words in the language are of pure native Thus, the Latin prefix ad may become in 

English origin, including the commonest use a, ab, ac, an, at, etc. All of thesfl 

prepositions, conjunctions, and adverbs of forms find alphabetic entry in the follow- 

time and place; all pronouns and dem- ing lists and are plainly referred to ad, 

onstrative adjectives; all strong, auxili- where their meaning and effect in word- 

ary and defective verbs; most substan- building are elucidated. 

11 



AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF 
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES 

PREFIXES. tne same prefix, derived through the me- 
dium of Old French. [L. ad; cog. with 

A- (A.S.) represents: Sans, adhi, Goth, and Eng. at, Celt. ar-.] 

(i) A.S. an, on, on, as abed, aboard, Af-. See Ad-, 

afoot, ashore, asunder, now-a-days, twice- After- (A.S.), as after-growth, after- 

fl-week, alive, among, about, a-fishing. math, after-wards. [A.S. asfter-.] 

(2) A.S. and-, over against, in reply to, Ag-. See Ad-, 
to, as along (from A.S. and-lang, i.e. over Al-. See Ad-. 

against in length) ; appearing also as e- A I- (Ar.), the — also as a-, ar- t as-, el-, 

in tflope, as am- in ambassador, and as em- 1-, as apricot, artichoke, assagai, */ixir, 

in embassy; the same as un- in verbs, /ute. 

See Un- (2). [Cog. with Goth, and-, All- (A.S.), all, as a/mighty, all-wise. 

Ger. ent-, ant-, L. ante-, Gr. anti-.] In Early English al- = quite is added (1) 

(3) A.S. a'-, an intensive prefix to verbs, to past participles, as a/-brent = quite 
out, out from, as in arise (from A.S. burnt, a/-heled = quite concealed; (2) to 
arisan, to rise out of or up) ; or sig. Very,' verbs preceded by to, as a/-to-brenne = 
as in aghast. Cf. abide, accurse, a/fright, to burn up entirely. In Elizabethan and 
amaze, arise, arouse, ago. [Cog. with later writers all-to = altogether, quite — 
Ger. er-, Goth, us-, ur-.] the original meaning of to having been 

(4) A.S. of, of, from, as in adown (from lost sight of. [A.S. eall-.] 

A.S. of dune, 'from the ^ height'), anew, Am-, (1) the Fr. em — L. im for in, as 

akin; or from of-, intensive, as athirst. ambush: see In- (2) ; (2) the Gr. an-, as 

(5) A.S. ge-, y-, as aware (A.S. ge- in Ambrosia: see An- (2) ; (3) the same 
wcere), afford. as An- (1), as in ambassador. 

(6)at, old sign of inf., as ado. [A Ambi-, Amb-, Am- (L.), round about, 

Northern idiom, due to Scand. influences, both, as ambi-dexter, ambition, amputate, 

as in Ice., Sw., &c] [L. ; cog. with Gr. amphi-, Sans, abhi, 

A- (L. and Gr.) represents: (1) L. Ab-, around.] 

as in avert; (2) L. Ad-, as achieve; (3) Amphi- (Gr.), round about, both, as 

L. E- or Ex-, as in abash, amend ; (4) Gr. amphitheater, a?nphibious. [Cog. with L. 

A- (for An-), as in abyss. ambi-, amb-!] 

A-, Ab-, Abs-, As (L.), away from, as An- (A.S.), against, in return, as arc- 
avert, absent, absolve, attract; and also swer. See A- (A.S.) (2), above. [A.S. 
ajsoil and a<z>aunt through French. In- and-, Ger. ant-, Goth, and-."} 
deed, this prefix appears as a-, adv-, av-, An-, A-, Am- (Gr.), not, without, as 
V', as in avert, advance, az/aunt, *>an- anarchy, atom, ambrosia. [Gr. ; cog. with 
guard, &c. [L. a, ab, abs (oldest form Sans, an-, a-, L. in-, Eng. un-, in-, not.] 
ap) ; cog. with Gr. ago-, Sans, apa, Ger. An- (Fr. en — L. in), as in arcoint. See 
ab, Eng. of?.] In- (2). 

Ab-. See Ad-. An-, as in ancestor; see Ante- (below). 

Ac-. See Ad-. An-. See Ad-. 

Ad-(L.), to, at, as adhere, adapt. It Ana-, An- (Gr.), up, back, as analyze, 

appears as a-, ab-, ac-, ad-, af-, ag-, al-, anatomy, aneurism. [Cog. with Goth, ana, 

an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-, as in achieve, ab- Eng. on.] 

breviate, accede, admire, affix, aggregate, Ante-, Anti-, And-, An- (L.), before, 

allot, annex, approve, arrive, assign, at- as antecedent, anticipate, ancient, ancestor 

tract. The words achieve, agree, amerce, (for L. antecessor) . [L. ante, old form 

amount, acquit, acquaint, avow, &c. show anti; conn, with anti-; Fr. and', an-."] 



12 






Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 



13 



Anti- (Gr.), opposite to, against, as 
antipathy, <2«/ipodes; as ant- in ant- 
agonist, and anth- in anthem. [Gr. ; conn, 
with L. ante-, Sans, anti-, facing, Ger. 
ant- in antwort, Eng. <Z7*- (for #/zd-) in 
answer. Cf. ^- (A.S.) (2), above.] 

Ap-. See Ad-. 

Apo- (Gr.), off, from, away, as apostle; 
as aph- in aphelion, aphxresis. [Cog. with 
L. ab-.] 

Ar-. See Ad-. 

Arch-, Archi-, Arche- (Gr.), first, chief, 
as archbishop, architect, archetype. 

As-. See Ad-. 

At-. See Ad-. 

At- (Eng.), denoting nearness, as at- 
one', against, as /wit (A.S. tet-witan, to 
blame). [A.S. at.] 

Auto-, Auth- (Gr.), self, as autocrat, 
autograph, autopsy, authentic. 

Av-. See Ab-. 

Be- (A.S.), the most fertile of all Eng- 
lish prefixes, is the weak form of by. The 
original meaning was 'about.' (1) It 
forms derivative verbs, with the sense of 
'around,' 'on all sides,' 'in all directions,' 
as #eblear = to blear all over,, ^egirdle, 
£ejumble, Z»epaste, £esmudge; (2) it forms 
intensive verbs, with the sense of 'thor- 
oughly,' 'soundly,' as £ebreech:=to breech 
soundly, #cdaub, ^welcome; (3) it ren- 
ders intransitive verbs transitive by adding 
a prepositional relation, as #echatter = to 
environ with chattering, begaze = to 
gaze at, £esmile = to smile at, bespeak ; 
(4) it forms transitive verbs of adjectives 
and substantives, as befoul = to affect with 
foulness, bedim = to make dim, £edew — 
to cover with dew, befriend. 

Bis-, Bi-, Bin- (L), twice, double, as 
biscuit, biennial, Jocular; as ba- in 
balance. [Corr. of duis, ablative of duo, 
two.] 

Cata-, Cath-, Cat- (Gr.), down, down- 
wards, according to, thoroughly, as cata- 
ract, catholic, catechism. [Gr. kata.] 

Circum-, Circu-, (L.), round about, as 
arcMmscribe, circuit. [Properly accusative 
of circus, a circle.] 

Cis- (L.), on this side, as cisalpine. 

Com-, Con-, Co- (L.), together, with, as 
connect, cohere, collect, correct, council. 
In curry, this prefix has been attached to 
O. Fr. roi, order; often intensive, as com- 
motion; co-admire, co-enjoy, co-actor, co- 
believer. [Com- is the old form of L. 
cum, with; cog. with Gr. syn, Sans, sam. 



The root, originally signifying 'one,' is 
seen in L. sim-ul, together, Gr. ham-a, 
together, Eng. .simple.] 

Contra-, Contra-, Contr-, Counter- (L.), 
against, as contradict, controvert, co?itralto, 
counteract. [L. contra (whence Fr. con- 
tr e) from Con-, and -tra, from root tar 
to cross, seen also in trans."} 

De- (L., or Fr.— L.), down, rrom, away, 
occurs in words derived either directly 
from L., as deduce; or through the Fr. 
from L., in which case De-, Di-, represents 
either ( 1 ) O. Fr. des-i rom L. dis-, asunder, 
not, as in defeat (O. Fr. des-fait), or (2) 
Fr. — L. de-, as described [lit. 'write 
down'], decompose. This prefix de- is 
negative and oppositive in destroy, desue- 
tude, deform, or intensive in declare, deso- 
late, desiccate. 

Demi- (Fr. — L.), half, as demigod, 
demiquaver. [Fr. demi — L. dimidium, 
half.] 

Di- (Gr.), double, as dilemma, dialogue. 

Dia- (Gr.), through, as diameter short- 
ened to di- in diaeresis, and appearing as 
de-, dea-, in devil, deacon. [Gr. dia^ 
from dyo, two.] 

Dif-, See Dis-. 

Dis-, (Gr.), two, twice, as dissyllable, 
dicotyledonous. [From duis, from root of 
two.] 

Dis-, Di- (L. in O. Fr. des-) , in two, 
asunder, as dispart, difier, disperse; nega* 
tive, as disrelish; privative, as dislodge. 
Thus variously di-, dif-, dis-, des-, de-, 
and even s-, as in spend. [Dis for duis, 
from L. duo, Gr. Sans, dvi, Goth, and 
Eng. two.] 

Dys- (Gr.), ill, difficult, as dysentery, 
dyspepsy. [Cog. with Sans, dus, Goth. 
tus, Ger. zer- t A.S. to-, Eng. two.] 

E-, See Ex-. 

£-"A.S. ge-, in enough (A.S. genohc 
Ger. genug). 

E-, as in elope. See A- (A.S.) (2), 
and also An- (A.S.). 

E-, a purely phonetic addition, of French 
origin, as in esquire, estate, eschew, espe- 
cial, escutcheon. 

Ec- or Ex- (Gr.), out of, from, a? 
ecstasy, exodus; also as el- in e/lipse. [Gr* 
ex, cog. with L. ex, out.] 

Edd-, in eddy. [A.S. ed-, back.] 

Ef-, See Ex-. 

El-, in e/lipse, &c. See Ec- or Ex-. 

Emb-, in ember days. [A.S. ymb-ryaet 
a circuit,] 



14 



Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 



En- (Gr.), in, on, as energy, endemic, 
emphasis — sometimes extended to Endo-, 
within, as endogen. 

En-, Em- (Fr. — L.), in, into, as enlist; 
to make, as enlarge, enact; before b and p, 
Em-, as embark, embolden. [Fr. en — L. 
in. See In- (L.) in, into.] 

Enter- (Fr.), between, among, as enter- 
tain. [Fr. entre — L. inter-.'] 

Epi-, Ep-, Eph- (Gr.), on, as epitaph; 
during, as epoch, ephemeral. [Gr. epi; 
L. ob-.] 

Es- (Fr. or Sp. — L.), out, as escape, es- 
planade. [O. Fr. or Sp. es — L. ex.~\ 

Eso-(Gr.), in, into, as coterie. [From 
Gr. eis, into, whose form was prob. orig. 
ens, a strengthened form of En- (Gr.).] 

Eu- (Gr.), well, as aphony, eulogy \ as 
e<r>- in evangelist. [Gr. eu, eus, good, for 
an assumed es-us, real.] 

Ex- or E- (L.), from, out of, as e#pel, 
eject, e/flux; by assimilation, appearing as 
a-, e- g ef-, es-, ex-, iss-, s-, as amend, 
enormous, effect, escape, extend, issue, 
sample. It is French influence which has 
disguised it in such words as affray, 
amend, escape, escheat, essay, Sec. — Ex- has 
a privative sense in e#-emperor, e#-mayor. 
[L. ex-, e-; O. Fr. es-, Fr. e-, ex.] 

Ex-, out of, as in e#odus. — Exo-, out- 
side, as erotic. [Gr. ex, out of, exo, out- 
side.~\ 

Extra- (L.), on the outside, beyond, as 
extramural, extraordinary extra-work; as 
stra- in strange. [Contr. of extera {parte 
being understood), abl. fern, of exterus, 
beyond, a comp. form, from Ex- (L.).] 

For- (A.S.), in place of, as forasmuch. 
[A.S. prep, /or.] 

For- (A.S.), through, thorough, away, so 
as to be nonexistent, or to be destroyed, as 
forswear, forbid, forego (better forgo). 
[A. 8- for-; Ger. <ver- t Goth, fra-, conn. 
with far and from."] 

For- (Fr.— -L.), as in foreclose, forfeit. 
[Fr.— L. foris, lit. 'out of doors,' used in 
the sense of 'outside, 'beyond,' 'amiss.'] 

Fore- (A.S.) , before, as foretell, fore- 
bode ; foredated, foresaid, foretold ; fore- 
castle, forefather, foresight. [A.S. fore-; 
Ger. <vor.] 

Forth- (A.S.), forth, only in forthwith. 

Fro-, (A.S.) , from, as /reward. [A.S. 
fro — Scand. Ice frd.~\ 

Gain- (A.S.), against, as gainsay. [A. 
S. gegn.] ' 

Hemi-(Gr.) t half, as hemisphere — short- 



ened to me- in megrim. [Gr. ; cog. with 
L. semi-, Sans. Sami-.] 

Hetero- (Gr.), other, as heterodoxy. 
[Gr. heteros, other.] 

Holo- (Gr.), entire, as holograph. [Gr. 
holos, entire.] 

Homo- (Gr.), same — lengthened to 
Homeo, as ^omeo-pathy. [Gr. homos. 
same.] 

Hyper- (Gr.), over, above, beyond, az 
hyperborean, hypercritical. [Cog. with 
super- and over-."] 

Hypo-, Hyph-, Hyp- (Gr), under, as 
hypotenuse, hyphen, hypallage. [Cog. 
with L. sub-, Goth, uf, Sans. upa.] 

I-, in ignoble. See In- (i), negative. 

/-, Y-, as in /-wis, yclept, hand-i-work. 
This prefix appears as a- in aware, as c- 
in clutch, and as e- in enough. [A.S. ge-, 
sign of the past participle passive.] 

II-, as in i/lude. See In- (2). 

II-, as in illegal. See In- (1), 

In-, Im- (L.), not, as /^convenience, in- 
cautious, i/zfirm. Before p the n changes 
to m, as impudent; before I, m, and r it is 
assimilated to those consonants, as //legal, 
immature, irregular. This prefix thus ap- 
pears as en-, i-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, as enemy, 
ignoble, illegal, immortal, infirm, ir- 
regular. [L. ; cog. with Gr. an-, Eng. 
un-.] 

In- (L.), in, into, as iwfuse, illumine, 
impel, irrigate. It becomes il- before /; 
im- before b, m, and p; ir- before r. This 
prefix thus appears as am-, an-, em-, en-, 
il-, im-, in-, ir-, as ambush, anoint, em- 
brace, enclose, i/lude, immure, include, 
irritate. 

In- (A.S.), in on, as income, i/zward, 
inland, insight; to make, as imbitter, lit. to 
put into a state of bitterness; as im- in 
imbed, impark, &c. 

Inter- (L.), in the midst of, between, as 
interval, intellect, intermarry. [A compar. 
form; cog. with Eng. under, and Sans. 
antar, within.] 

Intra- (L.), in the inside of, within, as 
intramural. [Contr. of inter a, ablative 
feminine of interns, inward — Inter-.] 

Intro- (L.), into, within, as izz'roduce 
[Contr. of intero, ablative masculine of 
interns — Inter-.] 

Ir-, as in irritate. See In- (2). 

Ir-, as in irregular. See In- (1). 

Iss-, as in issue. See Ex- (i). 

Juxta- (L.), near, as /KAtfaposition. 



Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 



15 



[Superl. form, from root of L. jujigere, to 
join.] 

L-, as in /one; an abbreviation of all. 

L-, as in louver. See A1-. 

L-, as in /ute. See A1-. 

Male-, Mali-, Mai-, Man- (L.), badly, 
ill, as malefactor, malcontent, malediction, 
malevolent ; through French, maugxe = 
notwithstanding. [L. male, badly.] 

Meta-, Meth-, Met- (Gr.), among, 
with; after, as method (lit. 'way after'); 
often implies change, as metamorphose, 
meteor, metonomy. (Gr. metaj cog. with 
A.S. mid, Goth, mith, Ger. mit.~\ 

Mid- (A.S.), with, as midwife. [A.S. 
mid-, together with.] 

Mis- (A.S.), wrong, ill, as misbehave, 
misdeed, mislead. [A.S. mis-; Ice. mis-, 
Goth, missa-, Ger, miss-. Cf„ Mis- in 
Diet.] 

Mis- (Fr. — L.), as in wmchief, dalli- 
ance, mischance. [Fr, mis-, for O, Fr. 
mes-, from L. minus, less.] 

Mono-, Mon- (Gr.), single, as mono- 
graph, monologue, monk, and minster. 
[Gr. monos, alone.] 

Multi-, Mult-, many, as in multiply, 
multeity. [L. mulius, much, many.] 

N-, as in newt, nickname, due to the n 
of the article in an evot, an ekename. In 
nuncle the origin is mine uncle; in ^ 'for 
the nonce' M. E. for the nones, mis-written 
for then ones, for the once. 

A 7 - (A.S.), no, not, as never; or L. ne-, 
as in null, [A.S. ne; cog. with Goth, ni, 
L. ne, S^ns. na.~] 

Ne- (Gr.), not, as nepenthe; Ne-, Neg- 
(L.), not, as nefarious, Tauter, Amative, 
neglect. [L. ne, nee, a contr. of neque, 
from nc, not que, and.] 

Non- (L.), not, as nonsense, nonage. ^ It 
appears as um- in empire = numpire. 
[From ne unum, not one.] 

Ob- (L., by assimilation, o-, ob-, oc-, 
of-, of-, also os-), in front of, against, in 
the way of, as obstruct, omit, ofcur, offer, 
oppose, ostentation. [Cog. with Gr. epi, 
Sans, apt.'] 

Oc-, as in ofcur. See Ob-, 

Of-, as in offer. See Ob-. 

Off- (A.S.), off from, away, as offal, 
offshcot, offset [A form of Of. There is 
the same relation between of and off as 
between be and by; A.S. of has been 
differentiated into the stressless or weak 
form of, and the stressed or strong form 
off. Cf. A-. Ab-.l 

69 1 



On- (A.S.), on, as onset, onlooker. 

Op-, as in oppress. See Ob-. 

Or- (A.S.), out, in ordeal. A.S. or; cog. 
with Dut. oor-, Ger. ur-, Goth, us-, away, 
out of.] 

Os-, as in ostensible. See Ob-. 

Out- (A.S.), out, beyond, as outlaw, 
o«/bid, on/side, outcast. [A.S. ut.'] 

Over- (A.S.), over, above, as overarch, 
overseer. [A.S. ofer.~] 

Pa-, as in palsy. See Para-. 

Palin-, Palim- (Gr.), again, as palin- 
genesis, palimpsest. [Gr. palin, again.] 

Pan-, Panto- (Gr.), all, as panacea, 
^ntheism, pantomime. 

Para-, Par- (Gr.), beside, as parahle; 
beyond, wrong, as paralyze. It appears 
as pa- in palsy, par- in parody. [Gr. 
Para."] 

Pel-, as in pellucid. See Per-. 

Pene- (L.), almost, as peninsula. 

Per- (L.), through, as permit', thorough- 
ly, as perfect; also appearing as par-, Pel-, 
pil-, as in parson, pardon, pellucid, pil- 
grim. In perjure, perish, it has a de- 
structive force, equivalent to Eng. for° in 
forswear (for-, A.S.). [Akin to Gr. 
para-, beside, Eng. for-, Ger. ver.] 

Peri- (Gr.), round, as perimeter, peri- 
phrasis. [Gr. peri; Sans, pari, also allied 
to Gr. para.~\ 

Pol-, Por- (L.), as pollute, portend. 
[From Old L. port-, towards; cf. Ger. 
pros, Eng. forth."] 

Poly- (Gr.), many, as polygamy. 

Por-, as in portrait. See Pro- (2). 

Post- (L.), after, backwards, behind, as 
postdate, postscript, postpone. 

Pour-, Pur- (Fr. — L.), as pourtray, 
purvey. [Fr. — L. pro."] 

Pre-, Pra- (L.), before, as ^r^dict, pre- 
fer, ^r^arrange, prator; also in prison 
and provost. [L. pra akin to L. pro."] 

Prefer- (L.), beyond, as preterit, preter- 
natural, pretermit. [L. prater — pra, with 
comp. suffix -ter.~\ 

Pro- (Gr.), before, as prologue, pro- 
gramme, prophet. [Gr. pro; cog. with L. 
Pro-, Sans, pra, Eng. for (prep.).] 

Pro- (L.), forth, forward, before, in- 
stead, as project; instead of, from the 
idea of being before, as pronoun, pro- 
consul. Appearing also as por-, pour-, 
pr-, prof-, Pur-, and as prod- in prodigal. 
— Of Fr. origin, proceed, purchase, pur- 
pose, pursue, purvey. [Cog. with pro* 
(Gr.^. which see.] 



16 



Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 



Pros-, (Gr.), towards, as proselyte, 
prosody. 

Proto-, Prot-, (Gr.), first, as prototype, 
protoxid. [Gr. protos, first.] 

Pur-, see under Pour-. 

Re-, Red-, Ren-, (L.), change of place 
or condition, is in remove, minion (an 
assemblage of things or persons formerly 
apart) ; hence, change of motion from 
one direction to the opposite = 'back,' 
'again,' as retract, resound, redeem, redo- 
lent. It appears as ren- in render, &c. ; 
as r- in rally, rampart; as ra- in ragout. 
In rebuild, remind, &c. it has been pre- 
fixed to English words. 

Retro- (L.), back, backwards, as retro- 
spect, retrograde. — Of Fr. origin, rere- 
ward, ar rear, &c. 

S-, for Se-, as in sure; for Dis-, as in 
.rpend; for Ex-, as in jample; for Sub-, 
as in jomber. 

Se-, Sed-, (L.), without, a9 secure; 
aside, as seduce, secede, edition; appear- 
ing as s- in jure, sober. 

Semi- (L.), half, as semicircle. [L.; 
cog. with Gr. hemi.] 

Sine- (L.), without, as sinecure. 

So-, as in jojourn. See Sub-. 

So-, as in jober. See Se-. 

Sovr-, Sopr-. See Super-. 

So- } as in .sojourn. See sub-. 

Sub- (L.), by assimilation, before c, f, 
g, m, p, r, s—suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, 
sur-, sus-; under, from under, after, as 
subject, suspect, succeed, suffuse, suggest, 
summon, support, surprise, suspend — also 
as s- in jomber and so- in sojourn.-— Of 
Fr. origin, succor, summon; Eng. forma- 
tions, sublet, jM^-kingdom, sub-worker. [L. 
sub (which in O. Fr. became so-)."] 

Subter- (L.), under, as subterfuge. 
[From Sub-, and compar. suffix -ter, 
meaning motion.] 

Suc^ s Suf-, Sug-, Sum-, Sup-. See Sub-. 

Super- (L.), over, above, beyond, as 
jw^rstructure, JM^^rnatural. — Of Fr. ori- 
gin, surface, surfeit, surpass, surprise; 
— Eng. compounds, JM^<?rabundant, sup- 
ercargo, supercritical. [L. ; cog. with 
Sans, upari, Gr. hyper."] 

Supra- (L.), over, above, as supermun- 
dane. [Contr. of ablative fem. superus, 
above, from Super-."] 

Sur- (Fr.), over, as JMrmount. [Fr., 
from L. super."] 

Sur-, as in jwrrogate. See Sub-. 

Sus-, as in suspend. See Sub-. 

Syn-, Sy-, Syl-, Sym- (Gr.), together, 



with, as syntax, system, syllable, symbo], 
symmetry. [Cog. with Com-.] 

T-, in /wit, for at; in /awdry = Saint 
Awdry, the / being the final letter of 
saint; in tautology, representing the Greek 
article to. 

Thorough- (A.S.), through, as thor- 
oughfare. [A.S. thurh, through.] 

To- (A.S.), in /o-day, together, to- 
ward, here-to-fore, is the prep, to TA.S. 
t6.] 

To- (A.S.), asunder, as in /o-brake. 
[A.S. to; cf. Ger. zer-, Gr. dys-.] 

Trans-, Tra-, Tran-, Tres-, Tre- (L.), 
beyond, across, as transport, traverse, 
transcend, trespass, and treason (through 
French). 

Tri- (L.), thrice, as in triple, treble. 

Twi- (A.S.), double, as in twi light. 
[A.S. twi-, double, twd, two.] 

U- (Gr.), no, not, as i/topia. [Gr. ou, 
not.] 

Ultra- (L.), beyond, as ultramarine. 
The French form outre appears in out- 
rage and in utterance. [From ulter 
(stem of ulterior), ul- being from root 
of L. ille.] 

Urn-, in Mmpire. See Non-. 

Un- (A.S.), negative prefix, not, as 
ttflhappy, untruth, wwcouth. [Cog. with 
Gr. an- and L. in- (negative).] 

Un- (A.S.), verbal prefix, signifying 
the reversal of an action, as unlock, un- 
bind, undo, unwind. [A.S. on-, un-; cf. 
Dut. ont-, Ger. ent-, Goth, and-. See A- 
(A.S.) (2.).] 

Un-, Uni- (L.), one, as i/rcanimous, uni- 
form. [L. unur, one.] 

Under- (A.S.* under, below, as under- 
growth, underwood, underpiop, undersell. 
[See Under in Diet] 

Up- (A.S.), up, as upland, upstart, 
uphill, w^braid, upset. [A.S. up, upp; 
Ger. auf.] 

Ve- (L.), apart from, as <tf£stibule. [L. 
tie, apart from; prob. allied to bi- and 
duo, two.] 

Vis-, Vice- (Fr. — L.), in place of, as 
•mcount, viceroy. [Fr. vis-, from L. vice, 
instead of.] 

Wan- (A.S.), wanting, as wanton. 
[See Wanton in Diet.] 

With- (A.S.), against, back, as "with- 
stand, withdraw; with, near, as within 
(this meaning is very rare as prefix). 
[A.S. with — wither.] 
Y-. See under /-. 






SUFFIXES 

-able, adj. suffix, capable of, as port- Burnsiana. [L. neut. pi. of adjs. in -anus, 

able, laughable ; cf. also come-at-a£/*. See -an.] 

[L., according to the stem-ending, -abilis, -ance, -ence (L. -antia, -entia, Fr. 

-ebilis, -ibilis, -ubilis.] -ance), noun suffix, as in arrogance, re- 

-ac, adj. suffix, pertaining to, as elegit; pentance, experience, penitence. 

also used as noun suffix, as maniac. [L. ~ancy, -ency, a modern English differ- 

-acus, Gr. -akos.~\ entiated form of the earlier -ance, express- 

-aceous, having the qualities of, as her- ing more distinctly the sense of quality, 

baceous. [L. -aceus.] state, or condition, often belonging to 

-acious, full of, as audacious. [L. -ax Latin substantives in -ntia, as in elegantia, 

-acis.] 'elegantness,' as distinct from the sense 

-ade, noun suffix, the L. -ata, which in of action or process, as regularly ex- 
popular French words appears as -ee, be- pressed by the French form -ance, as in 
comes -ade in words borrowed from the aidant, guidance. The modern ten- 
Provengal, Spanish, Portuguese, and even dency is to confine -nee to action, and to 
Italian, as in accolaaV, gasconaaV. Also express quality or state by -ncy ; cf. com- 
we have ambassadV, ambuscadV, balus- pliance, pliancy, annoyance, buoyancy, 
trade, brigade, cascade, Sec. from French -and, -end, noun suffix, as viand, le- 
words in -ade. Examples of words gend. [L. -andus, -endus, gerundial suf- 
formed in imitation of these in English fix.] 
itself are blocks*?, orangeade. -aneous, belonging to, as extran^en*. 

-age, ending of abstract nouns, as hom- [L. -anew."] 

age; marks place where, as vicara,?*; — -ant, -ent, adj. suffix, as repentant, 

of English formation, bonda.g'*, brewage, patient. Also noun suffix, sometimes de- 

parsontf£*». [L. -aticum; Fr. -age.) noting the agent, as instan*, sergean/, 

-ain, -an, -en,- on, noun suffixes, as student, innocent. [L. -ans, -ant-is, or 

villain, pagan, warden, surgeon. [L. -ens, -ent-is, suffix of pr. p.] 

-anus."] -ar, adj. suffix, belonging to, as angular, 

-al, adj. suffix, as annua/, \egal, mortal, popular. [L. -aris; Fr. -ier or -aire."] 

cardina/; — of English or French forma- -ar, -ard, -art. See under -er (mark- 

tion, circumstantial cordia/, nationa/. ing the agent). 

Noun suffix, as approval denial, removal, -ar, -er, -or, noun suffixes, marking 
betrothal. Latin nouns in -alia (neut. place where, as cellar, larder, manor [L. 
pi.) which survived into Old French be- -arium] ; — denoting the agent, as vicar, 
came -aille (fern, sing.), adopted in treasurer, chancellor. [L. -arius.] 
Middle English as -aylle, -aille, later -aile, -ard, intensive, as drunkard*, coward, 
-al, as Latin sponsalia, O. Fr. espous- sluggard*, wizard. [O. Fr. -ard, -art; 
ailles, M. E. spousaille, spousa/; L. batt- Ger. -hard, strong.] 
alia, O. Fr. bataille, M. E. bataille, batail, -ary, noun suffix, marking place where, 
battle. On this analogy, -aille, -ail, -al, as seminary [L. -arium] ; the agent, as 
became a formative of nouns of action on secretary, antiquary [L. -arius"]. Adjec- 
verbs of French or Latin, and even of tive suffix [L. -arius, Fr. -aire"], as con- 
Teutonic, origin. [L. -alts; Fr. -al, -el."] trary, necessary, secondary. 

-an, -ain, -ane, adj. suffix, as human, -asm. See under -ism. 

certain, humane; — of English formation, -ass, -ace, as cuirass, cutlass, menace, 

Anglican, suburban. Noun suffix [L. pinnae. [L. -aceus, -actus; It. -accio, 

-anus; Fr. -ain, -en~\, as publican, veteran. Fr. -as."] 

[L. -anus; Fr. -ain, -en.] -aster, dim. and freq. (often implying 

-ana, things belonging to, such as say- contempt), as poetaster. [Fr. astre (It. 

ings, anecdotes, &c, as Johnsoniana, astro) — L. -as-ter.] 

17 



18 Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 

-ate, -ete, -ite, -ute, -t, forming adjec- -ed. See -d. 

ti V es — all adapted forms of the endings -ee, noun suffix, one who or that which 

of past participles in Latin according to is (passive), as trusty legate. In such 

the conjugation of the verbs from which words as absents, devote, the old func- 

they are formed, as accurate, desolate; tion of -ee is entirely lost; refuge is 

comply, replete; contrite, exquisite; ab- adopted from Fr. refugie, grands from 

solute, minute; abject, elect. Sp. grande. [Fr. -e — L. -atus, suffix of 

-ate, verbal suffix, as navigate, perme- pa. p.] 

ate. Adj., as above. Noun, as legate, -eer, -ier, one who, has frequentative 

advocate. [Norm. Fr. at — L. -atus, suffix meaning, as charioteer; also -er, -ar, as 

of pa. p.] in carpenter, viozr. [Fr. -ier — L. arius.~\ 

-ble. See -able. -el, dim., as damsel. [See under -1.] 

-ble, -pie, fold, as double, treble, quad- -en, dim., as chicks, maide«. [A.S. 

xuple. [L. -plus, lit. 'full.'] -en.] 

-bund and -cund, as moribund, rubi- -en, fern, suffix, now found only in 

cund. [L. -bundus and -cundus; Fr. vixen. [A.S. -en, -n; Ger. -in, Gr. -ine, 

-bond and -cond.] L.-ina.~\ 

-ce. See under -s, adverbial suffix. -en, added to noun-stems to form ad- 

-celli, -cello, dim., as vermis//*', violon- jectives chiefly indicating the material of 

cello. [It., from L. -cuius."] which a thing is composed. From the 

-ch, dim., as blotch. [See -ock.] 16th century onwards there has been a 

-cle, -cule, dim., as in partici/>/e, ani- tendency to discard these adjectives for 

malcule, from L. cuius, which also gives the attributive use of the substantive, as 

(through It.) -celli, -cello. [See under in ( a gold watch;' only a few words are 

-1], still familiarly used in their literal sense 

■craft, noun suffix, as in bookcraft, — earthy wheaterc, wooden, woolen. [A. 

priestcraft. [A.S. crceft, skill.] S. -en; Goth, -en, -an, Ger. -en, -ein, 

-cy, -sy, noun suffix, denoting being, or Sans, -urn; a genitive suffix, as in mine.] 

state of being, condition, rank, as cle- -en, pa. p. as woven, borne, sworn. 

mency, bankruptcy, curacy, minstrelsy. [A.S. -n, -ne, -en; conn, with -ant, -ent.] 

[L. -tia, as in constant, constancy, or -en, pi. suffix, as oxen, kine (for M. E. 

-tio, as in conspira/z'o, conspiracy.] hyen — A.S. cy, pi. of cu, a cow). [A. 

-d, -t, or ed, pa. t. suffix, as loved. S. -an.] 

The e in -ed is the connecting vowel, -en, to make, as darken, moisted, 

omitted when the verb ends in e. [A strengthen, whiter. 

S. -de, 'did,' from di-de, pa. t. of do.] -en, -in, -ene, belonging to, as alien, 

-d, pa. p. suffix of weak verbs, as loved; vermin, terrene. [L. -enus, -ena, -enum.] 

in nouns (with passive meaning), as -ence -ency. See -nee, -ncy. 

deed, seed; in adjectives formed from -ent, belonging to, as differed. [L. 

nouns, as connoting the possession of the -ens, -ends. See -ant.] 

attribute or thing expressed by the sub- -eous, in righteous, corr. of -wise 

stantive, as booted, feathered, wooded; in (which see) ; in courteOMJ, from O. Fr. 

the form -th (or -t), in abstract nouns -eis (from L. -ensis.) 

from adjectives and, later on, from verbs, -eous, same as in -ous, as ligneous. 

as death, r\gbt, swiit, (with euphonic -s-) [L. -eus.] 

du-s-t, bla-i-f. [Orig. -th, as in uncou/^, -er, freq. and intens., as glimmer, flut- 

and from the root of the, that; seen also ter. 

in the L. suffix -tu-s, as in no-tu-s, Sans. -er, infinitive suffix, as cover, encounter, 

jna-ta-s, and in the Gr. suffix -to-s.] [Fr. -re, -ir, from Latin pres. infin. -are, 

-dom, noun suffix, denoting dominion, -ere, -ere, -ire.] 

power, as kingdom; state, as freedom; -er marks the agent, designating persons 

act, as martyrdom. New words, as flun- according to their occupation, as writer, 

keydom, can be coined. [A.S. dom, singer, hatter, leader, sometimes changed 

judgment, Ger. -thum.] to -ar, as liar; with -i- or -y- prefixed, 

-dor, -dore, noun suffix, as in corridor, as cloth-/-er, law-y-er; with excrescent 

matadore, stevedore, battledore. [Sp. -dor, -t- or -d, as bragg-ar-t. Note that in the 

L. -tor.] words auger, heifer, shelter, what looks 



Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 



19 



like the suffix -er is really an independent 
substantive. [A.S. -ere; Goth, -arja, 
Ger. -er.~\ 

-er, more, used in compar. of adjs., as 
greater, more. [Aryan compar. suffix 

-er, noun suffix, as matter, gutter. [Fr. 
-iere — L. -eria.~\ 

-erel, dim. suffix, as mackerel. [See 
under -1.] 

-erie, place where, as managerie. [Fr., 
from L. arium. See -ery.] 

-erly, direction to or from, as southerly. 
[From -em and -/y.] 

-em, adj. suffix sig. direction, as south- 
ern [A.S. -er-n] ; adj. suffix, sig. belong- 
ing to, as modem [L. -emus'] ; noun suf- 
fix, as cistern [L. -erna.] 

-ery, noun suffix, as brewery, witchery, 
cutlery. [Noun suffix -y added to nouns 
in -er (marking agent). See -ary, -erie, 
-ory.] 

-es or -s, pi. suffix, as foxes, hats. [A. 
S. -as. s is a general pi. suffix, as L. and 
Gr. -es.] 

-escent, adj. suffix, denoting growing, 
becoming, as convalescent. [L. -esco, 
-isco, -asco, Gr. -asko, suffix, implying 
beginning.] 

-ese, adj. suffix, belonging to, as Japa- 
nese. [L. -ensis; O. Fr. -eis, mod. Fr. 
-ois, -ais.~\ 

-esque, adj. suffix, partaking of the 
quality of, as picturesque, grotesque, Tur- 
ner esque. [Fr. -esque (It. -esco)— L. -iscus t 
a by-form of -tens (see -ic), and conn, 
with -ish, adj. suffix.] 

-ess, fem. suffix of nouns, as lioness, 
goddess. [Fr. -esse, L. -issa.~\ 

-ess, -ice, -ise, as prowess, justice, mer- 
chandise. Note that riches was mistaken 
for a plural, being really M. E. richesse 
— Fr. richesse. [L. -itia, -hies, Late L. 
-icia, Fr. -esse.'] 

-est, as in harvest, earnest. 

-est, suffix of 2d sing, in verbs^ as 
brings. [A.S. -ast, -est; L. -es, isti; 
Gr. -si, -sthon. s or -st = 2d pers. pron., 
Gr. jy (sw), L. tu, Eng. *Aok.] 

-esf, superl. suffix, formed from the com- 
par. by adding -/, as smalls. [A.S. 
I -est (in adjectives), -est (in adverbs); 
L. -issimus, Gr. -istos, -stos, -tatos, Sans. 
•ishta.] 

-et, -ete, noun suffix, marking the agent, 
' as prophet, poet, athlete. [L. eta, Gr. 
-ties.] 



-et, -ette, -ot, dim., as cygne/, billed, 
etique//e, ballot. See also -let. [Norm. 
Fr. -et, -ot; Fr. -et, -ette.'] 

-eur. See under -or. 

-ever, at any time, as whoever, every 
one who. 

-fare, way, as in welfare, chaifer. 

-fast, adj. suffix, as in steadfast, shame- 
faced (A.S. scamfast.). [A.S. fast, firm, 
fast.] 

-fold, adj. suffix, as fourfold, manifold. 
[A.S. -feald.] 

-ful, full of, as delight/a/. # [A.S. -full.] 

-fy, a verbal suffix signifying to make, 
as purify. [Fr. -fier — L. -fic-are, for fac- 
er e, to make.] 

-head, -hood, noun suffix, denoting state, 
nature, as Godhead, manhood, likeli^oo^, 
hardihood. Note that livelihood was in 
A.S. lifl&d, lif, life, lad, way; the 
second part ceased to be understood, and 
thus -lihood took its place. [From A.S. 
had, Ger. -heit, state; changed into 
-hood.] 

-i, pi. suffix of nouns in -us, as in lit- 
erati [L. -i; conn, with Ger. -at, -oi] ; 
also pi. suffix of nouns borrowed from It., 
as banditti [It. — L.]. 

-ian, adj. suffix, as Arabian, Christian. 
See -an. [L. -ianus; Fr. -ie?i.] 

-ible, adj. suffix, as possible, rlexible. 
From L. -ibilis, another form of -abilis. 
See -able.] 

-ic, adj. suffix, of or belonging to, as 
gigantic, public, voltaic. Also largely 
as noun suffix, as fabric. [L. -icus, -ica, 
-hum, Gr. -ikos; Fr. -ic, -igne.] 

-ical, adj. suffix, belonging to, as cu- 
bical, whimsical, [-ic and -al.] 

-ice, noun suffix, as chalice [Fr. — L. -ex, 
-icis; novice [Fr. — L. icius]. [See an- 
other -ice under -ess, -ice, -ise -icism. 
See -ism.] 

-ics, lit. things that belong to a science, 
as mathematics. [In imitation of Gr. 
-ika, neuter pi. of adjs. in -ikos. See -ic] 

id, noun suffix, as nereiJ; also used in 
coining chemical words, as chlonVe, ox- 
ide, bromide [L. -id-, Gr. -id-, Fr. -ide]. 
Also adj. suffix, as tepid, acid, morbid 
[L. -idus]. 

-ie, -y, dim., as lassie. [From -ick, a 
weakened form of -ock.] 

-ier, noun suffix, one who, as cavalier, 
clothier, brazier, hosier. [Fr. -ier; usu- 
ally appears in form -eer,] 

-iff. See -ive. 



20 Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 

-il, -He, able, as civil, ductile. [L. -His, as establish. From Fr. pr. p. suffix -iss- 

from verbal roots, -His, from noun stems; ant; chiefly used in words from the Fr. 

to be distinguished from -ile (below). The Fr. -iss- is from L. -esc-, inceptive.] 

See -able.] -isk, dim., as astern^. [Gr. -iskos; conn. 

-He, belonging to, as Gentile. [L. with -isk, little. See -ock.] 

-ilis.~\ -ism, -asm, -icism, forming abstract 

-im, pi. suffix, as cherubim. [Heb -im.~] nouns sig. condition, system, as egoism, 

-ina, fern, suffix, as czarina. [See -en deism, CalvimVm, laconwra, pleonasm; 

fern.] Anglicism, witticism. [L. -ismus, -asmus 

-ine, fem. suffix, as heroine. [See -en —Gr.-ismos, asmos.] 

fern.] -ist, denoting the person who holds a 

-ine, -in, noun suffix, as ravine, medi- doctrine or practises an art, as Calvinist, 

cine, cousin; much used in chemical com- chemist, novels, artist, royalist, nihilist. 

pounds, as iodine, glycerine t bromine. [L. -ista — Gr. -istes.~\ 

Also adj. suffix, as adamantm*, divine. -ite, -it, noun suffix, born in, belonging 

[L. -inus, -ina, Fr. -in.] to, as Israelite, Jesuit. [L. -ita, Gr. 

-ing, suffix of present participles (often -ites.~\ 

used as adjectives), as lovmg, charming. -itude, noun suffix, as fortitude , multi- 

[Corr. of A.S. -ende, which, as also tude. [L. -itudo.] 

-ande, it replaced. See -nd, also -ant, -ive, (-iff-), forming nouns, orig. an 

-ent.] adjectival suffix, as bailz^, captn;*, native, 

-ing, noun suffix, forming nouns of plaint*^,* forming adjectives (L. -ivus), 

action from verbs, as living, dwelling; as active, extensive, iurtive. 

these often acquire a concrete sense, as -ix, fern, suffix, as testatrix [L. -ix, 

learning. [A.S. -ung, -ing; Ger. -ung.~\ -ids. Conn, with -ess, fem. suffix.] 

-ing, representing Teut. ingoz (masc), ~i*e t to make, same as -ise. 

with several functions— (i) -ing (A.S. -k, a verbal suffix, freq. or intens., as 

-ing) y patronymic aoling (the son of a har£, lur£, taU, wal£. 

noble), cyning (lit. 'son of a king,' cyne -kin, dim., as bumokin, firkin, lambkin, 

= king), Elising (the son of Elisa). mannikin, napkin; also in proper names, 

This suffix is preserved in proper names, Jenkins (John), Perkins (Peterkin), Wil- 

as Harding, Manning; esp. in place- kins (William). [A.S. -cen— very rare 

names, as in Billingsgate, Reading. (2) the currency of the suffix being due to 

-ing is also found in names^ of animals, words adopted from Dutch or Low Ger- 

as in herring, whiting. (3) -ing in names man; Ger. -chen.] 

of coins has also a sense of diminution, -kind, noun suffix, kind, race, as man- 
as in farthing (the fourth part, viz., of kind, womankind. [See -kin above.] 
a penny), shilling. -h ~le> -el (after v, th, ch, n), repre- 

-ion, -sion, -tion, -son, -som, being, state sents A.S. -el, -ela,^ -ele, and serves to 

of being, as opinion, rebellion, religion, form agent-nouns, instrumental ^ substan- 

tension, poison, ransom, reason, season, fives, and diminutives, as nail, sail, beadle, 

creation. [L. -io, -tio, -sio; Fr. -ion, riddle, sickle, apple, brarnb/*, bund/*, 

-sion, -tion.'] icic/*, nettle, runn*/. ^ -al is sometimes 

-tor, more, term, of comp. degree, a* from A.S. -els, from isli, as brid/*, riddle, 

superior. [L. -ior. See -er, more.] burial. -I, -le, as a verbal suffix, gives to 

-ique, belonging to, as antique. [Fr.— the root the sense of frequency, repetition,, 

L. -iquus; conn, with -ic, L. -icus. See diminution, as kneel, drizz/*, nest/*, 

, ac# ] spark/*. 

-ise, -ize, verbal suffix, signifying to -ledge. See -lock (1). 

make, as equaiiz*. [L. izare, horn Gr. -lence, -lency, forming abstract nouns. 

-izein; Fr. -iser.] [L- -l-entia, from -lens. See -ent.] ^ 

^ise, noun suffix. See -ice. -lent, adj. suffix, full of, as violent, 

-ish, adj. suffix, ethnic, as Irish; signi- viru/*«/. [L. -lentus.] 

fying somewhat, as brownie, oldi*«; -less, adj. suffix, free from, wanting, 

sometimes implying depreciation, as out- as guiltless, godless. [A.S. -leas, Ger 

\andish, childwA. [A.S. -ise.] -los, Goth, -laus.] 

-ish, verbal suffix, signifying to make, -/*/, dim., as brace/*/, leaf/*/, stream/*/, 



Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 21 

[From -/ and -et, dim. in certain words the word being diminutive of steer ; A.S. 

formed with -et on substantives ending steor, whence styric, a stirk. [A.S. -uca 

in -el.] — Aryan -ka. See -ie and -ing, dim.] 

-like, like, as godlike. -om, old dative suffix, now used as ob- 

-ling, dim., hence expression of affec- jective to whom; in adverbs of time, as 

tion, as darling (A.S. deorling) , duck- seldom. [A.S. -um.] 

ling, gosling; sometimes implying depre- -on, -eon, -ion, noun suffix, as capon, 

ciation, as hireling, groundling, under- maso;z, trunch^ow, onion, clarion. [Fr. — L. 

ling, worldling. [A.S. -ling.'] -onem, -ionem.] 

-ling, -long. adv. suffix, as darkling, -oon, noun suffix, often augmentative, 

sidelong. [A.S. -lunga, -linga.] as balloow, saloon. [Fr. -on, It. -one.] 

-lock, noun suffix, in wed/or^, and -or, -our, -er, denoting the agent, some- 

knowledge. It is the A.S. lac, the same times directly from L. (see -tor), but 

as lac, sport. mostly through O. Fr. -or, -our, (Mod. 

-lock, -lick, noun suffix, being a weak- Fr. eur), as emperor (old spelling empe- 

ened form of A.S. ledc, a leek, as in hem- rour, Fr. empereur — L. imperatorem) ;Hn 

lock, garlic, charlock. others, Eng. -er has supplanted -eur, 

-ly, adj. and adv. suffix, as manly, only, -our, as preacher (Fr. precheur — L. 

wickedly. [The adj. suffix is from A.S. prcedicatorem) , while -or is at times af- 

lic, Eng. like; adv. is from lic-e, dat. fixed to Eng. roots, as sailor. In certain 

of lie] abstract nouns from L. -or, Fr. -eur is 

-m, noun suffix, as blossom [A.S. still represented by -or, as color, labor, 
blostma]; fathom [A.S. -ma, -m] ; as honor, and in a few cases directly re- 
realm, regime [Fr.,— L. -men]. tained, as in grandeur. The words de- 

-ma, noun suffix, as diorama, enema, meanour and behaviour are English for- 

[Gr.] [A.S. -mealum.] mations with -our. 

-meal, adv. suffix, as inchm<?tf/, piece- -ory, belonging to, as prefatory [L. 

meal. -orius] ; place where, as purgatory [L. 

-men, that which, state, as regime, -orium.] 

acumen. [Only in words borrowed from -ose, full of, as bellicose, morose, ver- 

Latin. L. -men; Sans. -man. See -ment, hose. [L. -osus. See -ous.] 

-mony.] -of, dim., as ballot. [See -et, dim.] 

-ment, noun suffix, as nourishment, es- -our. See -or. 

tablishment, detriment; — of Eng. forma- -ous, adj. suffix, as religion, delirious, 

tion, acknowledgm*;*/, employm£#/. [h. curious [L. -osus] ; dubious, anxious [L. 

-mentum, Fr. -ment. See -men.] -us].- — In righteous the ous has replaced 

-mony, as testimony, parsimony. [L. wis, A.S. rihtwis. 

-mon-iu-m, -mon-ia. See -men.] -ow, noun suffix, as shadow [from A 

-most, suffix of superl. deg., as end- S. -u] ; swallow [from A.S. -ewe] ; mar- 
mot. See Most in Diet. [In most cases row [from A.S. -h]. Also adj. suffix, 
this suffix is not the word most, the m as narrow [from A.S. -u]. 
being part of the root, or an old superl. -pie. See -hie, fold, 
suffix, and -ost, the superl. suffix, as in -r, noun suffix, marking the instrument, 
inmost = mm-ost. See -est, superl. suffix.] as stair, timber, adj. suffix, as bitter. 

-n, in participles, as broken, hewn; in -re, place, as her*?. [A.S. -r, -ra, jrig. 

substantives, as bairrc, beaco«, burdew, a locative suffix.] 

chin, corn, heaven, maidew. -red, noun suffix, denoting manner, 

-nee, -ncy, forming abstract nouns, as state > as hatm/, kindred (in A.S. cyn- 

distance, decency. [Fr. -nce-L. -nt-ia.] ™» a shortening of cynn-ryne, in M.E. 

' ' "T , •',,. ., . , x , . , ,«. the meaningless -ren being supplanted by 

-nd, as fiend (lit. hating ) friend (lit. mf . gd * p A s> _ raden; c0 „ wIth Ger# 

'loving'). [A.S. pr. p. suffix.] -rath.] 

-ness, noun suffix, denoting abstract idea, . re d f j n hundred. This is cog. with 

as tenderness, sweetness. [A.S. -nis, -nes, j ce# hundrad, Ger. hund^r?, the suffix ira- 

cog. with Ger. -niss.] plying number, reckoning. 

-ock, dim., as hillo^, bullock— also in -rtc, noun suffix, formerly an independ- 

proper names, as Pollo<:£ (from Paul), ent word denoting dominion, power, re- 

&C. In stir* we see the simple suffix -k, gion, as bishopric. [A.S. rice, power.] 



22 



Etymological Dictionary of Prefixes and Suffixes 



-right, as upright, downright. [A.S. 
riht.] 

-ry, noun suffix, originally with a collec- 
tive meaning, as chevalerie, 'body of 
knights;' now expressing action or quality, 
as bigotry, pedantry, sorcery; condition, 
as outlawry, slavery; trade, as carpentry, 
heraldry; the place of action or occupa- 
tion, as laundry, nursery; the result or 
product of action, as poetry, tapestry; 
forming collective nouns, as infantry, 
yeomanry. [Fr. rie =, er -j- ie.] 

-s, adverbial suffix, as need.?, always, 
once, henc^, thence, whil-^-t, betwi-ar-t. 
[A.S. -es, gen. suffix.] 

-'s, is the present genitive suffix. [Short 
for A.S. -es — Aryan -s or sya, orig. a 
demons, pron. The (') is prob. due to a 
false notion that this -s was a relic of his. 

-s, -se, verbal suffix, making transitive 
verbs from adjectives, as cleanse (A.S. 
cl&nsian) , rinse (Ice. hreinsa — hreinn, 
pure). It also occurs in clajp, grajp, put 
for clap-.?, grap-j. 

-ship, scape, noun suffix, as friendship, 
stewardship, worship, \andscape (earlier 
landskip, the Dut. landschap). [A.S. scipe, 
shape, form — scapan; cog. with Ger. 
-schaft.] 

-sis, action or state, as the.??.?. [Gr.] 

-some, adj. suffix, full of, as gladsome, 
buxom (orig. 'pliable,' 'good-natured,' A. 
S. buhsum, lissome, from bugan, to bow, 
bend). [A.S. -sum, Ger. -sam; a by-form 
of same."] 

-son, son, as John.?o?z. 

-son, in arson, reason, treason, the same 
as -tion. 

-st. See -est, suffix of zd sing. 

-ster marks the agent, as malttter, and 
in the personal names (orig. trade-names) 
Baxter, Brewer, Webster; often with 
depreciation, as gameiter, punster. [A. 
S. -estre, a fern, suffix, which now keeps 
this sense only in spinster.] 

-stress, fern, suffix, as songstress. [From 
-ster, orig. fern, suffix, with the addition 
of L. -ess."] 

-sy, state, as pleurisy. [Same as -sis."] 

-t. See -d. 

-/, -te, adj. and noun suffix, as convent, 
fact, chaste, tribute. [L. -tus, pa.p. suffix; 
cog. with -d, pa. p. suffix.] 

-teen, ten to be added, as fourteen. [A. 
S. -tyne. Cf. -ty, ten to be multiplied.] 

~ter, noun suffix, as character. [Gr. -ter, 



L. -tor, Sans, -tri; perh. conn, with -ster.] 
-ter, -ther, as in alter, hither. [A.S. -der, 
-ther, old comp. suffix.] 

-th, order-, as sixth. [Becomes also -d; 
conn, with L. -tus, -tius, as in L. quartus, 
fourth.] 

-th, suffix of 3d pers. sing, of verbs, now 
for the most part softened to -s. [A.S. 
from root -ta, which appears in L. -/, Gr. 
-ti, -si, -tai, -to.] 

-th, -t, noun suffix, as in strength, height- 
see under -d (pa.p. suffix). 

-ther, denoting the agent, as father, 
mother. [Cf. -tor."] 

-ther. See -ter, -ther. 

-tor, the agent, as conductor. See -ther, 
and cf. -or, -our, -er. 

-tor-y, -sor-y, noun suffix, denoting 
place, as dormitory. 

-tude forms abstract nouns, as gratitude. 
[L. -tudo.] 

-ty, being or state of being, as dignity; 
quality, as honesty. [L. -tas, -tatem ; O. 
Fr. -te'.] 

-ty, ten to be multiplied, as sixty. [A. 
S. -tig; cog. with Ger. -zig. Cf. -teen!] 

-ule, little, dim. [from L. -ulus, -ula, 
-ulum], as in globule, pustule; also -cule 
[L. -cuius, -cula, -culum], as animalcule, 
or [through Fr.] -cle, as articte. A differ- 
ent Latin suffix -culum, forming substan- 
tives from verbs, is represented in the form 
-cle in several words adopted through 
French, as miracle, oracle, spectacle. 

-um, neuter term., as medium. [L. -um, 
Gr. -on.'] 

-uncle, little, dim., as peduncle. [L. 
-un-cu-lus, A.S. -incle; conn, with -en and 
-cule, diminutives.] 

-ure, noun suffix, denoting act of, as 
capture; state of being, as verdwr^. — In 
leis«r£ and pleasure, -ir has been replaced 
by -ure, O. Fr. leisz'r, plaiszV. [L. -ura; 
Fr. -ure.] 

-urnal, belonging to, as diurnal. [L. 
-urn-us and al; conn, with -ern (in mod- 

-ward, -wards, forming adjectives from 
substantives, adjectives, adverbs, and pre- 
positions, as eastward, homeward, home- 
wards; downward, forward, inward, to- 
ward. [A.S. -weard, gen. -weardes, cog. 
with Ger. -warts; conn, with A.S. weor- 
than, to be, and L. versus — vertere, to 
turn.] 

-way, -ways, adv. suffix, sig. manner, 
direction, as alway, always, straightway. 
[Cf. -wise.] 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



23 



-(wise, way, manner, as likewise, also 
righteous. [A.S. -wise, manner; Ger. 

-wiss.') 

-'worth, adj. suffix, as stalworth, stal- 

-y, adj. suffix, as spongy [from L. 
-iosus~\; as Jolty [Norm. Fr. -if from L. 
-ious; cf. -i<ve~\; as silly, dirty, any [A.S. 
-ig; cog. with Ger. -ig, Goth, -ha, -ga, 
L. -cu-s, Gr. -fo-j]. 

y, noun suffix, as story, family, Italy 



[Fr. -ie, L. -zYj; as augury, joy, remedy 
[from L. -iutn\; as ally, clergy, deputy, 
treaty [from L. -atus, Fr. -e\; as progeny 
[from L. -ies\; as army, country, entry 
[from L. -ata, Fr. -*?V] ; as body [from A. 
S. -ig]; and^ perhaps the modern Eng. in 
forming diminutives or words of contempt, 
as puppy, baby, lassie, from pup, babe, 
lass; Billy from Bill; Betsy, lAzzie, &c. 
-yer, as in lawyer. See -er, noun suffix. 



A DICTIONARY OF FOREIGN WORDS 

AND PHRASES RENDERED 

INTO ENGLISH. 



a bas. Fr. Down, down with. 

a beau jeu, beau retour. Fr. One good 
turn deserves another; tit for tat. 

Ab extra. L. From without. 

Ab into pectore. L. From the bottom 
of the heart. 

Ab incunabulis. L. From the cradle. 

Ab initio. L. From the beginning. 

Ab intra. L. From within. 

A bisogni si conoscono gli amici. It. 
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 

a bon chat, bon rat. Fr. To a good 
cat, a good rat; tit for tat. 

a bon marche. Fr. Cheap a good bar- 
gain. 

Ab origine. L. From the origin. 

Ab ovo. L. From the egg; from the 
beginning. 

Ab ovo usque ad mala. L. From the 
egg to the apples (as in Roman banquets) ; 
from beginning to end. 

a bras ouverts. Fr. With open arms. 

Abrege. Fr. An abridgment. 

Absens hares non erit. L. The absent 
one will not be heir, out of sight out of 
mind. 

Absente reo. L. The accused being 
absent. 

Absit invidia. L. Let there be no ill- 
will ; envy apart. 

Absit omen. L. May this not prove 
ominous of evil. 

Ab uno disce omnes. L. From one 
specimen judge of all the rest. 

A buon vino non bisogna frasca. It. 
Good wine needs no bush. 



Ab urbe condita. L. From the build- 
ing of the city, i.e. Rome. 

A capite ad calcem. L. From head to 
heel. 

a chaque saint sa chandelle. Fr. To 
each saint his candle; honor to whom 
honor is due. 

a cheval. Fr. On horseback. 

A che vuole, non mancano modi. It. 
Where there's a will there's a way. 

a compte. F. On account. 

a corps perdu. Fr. With breakneck 
speed. 

a coup sur. Fr. Of a certainty; with- 
out fail. 

a couvert. Fr. Under cover. 

A cruce salus. L. Salvation by the 
cross. 

Actionnaire. Fr. Shareholder in a 
company. 

Ad aperturam (libri). L. At the open- 
ing of the book; wherever the book opens. 

Ad arbitrium. L. At pleasure. 

Ad calendas Gracas. L. At the Greek 
calends; i.e. never, as the Greeks had no 
calends in their mode of reckoning. 

Ad captandum vulgus. L. To attract 
or please the rabble. 

A Deo et rege. L. From God and the 
king. 

a dessein. Fr. On purpose; intention- 
ally. 

a deux mains. Fr. For two hands; 
two-handed; having a double office. 

Ad extremum. L. To the last, or ex- 
tremity. 



24 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Ad finem. L. To the end; at or near 
the end. 

Ad gustum. L. To one's taste. 

Ad hominem. L. To the man; to an 
individual's interests or passions. 

Adhuc sub judice lis est, L. The case 
is still before the judge; the controversy is 
not yet settled. 

A die. L. From that day. 

Ad infinitum. L. To infinity. 

Ad instar. L. After the fashion of. 

Ad interim, L. In the meanwhile. 

Ad interne cionem. L. To extermina- 
tion. 

a discretion. Fr. At discretion ; without 
restriction. 

Ad libitum. L. At pleasure. 

Ad majorem Dei gloriam. L. For the 
greater glory of God. 

Ad modum. L. In the manner of. 

Ad multos annos. L. For many years. 

Ad nauseam. L. To disgust or satiety. 

Adorer le <veau d'or. Fr. To worship 
the golden calf. 

Ad patres. L. Gathered to his fathers. 

Ad referendum. L. For further con- 
sideration. 

Ad rem. L. To the purpose; to the 
point. 

a droite. Fr. To the right. 

Adscriptus glebce. L. Attached to the 
soil. 

Adsum. L. I am present; here! 

Ad summum. L. To the highest point. 

Ad unguem. L. To the nail; to a 
nicety; exactly; perfectly. 

Ad unum omnes. L. All to a man. 

Ad utrumque paratus. L. Prepared 
for either case or alternative. 

Ad valorem. L. According to the 
value. 

Ad vitam aut culpam. L. For life or 
fault ; i. e. till some misconduct be proved. 

Ad vivum. L. To the life; portrayed 
in a lifelike manner. 

ASgrescit medendo. L. He becomes 
worse by the remedies used. 

JEquabiliter et diligenter. L. Equably 
and diligently. 

JEquo animo. L. With an equal mind; 
with equanimity. 

Mre perennius. L. More lasting than 
brass. 

JEs triplex. L. Triple brass ; armor of 
adamant. 

"Mtatis sua. L. Of his (or her) age. 

Affaire d* amour. Fr. A love affair. 



Affaire d'honneur. Fr. An affair of 
honor; a duel. 

Affaire du cceur. Fr. An affair of the 
heart 

Affreux. Fr. Frightful; shocking. 

a fleur d'eau. F. On a level with the 
water. 

a fond. Fr. To the bottom; thor- 
oughly; heartily. 

A fortiori. L. With stronger reason. 

a gauche. Fr. To the left 

a genoux. Fr. On the knees. 

Age quod agis. L. Attend to what 
you are about 

a grands frais. Fr. At great expense. 

a huts cloSo Fr. With closed doors; 
secretly. 

Aide toi, et le del t'aidera. Fr. Help 
yourself, and Heaven will help you. 

a la belle etoile. Fr. Under the stars; 
in the open air. 

a la bonne heure. Fr. In good time; 
very well ; all right ; as you please. 

a I'abri. Fr. Under shelter. 

a la campagne. Fr. In the country. 

a la carte. Fr. According to the bill 
of fare at table. 

a la derobee. Fr. By stealth. 

a la Francaise. Fr. After the French 
mode. 

a. la mode. Fr. According to the cus- 
tom or fashion. 

a. la Tartufe. Fr. .Like Tartufe, i. e. 
hypocritically. 

al bisogno si conoscono gli amid. It 
Friends are known in time of need. 

a Venvi. Fr. Emulously; so as to vie. 

Alere fiammam. L. To feed the flame. 

Al fresco. It In the open air; cool. 

Alieni appetens, sui profusus. L. 
Greedy of other people's possessions, lav- 
ish of his own. 

a Vimproviste. Fr. On the sudden. 

Alia vostra salute. It To your health. 

Allez-vous-en! Fr. Away with you! 

A lions. Fr. Let us go; come on; come. 

Al piu. It. At most. 

Alter ego. L. Another self. 

Alter idem. L. Another exactly simi- 
lar. 

Alter ipse amicus. L. A friend is the 
counterpart of oneself. 

Alterum tantum. L. As much more. 

a main armee. Fr. By force of arms. 

Amantium ira amoris integratio. L. 
The quarrels of lovers are the renewal of 
love. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



25 



a ma puissance. Fr. To the best of 
my power. 

Amar y saber no puede ser. Sp. No 
one can love and also be wise. 

A maximis ad minima. L. From the 
greatest to the least. 

Ame de boue. Fr. A soul of mud. 

Amende honorable. Fr. Satisfactory 
apology; reparation. 

a m'erveille. Fr. To a wonder; mar- 
vellously. 

Amid probantur rebus adversis. L. 
Friends are tested in adversity. 

Amicus humani generis. L. A friend 
of the human race. 

Amicus Plato, sed magis arnica Veritas 
Flato is my friend, but the truth is still 
more a friend to me. 

Amicus usque ad aras. L. A friend 
even to the sacrificial altar, i. e. to the 
utmost extremity. 

Ami de cour. Fr. ^ A court friend; a 
false or unreliable friend. 

a mon avis. Fr. In my opinion. 

Amor patria. L. Love of country. 

Amour propre. Fr. Self-love; vanity. 

Ancien regime. Fr. The ancient or 
former order of things. 

Anglice. Fr. In English; in the Eng- 
lish language. 

Anguis in herb a. L. A snake in the 
grass; an unsuspected danger; a false 
friend. 

Animo et fide. L. With courage and 
confidence. 

Anno atatis sua. L. In the year of 
his or her age. 

Anno Christi. L. In the year of Christ. 

Anno Domini. L. In the year of our 
Lord. 

Anno humana salutis. L. In the year 
of man's redemption. 

Anno mundi. L. In the year of the 
world. 

Anno urbis condita. L. In the year 
from the time the city (Rome) was built. 

Annus mirabilis. L. Year of wonders; 
especially used in reference to the year 
1666, in which occurred the Great Plague, 
and the Great Fire of London. 

Ante lucem. L. Before the dawn. 

Ante meridiem. L. Before noon. 

a outrance. Fr. To extremities. 

k pas de giant. Fr. With a giant's 
stride; with gigantic steps. 

a peindre. Fr. To be painted ; worthy 
of the painter's art 
3a 



Apercu. Fr. A general sketch or sur- 
vey. 

a perte de <vue Fr. Till beyond one's 
view. 

a peu pres. Fr. Nearly. 

a pied. Fr. On foot 

a point. Fr. To a point; just in time; 
perfectly right. 

A posse ad esse. L. From possibility 
to reality. 

Appartement. Fr. Set of rooms on the 
same floor. 

Apres moi le deluge. Fr. After me the 
deluge. 

A prima vista. It. At first sight. 

a propos de bottes. Fr. Apropos of 
boots; in an irrelevant manner; without 
rhyme or reason. 

a propos de rien. Fr. Apropos to 
nothing; without reference to anything in 
particular; without a motive. 

Aquila non capit muscas. L. An eagle 
does not catch flies. 

Arbiter bibendi. L. Ruler of the sym- 
posium; toastmaster. 

Arbiter elegantiarum. L. A judge or 
supreme authority in matters of taste. 

Arcades ambo. L. Arcadians; fel- 
lows of the same stamp. 

Arcana calestia. L. Celestial myste- 
ries. 

Arcana imperii. L. State secrets. 

Ardentia verba. L. Glowing language. 

Argent comptant. Fr. Ready money. 

Argumentum ad crumenam. L. An ar- 
gument to the purse, i. e. to one's inter- 
ests. 

Argumentum ad hominem. L. An ar- 
gument to the individual man, i. e. to his 
interests and prejudices. 

Argumentum ad ignorantium, L. An 
argument intended to work on a person's 
ignorance. 

Argumentum ad judicium. L. Argu- 
ment appealing to the judgment. 

Argumentum ad verecundiam. L. Ar- 
gument appealing to modesty. 

Argumentum baculinum. L. The argu- 
ment of the cudgel; brute force. 

Ariston metron. Gr. Moderation is 
best. 

Arrectis auribus. L. With ears pricked 
up; all attention. 

Arriere pensee. Fr. Mental reservation. 

Ars est celare artem. L. It is true art 
to conceal art. 



26 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Ars longa, vita brevis. L. Art is long, 
life is short. 

Artium magister. L. Master of Arts. 

Asinusad lyram. L. An ass at the lyre ; 
a stupid awkward fellow. 

Athanasius contra mundum. L. Ath- 
anasius against the world. 

a tort et a tracers. Fr. At random; 
without consideration. 

a toute force. Fr. With all one's might. 

a tout hasard. Fr. At all hazards. 

a tout prix. Fr. At any price; at all 
costs. 

At spes non fracta. L. But hope is not 
crushed. 

Au bout de son Latin. Fr. At the end 
of his Latin ; at his wit's end ; in a fix 
or quandary. 

Au contraire. Fr. On the contrary. 

Au courant. Fr. Fully acquainted with 
matters. 

Audaces (or audentes) fortuna juvat. 
L. Fortune aids the bold. 

Au desespoir. Fr. In despair. 

Audi alteram partem. L. Hear the 
other side. 

Audiatur et altera pars. L. Let the 
other side also be heard. 

Au fait. Fr. Well acquainted with; 
expert. 

Au fond. Fr. At bottom; in reality. 

Auf voiedersehn. Ger. Till we meet 
again ; au revoir. 

Au grand serieux. Fr. In all serious- 
ness. 

Au jour le jour. Fr. From day to day. 
without thought of to-morrow; from hand 
to mouth. 

Au naturel. Fr. In the natural state. 

Au pis aller. Fr. At the worst. 

Aurea mediocritas. L. The golden or 
happy mean. 

Au reste. Fr. As for the rest. 

Au revoir. Fr. Adieu until we meet 
again. 

Auri sacre fames. L. The accursed 
craving for gold. 

Au serieux. Fr. Seriously. 

Auspicium melioris aevi. L. An aus- 
pice for augury) of a better age (to 
come). 

Aussitot dit, aussisot fait. Fr. No 
sooner said than done. 

Autant d'hommes, autant d'avis. Fr. 
So many men, so many minds. 

Aut Caesar aut nullus. L. Either Caesar 
or nobody. 



Aut inveniam viam aut faciam. L. I 
shall either find a way or make one. 

Autrefois acquit. Fr. Formerly ac- 
quitted; previously tried for the same 
offense and acquitted. 

Autre temps, autres mceurs. Fr. Other 
times, other manners. 

Au troisieme. Fr. On the third story. 

Aut sincere aut mori. L. Either to 
conquer or to die; death or victory. 

Aux armes! Fr. To arms! 

Auxilium ab alto. L. Help from on 
high. 

Avant-propos. Fr. Preliminary matter; 
preface. 

Avec permission. Fr. With permission, 

Ave Imperator! Morituri te sulutant. 
L. Hail, Emperor! Those about to die 
(gladiators) salute thee. 

A verbis ad verbera. L. From words 
to blows. 

Avito viret honore. L. Flourishes on 
his ancestral honors. 

a volonte. Fr. At pleasure. 

A vostra salute. It. a votre sante. Fr. 
A vuestra salud. Sp. To your health. 

B 

Badaud. Fr. A lounger in the streets; 
an idler. 

Badinage. Fr. Jocularity; chaff. 

Ballon d'essai. Fr. A balloon sent up 
to ascertain the direction of the air-cur- 
rent; hence, a device to test public opinion 
on any subject. 

Bas bleu. Fr. A blue-stocking; a lit- 
erary woman. 

Beatae memoriae. L. Of blessed memory. 

Beau ideal. Fr. The ideal of perfec- 
tion. 

Beaute du diable. Fr. The devil's good 
looks; youthful freshness. 

Beaux esprits. Fr. Men of wit. 

Beaux yeux. Fr. Fine eyes; good looks. 

Bel esprit. Fr. A person of wit or 
genius; a brilliant mind. 

Bella! horrida bella! L. Wars! horrid 
wars! 

Bella matribus detesta. L. Wars hated 
by mothers. 

' Bellum internecinum. L. A war of 
extermination. 

Benedetto e quel male che vien solo. 
It. Blessed the misfortune that comes 
singly. 

Bene orasse est bene studuisse. L. To 
have prayed well is to have striven well. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



27 



Ben trovato. It. Well invented; clev- 
rfly fabricated or concocted. 

Bete noire. Fr. A black beast; a bug- 
bear. 

Betise. Fr. A piece of stupidity; stu- 
pidity. 

Billet d'amour. Fr. A love-letter. 

Bis dat qui cito dat. L. He gives twice 
who gives quickly. 

Bis peccare in bello non licet. L. It 
ts not permissible to blunder twice in war. 

Bis pueri senes. L. Old men are twice 
boys. 

Bona fide. L. In good faith. 

Bona fides. L. Good faith. 

Bon ami. L. Good friend. 

Bon avocat, mauvais voisin. Fr. A 
good lawyer is a bad neighbor. 

Bon diable. Fr. A good-natured fel- 
low. 

Bon gre, mal gre. Fr. With good or ill 
grace ; willing or unwilling. 

Bon jour. Fr. Good day; good morn- 
ing. 

Bon jour, bonne oeuvre. Fr. A good 
day, a good work; i. e. the better the day, 
the better the deed. 

Bonne bouche. Fr. A delicate morsel; 
tit-bit. 

Bonne et belle. Fr. Good and hand- 
some. 

Bonne foi. Fr. Good faith. 

Bon soir. Fr. Good evening. 

Bon vivant. Fr. One fond of luxury 
and good living; a gourmet. 

Bon voyage! Fr. A good voyage (or 
journey) to you ! 

Borgan macht Sorgan. G. Borrowing 
makes sorrowing; who goes a-borrow- 
ing goes a-sorrowing. 

Brevete. Fr. Patented. 

Brevi manu. L. With a short hand; 
extemporaneously. 

Brevis esse labor o obscurus fio. L. If 
I labor to be brief, I become obscure. 

Brutum fulmen. L. A harmless thun- 
derbolt. 



Cadit quasth. L. The question falls; 
there is no further discussion. 

Caeca est invidia. L. Envy is blind. 

C&lum non anitnum mutant qui trans 
mare currunt. L. They change their sky 
but not their feelings who cross the sea. 

Catera desunt. L The rest is wanting. 

Caterts paribus. L. Other things be- 
rng equal. 



Campo santo. It. A burying-ground 
—lit. 'holy field.' 

Candida Pax. L. White-robed Peace. 

Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. 
L. The penniless traveler will sing in 
the presence of the highwayman ; i. e. 
a penniless man has nothing to lose. 

Cantate Domino. L. Sing unto the 
Lord. 

Cap a. pie. Fr. From head to foot. 

Caput mortuum. L. lit 'dead head'. 
Worthless residue. 

Cara sposa. It. Dear wife. 

Carent quia vate sacro. L. Because 
they have no sacred bard (to celebrate 
their praise). 

Carpe diem. L. Enjoy the present day; 
improve the time. 

Castello che da orecchia si vuol ren- 
der e. It. The fortress that parleys 
speedily surrenders. 

Casus belli. L. That which causes or 
justifies war. 

Catalogue raisonne. Fr. A catalogue 
arranged according to the subjects. 

Causa sine qua non. L. An indispen- 
sable cause or condition. 

Cause celebre. Fr. A celebrated law 
case or trial. 

Caveat emptor. L. Let the buyer be 
careful. 

Cave canem. L. Beware of the dog. 

Cavendo tutus. L. Safe by using cau- 
tion. 

Cedant arma toga. L. Let arms yield 
to the gown, that is, military authority 
to the civil power. 

Cela va sans dire. Fr. That goes with- 
out saying; needless to say; that is a 
matter of course. 

Cela viendra. Fr. That will come. ^ 

Ce n'est pas etre bien aise que de rire. 
Fr. Laughing is not always a sign that 
the mind is at ease. 

Ce n'est que le premier pas qui coute. 
Fr. It is only the first step that is diffi- 
cult. 

Censor morum. L. A censor of morals. 

C'est a dire. Fr. That is to say. 

C'est le commencement de la fin. Fr. 
It is the beginning of the end. 

C'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la 
guerre. Fr. It is magnificent, but it is 
not war; said by a French officer as he 
watched the Charge of the Light Brigade 
at Balaklava. 

C'est selon. Fr. That is according to 
circumstances i that is as may be. 



28 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



C'est un autre chose. Fr. That's quite 
another thing. 

Cetera desunt. L. The rest is want- 
ing; here there is a break. 

Ceteris paribus. L. See Cateris. 

Chacun a son gout. Fr. Every one to 
his taste. 

Chacun tire de son cote. Fr. Every 
one inclines to his own side. 

Chapeau bras. Fr. A cocked hat. 

Chqpelle ardente. Fr. The chamber in 
which a dead body lies in state. 

Chemin de fer. Fr. Iron road; a rail- 
way. 

Cherchez la femme. Fr. Look for the 
woman (to find where she has had. a 
hand in the matter). 

Chere amie. Fr. A dear (female) 
friend. 

Che sara, sara. It. What will be, will 
be. 

Cheval de bataille. Fr. A war-horse; 
what one chiefly relies on. 

Chevalier d'industrie. Fr. Lit. a knight 
of industry; a swindling or cheating 
rogue; one who lives by his wits. 

Chi tace confessa. It. He who keeps 
silence confesses. 

Ci git. Fr. Here lies. 

Clarior e tenebris. L. Brighter from 
darkness or obscurity. 

Clarum et venerabile nomen. L. An 
illustrious and venerable name. 

Cogito, ergo sum. L. I think, there- 
fore I exist. 

Comitas inter gentes. L. Politeness 
between nations. 

Comme il faut. Fr. As it should be. 

Commune bonum. L. A common good. 

Commune periculum concordiam parit. 
L. Common danger begets concord. 

Communibus annis. L. On the annual 
average. 

Communi consensu. L. By common 
consent. 

Compagnon de voyage. Fr. A travel- 
ing companion. 

Componere lites. L. To settle dis- 
putes. . 

Compos voti. L. Having obtained 
one's wish. 

Compte rendu. Fr. An account ren- 
dered; a report. 

Con amore. It. With love; very earn- 

estlv. 

Conciergerie. Fr. A doorkeeper's 
lodge; also name of an ancient prison 
at Paris. 



Concio ad clerutn. L. A discourse to 
the clergy. 

Concordia discors. L. Discordant con- 
cord. 

Concours. Fr. A competition, as for 
a prize. 

Con diligenza. It. With diligence. 

Conditio sine qua non. L. A neces- 
sary condition. 

Con dolor e. It. With grief; sorrow- 
fully. 

Confido et conquiesco. L. I trust and 
am at peace. 

Conjunctis viribus. L. With united 
powers. 

Conseil d'etat. Fr. A council of state; 
a privy-council. 

Consensus facit legem. L. Consent 
makes the law. 

Consilio et animis. L. By wisdom and 
courage. 

Consilio et prudentia. L. ^By wisdom 
and prudence. 

Constaniia et virtute. L. By con- 
stancy and virtue (or bravery). 

Consuetudo pro lege servatur. L. Cus- 
tom or usage is held as law. 

Consule Planco. L. When Plancus 
was Consul ; when I was a young fel- 
low. 

Contra bonos mores. L. Against good 
manners or morals. 

Copia verborum. L. Rich supply of 
words. 

Coram nobis. L. Before us; in our 
presence. 

Coram non judice. L. Before one who 
is not a proper judge. 

Coram populo. L. In presence of the 
people. 

Cordon bleu. Fr. Blue-ribbon; a cook 
of the highest excellence. 

Cordon sanitaire. Fr. A line of guards 
to prevent the spreading of contagion 
or pestilence; a quarantine. 

Corps d'armee. Fr. The body of an 
army; an army corps. 

Corps de garde. Fr. A body of men 
in a guardroom; the room itself. 

Corps diplomatique. Fr. A diplomatic 
body; a body of ambassadors and simi- 
lar representatives. 

Corrigenda. L. Things^ to be cor- 
rected; a list of errors or imperfections. 

Corruptio optimi pessima. L. A cor- 
ruption of what is best is worst 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



29 



Cos ingeniorum. L. A whetstone for 
wits. 

Couleur de rose. Fr. Rose-color; an 
alluring aspect of circumstances. 

Coup. Fr. A stroke. 

Coup de grace. Fr. A finishing stroke. 

Coup de main. Fr. A sudden attack 
or enterprise. 

Coup de maitre. Fr. A master stroke. 

Coup de pied.. Fr. A kick. 

Coup de soleil. Fr. A sunstroke. 

Coup d'essai. Fr. A first attempt. 

Coup d'etat. Fr. A sudden decisive 
blow in politics; a stroke of policy. 

Coup de theatre. Fr. A theatrical 
effect. 

Coup d'ceil. Fr. A rapid glance of the 
eye. 

Courage sans peur. Fr. Fearless cour- 
age. 

Coute qu'il coute. Fr. Cost what it 
may. 

Crambe repetita. L. Cabbage warmed 
up a second time; i. e. the repetition of 
an old joke, a truism, etc. 

Credat Judceus Apella. L. Let Apella, 
the superstitious Jew, believe it, I won't; 
'tell that to the marines'. 

Crede quod habes, et habes. L. Be- 
lieve that you have it, and you have it. 

Credo quia absurdum. L. I believe 
because it is absurd. 

Credo quia impossibile est. L. I be- 
lieve it because it is impossible. 

Creme de la creme. Fr. Cream of the 
cream; the very best or most select. 

Crescit amor nummi, quantum ipsa 
pecunia crescit. L. The love of money 
increases as one's wealth grows. 

Crescit eundo. L. It increases as it 
goes. 

Crescit sub ponder e virtus. L. Virtue 
increases beneath oppression. 

Crimen falsi. L. The crime of perjury. 

Crimen leesce majestatis. L. The crime 
of high treason; lese-majesty. 

Crux. L. A cross; puzzle, difficulty. 

Crux criticorum. L. The puzzle of 
critics. 

Crux medicorum. L. The puzzle of 
the doctors. 

Cucullus non facit monachum. L. The 
cowl does not make the friar; i. e. don't 
trust to appearances. 

Cut bono? L. For whose advantage? 
to what end? 

Cut Fortuna ipsa cedit. L. To whom 
Fortune herself yields. 



Cuilibet in arte sua credendum est. 
L. Everyone is to be trusted in his own 
special art. 

Gulp am poena premit comes. L. Pun- 
ishment follows hard on crime. 

Cum bona venia. L. With your good 
leave. 

Cum grano salis. L. With a grain of 
salt; with some allowance. 

Cum multis aliis. L. With many 
others. 

Cum notis variorum. L. With the notes 
of various commentators. 

Cum prwilegio. L. With privilege or 
license from the authorities. 

Curiosa felicitas. L. Nice felicity of 
expression. 

Currente calamo. L. With a running 
or rapid pen. 

Custos morum. L. Guardian of man • 
ners (or morals). 

D 

D'accord. Fr. In agreement. 

Da locum melioribus. L. Give place 
to your betters. 

Dame d'honneur. Fr. Maid of honor. 

Dames de la halle. Fr. Women who 
sell articles in a market; market-women. 

Damnant quod non intelligunt. L. 
They condemn what they do not under- 
stand. 

Dare pondus fumo. L. To give weight 
to smoke; i. e. attach importance to 
matters of no consequence. 

Das Beste ist gut genug. G. The best 
is good enough. 

Das Ewig-tveibliche zieht uns hinan. 
G. The eternal feminine draws us up- 
wards. 

Data et accepta. L. Expenses and re- 
ceipts. 

Data obolum Belisario. L. Give an 
obolus to Belisarius (a general of Jus- 
tinian, said to have been neglected in 
his old age by that emperor and com- 
pelled to beg). 

Davus sum non CEdipus. L. I am 
Davus not CEdipus (who solved the 
riddle of the Sphinx) ; I am a bad hand 
at riddles. 

De bon augure. Fr. Of good augury 
or omen. 

De bonne grace. Fr. With good grace; 
willingly. 

Deceptio <visus. L. An optical illusion. 

Decet verecundum esse adolescentem. 
L. It becomes a young man to be modest 



30 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Decies repetita placebit L. When ten 
times repeated it will still please. 

Decipimur specie recti. L. We are 
deceived by the show of rectitude. 

Decori decus addit avito. L. He adds 
distinction to his ancestral honors. 

De die in diem. L. From day to day. 

De facto. L. In point of fact; actual; 
actually. 

Degage. Fr. Free; easy; uncon- 
strained. 

De gustibus non est disputandum. L. 
There is no disputing about tastes. 

De haut en has. Fr. In a contemptu- 
ous or supercilious manner. 

Dei gratia. L. By the grace of God. 

De integro. L. Anew; over again from 
beginning to end. 

Dejeuner a la fourchette. Fr. Break- 
fast with a fork; a breakfast or lun- 
cheon with meat. 

De jure. L. From the law; by right. 

De Vaudace, encore de I'audace, et 
toujours de I'audace. Fr. Audacity, more 
audacity, and always audacity. 

Delenda est Carthago. L. Carthage 
must be blotted out or destroyed. 

De mal en pis. Fr. From bad to worse. 

De minimis non curat lex. L. The 
law does not concern itself with trifles. 

De mortuis nil nisi bonum. L. Say 
nothing but good of the dead. 

De nihilo nihil fit. L. From nothing 
nothing is made. 

Denouement. Fr. The issue; end of 
the plot. 

De novo. L. Anew. 

Deo adjuvante. L. God assisting. 

Deo duce. L. God being the leader. 

Deo favente. L. God favoring. 

Deo gratias. L. Thanks to God. 

Deo juvante. L. With God's help. 

De omnibus rebus et quisbusdam aliis. 
L. Concerning all things and certain 
others. 

Deo non fortuna. L. From God, not 
by chance. 

Deo volente. L. God willing; by 
God's will. 

De pis en pis, Fr. From worse to 
worse. 

De profundis. L. Out of the depths. 

De retour. Fr. Having come back 
again; returned. 

De rigueur. Fr. Imperatively neces- 
sary; not to be dispensed with. 

Dernier ressort. Fr. A last resource. 



Desagrement. Fr. Something disi- 
greeable. 

Desipere in loco. L. To jest or be 
jolly at the proper time. 

Desoriente. Fr. Having lost one's 
way; not knowing where to turn. 

Desunt ccetera. L. The remainder is 
wanting. 

De trop. Fr. Too much; more than 
is wanted. 

Detur digniori. L. Let it be given to 
the more worthy. 

Detur pulchriori. L. Let it be given to 
to the more (or most) beautiful. 

Deus avertat! L. God forbid. 

Deux ex machina. L. A god out of 
the machine; a deity introduced to bring 
about the denouement of the drama; re- 
ferring to the machinery and practice of 
the Greek and Roman stage. 

Deus vobiscum! L. God be with you! 

Deus <vult. L. God wills it. 

Di buona volonta sta pieno Vinferno. 
It. Hell is full of good intentions. 

Dichtung und Wahrheit. G. Fiction 
and fact; poetry and truth. 

Dictum factum. L. No sooner said 
than done. 

Dies non. L. A day on which a law- 
court is not held. 

Dieu est toujours pour les plus gros 
bataillons. Fr. God is always on the 
side of the largest battalions; the leader 
with the largest army has the best chance 
of victory. 

Dieu et mon droit. Fr. God and my 
right. 

Dieu <vous garde. Fr. God protect 
you. 

Digito monstrari. L. To be pointed 
out with the finger (as a person of 
note). 

Dignus vindice nodus. L. A difficulty 
worthy of powerful intervention. 

Dii majorum gentium. L. Gods of 
the superior class; the twelve higher 
gods of the Romans. 
Dii Penates. L. Household gods. 
Diis aliter visum. L. The gods de- 
cided otherwise ; fate willed differently. 
Dios me libre de hombre de un libro. 
Sp. God deliver me from a man of one 
book. 

Di salto. It. By leaps. 
Diseur de bans mots. Fr. A sayer of 
good things; one noted for witty sayings. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



31 



Disjecta membra. L. Scattered re- 
mains. 

Divide et impera. L. Divide and rule. 

Docendo discimus. L. We learn by 
teaching. 

Dolce far niente. It. Sweet doing- 
nothing; sweet idleness. 

Dominus vobiscum. L. The Lord be 
with you. 

Domus et placens uxor. L. Home and 
a pleasing wife. 

Dorer la pilule. Fr. To gild the pill. 

Double entendre. Fr. Incorrectly used 
for the next phrase. 

Double entente. Fr. A double or 
equivocal meaning; a play on words. 

Do ut des. L. I give that you may 
give ; reciprocity. 

Doux yeux. Fr. Soft glances. 

Dramatis persona. L. The characters 
in the play. 

Droit au travail. Fr. The right to live 
by labor. _ . 

Droit des gens. Fr. The law of nations. 

Drole. Fr. Funny; a comic actor. 

Ducit amor patria. L. Love of country 
draws me. 

Dulce domum. L. Sweet home (or 
rather homeward). 

Dulce est desipere in loco. L. It is 
pleasant to play the fool at times. 

Dulce et decorum est propatria mori. 
L. It is sweet and glorious to die for 
one's country. 

Dum spiro, spero. L. While I breathe 
I hope. 

Dum vivimus, vivamus. L. While we 
live, let us live. 

Duomo. It. A cathedral. 

Durante bene placito. L. During good 
pleasure. 

Durante vito. L. During life. 

Eau sucree. Fr. Sweetened water; a 
French beverage. 

Ebauche. Fr. A preliminary sketch; a 
rough outline. 

Ecce homo! L. Behold the man! 

Ecce signum! L. Behold the sign! 

Ecole. Fr. A school. 

E contra. L. On the other hand. 

Edition de luxe. Fr. A splendid and 
expensive edition of a book. 

Edith princeps. L. The first printed 
edition of a book. 

Egarement. Fr. Bewilderment; men- 
tal confusion. 

Ego et rex mens. L. I and my king. 
70 1 



Eheu! fugaces labuntur anni. L. Alas! 
the fleeting years glide by. 

Elapso tempore. L. The time having 
elapsed. 

El eve. Fr. A pupil or student. 

Embarras de richesses. Fr. An embar" 
rassment of riches ; an over supply. 

Emeritus. L. Retired or superannuated 
after long service. 

Empressement. Fr. Promptitude; 
eagerness. 

En ami. Fr. As a friend. 

En arriere. Fr. In the rear; behind; 
back. 

En attendant. Fr. In the meantime. 

En avant. Fr. Forward. 

En badinant. Fr. In sport; jestingly. 

En cueros. Sp. Naked; unclothed. 

En deshabille. Fr. In undress. 

En Dieu est ma fiance. Fr. My trust 
is in God. 

En Dieu est tout. Fr. In God are all 
things. 

En effet. Fr. In effect; substantially; 
really. 

En famille. Fr. With one's family; in 
a domestic state. 

Enfant gate. Fr. A spoiled child. 

Enfants perdus. Fr. Lost children; the 
soldiers forming a forlorn hope. 

Enfant terrible. Fr. A terrible child, 
or one that makes disconcerting remarks. 

Enfant trouve. Fr. A foundling. 

Enfin. Fr. In short; at last; finally. 

En grand seigneur. Fr. Like a grandee 
or magnate. 

En grande tenue. Fr. In full dress 
either official or evening. 

En masse. Fr. In a mass. 

En passant. Fr. In passing. 

En pension. Fr. In a boarding-house. 

En plein jour. Fr. In broad day. 

En queue. Fr. Standing one behind 
another. 

En rapport. Fr. In harmony; in agree- 
ment. 

En regie. Fr. According to rules; in 
order. 

En ravanche. Fr. In requital ; in re- 
turn. 

En route. Fr. On the way. 

En suite. Fr. In company; in a set. 

Entente cordiale. Fr. Cordial under- 
standing, especially between two states. 

Entete. Fr. Obstinate; self-willed. 

Entourage. Fr. Surroundings; ad- 
juncts. 



32 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Entr'acte. Fr. The interval between 
the acts of a play. 

Entre deux feux. Fr. Between two 
fires. 

Entre deux <vins. Fr. Between two 
wines; half-drunk. 

Entremets. Fr. Side dishes of dain- 
ties to be eaten between the serving of 
the joints. 

Entre nous. Fr. Between ourselves. 

En <verite. Fr. In truth; verily. 

En vieillissant on devient plus fou et 
plus sage. Fr. In growing old men be- 
come more foolish and more wise. 

Eo ammo. L. With that mind or de- 
sign. 

Eo nomine. L. By that name. 

Epea pteroenta. Gr. Winged words. 

Ep'icuri de grege porcus. L. A swine 
from the herd of Epicurus; an Epicu- 
rean. 

E plurtbus unum. L. One out of 
many; one composed of many. 

Epulis accumbere divum. L. To sit 
down at the banquets of the gods. 

E re nata. L. According to the exi- 
gency. 

Errare humanum est. L. To err is 
human. 

Esprit borne. Fr. A narrow or con- 
tracted spirit. 

Esprit de corps. Fr. The animating 
spirit of a collective body, as a regi- 
ment. 

Essay ez. Fr. Try; make the attempt. 

Esse quam <videri. L. To be, rather 
than to seem. 

Est modus in rebus. L. There is a 
method in all things. 

Esto quod esse videris. L. Be what 
you seem to be. 

Et catera (or Et cetera). L. And the 
rest. 

Et hoc genus omne. L. And every- 
thing of the sort. 

Et id genus omne. L. And everything 
of the kind. 

Et sequentes, Et sequentia. L. And 
those that follow. 

Et sic de ceteris. L. And so of the rest. 

Et sic de similibus. L. And so of the 
like. 

Et tu, Brute/ L. And thou also, Bru- 
tus! 

Eureka. Gr. I have found it. 

Evenement. Fr. An event. 

Eventus stultorum magister. L. Fooli 
must be taught by the result. 



Ewigkeit. G. Eternity. 

Ex abrupto. L. Suddenly. 

Ex abundantia. L. Out of the abun- 
dance. 

Ex adverso. L. On the opposite side; 
over against. 

Ex cequo et bono. L. Agreeably to 
what is good and right. 

Ex animo. L. Heartily; sincerely. 

Ex auctoritate mihi commissa. L. By 
virtue of the authority intrusted to me. 

Ex capite. L. From the head; from 
memory. 

Ex cathedra. L. From the chair or 
seat of authority; with high authority. 

Excelsior. L. Higher; that is, loftier 
or taller; not correctly used as an adverb. 

Exceptio probat regulam. L. The ex- 
ception proves (or tests) the rule. 

Exceptis excipiendis. L. The due ex- 
ceptions being made. 

Excerpt a. L. Extracts. 

Ex concesso. L. From what has been 
conceded or granted in argument. 

Ex curia. L. Out of court. 

Ex delicto. L. From the crime. 

Ex dono. L. By the gift. 

Exegi monumentum are perennius. 
L. I have reared a monument more 
lasting than brass. 

Exempla sunt odiosa. L. Examples are 
offensive. 

Exempli gratia. L. By way of ex- 
ample. 

Exfacto jus oritur. L. The law springs 
from the fact, 

Exitus acta probat. L. The event jus- 
tifies the deed. 

Ex mera gratia. L. Through mere 
favor. 

Ex mero motu. L. From his own im- 
pulse ; from his own free will. 

Ex more. L. According to custom. 

Ex necessitate rei. L. From the neces- 
sity of the case. 

Ex nihilo nihil fit. L. From, or out of, 
nothing, nothing comes; nothing pro- 
duces nothing. 

Ex officio. L. By virtue of office. 

Ex opere operato. L. By outward acts. 

Ex pede Herculem. L. From the foot 
we recognize a Hercules; we judge of 
the whole from the specimen. 

Experentia docet stultos. L. Experi- 
ence instructs fools. 

Experimentum crucis. L. The trial or 
experiment of the cross; an experiment 
of a most searching nature. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



33 



Experto crede. L. Trust one who has 
had experience. 

Expertus metuit. L. Having experi- 
ence, he fears it. 

Expose. Fr. A statement; recital. 

Ex post facto. L. After the deed is 
done ; retrospective. 

Expressis verbis. L. In express terms. 

Ex professo. L. Professedly. 

Ex propriis. L. From one's own re- 
sources. 

Ex quocunque capite. L. For what- 
ever reason. 

Ex tacito. L. Tacitly. 

Extinctus amabitur idem. L. The 
same man when dead will be loved. 

Extrait. Fr. Extract. 

Extra muros. L. Beyond the wails. 

Ex ungue leonem. L. From a claw we 
may know the lion. 

Ex uno disce omnes. L. From one 
learn all; from this specimen judge of 
the rest. 

Ex usu. L. By use. 

Ex <ui termini. L. By the force or 
meaning of the term or word. 

Ex voto. L. According to one's prayer 
or vow. 

F 

Faber sua fortuna. L. The architect 
of his own fortune; a self-made man. 

Facheux. Fr. Vexatious; annoying; 
troublesome. 

Fades non omnibus una. L. All have 
»ot the same face or features. 

Facile est inventis addere. L. It is 
easy to add to things already invented. 

Facile princeps. L. Easily; pre-emi- 
nent; indisputably the first; the admitted 
chief. . 

Facilis descensus Averni. # L. The de- 
scent to the lower world is easy; the 
road to evil is easy. 

Facit indignatio versum. L. Indigna- 
tion instigates the verse. 

Facon. Fr. Manner; style. 

Facon de parler. Fr. Manner of speak- 
ing. 

Facta non verba. L. Deeds not words. 

Fade. Fr. Insipid; tasteless. 

Fax populi. L. The dregs of the 
people. 

Faire bonne mine. Fr. To put a good 
face upon the matter. 

Faire I'homme d'importance. Fr. To 
issume an air of importance. 



Faire mon devoir. Fr. To do my duty. 

Faire sans dire. Fr. To do, not to say; 
to act without ostentation. 

Fait accompli. Fr. A thing already 
done. 

Falsi crimen. L. The crime of forgery. 

Falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus. L. 
False in one thing, false in all. 

Fama clamosa. L. A current scandal ; 
a prevailing report. 

Fama nihil est celerius. L. Nothing 
travels swifter than scandal. 

Fama semper vivat. L. May his fame 
endure forever. 

Far niente. It. The doing of nothing. 

Fas est et ab hoste doceri. L. It is 
right to be taught even by an enemy. 

Fata obstant. L. The Fates oppose it. 

Fata viam invenient. L. The Fates 
will find a way. 

Faux pas. Fr. A false step; a slip 
in behavior; a lapse from virtue. 

Fax mentis incendium gloria. L. The 
passion of glory is the torch of the mind. 

Feliciias multos habet amicos. L. Pros- 
perity has many friends. 

Femme couverte. Fr. A married 
woman. 

Femme de chambre. Fr. A chamber- 
maid. 

Femme galante. Fr. A gay woman; a 
courtezan. 

Femme seule (as a law term, Feme 
sole). Fr. An unmarried woman. 

Fendre un cheveu en quatre. Fr. To 
split a hair in four; to make a very 
subtle distinction. 

Festina lente. L. Hasten slowly. 

Fete champetre. Fr. An open-air fes- 
tival or entertainment; a rural festival. 

Feu de joie. Fr. A fire of joy; a bon- 
fire; a fusillade as a sign of rejoicing. 

Feuilleton. Fr. A fly-sheet; a novel or 
a story appearing in a newspaper. 

Fiat experimentum in corpore vili. L. 
Let the trial (or experiment) be made 
on a worthless subject. 

Fiat justitia, ruat ccelum. L. Let justice 
be done though the heavens fall. 

Fiat lux. L. Let there be light. 

Fide et amore. L. By faith and love. 

Fide et fiducia. L. By fidelity and con- 
fidence. 

Fide et fortitudine. L. With faith and 
fortitude. 



34 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Fidei coticula crux. L. The cross is 
the touchstone of faith. 

Fidei defensor. L. Defender of the 
faith. 

Fideli ceria merces. L. To the faith- 
ful one reward is certain. 

Fide non armis. L. By faith, not by- 
arms. 

Fide, sed cui vide. L. Trust, but see 
whom. 

Fides et justitia. L. Fidelity and jus- 
tice. 

Fides Punica. L. Punic faith; treach- 
ery. 

Fidus Achates. L. Faithful Achates; 
i. e. a true friend. 

Fidus et audax. L. Faithful and bold. 

Filius nullius. L. A son of nobody. 

Films populi. L. A son of the people. 

Filius terra. L. A son of the earth; 
one of low birth. 

Fille de chambre. Fr. A chamber- 
maid. 

Fille de joie. Fr. A woman of licen- 
tious pleasure; a prostitute. 

Fille d'honneur. Fr. A maid of honor. 

Fin de siecle. Fr. End of the (nine- 
teenth) century. 

Finem res pice. L. Look to the end. 

Finis coronat opus. L. The end crowns 
the work. 

Flagrante hello. L. During hostilities. 

Flagrante delicto. L. In the actual 
commission of the crime. _ 

Flamma fumo est proxima. L. Flame 
is akin to smoke: where there is smoke 
there is fire. 

Flaneur. Fr. A lounger. 

Flecti, non frangi. L. To be bent, not 
broken. 

Flosculi sententiarum. L. Flowers of 
fine thoughts. 

Flux de louche. Fr. An inordinate 
flow of words; garrulity. 

Fccnum in cornu habet. L. He has 
hay upon his horn (of old the sign of a 
dangerous bull) ; take care of him. 

Foi en tout Fr. Faith in everything. 

Foi pour devoir. Fr. Faith for duty. 

Fons et origo. L. The source and ori- 
gin. 

Forensis strepitus. L. The clamor of 
the forum. 

Forte scutum salus ducum. L. A 
strong shield is the safety of leaders. 

Fortes fortuna juvat. L. Fortune helps 
the brave. 



Forti et fideli nihil difficile. L. Noth- 
ing is difficult to the brave and faithful. 

Fortiter et recte. L. With fortitude 
and rectitude. 

Fortiter, fideliter, feliciter. L. Boldly, 
faithfully, successfully. 

Fortiter in re. L. With firmness or 
resolution in acting. 

Fortuna filius. L. A spoiled child of 
Fortune. 

Fortuna favet fortibus. L. Fortune 
favors the bold. 

Franges, non flectes. L. You may 
break but not bend. 

Fraus pia. L. A pious fraud. 

Fripon. Fr. A rogue; a knave; a 
cheat. 

Froides mains, chaude amour. Fr. 
Cold hands and a warm heart. 

Front a front. Fr. Face to face. 

Fronti nulla fides. L. There is no 
trusting to appearances. 

Fruges consumere nati. L. Born to 
consume fruits; born only to eat. 

Fugit irreparabile tempus. L. Irrecov- 
erable time flies on. 

Fuimus Troes. L. We were once Tro- 
jans (but Troy has been overthrown). 

Fuit Ilium. L. Troy has been (but is 
now no more). 

Fulmen brutum. L. A harmless thun- 
derbolt. 

Fumum et opes, sirepiiumque Roma. 
L. The smoke, the show, and the noise 
of Rome. 

Functus officio. L, Having performed 
one's office or duty; hence, out of office. 

Furor arma ministrat. L. Rage pro- 
vides arms. 

Furor loquendi. L. A rage for speak- 
ing. 

Furor poeticus. L. Poetic fire. 

Furor scribendi. L. A rage for writ- 
ing. , A 'J 

Fuyez les dangers de loisir. Fr. Avoid 
the dangers of leisure. 
G 
Gage J'amour. Fr. A pledge of love. 
Gaite de caur. Fr. Gaiety of heart. 
Gallic}. L. In French. 
Gar con. Fr. A boy; a waiter. 
Garde a cheval. Fr. A mounted 

£ uard - ~ A 1 , A 

Garde du corps. Fr. A bodyguard. 

Garde mobile. Fr. \ guard liable to 

general service. 






Foreign Words and Phrases 



35 



Gardez. Fr. Be on your guard; take 
care. 

Gardez bien. Fr. Take good care. 
Gardez la foi. Fr. Keep the faith. 
Gaudeamus igitur. L. Therefore let 
us be joyful. 

Gaudet tentamine virtus. L. Virtue 
rejoices in temptation. 

Gaudium certaminis. L. The joy of 
conflict. 

Genius loci. L. The presiding spirit 
or genius of the place. 

Gens d'armes. Fr. Men at arras. 
Gens de condition. Fr. People of 
standing. 

Gens d'eglise. Fr. Churchmen. 
Gens de guerre. Fr. Military men. 
Gens de lettres. Fr. Literary men. 
Gens de loi. Fr. Lawyers. 
Gens de meme famille. Fr. Persons 
of the same family; birds of a feather. 

Gens de peu. Fr. The meaner class 
of people. 

Gens togata. L. Civilians. 
Gentilhomme. Fr. A gentleman. 
Genus irritabile <vafum. L. The irri- 
table race of poets. 

Germanice. L. In German. 
Gibier de potence. Fr. A gallows- 
bird. m ■ 

Giovine santo, diavolo vecchio. It. A 
young saint, an old devil. 
Gitano. Sp. A gypsy. 
Git assenti hanno iorto. It. The ab- 
sent are in the wrong. 

Gloria in excelsis. L. Glory to God 
in the highest. 

Gloria patri. L. Glory be to the 
Father. 

Gluckliche Reisef G. A pleasant 
journey! 

Gnothi seauton. Gr. Know thyself. 
Gobe-mouche. Fr. A person who has 
no ideas of his own; a ninny; a trifler. 
Gout. Fr. Taste ; relish. 
Goutie a goutte. Fr. Drop by drop. 
Grace a Dieu. Fr. Thanks to God. 
Gradu diverso, via una. L. The same 
mad by different steps. 

Gradus ad Parnassum. L. A step to 
Parnassus; aid in writing Greek or Latin 
verse. 

Grande chere et beau feu. Fr. Good 
cheer and a good fire ; comfortable quar- 
ters. 

Grande fortune, grande servitude. Fr. 
A great fortune is a great slavery. 



Grand parure, Grande toilette. Fr. 
Full dress. 

Grand merci. Fr. Many thanks. 

Gratia placendi. L. The delight of 
pleasing. 

Gratis dictum. L. Mere assertion. 

Graviora manent. L. Greater afflic- 
tions await us; serious matters remain. 

Graviora qucedam sunt remedia peri- 
culis. L. Some remedies are worse than 
the disease. 

Grex venalium. L. A venal rabble. 

Grosse tete et peu de sens. Fr. A 
large head and little sense. 

Grossierete. Fr. Coarseness ; vulgar- 
ity in conversation. 

Guerra al cuchillo. Sp. War to the 
knife. 

Guerra cominciata, inferno scatenato, 
It. War begun, hell unchained. 

Guerre a. mort. Fr. War to the death. 

Guerre a outrance. Fr. War to the 
uttermost. 

Gutta cavat lapidem non vi, sed s&pe 
cadendo. L. The drop hollows the stone 
by frequent falling, not by force. 

H 

Habitue. Fr. One who is in the habit 
of frequenting a place. 

Hac lege. L. On this condition ; with 
this restriction. 

H&c olim meminisse juvabit. L. It 
will delight us to remember this some 
day. 

Hannibal ad portas. L. Hannibal be- 
fore the gates; the enemy close at hand. 

Hapax legomenon. Gr. A word or 
expression occurring once only. 

Hardi comme tin cog sur son fumier, 
Fr. Bold as a cock on his own dunghill. 

Haud longis intervallis. L. At inter- 
vals of no great length. 

Haud passibus cequis.. L. Not with 
equal steps. 

Haut gout. Fr. High flavor; elegant 
taste. 

Helluo librorum. L. A devourer of 
books ; a bookworm. 

Heu pietas! heu prisca fides! L. Alas 
for piety! alas for the ancient faith! 

Hiatus valde deflendus. L. A hiatus 
or deficiency much to be regretted. 

Hie et nunc. L. Here and now. 

Hie et ubique. L. Here and every- 
where. 

Hie jacet. L. Here lies. 



36 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Hie labor, hoc opus est. L. This is a 
laborious task; this is a toil. 

Hie sepultus. L. Here buried. 

Hinc illce lacrima. L. Hence these 
tears. 

Hoc opus, hie labor est. L. Same as 
Hie labor, hoc opus est. 

Hodie mihi, eras tibi. L. Mine today, 
yours tomorrow. 

Hoi polloi. Gr. The many; the vul- 
gar; the rabble. 

Hombre de un libro. Sp. A man of 
one book. 

Hominis est errare. L. To err is 
human. 

Homme d'affaires. Fr. A business- 
man. 

Homme de bien. Fr. A good man. 

Homme de leitres. Fr. A man of let- 
ters. 

Homme d'epee. Fr. A man of the 
sword ; a soldier. 

Homme de robe. Fr. A man in civil 
office. 

Homme d'esprit. Fr. A man of wit 
or genius. 

Homme d'etat. F. A statesman. 

Homo factus ad unguem. L. A highly 
polished man ; one finished to the highest 
degree. 

Homo homini lupus. L. Man is a 
wolf to man. 

Homo multarum liter arum. L. A man 
of great learning. 

Homo sui juris. T„ A man who is his 
own master. 

Homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum 
puto. L. I am a man; I count nothing 
that is human indifferent to me. 

Honi soit qui mal y pense. O. Fr. 
Shame to him who thinks evil of it; evil 
to him who evil thinks. 

Honores mutant mores. L. Honors 
change men's manners or characters. 

Honos habet onus. L. Honor brings 
responsibility. 

Hora canonicce. L. Prescribed hours 
for prayer; canonical hours. 

Horas non numero nisi serenas. L. 
I number only hours of sunshine. (Motto 
on a dial.) 

Horresco referens. L. I shudder as I 
relate. 

Horribile dictu. L. Horrible to be told. 

Hors de combat. Fr. Rendered un- 
able any longer to fight. 

Hors de concours. Fr. Out of the 
competition. 



Hors de la lot. Fr. In the condition of 
an outlaw. 

Hors de propos. Fr. Not to the point 
or purpose. 

Hors de saison. Fr. Out of season. 

Hors d'oeuvre. Fr. Out of course; 
out of order. 

Hos ego versiculos feci, tulit alter 
honores. L. I wrote these lines, an- 
other has borne away the honor. 

Hotel de ville. Fr. A townhall; mu- 
nicipal building of a town. 

Hotel Dieu. Fr. A hospital. 

Hotel garni. Fr. A furnished lodging. 

Humanum est errare. L. To err is 
human. 

Hunc tu Romane caveto. L. Roman, 
beware of that man. 

Hurtar para dar por Dios. Sp. To 
steal for the purpose of giving to God 
(in alms). 

I 

Ich dien. G. I serve. 

lei on parle Francais. Fr. French is 
spoken here. 

Idee fixe. Fr. A fixed idea. 

Id genus omne. L. All of that sort or 
description. 

Ignorantia legis neminem excusat. 
L. Ignorance of the law excuses no one. 

lgnorantio elenchi. L. Ignorance of 
the point in question; the logical fallacy 
of arguing to the wrong point. 

Ignoscito scepe alteri, nunquam tibi, 
L. Forgive others often, yourself never. 

Ignoti nulla cupido. L. No desire is 
felt for a thing unknown. 

Ignotum per ignotius. L. The un- 
known (explained) by the still more 
unknown. 

/ gran dolori sono mutt. It. Great 
griefs are silent. 

// aboie apres tout le monde. Fr. He 
snarls at everybody. 

It a la mer a boire. Fr. He has the 
sea to drink up; i. e. all his powers will 
be taxed to succeed. 

// a le diable au corps. Fr. The devil 
is in him. 

77 conduit bien sa barque. Fr. He 
steers his boat well ; he knows how to 
get on. 

77 est plus aise d'etre sage pour les 
autres, que pour soi-meme. Fr. It is 
easier to be wise for others than for one- 
self. 

// est plus honteux de se defter de ses 
amis, que a" en etre trompe. Fr. It is 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



37 



more disgraceful to suspect one's friends 
than to be deceived by them. 

77 faut atiendre le boiteux. Fr. It is 
necessary to wait for the lame man ; we 
must wait for the truth. 

II faut de I' argent. Fr. Money is 
needful. 

Ilias malorum. L. An Iliad of ills; a 
host of evils. 

// n'a ni louche ni eperon. Fr. He has 
neither mouth nor spur; neither wit nor 
courage. 

II n'appartient qu' aux grands hommes 
d'avoir de grands defauts. Fr. It be- 
longs only to great men to possess great 
defects. 

II ne faut jamais defter un fou. Fr. 
Never defy a fool. 

77 ne faut pas eveiller le chat qui dort. 
Fr. It is not wise to awake the cat that 
sleeps; let sleeping dogs lie. 

77 n'y a pas de heros pour son valet de 
chambre. Fr. Xo man is a hero in the 
eyes of his valet. 

77 penseroso, It. The pensive man. 

II rit bien qui rit le dernier. Fr. He 
laughs best who laughs last. 

77 sent le fagot. Fr. He smells of the 
faggot; he is suspected of heresy. 

77 z-aut mieux tacher d'oublier ses 
malheurs, que d'en parler. Fr. It is 
better to try to forget one's misfortunes, 
than to talk of them. 

Imitator es, sen urn pecus. L. Imi- 
tators, a servile herd. 

Immedicabile vulnus. L. An incura- 
ble wound; irreparable injury. 

I mo pectore. L. From the bottom of 
the breast. 

Impari Marte. L. With unequal mili- 
tary strength. 

impedimenta. L. Travelers' luggage; 
the baggage of an army. 

Imperium in imperio. L. A state with- 
in a state; a government within another. 

Implicit}. Fr. By implication. 

Impos animi. L. Of weak mind. 

In aciu. L. In act or reality. 

In ceternum. L. For ever. 

In ambiguo. L. In doubt. 

In articulo mortis. L. At the point 
of death; in the last struggle. 

In bianco. It. In blank; in white. 

In camera. L. In the chamber of the 
nidge; in secret. 

/// capite. L. In chief. 



In ccelo quies. L. There is rest in 
heaven. 

Incredulus odi. L. Being incredulous 
I cannot endure It. 

In curia. L. In court. 

Inde irce. I,. Hence these resentments. 

Index expurgatorius. L. A list of ex- 
purgated books (compiled by the Roman 
Catholic authorities). 

Index prohibitorius. L. A list of pro- 
hibited books (prohibited to Roman 
Catholics). 

In dubio. L. In doubt. 

In equilibrio. L. In equilibrium; 
equally balanced. 

In esse. L. In being; in actuality. 

In extenso. L. At full length. 

In extremis. L. At the point of death. 

Infandum renovare dolorem. L. To 
revive unspeakable grief. 

In forma pauperis. L. As a poor man 
or pauper. 

In foro conscientia. L. Before the 
tribunal of conscience. 

Infra dignitatem. L. Below one's dig- 
nity. 

In futuro. L. In future ; henceforth. 

In hoc signo spes mea. L. In this sign 
is my hope. 

In hoc signo vinces. L. Under this 
sign or standard thou shalt conquer. 

In limine. L. At the threshold. 

In loco. L. In the place; in the pas- 
sage mentioned; in the natural or proper 
place. 

In loco parentis. L. In the place of a 
parent. 

In medias res. L. Into the midst of 
things. 

In medio tutissimus ibis. L. You will 
go safest in a middle course. 

In memoriam. L. To the memory of; 
in memory. 

In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, 
in omnibus caritas. L. In things es- 
sential unity, in things doubtful liberty. 
in all things charity. 

In nomine. L. In the name of. 

In nubibus. L. In the clouds. 

In nuce. L. In a nutshell. 

In omnia paratus. L. Prepared for all 
things. 

Inopem copia fecit. L. Abundance 
made him poor. 

In ovo. L. In the egg. 

In pace. L. In peace. 

In partihus infidelium. L. In parts 



38 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



belonging to infidels, or countries not 
adhering to the Roman Catholic faith. 

In perpetuam rei memoriam. L. In 
perpetual memory of the thing. 

In perpetuum. L. For ever. 

In petto It. Within the breast; in 
reserve. 

In pleno. L. In full. 

In posse. L. In possible existence; in 
possibility. 

In prasenti. L. At the present mo- 
ment. 

In propria persona. L. In one's own 
person. 

In puris naturalibus. L. Purely in a 
state of nature; quite naked. 

In re. L. In the matter of. 

In rerum naiura. L. In the nature of 
things. 

In sacula sceculorum. L. For ages on 
ages. 

In sano sensu. L. In a proper sense. 

In situ. L. In its original situation. 

In solo Deo salus. L. In God alone is 
safety. 

Insouciance. Fr. Unconcern, careless 
indifference. 

Insouciant. Fr. Unconcerned ; indif- 
ferent. 

Instar omnium. L. Equivalent to them 
all. 

In statu quo. L. In the former state ; 
in the same state as before (some event). 

In te, Domine, speravi. L. In thee, 
Lord, have I put my trust. 

Inter alia. L. Among other things. 

Inter arma silent leges. L. Laws are 
silent in the midst of arms. 

Inter canem et lupum. L. Between 
dog and wolf; at twilight. 

Interdum vulgus rectum videt. L. 
The rabble sometimes see what is right. 

Inter nos. L. Between ourselves. 

Inter pocula. L. At one's cups. 

In terrorem. L. As a means of terri- 
fying; by way of warning. 

Inter se. L. Among themselves. 

Inter spem et metum. L. Between 
hope and fear. 

In totidem verbis. L. In so many 
words. 

In toto. L. In whole; entirely. 

Intra muros. L. Within the walls. 

In transitu. L. On the transit or pas- 



sage 



the Dauphin; applied to editions of the 
classical authors. 

In utramque foriunam paratus. L. 
Prepared for either fortune (or result). 

In utroque fidelis. L. Faithful in both 
or each (of two). 

In vacuo. L. In empty space ; in a 
vacuum. 

Inverso ordine. L. In an inverse 
order. 

In vino Veritas. L. There is truth in 
wine; truth is told under the influence of 
intoxicants. 

Invita Minerva. L. Against the will 
of Minerva ; at variance with one's men- 
tal capacity; without genius. 

Ipse dixit. L. He himself said it; a 
dogmatic saying or assertion. 

Ipsissima verba, L. The very words. 

Ipso facto. L. In the fact itself. 

Ipso jure. L. By the law itself. 

Ira furor brevis est. L. Anger is a 
short madness. 

Ir por lana y volver trasquilado. Sp. 
To go for wool, and come back shorn. 

Ita est. L. It is so. 

It a lex scripta. L. Thus the law 
stands written. 

Italice. Fr. In the Italian language. 



Jacquerie. Fr. French peasantry; a 
revolt of peasants. 

Jacta est alea. L. The die is cast. 

J' at bonne cause. Fr. I have a good 
cause. 

Jamais arriere. Fr. Never behind. 

Jamais bon coureur ne fut pris. Fr. 
A good runner is never caught; an old 
bird is not to be caught with chaff. 

Januis clausis. L. With closed doors. 

Je maintiendrai le droit. Fr. I will 
maintain the right. 

Je me fie en Dieu. Fr. I trust in God. 

Je ne sais quoi. Fr. I know not what; 
a something or other. 

Je n'oublierai jamais. Fr. I will never 
forget. 

Je suis pret. Fr. I am ready. 

Jet d'eau. Fr. A jet of water; a foun- 
tain. 

Jeu de main. Fr. Horseplay, practi- 
cal joke. 

Jeu de mots. Fr. A play on words; a 



Intra parietes, L. Within walls; in pun. 



private. 
In usum Delphini. L. For the use of 



Jeu d' esprit. Fr. A display of wit; a 
witticism. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



39 



Jeu de theatre. Fr. Stage-trick ; clap- 
trap. 

Jeunesse doree. Fr. Gilded youth; 
rich young fellows. 

Je vis en espoir. Fr. I live in hope. 
Joci causa. L. For the sake of a joke. 
J oli. Fr. Pretty; fine. 

Jour de fete. Fr. A feast day. 

Jour de Van. Fr. New- Year's day. 

Jubilate Deo. L. Rejoice in God; be 
joyful in the Lord. 

Jucundi acti labores. L. Past labors 
are pleasant. 

Judex damnatur cum nocens absol- 
vitur. L. The judge is condemned when 
the offender is acquitted. 

Judicium Dei. L. The judgment of 
God. 

Judicium parium, aut leges terra. L. 
The judgment of our peers or the laws 
of the land. 

Juge de paix. Fr. A justice of the 
peace. 

Juniores ad labores. L. The younger 
men (are fittest) for labors. 

Jurare in verba magistn. L. To swear 
to the words of a master. 

Jure divino. L. By divine law. 

Jure humano. L. By human law. 

Juris peritus. L. Skilled in the law ; 
one who is learned in the law. 

Juris utriusque doctor. L. Doctor of 
both the civil and canon law. 

Jus canonicum. L. The canon law. 

Jus civile. L. The civil law. 

Jus divinum. L. The divine law. 

Jus ct norma loquendi. L. The law 
and rule of speech. 

Jus gentium. L. The law of nations. 

Jus gladii. L. The right of the sword. 

Jus posse ssionis. L. Right of posses- 
sion. 

Jus proprietatis. L. The right of prop- 
erty. 

Jus summum scepe summa malitia est. 
L. Law carried to extremes is often ex- 
treme wrong. 

Juste milieu. Fr. The golden mean. 

Justum et tenacem propositi virum. L. 
A man upright and tenacious of purpose. 
K 

Kein kreuzer, kein Schvoeizer. G. No 
money no Swiss ; a proverb of the time 
when the Swiss were common as mer- 
cenaries. 

Ktema es aei. Gr. A possession for 
all time. 



La beaute sans vertu. est une fleur sans 
parfum. Fr. Beauty without virtue is 
like a flower without perfume. 

Labitur et labetur in omne volubilis 
(Evum. L. It glides on, and will glide 
on for ever. See Rusticus expectat. 

Laborare est orare. L. To work is to 
pray. 

Lahore et honore. L. By labor and 
honor. 

Labor ipse voluptas. L. Labor itself is 
a pleasure. 

Labor omnia lincit. L. Labor con- 
quers everything. 

Laborum dulce lenimen. L. The sweet 
solace of our labors. 

La bride sur le cou. Fr. With rein on 
neck; at full speed. 

La critique est aisee, et I'art est 
difficile. Fr. Criticism is easy, and art 
is difficult. 

L'affaire s' ache mine . Fr. The busi- 
ness is progressing. 

La fortune passe partout. Fr. Fortune 
passes everywhere; all suffer change or 
vicissitude. 

L'allegro. It. The merry man. 

U amour et la fumee ?ie pcuvent se 
cacher. Fr. love and smoke cannot 
conceal themselves. 

Lana caprina. L. Goat's wool ; hence, 
a thing of little worth or consequence or 
which does not exist. 

Langage des ha lies. Fr. The language 
of the markets; profane or foul language 
or abuse ; billingsgate. 

La patience est amere, mais son fruit 
est doux. Fr. Patience is bitter, but its 
fruit is sweet 

Lapis philosophorum. L. The philoso- 
phers' stone. 

La poverta e la madre di tutie le aril. 
It. Poverty is the mother of all the 
arts. 

La propriete c'est le vol. Fr. Property 
is robbery. 

Lapsus calami. L. A slip of the pen. 

Lapsus lingua. L. A slip of the 
tongue. 

Lapsus memorice. L. A slip of the 
memory. 

Lares et penates. L. Household gods. 

La reyne (or le roy) le veult. Norm. 
Fr. The queen (or the king) wills it; 
the formula expressing the sovereign's 



40 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



assent to a bill which has passed both 
Houses of Parliament. 

L'argent. Fr. Money. 

Lasciate ogni speranza <voi ch' entrate. 
It. Abandon all hope ye who enter here. 

Lateat scintillula forsan. L. Perhaps a 
small spark may lie hid. 

Latet anguis in herb a. L. A snake lies 
hid in the grass. 

Latine dictum. L. Spoken in Latin. 

Lauda la moglie e tienti donzello. It. 
Praise a wife and remain a bachelor. 

Laudari a <viro laudato. L. To be 
praised by one who is himself praised. 

Laudationes eorum qui sunt ab Homer o 
laudati. L. Praises from those who were 
themselves praised by Homer. 

Laudator temporis acti. L. One who 
praises time past. 

Laudem immensa cupido. L. Insati- 
able desire for praise. 

Laus Deo. L. Praise to God. 

L'avenir. Fr. The future. 

La <vertu est la seule noblesse. F. Vir- 
tue is the only nobility. 

Le beau monde. Fr. The fashionable 
world. 

Le bon temps viendra. Fr. The good 
time will come. 

Le cout ote le gout. Fr. The cost 
takes away the taste. 

Lector benevole. L. Kind or gentle 
reader. 

Le dessous des cartes. Fr. The under 
side of the cards. 

Le diable boiteux. Fr. The devil on 
two sticks or crutches. 

Legalis homo. L. A lawful person, 
i. e. one neither outlawed, infamous, nor 
excommunicated. 

Lcgatus a latere. L. A papal ambas- 
sador. 

Le genie c'est la patience. Fr. Genius 
is patience. 

Le grande monarque. Fr. The great 
monarch; a name applied to Louis XIV. 
of France. 

Le grande cewvre. Fr. The great work; 
the philosophers' stone. 

Le jeu ne vaut pas la chandelle. Fr. 
The game is not worth the candle 
(burned while it is being played) ; the 
object is not worth the trouble. 

Le jour viendra. Fr. The day will 
come. 

Le mieux est Vennemi du bien. Fr. 
The better is the enemy of the good. 



Le monde est le livre des femmes. Fr. 
The world is woman's book. 

Le monde savant. Fr. The learned 
world. 

Le mot d'enigme. Fr. The key to the 
mystery. 

L'empire des lettres. Fr. The republic 
of letters (lit. empire). 

Leonina societas. L. Partnership with 
a lion (in which one party takes the lion's 
share). 

Le pas. F. Precedence in place or 
rank. 

Les plus sages ne le sont pas toujours. 
F. The wisest are not so always. 

Le point de jour. F. Daybreak. 

Le roi est mort, vive le roi. Fr. The 
king is dead, long live the king (his 
successor) ! 

Le roi et Vetat. Fr. The king and the 
state. 

Le roi le veut. Fr. The king wills it. 

Le roi s'avisera. Fr. The king will 
consider or deliberate. 

Les absents ont toujours tort. Fr. The 
absent are always in the wrong. 

Les affaires font les hommes. Fr. 
Business makes men. 

Les bras croises. Fr. With folded 
hands. 

Les doux yeux. Fr. Tender glances. 

Lese majeste. Fr. High treason. 

Les extremes se touchent. Fr. Ex- 
tremes meet. 

Les murailles ont des oreilles. Fr. 
Walls have ears. 

Vetat c'est moi. Fr. It is I who am 
the state. 

L'etoile du nord. Fr. The star of the 
north. 

Le tout ensemble. Fr. The whole to- 
gether. 

Lettre de cachet. Fr. A sealed letter 
containing private orders; a royal war- 
rant. 

Lettre de change. Fr. Bill of ex- 
change. 

Lettre de creance. Fr. Letter of credit. 

Lettre de marque. Fr. A letter of 
marque or reprisal. 

Levamen probationis. L. Relief from 
proving. 

Leve fit quod bene fertur onus. 7 
The burden which is well borne becomes 
light. 

Le <vrai n'est pas touiours vraisem- 
blable. Fr. The truth is not always 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



41 



probable; truth is stranger than fiction. 

Lex loci. L. The law or custom of 
the pi ace. 

Lex non scripta. L. Unwritten law; 
common law. 

Lex scripta. L. Statute (or written) 
law. 

Lex talionis. L. The law of retalia- 
tion. 

Lex terra. L. The law of the land. 

L'homme propose, et Dieu dispose. Fr. 
Man proposes, and God disposes. 

Libertas et natale solum. L. Liberty 
and one's native land. 

Liberum arbitrium. L. Free will. 

Libraire. Fr. A bookseller. 

Licentia vatum. L. The license of the 
poets; noetic license. 

Lima labor et mora. L. The labor 
and delay of the file; the slow and la- 
borious polishing of a literary composi- 
tion. 

L'inconnu. Fr. The unknown. 

Uincroyable. Fr. The incredible. 

Lingua Franca. It. The mixed lan- 
guage used between Europeans and orien- 
tals in the Levant. 

Lis litem generat. L. Strife begets 
strife. 

Lit de justice. Fr. A bed of justice; 
the throne of the king in the parliament 
of Paris; the sitting of that parliament 
when the king was present. 

Litem lite resolvere. L. To settle 
8trife by strife; to remove one difficulty 
by introducing another. 

Lite pendente. L. During the trial. 

Littera scripta manet. L. The written 
letter remains. 

Voccasion fait le larron. Fr. Oppor* 
tunity makes the thief. 

Loci communes. L. Common places. 

Loco citato. L. In the place or pas- 
sage cited. 

Locos y ninos dicen la verdad. Sp. 
Fools and children speak the truth. 

Locum tenens. L. One occupying the 
place of another; a substitute. 

Locus classicus. L. A classical pas- 
sage. 

Locus criminis. L. Place of the crime. 

Locus in quo. L. The place in which. 

Locus penitentia. L. Place for repent- 
ance. 

Locus sigili. L. The place of the seal 
on * document, 



Longe aberrat scopo. L. He goes far 
from the mark. 

Longo intervallo. L. By or with a 
long interval. 

Loyal devoir. Fr. Loyal duty. 

Loyal en tout. Fr. Loyal in every- 
thing. 

Loyaute m'oblige. Fr. Loyalty binds 
me. 

Loyaute n'a honte. Fr. Loyalty has no 
shame. 

Lucidus ordo. L. A lucid arrange- 
ment. 

Lucri causa. L. For the sake of gain. 

Lucus a non lucendo. L. Used as 
typical of an absurd derivation or ex- 
planation — lucus, a grove, having been 
derived by an old grammarian from 
lucere, to shine — 'from not shining.' 

Ludere cum sacris. L. To trifle with 
sacred things. 

Lupum auribus teneo. L. I hold a 
wolf by the ears, i. e. I have caught a 
Tartar. 

Lupus in fabula. L. The wolf in the 
fable. 

Lupus pilum mutat non mentem. L. 
The wolf changes his coat, not his dispo- 
sition. 

Lusus natura. L. A sport or freak of 
nature. 

M 

Ma chere. Fr. My dear (fem.). 

Made virtute. L. Go on or persevere 
in virtue. 

Ma foi. Fr. Upon my faith. 

Maggiore fretta minore atto. It. The 
more haste the less speed. 

Magister ceremoniarum. L. Master of 
the ceremonies. 

Ma?na civitas, magna solitudo. L. A 
great city is a great solitude. 

Magna spes altera Roma. L. Another 
hope of great Rome. 

Magna est Veritas et prevalebit. L. 
Truth is mighty and will prevail. 

Magna est vis consuetudinis. L. Great 
is the force of habit. 

Magnanimiter crucem sustine. L. 
Bear the cross, nobly. 

Magnas inter opes inops. L. Poor in 
the midst of great wealth. 

Magni nominis umbra. L. The 
shadow of a great name. 

Magnum bonum. L. A great good. 

Magnum est vechgal parsimonia. I. 
Economy is itself a great income. 



42 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Magnus opus. L. A great work. 

Magnus Apollo. L. Great Apollo, i. e. 
one of great authority. 

Maigre. Fr. Fasting. See in Diet. 

Main de justice. Fr. The head of 
justice; the scepter. 

Maintien le droit. Fr. Maintain the 
right. 

Maison de champagne. Fr. A country 
house. 

Maison de sante. Fr. A private asy- 
lum or hospital. 

Maison de ville. Fr. A town-house. 

Maitre des basses ceuvres. Fr. A night- 
man. 

Maitre des hatttes auvres. Fr. An ex- 
ecutioner; a hangman. 

Maitre d' hotel. Fr. A house-steward. 

Maladie du pays. Fr. Home-sickness. 

Mala fide. L. With bad faith; treach- 
erously. 

Mai a propos. Fr. Ill-timed. 

Mai de dents. Fr. Toothache. 

Mai de mer. Fr. Sea-sickness 

Mai de tete. Fr. Headache. 

Male parta, male dilabuntur. L. 
Things ill gotten are consumed without 
doing any good. 

Maigre nous. Fr. In spite of us. 

Maigre soi. Fr. In spite of himself. 

Malheur ne vient jamais seul. Fr. 
Misfortunes never come singly. 

Mali exempli. L. Of a bad example. 

Mali principii malus finis. L. Bad be- 
ginnings have bad endings. 

Malts a<vibus. L. With unlucky birds; 
with bad omens. 

Malo modo. L. In a bad manner. 

Malo mori quam fcedari. L. I would 
rather die than be debased. 

Malpropre. Fr. Slovenly; not neat 
and clean. 

M lum in se. L. Evil or an evil in 
itself. 

Malum prohibitum. L. An evil pro- 
hibited; evil because prohibited. 

Malus pudor. L. False shame. 

Manet alta mente repostum. L. It 
remains deeply fixed in the mind. 

Manibus pedibusque. L. With hands 
and feet. 

Manu forti. L. With a strong hand. 

Manu propria. L. With one's own 
hand. 

Mardi gras. Fr. Shrove-Tuesday. 

Mare clausum. L. A closed sea; a 
bay. 



Mariage de conscience. Fr. A private 
marriage. 

Mariage de convetiance. Fr. Marriage 
from motives of interest rather than of 
love. 

Mariage de la main gauche. Fr. Left- 
handed marriage; a morganatic mar- 
riage. 

Mars gravior sub pace latet. L. A 
severer war lies hidden under peace. 

Mas vale saber que haber. Sp. Better 
to be wise than to be rich. 

Mas vale ser necio que porfiado. Sp. 
Better to be a fool than obstinate. 

Mas vale tarde que nunca. Sp. Better 
late than never. 

Mater familias. L. The mother of the 
family. 

Materiam superabit opus. L. The 
workmanship will prove superior to the 
material. 

Matre pulchra filia pulchrior. L. A 
daughter more beautiful than her beau- 
tiful mother. 

Mauvaise honte. Fr. False modesty. 

Mauvaise gout. Fr. Bad taste. 

Mauvais sujet. Fr. A bad subject; a 
worthless scamp. 

Maxima debetur puero reverentia. L. 
The greatest reverence is due to a boy. 

Maximus in minimis. L. Very great 
in trifles. 

Mea culpa. L. By my fault. 

Medecin, gueris-toi toi-meme. Fr. 
Physician, heal thyself. 

Medio cria fir ma. L. Moderate or 
middle things are surest. 

Medio tutissimus ibis. L. In a medium 
c^ure you will be safest. 

Medium tenuere beati. L. Happy are 
they who have held the middle course. 

Mega biblion, mega kakon. Gr. A 
great book is a great evil. 

Me judice. L. I being judge; in my 
opinion. 

Memento mori. L. Remember death. 

Memor et fidelis. L. Mindful and 
faithful. 

Memoria in ceterna. L. In eternal re- 
membrance. 

Mendacem memor em esse oportet. L. 
A liar should have a good memory. 

Mens agitat molem. L. Mind moves 
matter. 

Mens legis. L. The spirit of the law. 

Mens sana in cor pore sano. L. A 
sound mind in a sound body. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



43 



Mens sibi conscia recti. L. A mind 
conscious of its own rectitude. 

Meo periculo. L. At my own risk. 

Meo I'oto. L. According to my wish. 

Merutn sal. L. Pure or genuine wit. 

Mesalliance. Fr. Marriage with one 
of a lower rank. 

Meum et tuum. L. Mine and thine. 

Mihi cura futuri. L. My care is for 
the future. 

Mirabile dictu. L. Wonderful to re- 
late. 

Mirabile visu. L. Wonderful to see. 

Mirabilia. L. Wonders. 

Mirum in modum. L. In a wonderful 
manner. 

Mise en scene. Fr. The getting up 
for the stage, or the putting on the stage. 

Miserabile vulgus. L. A wretched 
crew. 

Miseris succurert disco. L. I learn to 
succor the wretched. 

Mittimus. L. We send; name of a 
writ in law. See in Diet. 

Mobile perpetuum. L. Perpetual mo- 
tion. 

Modo et forma. L. In manner and 
form. 

Modus operandi. L. Manner of work- 
ing. 

Mole ruit sua. L. It falls in ruins by 
its own weight. 

Mollia tempora fandi. L. Times fa- 
vorable for speaking. 

Mon ami. Fr. My friend. 

Mon cher. Fr. My dear (masc). 

Montani semper liberi. L. Moun- 
taineers are always freemen. 

Monumentum are perennius. L. A 
monument more lasting than brass. 

More Hibernico. L. After the Irish 
fashion. 

More majorum. L. After the manner 
of our ancestors. 

More suo. L. In his own way. 

Mors jattua vita. L. Death is the 
gate of eternal life. 

Mors omnibus communis. L. Death is 
common to all. 

Mos pro lege. L. Custom or usage 
for law. 

Mot du guet. Fr. A watchword. 

Mots d'usage. Fr. Words in common 
use. 

Motu proprio. L. Of his own accord. 

Mucho en el suelo, poco en el cielo. 
Sp. Much on earth, little in heaven. 



Muet comme un poisson. Fr. Dumb 
as a fish. 

Multa gemens. L. With many a 
groan. 

Mulium in parvo. L. Much in little. 

Mundus vult decipi. L. The world 
wishes to be deceived. 

Munus Apolline dignum. L. A gift 
worthy of Apollo. 

Muraglia blanca, carti di matto. It. 
A white wall is the fool's paper. 

Murus aereus conscientia sana. L. A 
clear conscience is a brazen wall. 

Mutare vel timere sperno. L. I scorn 
to change or to fear. 

Mutatis mutandis. L. With the neces- 
sary changes. 

Mutato nomine de te fabula narraiur. 
L. The name being changed the story 
is true of yourself. 

Muta est pictura poema. L. A picture 
is a silent poem. 

Mutuus consensus. L. Mutual con- 
sent. 

N 

Naissance. Fr. Birth. 

Natale solum. L. Natal soil. 

Natura lo fece, e poi ruppe la stampa. 
It. Nature made him, and then broke 
the mold. 

Naturam expellas furca tamen usque 
recurret. L. Though you drive out Na- 
ture with a pitchfork, yet will she eyer 
return. 

Natura non facit solium. L. Nature 
does not make a leap. 

Naviget Anticyram. L. Let him sail 
to Anticyra (where he will get hellebore 
to cure him of madness). 

Nee cupias nee metuas. L. Neither 
desire nor fear. 

Ne cede malis. L. Yield not to mis- 
fortune. 

Necessitas non habet legem. L, Neces- 
sity has no law. 

Nee mora, nee requies. L. Neither 
delay nor repose. 

Nee pluribus impar. L. Not an un- 
equal match for numbers. 

Nee prece, nee pretio. L. Neither by 
entreaty nor by bribe. 

Nee quarere, nee spernere honorem. 
L. Neither to seek nor to contemn honors. 

Nee scire fas est omnia. L. It is not 
permitted to know all things. 

Nee temere, nee timide. L. Neither 
rashly nor timidly. 



44 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Nee. Fr. Born; having as her maiden 
name. 

Ne fasti dies. L. Days on which judg- 
ment could not be pronounced, nor assem- 
blies of the people be field; hence, un- 
lucky days. 

Ne fronti crede. L. Trust not to ap- 
pearances. 

Neglige. Fr. Morning dress; an easy 
loose dress. 

Ne Jupiter quidem omnibus placet. L. 
Not even Jupiter pleases everybody. 

Nel bisogno si conoscono gli amid. It. 
A friend in need is a friend indeed. 

Nemine contradicente. L. No one 
speaking in opposition ; without opposi- 
tion. 

Nemine dissentiente. L. No one dis- 
senting; without a dissenting voice. 

Nemo hi. punitur pro eodem delicto. L. 
No one is twice punished for the same of- 
fense. 

Nemo me impune lacessit. L. No one 
assails me with impunity. 

Nemo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. 
L. No one is wise at all times. 

Nemo repente fuit turpissimus. L. No 
one ever became a villain in an instant. 

Nemo solus sapit. L. No one is wise 
alone (with no person to consult). 

Ne nimium. L. Avoid excess. 

Ne plus ultra. L. Nothing further; 
the uttermost point; perfection. 

Ne puero gladium. L. Intrust not a 
boy with a sword. 

Ne quid detrimenti respublica capiat. 
L. Lest the state receive any detriment. 

Ne quid nimis. L. In nothing go too 
far. 

N'est-ce pas? Fr. Is it not so? 

Ne sutor supra crepidam. L. Let not 
the shoemaker go beyond his last (prop- 
erly sandal) ; let no one meddle with 
what lies beyond his range. 

Nervi belli pecunia. L. Money is the 
sinews of war. 

Nervus probandi. L. The sinews of 
the argument. 

Ne tentes, aut per/ice. L. Attempt 
not, or accomplish thoroughly. 

Nettete. Fr. Neatness. 

Ne vile fano. L. Let nothing vile be 
in the temple. 

Niaiserie. Fr. Silliness; simplicity. 

Nicht ivahr? G. Is it not so? Am I 
not right? 

Ni firmes carta que no leas, ni bebas 



agua que no veas. Sp. Never sign a 
paper you have not read, nor drink water 
you have not examined. 

Nihil ad rem. L. Nothing to the point. 

Nihil (properly nullum) quod tetigit 
non ornavit. L. He touched nothing 
without embellishing it. 

Nil admirari. L. To be astonished at 
nothing. 

Nil conscire sibi nulla pallescere culpa. 
L. To be conscious of no fault, and to 
turn pale at no accusation. 

Nil desperandum. L. There is no rea- 
son for despair. 

Nil nisi cruce. L. No dependence but 
on the cross. 

Ni I'un ni I'autre. Fr. Neither the 
one nor the other. 

Nimium ne crede colori. L. Trust not 
too much to looks (or externals). 

N'importe. Fr. It matters not. 

Nisi Dominus frustra. L. Unless God 
be with us all is in vain. 

Nitor in adversum. L. I strive against 
opposition. 

Nobilitas sola est atque unica virtus. L. 
Virtue is the true and only nobility. 

Noblesse oblige. Fr. Rank imposes 
obligations; much is expected from one in 
good position. 

No es oro todo lo quo reluce. Sp. All 
is not gold that glistens. 

No hay cerradura si es de oro la gan- 
zua. Sp. There is no lock that a golden 
key will not open. 

Nolens volens. L. Willing or unwil- 
ling. .. m 

Noli irritare leones. L. Do not irritate 
lions. 

Noli me tangere. L. Touch me not. 

Nolle prosequi. L. To be unwilling 
to proceed. 

Nolo episcopari. L. I do not wish to 
be made a bishop. 

Nom de guerre. Fr. A war-name; an 
assumed traveling-name; a pen-name. 

Nom de plume. Fr. An assumed 
name of a writer; incorrect for nom de 
guerre. 

Nomina stultorum parietibus haerent. 
L. Fools' names are stuck upon the walls. 

Non compos mentis. L. Not in sound 
mind. . . .. n 

Non cuivis homini contingit adire Lo- 
rinthum. L. Every man has not the 
fortune to go to Corinth. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Non datur tertium. L. There is not 
given a third one or a third chance. 

Non deficiefile crumena. L. The purse 
not failing; if the money holds out, 

Non est. L. It is not; it is wanting or 
absent. 

Non est inventus. L. He has not been 
found. 

Non est vivere sed valere vita. L. 
Not merely to live is life, but to have 
good health. 

Non far mai il medico tuo erede. It. 
Never make your physician your heir. 

Non ignara mali, miseris succurere 
disco. L. Not unacquainted with mis- 
fortune I learn to succor the wretched. 

Non libet. L. It does not please me. 

Non liquet. L. The case is not clear 
or proved. 

Non mi ricordo. It. I do not remem- 
ber. 

Non multa, sed multum. L. Not many 
things but much. 

Non nobis solum. L. Not to ourselves 
alone. 

Non nostrum est tantas componere lites. 
L. It is not for us to settle such weighty 
disputes. 

Nonobstant clameur de haro. Fr. Not- 
withstanding the hue and cry. 

Non ogni fiore fa buon odore. It. Not 
every flower has a sweet perfume. 

Non omne licitum honestum. L, Not 
every lawful thing is honorable. 

Non omnia possumus omnes. L. We 
cannot, all of us, do everything. 

Non omnis moriar. L. I shall not 
wholly die. 

Non quis, sed quid. L. Not who but 
what, not the person but the deed. 

Non quo, sed quomodo. L. Not by 
whom, but in what manner. 

Non sequitur. L. It does not follow. 

Non sibi, sed omnibus. L. Not for 
self, but for all. 

Non sibi, sed patriae. L. Not for him- 
self but for his country. 

Non sine numine. L. Not without di- 
vine aid. 

Non sum quailis cram. L. I am not 
what I once was. 

Non tali auxilio. L. Not with such 
aid, or helper. 

Nonum prematur in annum. L. Let it 
be kept back (from publication) till the 
ninth year. 

Nosce ieipsum. L. Know thyself. 



Noscitur a (or e) sociis. L. He is 
known by his companions. 

Nostro periculo. L. At our risk. 

Nota bene. L. Mark well. 

Notre Dame. Fr. Our Lady. 

N'oubliez pas. Fr. Don't forget. 

Nous avons change tout cela. Fr. We 
have changed all that. 

Nous verrons. Fr. We shall see. 

Novus homo. X. A new man; one 
who has raised himself from obscurity. 

Nuance. Fr. Shade; tint. 

Nudis verbis. L. In plain words. 

Nudum pactum. L. A mere agree- 
ment, unconfirmed by writing. 

Nuga canorae. L. Melodious trifles. 

Nul bien sans peine. Fr. No pains, no 
gains. 

Nulla dies sine linea. L. Not a day 
without a line : no day without something 
done. 

Nulla nuova, buona nuova It. No 
news is good news. 

Nulli secund,us. L. Second to none. 

Nullius addictus jiirare in verba mag- 
istri. L. Not bound to swear to the 
opinions of any master. 

Nullius filius. L. A son of nobody; an 
illegitimate son. 

Nunc aut nunquam. L. Now or never. 

Nunquam minus solus, quam cum solus. 
L. Never less alone than when alone. 

Nunquam non paratus. L. Never un- 
prepared ; always ready. 

Nuptice. L. Nuptials; wedding. 

O 

Obiit. L. He, or she, died. 

Obiter dictum. L. A thing said by the 
way. 

Obra de comun, obra de ningun. Sp. 
Everybody's business is nobody's business. 

Obscurum per obscurius. L. Explain- 
ing an obscurity by something more ob- 
scure still. 

Observanda. L. Things to be ob- 
served. 

Obsta principiis. L. Resist the begin- 
nings. 

Obstupui steteruntque comae. L. I was 
astonished and my hair stood on end. 

Occasio facit furem. L. Opportunity 
makes the thief. 

Occurrent nubes. L. Clouds will in- 
tervene. 

Oderint dum metuant. L. Let them 
hate provided they fear. 



46 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Odi profanum vulgus. L. I loathe the 
profane rabble. 

Odium medicum. L. The hatred of 
physicians. 

Odium in longum jacens, L. Hatred 
iong cherished up. 

Odium theologicum. L. The hatred 
of theologians. 

CEil de bceuf. Fr. A bull's-eye. 

CEwvres. Fr. Works. 

Ofjicina gentium. L. The workshop 
of the world. 

O fortunatos nimium sua si bona norint 
agricolas. L. O, too happy husbandmen 
if only they knew their own blessings. 

Ofrecer mucho especie ps de negar. Sp. 
To offer much is a kind of denial. 

Ogni bottega ha la sua malizia. It. 
Every shop has its tricks; tricks in all 
trades. 

Ogni medaglia ha il suo river so. It. 
Every medal has its reverse side. 

Ogniuno per se, e Dio per tutti. It. 
Every one for himself, and God for all. 

Ohe! jam satis. L. Hold! there is 
enough already. 

Ohne Hast, aber ohne Rast. G. With- 
out haste, but without rest. 

Olet lucernam. L. It smells of the 
lamp ('the midnight oil') ; it is a labored 
production. 

Omen faustum. L. A favorable omen. 

Omne ignotum pro magnifico. L. What- 
ever is unknown is held to be magnifi- 
cent. 

Omnem movere lapidem. L. To turn 
every stone; to leave no stone unturned; 
to make every exertion. 

Omne solum forti patria. L. Every 
soil is a brave man's country. 

Omne trinum perfectum. L. Every 
perfect thing is threefold. 

Omne tulit punctum qui miscuit titile 
dulci. L. He gains the approval of all 
who mixes the useful with the agreeable. 

Omne vivum ex ovo. L. Every living 
thing comes from an egg or germ. 

Omnia ad Dei gloriam. L. All things 
for the glory of God. 

Omnia bona bonis. L. All things are 
good to the good. 

Omnia mutantur, nos et mutamur in 
illis. L. All things change, and we 
change with them. 

Omnia vincit amor. L. Love conquers 
all things. 

Omnia vincit labor. L. Labor over- 
comes all things. 



Omnis amans amens. L. Every lover 
is demented. 

On commence par etre dupe, on finit 
par etre fripon. Fr. One begins by be- 
ing a fool, and ends in becoming a knave. 

On connait I'ami au besoin. Fr. A 
friend is known in time of need. 

Opera pretium est. L. It is worth 
while. 

Opprobrium medicorum. L. The re- 
proach of the doctors. 

Optimates. L. Men of the first rank. 

Opus operatum. L. An outward work 
or operation. 

Ora et labora. L. Pray and work. 

Ora pro nobis. L. Pray for us. 

Orator fit, poeta nascitur. L. An 
orator may be made by training, a poet 
is born a poet. 

Ore rotundo. L. With round full, 
voice. 

Ore tenus. L. From the mouth merely. 

Origo mali. L. Origin of the evil. 

Oro e che oro vale. It. That is gold 
that is worth gold; all is not gold that 
glitters. 

Of si sic omnia. L. O ! if all things 
so; O! if he had always so spoken or 
acted. 

O temporal O mores ! L. O the 
times ! O the manners ! 

Otia dant vitia. L. Idleness occasions 
vice. 

Otiosa sedulitas. L. Idle industry; 
laborious trifling. 

Otium cum dignitate. L. Ease with 
dignity; dignified leisure. 

Otium sine litteris est mors. L. Lei- 
sure without literature is death. 

Oublier je ne puis. Fr. I can never 
forget. 

Oui-dire. Fr. Hearsay. 

Ou la chevre est attachee, il fairt 
qu'elle broute. Fr. Where the goat is 
tethered, there it must browse. 

Ouvrage de longue haleine. Fr. A 
work of long breath; a work long in 
being got through; a long-winded or 
tedious business. 

Owvrier. Fr. A workman; an opera- 
tive. 

P 

Pabulum Acherontis. L. Food for 
Acheron or the tomb. 

Pace. L. By leave of; not to give 
offense to. 

Pace tua. L. By your leave ; with your 
consent. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



47 



Pacta conventa. L. The conditions 
agreed on. 

Pactum illicitum. L. An illegal agree- 
ment. 

Padrone. It. A master; a landlord. 

Pallida mors. L. Pale death. 
Palmam qui meruit ferat. L. Let him 
who has won the palm wear it. 

Palma non sine pulvere. L. The palm 
is not won without dust; i. e. no success 
without exertion. 

Par acces, Fr. By fits and starts. 

Par accident. Fr. By accident or 
chance. 

Par accord. Fr. By agreement; in 
harmony. 

Par ci par la. Fr. Here and there. 

Par complaisance. Fr. By complais- 
ance. 

Par depit. Fr. Out of spite. 

Pardonnez-moi. Fr. Pardon me ; ex- 
cuse me. 

Parem non fert. L. He suffers no 
equal. 

Par excellence. Fr. By way of emi- 
nence. 

Par exemple. Fr. By example; for 
instance. 

Parfaitement bien. Fr. Perfectly well. 

Par faveur. Fr. By favor; with the 
countenance of. 

Par force. Fr. By force. 

Par hasard. Fr. By chance. 

Pari passu. L. With equal step ; to- 
gether. 

Paritur pax hello. L. Peace is pro- 
duced by war. 

Par le droit du plus fort. Fr. By the 
right of the strongest. 

Par les memes <voies on ne va pas 
toujours aux memes fins. Fr. By the 
same methods we do not always attain 
the same ends. 

Parlez du loup, et vous en verrez sa 
queue. Fr. Speak of the wolf, aM you 
will see his tail ; talk of the devi i he 
will appear. 

Parlez peu et bien si vous <uoulez qu'on 
vous regarde comme un homme de merite. 
Fr. Speak little and well if you would 
be esteemed as a man of merit. 

Par manure d'acquit. Fr. By way of 
acquittal ; for form's sake. 

Par negotiis, neque supra. L. Neither 
above nor below his business. 

Par nobile fratrum. L. A noble pair 
71J 



of brothers; two just alike; the one as 
good or as bad as the other. 

Parole d'honneur. Fr. Word of honor. 

Par oneri. L. Equal to the burden. 

Par parenthese. Fr. By way of par- 
enthesis. 

Par pari refero. L. I return like for 
like; tit for tat. 

Par precaution. Fr. By way of pre- 
caution. 

Par privilege. Fr. By privilege; li- 
cense. 

Par rapport. Fr. By reason of. 

Pars adversa. L. The opposite party. 

Par signe de mepris. Fr, As a token 
of contempt. 

Pars pro toto. L, Part for the whole. 

Parti. Fr. A party; person. 

Particeps criminis. L. An accomplice 
in a crime. 

Particulier. Fr. A private person. — 
En particulier, in private. 

Partout. Fr, Everywhere; in all direc- 
tions. 

Parturiunt monies, nascetur ridiculus 
mus. L. The mountains are in travail, 
a ridiculous mouse will be brought forth. 

Yarva componere magnis. L. To com- 
pare small things with great. 

Parva leves capiunt animas. L. Trifles 
captivate small minds. 

Parvenu. Fr. A person of low origin 
who has risen suddenly to wealth or 
position. 

Parvum parva decent. It. Trifles be- 
come a little person. 

Pas. Fr. A step. 

Pas a pas on va bien loin. Fr. Step 
by step one goes a long way. 

Passe. Fr. Past; out of date. 

Passe-partout. Fr. A master-key. 

Pas seul. Fr. A dance performed by 
one person. 

Passim. L. Everywhere ; throughout 
the book or writing referred to. 

Pasticcio. It. Patchwork. 

Pate de fole gras. Fr. Goose-liver pie. 

Pater patria. L. Father of his coun- 
try. 

Patience passe science. Fr. Patience 
surpasses knowledge. 

Patisserie. Fr. Pastry. 

Patois. Fr. A provincial dialect; the 
language of the lower classes. 

Patres conscripti. L. The conscript 
fathers; Roman senators. 



48 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Patriis virtutibus. L. By ancestral 
virtues. 

Faucis verbis. L. In a few words. 

Paulo majora canamus. L. Let us sing 
of somewhat higher themes. 

Pax in bello. L. Peace in war. 

Pax vobiscum. L. Peace be with you. 

Peccavi. L. I have sinned. 

Peine forte et dure. Fr. Strong and 
severe punishment; a kind of judicial 
torture. 

Penchant. Fr. A strong liking. 

Pensee. Fr. A thought. 

Penetralia. L. Secret or inmost re- 



Per. L. By; by means of; through. 

Per. It. For; through; by. 

Per ambages. L By circuitous ways; 
hence, by allegory; figuratively; meta- 
phorically. 

Per angusta ad augusta. L. Through 
trials to triumphs. 

Per annum. L. By the year; annually. 

Per asp era ad astra. L. Through 
rough ways to the stars; through suffer- 
ing to renown. 

Per baroniam. L. By right of barony. 

Per capita. L. By the head or poll. 

Per centum. L. By the hundred. 

Per contante. It. For cash. 

Per conto. It. Upon Account. 

Per contra. L. Contrariwise. 

Per curiam. L. By the court. 

Per diem. L. By the day; daily. 

Perdu. Fr. Lost. 

Pereant qui ante nos nostra dixerunt. 
L. Deuce take those who said our good 
things before us. 

Pere de famille. Fr. The father of a 
family. 

Pereunt et imputantur. L. (The hours) 
pass away and are laid to our charge. 

Per fas et nefas. L. Through right 
and wrong. 

Perfervidum ingenium Scotorum. L. 
The intense earnestness of Scotsmen, 

Per gradus. L. Step by step. 

Periculum in mora. L. There is dan- 
ger in delay. 

Per interim. L. In the meantime. 

Perjuria ridet amantium Jupiter. L. 
At lovers' perjuries Jove laughs. 

Per mare per terras. L. Through sea 
and land. 

Per mese. It. By the month. 

Permitte divis catera. L. Leave the 
rest to the gods. 



Per pares. L. By one's peers. 

Per f>iu strade si va a Roma. It. There 
are many roads to Rome. 

Per saltum. L. By a leap or jump. 

Per se. 1 . By itself considered. 

Per stirpes. L. By stocks. 

Per troppo dibatter la verita si perde. 
It. Truth is lost by too much controversy. 

Per viam. L. By the way of. 

Petit coup. Fr. A small mask cover 
ing only the eyes and nose. 

Petitio principii. L. A begging of the 
question. 

Petit-maitre. Fr. A fop. 

Peu-a-peu. Fr. Little by little; by 
degrees. 

Peu de chose. Fr. A little thing; a 
trifle. 

Peu de gens savent etre vieux. Fr. 
Few people know how to be old. 

Pezzo. It. A piece; an Italian coin. 

Piccolo. It. Small. 

Piece de resistance. Fr. A piece of 
resistance; something substantial by way 
of entertainment; a substantial joint of 
meat. 

Pied-a-terre. Fr. A resting-place; a 
temporary lodging. 

Pietra mossa non fa muschio. It. A 
rolling stone gathers no moss. 

Pinxit. L. He or she painted it. 

Pis aller. Fr. The worst or last shift. 

Piuttosto mendicante che ignorante. It. 
Better be a beggar than be ignorant. 

Place aux dames. Fr. Make way for 
the ladies. 

Plebs. L. Common people ; the mul- 
titude. 

Plein de soi-meme. Fr. Full of him- 
self. 

Plein pouvoir. Fr. Full power or 
authority. 

Pleno jure. L. With full power or 
authority. 

Plus aloes quam mellis habet. L. He 
has more gall than honey; sarcastic wit. 

Plus on est de fous, plus on rit. Fr. 
The more fools, the more fun. 

Plus sage que les sages. Fr Wiser 
than the wise. 

Poca barba, poca verguenza. Sp. Lit- 
tle beard, little shame. 

Poca roba, poco pensiero. It. Little 
wealth, little care. 

Poco a poco. It. Little by little. 

Poeta nascitur, non fit. L. The poet 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



49 



is born, not made ; nature, not study, must 
form the poet. 

Point d'appui. Fr. Point of support; 
prop. 

Poisson d'avril. Fr April fool (lit. 
April fish). 

Pondere, non numero. L. By weight 
not by number. 

Pons asinorum. L. An ass's bridge ; 
a name given to the fifth proposition of 
the first book of Euclid. 

Populus vult decipi. L. People like 
to be deceived. 

Possunt quia posse videntur. L. They 
are able because they think they are. 

Post helium auxilium. L. Aid after 
the war. 

Post cineres gloria venit. L. After 
death comes glory. 

Post equitem sedet atra cur a. L. Be- 
hind the rider sits black care. 

Poste restante. Fr. To be left at the 
post-office till called for; applied to 
letters. 

Post hoc ergo propter hoc. L. After 
this therefore on account of this: a non- 
sequitur in argument. 

Post nubila jubila. L. After sorrow 
joy. 

Post nubila Phcebus. .L. After clouds 
comes Phoebus, or the sun. 

Post obitum. L. After death. 

Pour acquit. Fr. Received payment; 
paid ; written at the bottom of a dis- 
charged account. 

Pour comble de bonheur. Fr. As the 
height of happiness. 

Pour couper court. Fr. To cut the 
matter short. 

Pour encourager les autres. Fr. To 
encourage the others. 

Pour faire rire, Fr. To excite laugh- 
ter. 

Pour faire visit e. Fr. To pay a visit. 

Pour passer le temps. Fr. To pass 
away the time. 

Pour prendre conge. Fr. To take 
leave ; often abbreviated P. P. C. on 
visiting-cards. 

Pour se faire valoir. Fr. To make 
himself of value. 

Pour tout potage. Fr. All that one 
gets ; all that a person 5s allotted. 

Pour y parvenir. Fr. To attain the 
object. 

Pracognita. L. Things previously 
known. 



Pramonttus, pramunitus. L. Fore- 
warned, forearmed. 

Prascriptum. L. A thing prescribed. 

Prendre la balle au bond. Fr. To 
catch the ball as it bounds. 

Prendre la lune avec les dents. Fr. 
To take the moon by the teeth; to aim 
at impossibilities. 

Prends moi tel que je mis. Fr. Take 
me just as I am. 

Prenez garde. Fr. Beware; look out. 

Presto maiuro, presto marcio. It. Soon 
ripe, soon rotten. 

Pret d' accomplir. Fr. Ready to ac- 
complish. 

Pret pour mon pays. Fr. Ready for 
my country. 

Preux chevalier. Fr. A brave knight. 

Prima donna. It. The chief female 
vocalist. See in Diet. 

Prima via. L. The first passages; 
the chief canals of the body. 

Prima facie. L. On first sight. See 
in Diet. 

Primo. L. In the first place. 

Primo uomo. It. The chief actor or 
vocalist. 

Primum mobile. L. The source of 
motion; the mainspring. 

Primus inter pares. L. First among 
his peers. 

Principia, non homines. L. Principles, 
not men. 

Principiis obsta. L. Resist the begin- 
nings. 

Prior tempore, prior jure. L. First in 
time, first by right; first come first served. 

Pro aris et focis. L. For our altars 
and our hearts; for civil and religious 
liberty. 

Probatum est. L. It is proved. 

Probitas laudatur, et olget. L. Hon- 
esty is praised, and is left to starve. 

Pro bono publico. L. For the good of 
the public. 

Pro confesso. L. As if conceded. 

Procul, procul este, profani. L. Far, 
far hence, O ye profane! 

Pro Deo et ecclesia. L. For God and 
the church. 

Pro et contra. L. For and against. 

Profanum vulgus. L. The profane 
vulgar. 

Pro forma. L. For the sake of form. 

Pro hac vice. L. For this occasion. 

Proh ptidorf L. O, for shame! 

Pro jet de lot. Fr. A legislative b^ 



50 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Proletaire. Fr. The vulgar; the lower 
classes. 

Pro memoria. L. For a memorial. 

Pro nunc. L. For the present. 

Propaganda. L. The propagation of 
principles or views. See in Diet. 

Pro patria. L. For our country. 

Propria qua maribus. L. Things ap- 
propriate to males, men, or husbands 
(a fragment of a rule in old Latin gram- 
mars). 

Proprietaire. Fr. An owner or pro- 
prietor. 

Pro rata. L. According to rate or 
proportion. 

Pro rege, lege, et grege. L. For the 
king, the law, and the people. 

Pro re nata. L. For a \ articular emer- 
gency arising. 

Pro salute anima. L. For the health 
of the soul. 

Prosit! L. A health to you ! 

Pro tanto. L. For so much ; for as far 
as it goes. 

Protege. Fr. One under the protec- 
tion of another. 

Pro virili parte. L. According to one's 
power, with all one's might. 

Prudens futuri. L. Thoughtful of the 
future. 

Publice. L. Publicly. 

Publiciste. Fr. One who writes on 
national laws and customs; a publicist. 

Pugnis et calcibus. L. With fists and 
heels; with all one's might. 

Punctum s aliens. L. A salient or pro- 
minent point. 

Punica fides. L. Punic or Cartha- 
ginian faith; treachery. 

Q 

Qua fuerunt <vitia, mores sunt. L. 
What were once vices are now customs. 

Qua nocent, docent. L. Things which 
injure instruct; we learn by what we 
suffer. 

Qualis ab incepto. L. The same as at 
the beginning. 

Qualis rex, talis grex. L. Like king, 
like people. 

Qualis vita, finis ita. L. As life is so 
is its end. 

Quant diu se bene gesserit. L. During 
good behavior. 

Quand meme. Fr. Even though; 
nevertheless. 

Quand on ne trowve pas son repose en 
ioi-meme, il est inutile dt le chercher 



ailleurs. Fr. When a man finds no re- 
pose in himself, it is futile for him to seek 
it elsewhere. 

Quand on <voit la chose, on la croit. 
Fr. That which one sees he gives credit 
to. 

Quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus. 
L. Even good Homer sometimes nods ; 
the wisest make mistakes. 

Quanti est sapere. L. How desirable 
is wisdom or knowledge. 

Quantum libet. L. As much as you 
please. 

Quantum meruit L. As much as he 
deserved. 

Quantum mutatus ab dlo! L. How 
changed from what he once was! 

Quantum sufficit. L. As much as 
suffices; a sufficient quantity. 

Quantum vis. L. As much as you 
wish. 

Que la nuit parait longue a la douleur 
qui veille! Fr. To sleepless grief how 
long must night appear. 

Quelque chose. Fr. Something; a 
trifle. 

Quelqu'un. Fr. Somebody. 

Quern deus <vult perdere prius dementat. 
L. Whom a deity wishes to ruin he 
first drives mad. 

Quern di diligunt adolescens moritur. 
L. He whom the gods love dies young. 

Querelle d'Allemand. Fr. A German 
quarrel ; a drunken affray. 

Qui a bu boira. Fr. The tippler will 
go on tippling. 

Quid faciendum? L. What is to be 
done? 

Qui docet discit. L. He who teaches 
learns. 

Quid pro quo. L. One thing for an- 
other; tit for tat. Value received. 

Quid rides? L. Why do you laugh? 

Quien sabe? Sp. Who knows? 

Quieta non movere. L. Not to dis- 
turb things at rest. 

Qui facit per alium facit per se. L. He 
who acts by another acts by himself. 

Qu'il soit com me il est desire. Fr. Let 
it be as desired. 

Qui m'aime, aime mon chien. Fr. 
Love me, love my dog. 

Qui n'a point de sens a trente ans, 
n'en aura jamais. Fr. He who has no 
sense when thirty years old, will never 
have any. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



51 



Qui n'a sante n'a rien. Fr. He who 
lacks health lacks everything. 

Qui nimium probat, nihil probat. L. 
He proves nothing who proves too much. 

Qui non proficit, deficit. L. He who 
does not advance goes backward. 

Qui perd, peche. Fr. He who loses 
offends; an unsuccessful man is always 
deemed to be wrong. 

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? L. Who 
shall keep the keepers themselves, 

Qui s' excuse s' accuse. Fr. He who 
excuses himself accuses himself. 

Qui facet consentit. L. He who is 
silent gives consent. 

Qui timide rogat, docet negare. L. He 
who asks timidly invites denial. 

Qui transtulit sustinet. L. He who 
transplanted still sustains. 

Qui <va la? Fr. Who goes there? 

Qui <vwe. See in Diet. 

Quo ad hoc. L. To this extent. 

Quo animo.. L. With what intention. 

Quocunque jeceris stabit. L. Where- 
ever you throw it, it will stand. 

Quocunque modo. L. In whatever 
manner. 

Quocunque nomine. L. Under what- 
ever name. 

Quod avertat Deusf L. Which may 
God avert ! 

Quod bene notandum. L. Which may 
be especially noticed. 

Quod bonum, felix, faustumque sit! L. 
And it may be advantageous, fortunate, 
and favorable ! 

Quod erat demonstrandum. L. Which 
was to be proved or demonstrated. 

Quod erat faciendum. L. Which was 
to be done. 

Quod non opus est, asse carum est. 
L. What is not wanted (or is of no use 
to a person) is dear at a copper. 

Quod semper, quod ubique, quod ab om- 
nibus. L. What (has been believed) 
always, everywhere, by all. 

Quod vide. L. Which see; see that 
article. 

Quod Fata vocant. L. Whither the 
Fates call. 

Quo jure. L. By what right? 

Quo pax et gloria ducunt. L. Where 
peace and glory lead. 

Quorum pars magna fui. L. Of whom, 
or which, I was an important part. 

Quot homines, tot sententia. L. Many 
men, many minds. 



Raconteur. Fr. A teller of stories. 

Railleur. Fr. A jester; one addicted 
to raillery. 

Raison d'etat. Fr. A reason of state. 

Raison d"etre. Fr. The reason for a 
thing's existence. 

Rappel. Fr. A recall. 

Rapprochement. Fr. The act of bring 
ing together. 

Rara avis in terris. nigroque simillima 
cygno. L. A rare bird on earth, and 
very like a black swan (formerly believed 
to be non-existent). 

Rari nantes in gurgite <vasto. L. Swim- 
ming here and there on the vast abyss. 

Rathhaus. G. A town-hall. 

Ratione soli. L. As regards the soil. 

Re. L. In the matter of; in reference 
to the question of. 

Realschule. G. A real school ; a sec- 
ondary German school giving an educa- 
tion more in modern subjects than in clas- 
sics. 

Rechauffe. Fr. Lit. something warmed 
up ; hence old literary material worked 
up into a new form. 

Recoje tu heno mientras que el sol lu- 
ziere. Sp. Make hay while the sun 
shines. 

Reconnaissance. Fr. See in Diet. 

Recte et suaviter. L. Justly and mildly. 

Rectus in curia. L. Upright in court; 
with clean hands. 

Recu. Fr. Received; a receipt. 

Recueil. Fr. A collection. 

Reculer pour mieux sauter. F. To go 
back in order to leap the better. 

Redacteur. Fr. An editor; one who 
edits or gives literary form to something. 

Redolet lucerna. L. It smells of the 
lamp; it is a labored production. 

Reductio ad absurdum. L. The reduc- 
ing of a supposition or hypothesis to an 
absurdity. 

Regium donum. L. A royal gift; the 
former annual grant of public money to 
the Presbyterian ministers of Ireland. 

Re infecta. L. The business being un- 
finished. 

Relache. Fr. Intermission ; relaxation ; 
respite. 

Relato refero. L. I repeat the story 
as it was given me. 

Religieux. Fr. A monk or friar. 

Religio loci. L. The religious spirit 
of the place. 



52 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Rem acu tetigisti. L. You have 
touched the matter with a needle; you 
have hit the thing exactly. 

Rem facias, rem; recte si possis, si non 
quocumque modo rem. L. Make money, 
money; honestly if you can, if not, make 
it anyhow. 

Remisso animo. L. With mind re- 
miss or listless. 

Remis velisque. L. With oars and 
sails; using every endeavor. 

Remuda de pasturage haze bizerros 
gordos. Sp. Change of pasture makes fat 
calves. 

Renascentur. L. They will be born 
again. 

Rencontre. Fr. An encounter; a hos- 
tile meeting. 

Renommee. Fr. Renown; celebrity. 

Renovate animos. L. Renew your 
courage. 

Renovato nomine. L. By a revived 
name. 

Rentes. Fr. Funds; stocks. 

Repertoire. Fr. A list; a stock of 
songs, dramas, etc., already got up. See 
in Diet. 

Repondez s'il <vous plait. Fr. Send an 
answer, if you please. 

Repondre en Normand. Fr. To give 
an evasive answer. 

Requiescat in pace. L. May he (or 
she) rest in peace; requiescant, may they. 

Rerum primordia. L. The first ele- 
ments of things. 

Res angusta do mi. L. Narrow circum- 
stances at home. 

Res est sacra miser. L. A sufferer is a 
sacred thing. 

Res gesta. L. Things done; exploits. 

Res judicata. L. A case or suit already 
settled. 

Respice finem. L. Look to the end. 

Respublica. L. The commonwealth. 

Resume. Fr. A summary or abstract. 
See in Diet. 

Resurgam. L. I shall rise again. 

Revanche. Fr. Revenge. 

Revenons a nos moutons. Fr. Let us 
return to our sheep ; let us return to our 
subject. 

Re vera. L. In truth; in actual fact. 

Revoir. Fr. A meeting again; au re- 
voir, good-by until we meet again. 

Rez-de-chaussee. Fr. The ground- 
floor. 

Rideau d'entr'acte. Fr. The scene let 
•down between the acts of a play. 



Ridere in stomacho. L. To laugh se- 
cretly; to laugh in one's sleeve. 

Ride si sapis. L. Laugh, if you are 
wise. 

Rien n'arrive pour rien. Fr. Nothing 
comes for nothing. 

Rien n'est beau que le vrai. Fr. There 
is nothing beautiful except the truth. 

Rigueur. Fr. Strictness; strict eti- 
quette. 

Rira bien, qui rira le dernier. Fr. He 
laughs well who laughs last. 

Rire entre cuir et chair. — Rire sous cape. 
Fr. To laugh in one's sleeve. 

Risum teneatis, amid? L. Could you 
keep from laughing, friends? 

Rixatur de lana caprina. L. He con- 
tends about goat's wool; he quarrels 
about trifles. 

Robe de chambre. Fr. A morning 
gown or dressing-gown. 

Robe de nuit. Fr. A night-gown. 

Role. Fr. A character represented on 
the stage. See in Diet. 

Role d'equipage. Fr. The list of a 
ship's crew. 

Roue. Fr. A man of fashion devoted 
to sensual pleasure. 

Rouge et noir. Fr. Red and black, a 
game of chance. See in Diet. 

Ruat caelum. L. Let the heavens fall. 

Rudis indigestaque moles. L. A rude 
and undigested mass. 

Ruit mole sua. L. It falls to ruin by 
its own weight. 

Ruse contre ruse. Fr. Trick against 
trick; diamond cut diamond. 

Ruse de guerre. Fr. A stratagem of 
war. 

Rus in urbe. L. The country in town. 

Rusticus expectat dum defluat amnis at 
ille labitur et labetur in omne volubilis 
avum. L. The rustic waits till the river 
flow past (and cease to flow), but it 
glides on and will glide for all time. 



Sa boule est demeuree. Fr. His bowl 
has stopped short of the mark; he has 
failed in his object. 

Sabreur. Fr. A brave soldier distin- 
guished for his use of his saber. 

Sape stylum vert as. L. Often turn 
the style or pen (and make erasures with 
the blunt end on the waxen tablets) ; 
correct freely (if you wish to produce 
good literature). 

Saggio fanchdlo e chi conosce il suo 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



53 



vero padre. It. He is a wise child who 
knows his own father. 
Sal Atticum. L. Attic salt; i. e. wit. 
Salle. Fr. A hall; salle a manger, a 
dining-room; salle de batailles, a gal- 
lery or room decorated with pictures of 
martial subjects; salle de reception, a sa- 
loon in which visitors are received. 

Salon. Fr. A saloon or drawing- 
room; a picture gallery. 

Salus populi suprema lex est. L. The 
welfare of the people is the supreme law. 
Salve! L. Hail! 

Salvo jure. L. The right being safe; 
without prejudice to one's rights. 

Salvo pudore. L. Without offense to 
modesty. 

Salvo sensu. L. The sense being pre- 
served. 

Sang froid. Fr. Coolness; indifference 
See in Diet. 

Sang pur. Fr. Pure blood; of aristo- 
cratic birth. 

Sans ceremonie. Fr. Without cere- 
mony or formality. 
Sans-culotte. Fr. See in Diet. 
Sans Dieu rien. Fr. Nothing without 
God. 

Sans facon. Fr. Without form or 
ceremony. 

Sans pain, sans vin, amour n'est rien. 
Fr. Without bread, without wine, love 
is naught. 

Sans pareil. Fr. Without equal. 
Sans peine. Fr. Without difficulty. 
Sans peur et sans reproche. Fr. With- 
out fear and without reproach. 

Sans rime et sans raison. Fr, With- 
out rime or reason. 

Sans souci. Fr. Without care. 
Sans tache. Fr. Without spot, stain- 
less. 

Sante. Fr. Health; en bonne sante, 
in good health; maison de sante, a pri- 
vate hospital. 

Sap ere aude. L. Dare to be wise. 
Sartor resartus. L. The botcher re- 
patched; the tailor patched or mended. 
Sat cito, si sat bene. L. Soon enough 
done, if well enough done. 

Satis dotata si bene morata. L. Well 
enough dowered, if well principled. 

Satis eloquentia, sapientia parum. L. 
Eloquence enough, -but little wisdom. 

Satis superque. L. Enough, and more 
than enough. 

Satis verborum. L. Enough of words ; 
no more need be said. 



Sat pulchra, si sat bona. L. She is 
handsome enough, if good enough. 

Sauce piquante. Fr. A pungent 
sauce; a relish. 

Sauf et sain. Fr. Safe and sound. 

Sauve qui peut. Fr. Let him save him- 
self who can. 

Savoir faire. Fr. The knowing how 
to act; tact. 

Savoir vivre. Fr. Good-breeding; re- 
fined manners. 

Scandalum magnatum. L. Speech or 
writing defamatory to dignitaries. 

Scire facias. L. Cause it to be known. 

Scribendi recte sap ere est et princi- 
pium et fons. L. The principle and 
source of good writing is to possess good 
sense. 

Scribimus indocti doctique. L. Learned 
and unlearned we all write. 

Sdegno d' am ante poco dura. It. A 
lover's anger is short-lived. 

Seance. Fr. See in Diet. 

Secretaire. Fr. A secretary; secre- 
taire d'etat, a secretary of state. 

Secret et hardi. Fr. Secret and bold. 

Secundum artem. L. According to 
art or rule; scientifically. 

Secundum naturam. L. According to 
nature. 

Secundum ordinem. L. In due order. 

Secundum usum. L. According to 
practice. 

Sed hac hactenus. L. But so far, this 
will suffice. 

Seigneur. Fr. A lord, nobleman ; a 
seignior (which see in Diet). 

Se jeter dans Veau de peur de la pluie. 
Fr. To cast oneself into the water out 
of fear of rain. 

Selon les regies. Fr. According to rule. 

Selon lui. Fr. According to him. 

Semel abbas, semper abbas. L. Once 
an abbot, always an abbot. 

Semel et simul. L. Once and together. 

Semel insanivimus omnes. L. We 
have all, at some time, been mad. 

Semel pro semper. L. Once for all. 

Semper avarus eget. L. The avari- 
cious is always in want. 

Semper fidelis. L. Always faithful. 

Semper idem. L. Alwavs the same. 

Semper paratus. L. Always ready. 

Semper timidum scelus. L. Guilt is 
always timid. 

Semper vivit in armis. L. He lives 
always in arms. 



54 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Sempre il mal non vien per nuocere. 
It. Misfortune does not always come 
to injure. 

Senatus consultum. L. A decree of 
the senile. 

Senex bis puer. L. The old man is 
twice a child. 

Se non e vero e ben trovato. It. If 
not true, it is cleverly invented (or fab- 
ricated). 

Sensu bono. L. In a good sense. 

Sensu malo. L. In a bad sense. 

Sequiturque palrem non passibus aquis. 
L. He follows his father, but not with 
equal steps. 

Sero sed serio. L. Late, but seriously. 

Sero venientibus ossa. L. Those who 
come late shall have the bones. 

Serus in cesium redeas. L. Late may 
you return to heaven; may you live long. 

Servabo fidem. L. I will keep faith. 

Servare modum. L. To keep within 
bounds. 

Servus servorum Dei. L. A servant 
of the servants of God. 

Sesquipedalia verba. L. Words a 
foot and a half long. 

Sic eunt fata hominum. L. Thus go 
the fates of men. g 

Sic itur ad astra. L. Such is the way 
to the stars, or to immortality. 

Sic passim. L. So here and there 
throughout; so everywhere. 

Sic semper tyrannis. L. Ever so to 
tyrants. 

Sic transit gloria mundi. L. Thus 
passes away the glory of this world. 

Shut ante. L. As before. _ 

Shut patribus sit Deus nobis. L. As 
with our fathers so may God be with 
us. 

Sic volo sic jubeo; stat pro ratione 
voluntas. L. Thus I will, thus I com- 
mand; let my will stand for a reason. 

Sic vos non <vobis. L. Thus you labor 
but not for yourselves. 

Si Deus nobiscum, quis contra nosf 
L. If God be with us who shall stand 
against us, 

Si Dieu n'extstait pas, il faudrait I'in- 
venter. Fr. If God did not exist, it 
would be necessary to invent one. 

Si diis placet. L. If it pleases the 
gods. 

Siecle. Fr. An age; siecle d'or, the 
golden age; siecles des tenebres, the dark 
ages. 



Siesta. Sp. A short nap during the 
heat of the day. 

Site et philosophus esta. L. Be silent 
and pass for a philosopher. 

Silentium altum. L. Deep silence. 

Silent leges inter arma. L. Amidst 
arms, or in war, laws are silent, or dis- 
regarded. 

Similia similibus curantur. L. Like 
things are cured by like. 

Similis simili gaudet. L. Like is 
pleased with like. 

Si monumentum quceris circumspice 
L. If you seek his monument, look 
around you. 

Simplex munditiis. L. Elegant in 
simplicity. 

Sina cura. L. Without charge or care. 

Sine die. L. Without a day being 
appointed. 

Sine dubio. L. Without doubt. 

Sine mora. L. Without delay. 

Sine prajudicio. L. Without preju- 
dice. 

Sine qua non. L. Without which, 
not. 

Si nous n'avions point de defauts, nous 
ne prendrions pas tant de plaisir a en 
remarquer dans les autres. Fr. If we 
had no faults we should not take so 
much pleasure in remarking those of 
others. 

Si parva licet componere magnis. L. 
If small things may be compared with 
great. 

Siste viator. L. Stop, traveler. 

Sit tibi terra levis. L. Light lie the 
earth upon thee. 

Sit ut est aut non sit. L. Let it be 
as it is, or not at all. 

Sit venia verbis. L. May the words 
be excused. 

Si vis pacem, para bellum. L. If you 
w r ish for peace, prepare for war. 

Sobriquet. Fr. A nickname. Sec in 
Diet. 

Sceurs de charite. Fr. Sisters of 
charity. 

Soi-disant. Fr. Self-styled. 

Soi-meme. Fr. Oneself. 

Sola nobilitas virtus. L. Virtue the 
only nobility. 

Solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant. 
L. They make a wilderness and call 
it peace. 

Sottise. Fr. Absurdity; foolishness. 

Sotto voce. It. In an undertone. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



55 



Soubrette. Fr. A waiting-maid; an 
actress who plays the part of a waiting- 
maid, etc. 

Souffler le chaud et le froid. Fr. To 
blow hot and cold. 

Sous tous les rapports. Fr. In all 
respects or relations. 

Soyez ferme. Fr. Be firm; persevere. 

Spero meliora. L. I hope for better 
things. 

Spes sibi quisque. L. Let every one 
hope in himself. 

Sfirituel. Fr. Intellectual ; witty. 

Splendide mendax. L. Nobly untruth- 
ful; untrue for a good object. 

Spolia optima. L. The choicest of the 
spoils. 

Sponte sua. L. Of one's (or its) own 
Accord. 

Spreta injuria forma. L. The insult 
)i despising her beauty. 

Stat magni nominis umbra. L. He 
stands in the shadow of a mighty name. 

Stat pro ratione voluntas. L. Will 
stands in place of a reason. 

Statu quo ante bellum. L. In the 
state in which things were before the 
war. 

Status quo. L. The state in which. 

Sta viator, heroem calcas. L. Halt, 
traveler, thou standest on a hero's dust. 

Stemmata quid faciunt? L. Of what 
yalue are pedigrees? 

Sternitur alieno vulnere. L. He is 
slain bv a blow aimed at another. 

Stratum super stratum. L. Layer 
above layer. 

Studium immane loquendi. L. An 
insatiable desire for talking. 

Sturm und Drang. G. Storm and 
stress. 

Sua cuique voluptas. L. Every man 
has his own pleasures. 

Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re. L. 
Gentle in manner, resolute in execution 
(or action). 

Sub colore juris. L. Under color of 
law. 

Sub hoc signo vinces. L. Under this 
standard you will conquer. 

Sub judice. L. Still before the judge; 
under consideration. 

Sublata causa, tollitur effectus. L. 
The cause being removed the effect 
ceases. 

Sub poena. L. Under a penalty. 



Sub prcetexto juris. L. Under the 
pretext of justice. 

Sub rosa. L. Under the rose; pri- 
vately. 

Sub silentio. L. In silence. 

Sub specie. L. Under the appearance 
of. 

Sub <voca. L. Under such or such a 
word. 

Succes d'estime. Fr. A partial suc- 
cess or one based on certain merits. 

Sufre por saber y trabaja por tener. 
Sp. Suffer in order to be wise, and 
labor in order to have. 

Suggestio falsi. L. Suggestion of 
falsehood. 

Sui generis. L. Of its own or of a 
peculiar kind. 

Suwez raison. Fr. Follow reason. 

Summa sum m arum. L. The sum total. 

Summum bonum. L. The chief good. 

Sum mum jus, summa injuria. L. The 
rigor of the law is the height of op- 
pression. 

Sumpiibus publicis. L. At the public 
expense. 

Sum quod eris; fui quod es. L. I 
am what you will be (dead), I was 
what you are (alive) ; inscription on 
tombstones. 

Sunt lacrima rerum. L. These are 
events that demand tears. 

Suo Marie. L. By his own prowess. 

Suppressio weri, suggestio falsi. L. 
A suppression f the truth is the sugges- 
tion of a falsehood. 

Surgit rmari aliquid. L. Something 
bitter arises. 

Sursum cor da! L. Lift up your 
hearts ! 

Surtout pas de zelef Fr. Above all, 
no zeal ! 

Suum cuique. L. Let every one have 
his own. 

Suus cuique mos. L. Every one has 
his particular habit. 



Tabagie. Fr. A smoking-room. 

Table a manger. Fr. A dining-table. 

Tableau vivant. Fr. A living pic- 
ture; the representation of some scene 
by groups of persons. 

Table d'hote. F. A public dinner at 
an inn or hotel ; an ordinary. 

Tabula rasa. L. A smooth or blank 
tablet. 



56 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Tache sans lache. Fr. A work (or 
task) without a stain. 

Tadium vita. L. Weariness of life. 

Taisez-vous. Fr. Be quiet, hold your 
tongue. 

Tarn Marte quam Minerva. L. As 
much by Mars as by Minerva; as much 
by courage as by skill. 

Tangere vulnus. L. To touch the 
wound. 

Tantane animis calestibus irae? L. 
Can such anger dwell in heavenly 
minds? 

Tant mieux. Fr. So much the better. 

Tanto buon che vol niente. It. So 
good as to be good for nothing. 

Tant pis. Fr. So much the worse. 

Tant s'en faut. Fr. Far from it. 

Tantum vidit Virgilium. L. He merely 
saw Virgil ; he only looked on the great 
man. 

Te, Deum, laudamus. L. We praise 
Thee, O God (or rather, as God). 

Te judice. L. You being the judge. 

Tel brille au second rang qui s' eclipse 
au premier. Fr. A man may shine in 
the second rank, who would be eclipsed 
in the first. 

Tel est notre plaisir. Fr. Such is our 
pleasure. 

Tel maitre, tel valet. Fr. Like mas- 
ter, like man. 

Tel pere, tel fils. Fr. Like father, like 
son. 

Telum imbelle, sine ictn. L. A feeble 
weapon thrown without effect. 

Tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur 
in illis. L. The times are changing 
and we with them. 

Tempori parendum. L. We must 
yield to the times. 

Tempus edax rerum. L. Time the 
devourer of all things. 

Tempus fugit. L. Time flies. 

Tempus ludendi. L. The time for 
play. 

Tempus omnia revelat. L. Time re- 
veals all things. 

Tenax propositi. L. Tenacious of his 
purpose. 

Tenez. Fr. Take it; hold; hark; look 
here. 

Tentanda via est. L. A way must 
be attempted. 

Teres atque rotundus. L. Smooth and 
round; polished and complete. 



Terminus ad quern. L. The term 01 
limit to which. 

Terminus a quo. L. The term 01 
limit from which. 

Terra filius. L. A son of the earth. 

Terra firma. L. Solid earth ; a se- 
cure foothold. 

Terra incognita. L. An unknown or 
unexplored region. 

Tertium quid. L. A third something; 
a nondescript. 

Tete de famille. Fr. The head of the 
house ; paterfamilias. 

Tete de fou ne blanchit jamais. Fr. 
The head of a fool never becomes white. 

Tibi seris, tibi metis. L. You sow 
for yourself, you reap for yourself. 

Tiens a la verite. Fr. Maintain the 
truth. 

Tiens ta foi. Fr. Keep thy faith. 

Tiers-etat. Fr. The third estate. 

Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. L. 
I fear the Greeks even when they bring 
gifts. 

Tirailleur. Fr. A sharpshooter; skir- 
misher. 

Toga virilis. L. The manly toga; the 
dress of manhood. 

To kalon. Gr. The beautiful; the 
chief good. 

Tomava la por rosa mas devenia 
cardo. Sp. I took her for a rose but 
she proved to be a thistle. 

Tombe des nues. Fr. Fallen from 
the clouds. 

Ton. Fr. Taste; fashion; high life. 

To prepon. Gr. The becoming or 
proper. 

Tot gagne, tot gaspille. Fr. Soon 
gained soon spent. 

Tot homines, quot sententia. L. So 
many men, so many minds. 

Totidem verbis. L. In just so many 
words. 

Toties quoties. L. As often as. 

Totis viribus. L. With all his might. 

Toto ccelo. L. By the whole heavens; 
diametrically opposite. 

Tot ou tard. Fr. Sooner or later. 

Totus, teres, atque rotundus. L. Com- 
plete, polished, and rounded. 

Toujours perdrix. Fr. Always part- 
ridges; always the same thing over 
again. 

Toujours pret. Fr. Always ready. 

Tour de force. Fr. A feat of strength 
or skill. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 57 

Tourner casaque. Fr. To turn one's Tutor et ultor. L. Protector and 

coat; to change sides. avenger. 

Tous frais faits. Fr. All expenses Tutte le strade conducono a Roma. It. 

paid. All roads lead to Rome. 

Tout-a-fait. Fr. Wholly; entirely. Tuum est. L. It is your own. 

Tout-a-l'heure. Fr. Instantly. U 

Tout au contraire. Fr. On the con- Uberrima fides. L. Superabounding 

trary. faith. 

Tout a vous. Fr. Wholly yours. Ubi bene, ibi patria. L. Where it is 

Tout bien ou rien. Fr. The whole well there is one's country, 

or nothing. Ubi jus incertum, ibi jus nullum. L. 

Tout comprendre est tout pardonner. Where the law is uncertain there is no 

Fr. To understand all is to forgive all. law. 

Tout court. Fr. Quite short; abruptly. Ubi lapsus? L. Where have I fallen? 

Tout de meme. Fr. Quite the same. Ubi libertas, ibi patria. L. Where 

Tout en suite. Fr. Immediately. liberty is, there is my country. 

Tout ensemble. Fr. The whole to- Ubi mel, ibi apes. L. Where honey 

gether. is there are the bees. 

Tout frais fait. Fr. All expenses Ubique. L. Everywhere, 

paid. Ubique patriam reminisci. L. To re- 

Tout le monde est sage apres le coup, member our country everywhere. 

Fr. Everybody is wise after the event. Ubi supra. L. Where above men- 

Tout mon possible. Fr. Everything tioned. 

in my power. Ultima ratio re gum. L. The last 

Tout vient de Dieu. Fr. All things argument of kings; war. 

come from God. Ultima Thule. L. Remotest Thule ; 

Traducteur. Fr. A translator. some far distant region. 

Traduction. Fr. A translation. Ultimus Romanorum. L. The last of 

Traduttori traditori. It. Translators the Romans, 

are traitors. Ultra licitum. L. Beyond what is 

Trahit sua quemque voluptas. L. a llo .w able - . 

Every one is attracted by his own liking. ^ ra ™ r "' L ■ Transcending au- 

Transeat in exemplum. L. May it * °^" Jcopa mwva $pa%za bene ^ It . A 

pass into an example or precedent. new broom g g dean 

Travaux forces. Fr. Hard labor. ^ Una voce. L. With one voice; unani- 

Tria juncta in uno. L. Three joined mous ] y 

in one. . . . Una volta furfante e sempre furfante. 

Tritesse # Fr Depression of spirits. It Qnce a kn a , a knave> 

Troia fuit. L. Troy was; Troy is no Un Uenfait n'est^ jamais perdu. Fr. 

mo £, e ' _, . ... „.,... An act of kindness is never lost. 

Tros Tynusque^ mihi nulh discrimine Un cabe u haze sombra . S p. A 

agetur L. Trojan and Tynan, there g . ]e hair makes a shadow . 

shall be no distinction as far as I am Und so wgitefm G And so forth- 

concerned. Ung affairg fl amh ^ Fr . A gone 

Trottoir. Fr. The pavement; the case, 

foot-way on the side of a street or road. Une fois n'est pas coutume. Fr. One 

Trouvaille. Fr. Sudden good fortune; ac t does not constitute a habit, 

a godsend. _ _ \j n f a \t accompli. Fr. An accom- 

Truditur dies die. L. One day is plished fact, 

pressed onward by^ another. Unguibus et rostro. L. With claws 

Tu ne cede malis. L. Do not thou an d beak; tooth and nail, 

yield to evils. Unguis in ulcere. L. A claw in the 

Tu quoque. L. Thou also; you're wound, 

another. \j n j e servirai. Fr. One I. will serve. 

Tu quoque, Brute! L. Thou also, Uno animo. L. With one mind ; unan- 

Brutus ! imously. 
40 



58 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Un sot a triple Stage. Fr. An egre- 
gious fool. 

Un sot trouve toujours un plus sot qui 
V admire. Fr. A fool always finds a 
greater fool to admire him. 

Un "tiens'* <vaut mieux que deux "tu 
V auras". Fr. One take it is worth more 
than two thou shalt have it; a bird in 
the hand is worth two in the bush. 

Urbem lateritiam invenit marmoream 
reliquit. L. He (Augustus) found the 
city (Rome) brick, and left it marble. 

Urbi et orbi. L. To the city (Rome) 
and the world. 

Usque ad aras. L. To the very altars; 
to the last extremity. 

Usque ad nauseam. L. So as to induce 
disgust. 

Usus loquendi. L. Usage in speaking. 

Ut ameris, amabilis esto. L. That 
you may be loved, be lovable. 

Ut apes geometriam. L. As bees 
practise geometry. 

Utcunque placuerit Deo. L. As it 
shall please God. 

Utile dulci. L. The useful with the 
pleasant. 

Utinam noster esset. L. Would that 
he were of our party. 

Ut infra. L. As below. 

Uti possidetis. L. As you now pos- 
sess; each retaining what he at present 
holds. 

Ut pignus amicitia. L. As a pledge 
of friendship. 

Ut prosim. L. That I may do good. 

Ut quocunque paratus. L. Prepared 
for every event. 

Ut supra. L. As above stated. 

V— W— Z 

Vacuus cantat coram latrone viator. 
L. The traveler with an empty purse 
sings in presence of the highwayman. 

Fade in pace. L. Go in peace. 

Va victis. L. Woe to the vanquished. 

Vale (Sing.), Valete (pi.). L. Fare- 
well. 

Valeat quantum valere potest. L. 
Let it pass for what it is worth. 

Valet anchora virtus. L. Virtue serves 
as an anchor. 

Valet de chambre. Fr. A personal 
attendant; a body-servant. 

Valet de place. Fr. A guide for 
visitors to a place. 

Valete et plaudite. L. Good-by and 



applaud us; said by Roman actors at 
the end of a piece. 

VaricE lectiones. L. Various readings. 

Variorum nota. L. The notes of vari- 
ous commentators. 

Varium et mutabile semper fcemina. 
L. Woman is ever a changeful and 
capricious thing. 

Vaudeville. Fr. A ballad ; a comic 
opera. _ See in Diet. 

Vaurien. Fr. A worthless fellow. 

Vedi Napoli e poi muori. It. See 
Naples and then die. 

Vehimur in altum. L. We are car- 
ried out into the deep. 

Veils et remis. L. With sails and 
oars; by every possible means. 

Vel prece, <vel pretio. L. For either 
entreaty or payment; for love or money. 

Veluti in speculum. L. Even as in a 
mirror. 

Venalis populus, <venalis curia patrum. 
L. The people are venal, and the sen- 
ate is equally venal. 

Venenum in auro bibitur. L. Poison 
is drunk from golden vessels. 

Venia necessitati datur. L. Indulgence 
is granted to necessity; necessity has no 
law. 

Venienti occurite morbo. L. Meet 
the coming of the disease; prevention 
is better than cure. 

Venit summa dies et ineluctabile tem- 
pus. L. The last day has come, and 
the inevitable doom. 

Veni, <vidi, vici. L. I came, I saw, I 
conquered. 

Ventis secundis. L. With prosperous 
winds. 

Ventre a terre. Fr. With belly to the 
ground, at full speed. 

Vera incessu patuit dea. L. The real 
goddess was made manifest by her walk. 

Vera pro gratiis. L. Truth before 
favor. 

Vera prosperita e non necessita. It 
It is true prosperity to have no want. 

Verbatim et literatim. L. Word for 
word and letter for letter. 

Verbum sat sapienti. L. A word is 
enough for a wise man. 

Verdad is verde. Sp. Truth is green. 

Veritas odium parit. L. Truth begets 
hatred. 

Veritas prevalebit. L. Truth will pre- 
vail. 

Veritas vincit. L. Truth conquers. 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



59 



Veritatis simplex oratio est. L. The 
language of truth is simple. 

Verite sans peur. Fr. Truth without 
fear. 

Ver non semper viret. L. Spring is 
not always green; as a punning motto 
of the Vernons, Vernon always flourishes. 

Vestigia nulla retrorsum. L. No re- 
turning footsteps; no traces backward. 

Vexata quastio. L. A disputed ques- 
tion. 

Via. L. By way of. See in Diet. 

Via crucis, via lucis. L. The way of 
the cross, the way of light. 

Via media. L. A middle course. 

Via militaris. L. A military road. 

Via trita, via tuta. L. The beaten 
path is the safe path. 

Vice. L. In the place of. Vice versa. 
On the contrary, the reverse. 

Vide et crede. L. See and believe. 

Videlicit. L. Namely. 

Video meliora proboque deieriora se- 
quor. L. I see and approve the better 
things, I follow the worse. 

Videtur. L. It appears. 

Vide ut supra. L. See what is stated 
above. 

Vidi tantum. L. I merely saw hjm. 

Vi et armis. L. By force and arms, 
by main force ; by violence. 

Vigilate et orate. L. Watch and 
pray. 

Vigueur de dessus. Fr. Strength from 
on high. 

Vilius argentum est auro virtutibus 
aurum. Silver is less valuable than gold, 
and gold than virtue. 

Vincit amor patriae. L. The love of 
our country prevails. 

Vincit omnia Veritas. L. Truth con- 
quers all things. 

Vincit qui paiitur. L. He who en- 
dures conquers. 

Vincit, qui se vincit. L. He conquers 
who overcomes himself. 

Vinculum matrimonii. L. The bond 
of marriage. 

Vindex injuria. L. An avenger of in- 
jury. 

Vino dentro senno fuori. It. When 
the wine is in, the wit is out. 

Vin ordinaire. Fr. A cheap wine 
commonly used in wine-growing coun- 
tries. 

Vires acquirit eundo. L. As it goes 



it acquires strength (originally said of 
rumor). 

Virgilium vidi tantum. L. Virgil 
(or some great man) I merely saw. 

Virginibus puerisque. L. For virgins 
and boys. 

Vir sapit qui pauca loquitor. L. He 
is a w T ise man who says but little. 

Virtus in actione consistit. L. Virtue 
consists in action. 

Virtus in arduis. L. Virtue or courage 
in difficulties. 

Virtus incendit vires. L. Virtue 
kindles strength. 

Virtus laudatur, et alget. L. Virtue is 
praised, and suffers from cold. 

Virtus millia scuta. L. Virtue (or 
valor) is a thousand shields. 

Virtus semper viridis. L. Virtue is 
always green. 

Virtus sola nobilitat. L. Virtue alone 
ennobles. 

Virtus vincit invidiam. L. Virtue 
overcomes hatred or envy. 

Virtute et fide. L. By or with virtue 
and faith. 

Virtute et labore. L. By or with virtue 
and labor. 

Virtute non astutia. L. By virtue (or 
valor) not by craft. 

Virtuie non verbis. L. By virtue, not 
by words. 

Virtute officii. L. By virtue of office. 

Virtute quies. L. Rest or quietude in 
virtue. 

Virtute securus. L. Secure through 
virtue. 

Virtuti, non armis, fido. L. I trust to 
virtue, not to weapons. 

Virtutis amore. L. From love of vir- 
tue. 

Virtutis fortuna comes. L. Fortune is 
the companion of valor or virtue. 

Virum volitare per or a. L. To hover 
on men's lips ; to be in everybody's mouth. 

Vis-a-vis. Fr. Opposite; face to face. 

Vis comica. L. Comic power or talent. 

Vis conservatrix nature. L. The pre- 
servative power of nature. 

Vis consili expers mole ruit sua. L. 
Strength without judgment falls by its 
own might. 

Vis inertia. L. The power of inertia; 
dead resistance to force applied. 

Vis medicatrix natura. L. The healing 
power of nature. 



60 



Foreign Words and Phrases 



Vis unita fortior. L. United power is 
stronger. 

Vis vita. L. The vigor of life. 

Vita brevis, ars longa. L. Life is short, 
art is long. 

Vita via virtus. L. Virtue, the way 
of life. 

Vitam impendere <vero. L. To stake 
one's life for the truth. 

Vita sine litteris mors est. L. Life 
without literature is death. 

Vivat regina! L. Long live the queen ! 

Vivat respublica! L. Long live the 
republic ! 

Vivat rex! L. Long live the king! 

Viva voce. L. By the living voice; 
orally. 

Vive la bagatelle! Fr. Long live 
folly! 

Vive le rot! Fr. Long live the king! 

Vive memor leti. L. Live ever mind- 
ful of death. 

Vivere est cogitare. L. To live is to 
think. 

Vive ut vivas. L. Live that you may 
live. 

Vive, vale. L. Farewell, be happy. 

Vivida vis animi. L. The lively force 
of genius. 

Vivit post funera virtus. L. Virtue 
survives the grave. 

Vivre n'est pas respirer, c'est agir. Fr. 
Life consists not merely in breathing but 
in acting. 

Vix ea nostra voco. L. I scarcely call 
these things our own. 

Vix fortes ante Agarnemnona. L. 
Brave men lived before Agememnon, 
great men lived in previous ages. 

Vogue la gal ere! Fr. Let come what 
may! 



Voila. Fr. Behold; there is; there are. 

Voila tout. Fr. That's all. 

Voila une autre chose. Fr. That's an- 
other thing; that is quite a different mat- 
ter. 

Voir le dessous des cartes. Fr. To see 
the under side of the cards; to be in the 
secret. 

Volens et potens. L. Willing and able. 

Volenti non fit injuria. L. No injus- 
tice is done to the consenting person. 

Volo, non valeo. L. I am willing, but 
unable. 

Volveniibus annis. L. As the years 
roll by. 

Vota vita mea. L. My life is devoted. 

Vous y perdrez vos pas. Fr. You will 
there lose your steps or labor. 

Vox et praterea nihil. L. A voice and 
nothing more; sound but no sense. 

Vox faucidus hasit. L. His voice, or 
words stuck in his throat; he was dumb 
from astonishment. 

Vox populi, vox Dei. L. The voice of 
the people is the voice of God. 

Vraisemblance. Fr. Probability; ap- 
parent truth. 

Vulgo. L. Commonly. 

Vulnus immedicabile. L. An irrepar- 
able injury. 

Vultus animi janua et tabula. L. The 
countenance is the portal and picture of 
the mind. 

Vultus est index animi. L. The coun- 
tenance is the index of the mind. 

Wahrheit gegen Freund und Feind. G. 
Truth in spite of friend and foe. 

Zeitgeist. G. The spirit of the age. 

Zonam perdidit. L. He has lost his 
purse; he is in straitened circumstances. 

Zum Beispiel. G. For example. 



DICTIONARY OF ABBREVIATIONS 
AND CONTRACTIONS IN 
COMMON USE. 



a. Adjective. 

A. In music, alto. 

A. In commerce, accepted. 

A., a., or ans. Answer. 

a. or @ (L. ad). To or at. 

a. or aa. In med., of each the same 
quantity. 

A.A. Associate of Arts. 

A.A.A. Amalgamation. 

A.A.A.S. American Association for the 
Advancement of Science. 

A.A.G. Assistant-adjutant general. 

A,A.P.S. American Association for the 
Promotion of Science. 

A.A.S. (Lat. Academiae Americana? 
Socius). Fellow of the American Acad- 
emy. 

A.A.S.S. (Lat. Americans Antiquari- 
ans Societatis Socius). Member of the 
American Antiquarian Society. 

A.B. (L. Artium Baccalaureus). 
Bachelor of Arts. See B.A. 

A.B. Able bodied seaman. 

abbr. or abbrev. Abbreviated or ab- 
breviation. 

A.B.C.F.M. American Board of Com- 
missioners for Foreign Missions. 

abl. Ablative. 

Abp. Archbishop. 

Abr. Abridged, abridgment. 

abs. or absol. Absolute 

A.B.S. American Bible Society. 

abt. About. 

A.C. (L. Ante Christum). Before 
Christ. 

ace. Accusative. 

ace. or acct. Account or accountant. 

A.C.S. American Colonization Society. 

a. d. After date. 

ad. Advertisement. 

A.D. (L. Anno Domini). In the year 
of our Lord. 

A.D.C. Aide-de-camp. 

ad. inf. (L. ad infinitum). To in- 
finity. 



ad. int. (L. ad interim). In the mean, 
time. 

Adj. Adjective. 

Adjt. Adjutant. 

ad lib. or ad libit. (L. ad libitum). 
At pleasure. 

ad loc. (L. ad locum). At the place. 

adm. Administrator. 

Adm. Admiral. 

adv. Adverb. 

Adv. Advocate. 

ad val. (L. ad valorem). According 
to the value. 

/E. or at. (L. ^tatis). Of age; aged 

Af. or A jr. Africa or African. 

A.F.fyA.M. Ancient, Free and Ac- 
cepted Masons. 

A.F.B.S. American and Foreign Bible 
Society. 

A.F.L. American Federation of Labor. 

A.G. Adjutant-general. 

Ag. (L. argentum). Silver. 

agr. or agric. Agriculture. 

A.G.S.S. American Geographical and 
Statistical Society. 

Agt. Agent. 

AM. (L. Anno Hegirs). In the year 
of the Hegira. 

A.H.M.S. American Home Missionary 
Society. 

A. U.S. (L. Anno Humanas Salutis). 
In the year of human salvation. 

A.I.A. Associate of the Institute of 
Actuaries. 

A.l.C. Associate of the Institute of 
Chemistry. 

A.I.C.E. Associate of the Institution of 
Civil Engineers. 

A.I.M.E. American Institute of Min- 
ing Engineers. 

A.K.C. Associate of King's College 
(London). 

Al. Aluminium. 

Ala. Alabama. 

Alas. Alaska. 

Aid, Alderman, 



6! 



62 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



Alex. Alexander. 

Alf. Alfred. 

Alg. Algebra. 

Alt. Altitude. 

A.M. (L. Anno Mundi). In the year 
of the world. 

Am. Asn. Sci. American Association 
for the Advancement of Science. 

A.M.. (L. Ante Meridiem). Before 
noon. 

AM. (L. Artium Magister). Master 
of Arts. 

AM. (L. Ave Maria!) Hail Mary! 

Am. or Amer. America or American. 

Amb. Ambassador. 

AM.I.C.E. Associate Member of the 
Institution of Civil Engineers. 

AMM. (L. Amalgama). Amalgama- 
tion. See AAA. 

An.A.C. (Lat. Anno ante Christum). 
In the year before Christ. 

Ang.-Sax. Anglo-Saxon. 

Amt. Amount. 

A.N. Anglo-Norman. 

An. (L. anno). In the year. 

anal. Analysis. 

anat. Anatomy or anatomical. 

anc. Ancient. 

Angl. Anglican. 

Anon. Anonymous. 

ans. Answer. 

A.N.S.S.. Associate of the Normal 
School of Science. 

Ant. or Antiq. Antiquities or anti- 
quarian. 

anthrop. Anthropology or anthropo- 
logical. 

A.O.F. Ancient Order of Foresters. 

aor. Aorist. 

A.O.U. American Ornithologists' 

Union. 

A.O.U.JV. Ancient Order of United 
Workmen. 

Ap. Apostle. 

Ap. or Apl. April. 

A. P. A. American Protective Associa- 
tion. 

apo. Apogee. 

Apoc. Apocalypse (or Apocrypha). 

Apog. Apogee. 

App. Appendix. Apostles. 

approx. Approximate or approxi- 
mately. 

Apr. April. 

A.P.S. Associate of the Pharmaceutical 
Society. 

aq. (L. aqua). Water. 



A.QM.G. Assistant Quartermaster- 
general. 

A.R. (L. Anno Regni). In the year of 
the reign. 

Ar. or Arab. Arabic. 

ar. or arr. Arrive -s; arrival. 

A.R.A. Associate of the Royal Acad- 
emy. 

Aram. Aramaic. 

arch. Architecture. 

Archd. Archdeacon. 

Archaol. Archaeology. 

Arg. Rep. Argentine Republic. 

A.R.H.A. Associate of the Royal Hi- 
bernian Academy. 

Arith. Arithmetic, arithmetL t\. 

Ariz. Arizona. 

A.R.l.B.A. Associate of ";he Royal 
Institute of British Architect 

Ark. Arkansas. 

Arm. Armenian ; Armori ;. 

Armor. Armoric. 

arr. Arrive -s -d or a\ /ival. 

A.R.R. (L. Anno Regni Regis or Re- 
ginae). In the year of the king's (or 
queen's) reign. 

A.R.S.A. Associate of the Royal Scot- 
tish Academy. 

A.R.S.L. Associate of the Royal So- 
ciety of Literature. 

A.R.SM. Associate of the Royal 
School of Mines. 

A.R.S.S. (L. Antiquariorum Regise So- 
cietatis Socius). Fellow of the Royal So- 
ciety of Antiquaries. 

Art. Article. 

A.S., A.S., or A. -Sax. Anglo-Saxon. 

As. (L. arsenicum). Arsenic. 

A.S. (Lat. Anno Salutis). In the year 
of salvation. 

A.S.A. American Statistical Associa- 
tion. 

Asst. Assistant. 

A.S.S.U. American Sunday-School 
Union. 

Assyr. Assyrian. 

astrol. Astrology. 

astron. Astronomy or astronomical. 

A.T. Archtreasurer. 

Ats. At suit of. 

A.T.S. American Tract Society; Amer- 
ican Temperance Society. 

Att. or Atty. Attorney. 

Atty. Gen. Attorney-general. 

at. <wt. Atomic weight. 

Au. (L. aurum). Gold, 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



f)3 



A.U.A. American Unitarian Associa- 
tion. 

A.U.C. (L. Anno Urbis Conditio or 

aug. Augmentative. 

Aug. August. 

Aust. Austria or Austrian. 

Austral. Australia or Australasia. 
Ab Urbe Condita). In the year from 
the building of the city (Rome): 

auxil. Auxiliary. 

A.V. Artillery Volunteers. 

A.V. Authorized Version (of the 
Bible). 

A<v. Average. 

Av., or Ave. Avenue. 

avoir. Avoirdupois. 
B 

B. In music, bass. 

B. or Bk. Book. 

B. or Brit. British. 

8. Boron. 

b. Born. 

B.A. Bachelor of Arts. 

B.A. British America. 

Ba. Barium. 

bal. Balance. 

bank. Banking. 

Bap. or Baft. Baptist. 

bar. Barrel. 

Barb. Barbados. 

Bart, or Bt. Baronet. 

Bat. or Batt. Battalion. 

Bbl. Barrel. — bbls. Barrels. 

B.C. Before Christ. 

B.C. British Columbia. 

B.Ch. (L. Baccalaureus Chirurgiae). 
Bachelor of Surgery. 

B.C.L. (Baccalaureus Civilis Legis). 
Bachelor of the Civil Law. 

B.D. (L. Baccalaureus .Divinitatis). 
Bachelor of Divinity. 

bd. Bound (as a book). 

bdls. Bundles. 

bds. Boards (bound in, as a book). 

Be. (N. Lat. Bervllium). Glucinum. 

Belg. Belgium or Belgic. 

B.esL. (Fr. Bachelier es Lettres). 
Bachelor of Letters. 

B.I. British India. 

Bl. Bismuth. 

Bib. Bible or biblical. 

bibliog. Bibliography. 

biog. Biography or biographical. 

biol. Biology; biological. 

Bk. Bank. 

Bk. Book. 

Bkts. Baskets. 
72 1 



B.L. Bachelor of Laws. 

B.LL. (L. Baccalaureus Legum)* 
Bachelor of Laws. (See LL.B.) 

bis. Bales or barrels. 

B.M. (L. Baccalaureus Medicinae). 
Bachelor of Medicine. 

B.Mus. (L. Baccalaureus Musicas). 
Bachelor of Music. 

B.O. Buyer's Option. 

Bohem. Bohemian or Czech. 

bor. or boro. Borough. 

bot. Botany or botanical. 

B.O.U. British Ornithologists' Union. 

Bp. Bishop. 

B.P. Bills Payable. 

Br. or Bro. Brother. 

Br. Bromine. 

Br.Am. British America. 

B.R. Bills Receivable. 

Brev. Brevet. 

Brig. Brigade or brigadier. 

Brig.-gen. Brigadier-general. 

Brit. Britain, Britannia, British, Brit- 
on. 

B.S. Bachelor in Surgery. 

b.s. Bill of sale. 

B.Sc. (L. Baccalaureus Scientiae). 
Bachelor of Science. 

B.S.L. Botanical Society, London. 

Bt. Baronet. 

bu. Bushel. 

burl. Burlesque. 

B.V. (L. Beata Virgo). Blessed Vir- 
gin. 

B.V.M. (L. Beata Virgo Maria). 
Blessed Virgin Mary. 
C 

C. Carbon. 

C. Centigrade. 

c. Centime or centimes, cent or cents. 

c. (L. centum). A hundred. 

C. or Cap. (L. caput). Chapter. 

Ca. Calcium. 

Cal. California. 

Can. Canada. 

Cant. Canticles (Song of Solomon). 

cap. Capital (letter). 
• cap. (L. caput). Chapter. 

caps. Capitals (letters). 

Capt. Captain. 

Car. Carat. 

Card. Cardinal. 

carp. Carpentry. 

C.A.S. (Lat. Connecticuttensis Acad- 
emiae Socius). Fellow of the Connecticut 
Academy of Arts and Sciences. 

cat. Catalogue. 



64 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



Cath. Catholic. 

Cath. Cathedral. 

Cav. Cavalry. 

C.B. Companion of the Bath. 

C.B.S. Confraternity of the Blessed Sa- 
crament. 

C.C. County Council, County Counci- 
lor. 

C.C. Catholic clergyman or curate. 

C.C. Caius College. 

C.C. Cricket Club. 

C.C.C. Corpus Christi College, also 
Christ's College, Cambridge. 

C.C.P. Court of Common Pleas. 

Cd. Cadmium. 

C.D.S.O. Companion of the Distin- 
guished Service Order. 

C.D.V. Carte-de-visite. 

C.E. Civil Engineer. 

Ce. Cerium. 

Cel. Celsius (thermometer). 

Celt. Celtic. 

cent. (L. centum). A hundred. 

cent. Century. 

Centig. Centigrade (thermometer). 

cf. (L. confer). Compare. 

C.G. Commissary-general. 

C.G. Captain of the Guard; Commis- 
sary General; Consul General; Coast 
Guard. 

C.G.S. (used adjectively). Centimeter, 
Gramme, Second, the units of length, 
mass, and time, widely adopted in mod- 
ern scientific calculation. 

C.H. Customhouse. 

Ch. or Chap. Chapter. 

Ch. Church. 

chal. Chaldron. 

Chal. or Chald. Chaldee or Chaldaic. 

Chanc. Chancellor. 

Chap. Chapter. 

Ch. B. (L. Chirurgise Baccalaureus). 
Bachelor in Surgery. 

Ch. Clk. Chief Clerk. 

chem. Chemistry or chemical. 

Chin. Chinese. 

Ch.M. (L. Chirurgiae Magister). Mas- 
ter in Surgery. 

Chr. Christ or Christian. 

Chr. Christopher. 

Chron. Chronicles or chronology. 

C.I. Order of the Crown of India. 

Cic. Cicero. 

CLE. Companion of the . Order of 
the Indian Empire. 

cir. (Lat. circa, circum). About. 

Cit. Citizen. 



Civ. Civil. 

C.J. Chief-justice. 

CI. Clergyman. 

CI. (Gr. chloros). Chlorine. 

cl. Centiliter. 

class. Classical. 

eld. Cleared. 

clk. Clerk. 

cent. Centimeters. 

CM. Common Meter; Certificated 
Master; Corresponding Member. — (Lat. 
Chirurgiae Magister). Master in Sur- 
gery. 

C.M.G. Companion of the Order of 
St. Michael and St. George.' 

Cml. Commercial. 

C.M.S. Church Missionary Society. 

C.M.Z.S. Corresponding Member of 
the Zoological Society. 

Co. Cobalt. 

Co. Company; county. 

CO. Crown Office; Colonial Office; 
Criminal Office. 

Coad. Coadjutor. 

coch. or cochl. (L. cochlear). A spoon- 
ful (in medicine). 

C.O.D. Cash (or Collect) on Delivery. 

cog. or cogn. Cognate. 

Col. Colonel. 

Col. Colonial. 

Col. Colossians. 

Col. Column. 

Col. or Coll College. 

Colloq. Colloquial, colloquialism, or 
colloquially. 

Colo. Colorado. 

Com. Commander. 

Com. Commerce, commercial. 

Com. Commissioner. 

Com. Committee. 

Com. Commodore. 

cm. Common. 

Comm. Commentary, commentator. 

Comdg. Commanding. 

comp. Compare or comparative. 

comp. Compound or compounded. 

compar. Comparative. 

compos. Composition. 

Com. Ver. Common Version. 

conch. Conchology. 

Con. Cr. Contra Credit or Creditor. 

Con., contra. (Lat.) Against. 

conf., cf. (L. confer). Compare. 

Cong, or Congreg. Congregation or 
Congregationalist. 

Cong. Congress. 

con). Conjunction. 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



65 



Conn. Connecticut. 

Con. Sect. Conic sections. 

Const. Constitution ; Constable. 

Cont. Continent; Contract; Continued. 

conir. Contracted or contraction. 

Cop. or Copt. Coptic. 

Cor. Corinthians. 

Cor. Mem. Corresponding Member. 

Corn. Cornish or Cornwall. 

corol. Corollary. 

Cor. Sec. Corresponding Secretary. 

cos. Cosine. 

cosec. Cosecant. 

Coss. (L. Consules). Consuls. 

cot. Cotangent. 

cp. Compare. 

C.P. Common Pleas; Chief Patriarch; 
Clerk of the Peace; Court of Probate. 

C.P.C. Clerk of the Privy Council. 

C.P.S. (L.- Custos Privati Sigilli). 
Keeper of the Privy Seal. 

Cr. Credit or Creditor. 

Cr. Chromium. 

CR. (L. Custos Rotulorum). Keeper 
of the Rolls. 

CJl. (L. Civis Romanus). Roman Citi- 
zen. 

CR. (L. Carolus Rex). King Charles, 
also (L. Carolina Regina) Queen Caro- 
line. 

cres. Crescendo. 

crim. con. Criminal conversation or 
adultery. 

crystal!. Crystallography. 

CS. Chemical Society. 

CS. Civil Service. 

CS. Clerk of the Signet. 

CS. Court of Session. 

Cs. Caesium. 

CS.A. Confederate States of America; 
Confederate States Army. 

CS.I. Companion of the Star of India. 

CS.N. Confederate States Navy. 

ct. cent. 

ct. (L. centum). A hundred. 

Ct. Connecticut; Count; Court. 

CTheod. (Lat. Codice Theodosiano). 
In the Theodosian Code. 

Cts. or cts. Cents. 

Cu. (L. cuprum). Copper. 

cum d. (L. cum dividendo). With divi- 
dend. 

cur. or curt. Current; this month. 

C.W. Canada West. 

cwt. (L. centum, a hundred, and Eng. 
weight). A hundredweight or hundred- 
weights- 



Cyc. or Cyclo. Cyclopedia. 
D 

D. (Roman Notation). Five hundred. 

D. David. 

D. Deputy. 

d. (L. denarius, denarii). A penny 
or pence. 

d. Died. 

d. Day or days. 

Dak. Dakota. 

Dan. Daniel. 

Dan. Danish. 

dat. Dative. 

D.C (It. Da Capo). From the be- 
ginning; again. 

D.C. District of Columbia. 

D.CL. Doctor of Civil Law. 

D.D.D. (Lat. dat, dicat, dedicat). He 
gives, devotes, and consecrates. ' (The 
formula by which anything was conse- 
crated to the gods or to religious uses 
by the Romans; still used in funeral in- 
scriptions.) 

D.D.S. Doctor of Dental Surgery. 

Dec. December. 

deca. Decametre. 

decim. Decimetres. 

decl. Declension. 

def. Definition. 
deft. Defendant. 

deg. Degree or Degrees. 
dekag. Dekagram. 
dekal. Dekaliter. 
dekam. Dekameter. 
Del. Delaware. 

del. (L. delineavit). He (or she) 
drew it. 

Dem. Democrat. 

Den. Denmark. 

Dep. Deputy; Department; Deposit, 
Depositor. 

Der. Derived, Derivation, Derivative. 

Deut. Deuteronomy. 

D.F. Dean of the Faculty; Defender 
of the Faith. 

Dft. Defendant. 

D.G. (L. Dei Gratia). By the Grace 
of God; also (L. Deo gratias) Thanks 
to God. 

dg. Decigramme. 

D.H. Deadhead. 

Di. Didymium. 

dial. Dialectic. 

Diet. Dictionary; Dictator. 

diam. Diameter. 

dim. or dimin. Diminuendo. 

dim. Diminutive. 



66 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



dis. or disct. Discount. 

Disp. Dispensatory. 

Diss. Dissertation ; Dissection. 

Dist. District. 

Dist. Atty. District Attorney. 

div. Divide, dividend, division, or di- 
visor. 

dl. Decilitre. 

D.L. Deputy Lieutenant 

D.Lit. Doctor of Literature. 

D.L.O. Dead Letter Office. 

DM. or D. Mus. Doctor of Music. 

dm. Decimetre. 

D.N. PP. (Lat. Dominus noster Papa). 
Our Lord Pope. 

do. (It. ditto). The same. 

dot. or dols. Dollars. 

D.O.M. (L. Deo Optimo Maximo). 
To God, the Best, the Greatest. 

dom. econ. Domestic Economy. 

Dor. Doric. 

doz. Dozen. 

D.P. Doctor of Philosophy. 

Dpt. Deponent; Department. 

Dr. Debtor, Doctor. 

dr. Dram or Drams. 

D.S. (It. Dal Segno). From the sign; 
musical term. 

D.Sc. Doctor of Science. 

d.s.p. (L. decessit sine prole). Died 
without issue. 

D.T. (L. Doctor Theologis). Doctor 
of Divinity. 

Du. Dutch. 

Dub. Dublin. 

D.V. (L. Deo volente). God willing. 

D.V.M. Doctor of Veterinary Medi- 
cine. 

d.v.p. (L. decessit vita patris). Died 
during the life of the father. 

divt. (L. denarius, penny, and Eng. 
weight). A pennyweight or penny- 
weights. 

dyn. Dynamics. 

E 

E. Eagle, Eagles. 

E.Aram. East Aramaean, generally 
called Chaldee. 

E. East or Eastern. 

E. English. 

ea. Each. 

EC. Eastern Central (postal district, 
London). 

E.G. Established Church. 

Eccl. or Eccles. Ecclesiastes or eccle- 
siastical. 

Ecclus. Ecclesiasticus. 

Eclec. Eclectic. 



econ. Economy. 

Ed. Edition or editor. 

Ed. or Edin. Edinburgh. 

Eds. Editors. 

E.E. Errors Excepted. 

e.g. (L. exempli gratia). For example. 

Egypt. Egyptian. 

EJ. East India or East Indies. 

elec. or elect. Electric or electricity. 

elem. Elementary. 

Eliz. Elizabeth. 

E.lon. East Longitude. 

Emp. Emperor or empress. 

Ency. or Encyc. Encyclopedia. 

E.N.E. East-north-east. 

Eng. England or English. 

engln. Engineering. 

engr. Engraved, engraver, engraving. 

ent. or entom. Entomology. 

Env. Ext. Envoy Extraordinary. 

Eph. Ephesians. 

Epiph. Epiphany. 

Epis. Episcopal. 

Eptst. Epistle. 

Epist. or Epistol. Epistolary. 

eg. Equal. 

eg. or eguw. Equivalent. 

Er. Erbium. 

E.R. East River. 

E.S.E. East-south-east. 

esp. Especially. 

Esg. or Esgr. Esquire. 

Esgs. or Esgrs. Esquires. 

Esth. Esther. 

et al. (L. et alibi). And elsewhere. 

et al. (L. et alia, or alia;). And 
others. 

etc. (L. et caeteri, casterae, or caetera). 
And others; and so forth. 

Eth. Ethiopic. 

ethnol. Ethnology or ethnological. 

et seg. (L. et sequentes or sequentia). 
And the following. 

etym. Etymology, etymological. 

E.U. Evangelical Union. 

Eur. Europe, European. 

ex. Example. 

Ex. Exodus. 

Exc. Excellency. 

exc. Except or exception. 

exch. Exchange. 

Exch. Exchequer. 

exd. Examined. 

Exec. Executor. 

Execx. Executrix. 

ex. g. (L. exempli gratii). By way oi 
example; for instance, 

Exod. Exodus. 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



67 



exp. Export, exportation. 

Exr. Executor. 

Ez. or Ezr. Ezra. 

Ezek. Ezekiel. 

E.&O.E. Errors and Omissions Ex- 
cepted. 

F 

F. French; Fellow; Folio: Friday; 
Fluorin ; Fahrenheit; Feminine; Franc, 
Francs; Florin, Florins; Farthing, Far- 
things; Foot, Feet. — (Lat. Fiat). Let it 
be made. 

Fahr. Fahrenheit. 

FM A.M. Free and Accepted Masons. 

F.A.S. Fellow of the Antiquarian 
Society; Fellow of the Society of Arts. 

F.A.S.E. Fellow of the Antiquarian 
Society of Edinburgh. 

F.A.S.L. Feilow of the Anthropologi- 
cal Society of London. 

fath. Fathoms. 

F.B. Fenian Brotherhood or Brethren. 

F.B.S.E. Fellow of the Botanical So- 
ciety of Edinburgh. 

F.C.P. Fellow of the College of Pre- 
ceptors. 

fcp. Foolscap. 

F.C.S. Fellow of the Chemical Society. 

F.D. (L. Fidei Defensor or Defensa- 
trix). Defender of the Faith. 

Fe. (L. ferrum). Iron. 

Feb. February. 

fee. (L. fecit). He (or she) did or 
made it. 

F.E.I.S. Fellow of the Educational In- 
stitute of Scotland. 

fern. Feminine. 

F.E.S. Fellow of the Entomological 
Society. 

F.E.S. Fellow of the Ethnological So- 
ciety. 

feud. Feudal. 

ff. Fortissimo. 

F.F.A. Fellow of the Faculty of Ac- 
tuaries. 

F.F.P.S. Fellow of the Faculty of 
Physicians and Surgeons. 

F.F.V. First Families of Virginia (An 
F.F.V. is a member of one of these fami- 
lies). 

F.G.S. Fellow of the Geological So- 
ciety. 

F.H.S. Fellow of the Horticultural 
Society. 

F.I.C. Fellow of the Institute of Chem- 
istry. 

Fid. Def. See F.D. 

fig. Figure or figures; figurative or 
figuratively. 



Fin. Finland. 

Finn. Finnish. 

fir. Firkin or firkins. 

F.K.C. Fellow of King's College. 

F.K.Q.C.P.l. Fellow of King's and 
Queen's College of Physicians, Ireland. 

Ft. Flemish. 

ft. Florin or florins; Flourished. 

Fla. Florida. 

Flem. Flemish. 

F.L.S. Fellow of the Linnsean Society 

F.M. Field-marshal. 

F.O. Field-officer. 

Fo. or Fol. Folio or folios. 

f.o.b. Free on board. 

fol. foil. Following. 

For. Foreign. 

fort. Fortification. 

F.P.S. Fellow of the Philological So- 
ciety. 

Fr. France or French. 

fr. From. 

fr. Francs. 

F.R.A.S. Fellow of the Royal Astro- 
nomical Society. 

F.R.C.P. Fellow of the Royal College 
of Physicians. 

F.R.C.P.E. Fellow of the Royal Col- 
lege of Physicians, Edinburgh. 

F.R.C.S. Fellow of the Royal College 
of Surgeons. 

F.R.C.S.E. Fellow of the Royal Col- 
lege of Surgeons, Edinburgh. 

F.R.C.S.I. Fellow of the Royal College 
of Surgeons, Ireland. 

F.R.C.S.L. Fellow of the Royal Col- 
lege of Surgeons, London. 

Fred. Frederick. 

F.R.G.S Fellow of the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society. 

F.R.Hist.S. Fellow of the Royal His- 
torical Society. 

F.R.H.S. Fellow of the Royal Horti- 
cultural Society. 

Fri. Friday. 

F.R.I. B. A. Fellow of the Royal Insti- 
tute of British Architects. 

Fris. or Frs. Frisian or Friesic. 

F.R.Met.S. Fellow of the Royal Me- 
teorological Society. 

F.R.M.S. Fellow of the Royal Micro- 
scopical Society. 

F.R.S. Fellow of the Royal Society. 

F.R.S.E. Fellow of the Royal Society, 
Edinburgh. 

F.R.S.G.S. Fellow of the Royal Scot- 
tish Geographical Society. 



68 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



F.R.S.L. Fellow of the Royal Society 
of Literature. 

F.R.S.S. Fellow of the Royal Statis- 
tical Society. 

F.R.S.S.A. Fellow of the Royal Scot- 
tish Society of Arts. 

F.S.A. Fellow of the Society of Anti- 
quaries or Arts. 

F.S.A.Scot. Fellow of the Society of 
Antiquaries of Scotland. 

F.S.S. Fellow of the Statistical Society. 

ft. Foot or feet or fort. 

F.T.C.D. Fellow of Trinity College, 
Dublin. 

fth. Fathom. 

F.U.C. Fellow of University College. 

fur. Furlong. 

fut. Future. 

F.Z.S. Fellow of the Zoological So- 
ciety. 

G 

G. Genitive ; Glucinum ; Guide ; Ger- 
man ; Guinea; Guineas; Gulf. 

Ga. Georgia; Gallium. 

G.A. General Assembly. 

Gael. Gaelic or Gadhelic. 

Gal. Galatians. 

gal. or gall. Gallon or Gallons. 

gal<v. Galvanism or galvanic. 

G.A.R. Grand Army of the Republic. 

G.B. Great Britain. 

G.B.&I. Great Britain and Ireland. 

G.C. Grand Chapter; Grand Con- 
ductor. 

G.C.B. Grand Cross of the Bath. 

G.C.H. Grand Cross of the Guelphs 
of Hanover. 

G.C.I.E. Grand Commander of the 
(order of the) Indian Empire. 

G.C.L.H. Grand Cross of the Legion 
of Honor. 

g.c.m. Greatest common measure. 

G.C.M.G. Grand Cross of St. Michael 
and St. George. 

G.C.S.l. Grand Commander of the 
Star of India. 

G.D. Grand Duke (or Duchess). 

Gen. Genesis; General; Geneva, Gene- 
van. 

Gen. Genitive ; Generally. 

gend. Gender. 

Geneal. Genealogy, Genealogical. 

Gent, or Gentn. Gentleman or gentle- 
men. 

geog. Geography, geographical, geog- 
rapher. 

geol. Geology, geological. 



geom. Geometry, geometrical, geome- 
ter. 

Ger. or Germ. German. 

ger. Gerund. 

gi. Gill or gills (measure). 

Gl. Glucinum. 

G.L. Grand Lodge. 

gloss. Glossary. 

gm. Grammes. 

G.M. Grand Master. 

G.M.K.P. Grand Master of the 
Knights of St. Patrick. 

Go. or Goth. Gothic. 

G.O.P. Grand Old Party. A pseudo- 
nym of the Republican party. 

Gov. Governor. 

Gov.-Gen. Governor-General. 

Govt. Government. 

G.P. (Lat. Gloria Patri). Glory to 
the Father. 

G.P.M. Grand Past Master. 

G.P.O. General Post-office. 

G.R. Grand Recorder; (Lat. Georgius 
Rex) George the King. 

Gr. Grain, Grains; Gross, Great. 

Gr. Greek, Greece. 

gram. Grammar or Grammatical. 

gro. Gross. 

G.S. Grand Secretary; Grand Scribe; 
Grand Sentinel. 

G.T. Good Templars; Grand Tyler. 

Gr.Br. Great Britain. 

gtt. (L. guttae). In medicine, drops. 

gun. Gunnery. 

H 

H. High, Height; Harbor; Husband; 
Hour, Hours. 

H. Hydrogen. 

ha. Hectare. 

Hab. Habakkuk. 

hab. corp. Habeas Corpus. 

Hab. fa. poss. (Lat. Habere facias 
possessionem). Cause him (her) to have 
possession. 

Hab. fa. sets. (Lat. Habere facias seis- 
inam). Cause him (her) to have seisin. 

Hag. Haggai. 

H.B.M. His (or Her) Britannic Ma- 
jesty. 

H.C. House of Commons; Herald's 
College. 

H.C.M. His (or Her) Catholic Maj- 
esty. 

hdkf. Handkerchief. 

/i.e. (L. hoc est or hie est). That is, 
or this is. 

Heb. or Hebr. Hebrew or Hebrews. 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



69 



hectol. Hectoliter. 

hectom. Hectometer. 

her. Heraldry or Heraldic. 

herp. Herpetology. 

Hf. bd. Half-bound, half-breed, half- 
bred. 

H.G. Horse Guards. 

Hg. (L. hydrargyrum). Mercury. 

H.H. His (or Her) Highness. 

H.H. His Holiness (the Pope). 

hhd. Hogshead or hogsheads. 

Hier. (Lat. Hierosolyma). Jerusalem. 

H.I.H. His (or Her) Imperial High- 
ness. 

H.I.M. His (or Her) Imperial Maj- 
esty. 

Hind. Hindu, Hindustan, or Hindu- 
stani. 

hist. History or historical. 

H.J. or H.J.S. (L. Hie Jacet or Hie 
Jacet Sepultus). Here lies, or here lie9 
buried. 

H.L. House of Lords. 

hi. Hectoliter 

hm. Hectometer. 

H.M. His (or Her) Majesty. 

H.M.P. (L. Hoc Monumentum Po- 
suit) . Erected this monument, 

H.M.S. His (Her) Majesty's Steamer, 
Ship, or Service. 

Hon. or Honbl. Honorable. 

Hond. Honored. 

hor. or horol. Horology or horologi- 
cal. 

hort. or hortic. Horticulture or horti- 
cultural. 

Hos. Hosea. 

H.P. High priest. 

h.p. Horse power. 

H.R. House of Representatives. 

H.R.E. Holy Roman Empire or Em- 
peror, 

H.R.H. His (or Her) Royal Highness. 

H.R.I.P. (L. hie requiescit in pace). 
Here rests in peace. 

H.S. (L. hie situs). Here lies. 

H.S.H. His (or Her) Serene High- 
ness. 

H.S.S. (L. Historiae Societatis Socius). 
Fellow of the Historical Society. 

h.t. (L. hoc titulo). By or under this 
title. 

hum. or humb. Humble. 

Hun. or Hung. Hungary or Hunga- 
rian. 

hund. Hundred. 

H.V. (Lat. Hoc verbum). This word; 
(His verbis). In these words. 



hyd. Hydrostatics. 

hydraul. Hydraulics. 

hydros. Hydrostatics. 

hypoth. Hypothesis or hypothetical. 
I 

/. Iodine ; Island. 

/. (Roman notation.) One. 

la. Iowa. 

lb. or Ibid. (L. ibidem). In the same 
place. 

I.C. or I.X. Iesus Christus. 

IceL Iceland, Icelandic. 

ich. or ichth. Ichthyology. 

I.CH.TH.US. (Gr. Iesous Chris- 
tos, Theou Huios, Soter). Jesus Christ 
the Son of God, the Saviour. 

icon. Iconographic. 

Id. (L. idem). The same. 

Ida. Idaho, 

I.D.N. (L. In Dei Nomine). In the 
name of God. 

i.e. (L. id est) That is. 

I.H.S. These letters have been usually 
looked upon as the initials of Iesus (Je- 
sus) Hominum Salvator, Jesus the Sa- 
viour of Men, or of In hac (cruce) salus, 
in this (cross) is salvation. 

///., Ills. Illinois. 
_ ill, ills., Must. Illustrated, illustra- 
tion. 

imag. Imaginary. 

Imp. (L. Imperator). Emperor. 

imp. Imperial, 

imp. or impf. Imperfect. 

imper. Imperative. 

in. Inch or inches. 

in. indium. 

Inch, or Incho. Inchoative. 

inch Including, inclusive. 

incog. Incognito. 

ind., indie. Indicative. 

Ind. India ; Indian ; Indiana. 

indecl. Indeclinable. 

indef. Indefinite. 

Ind. T. Indian Territory. 

in.f. (L. in fine). At the end. 

inf. Infantry. 

inf. _ Infinitive. 

In Urn. (L. In limine). At the out- 
set. 

in loc. (L. in loco). In its place, at the 
place referred to. 

In pr. (Lat. In principio). In the 
beginning. 

I.N.R.I. (L. Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iu- 
da?rum. Jesus of Nazareth, King of the 
Jews. 



70 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



Ins. Gen^ Inspector General. 

inst. Instant (the present month) ; In- 
stitute, Institution. 

In sum. (Lat. in summa), In the 
summary. 

Insur. Insurance 

int. Interest. 

intens„ Intensive 

inter). Interjection. 

Internat. International. 

interrog. Interrogation, interrogatively. 

intrans. Intransitive. 

in trans. (L. in transitu). On the way 
or passage. 

Introd. Introduction. 

I.O.F. Independent Order of Fores- 
ters. 

I.O.G.T. Independent Order of Good 
Templars. 

I.O.O.F. Independent Order of Odd- 
fellows. 

I.O.S.M. Independent Order of the 
Sons of Malta. 

I.O.U. I owe you — an acknowledg- 
ment for money. 

I.D.P. (L. In praesentia Dominorum). 
In presence of the Lords (of Session in 
Scotland). 

Ipecac. Ipecacuanha. 

i.q. (L. idem quod). The same as. 

Ir. Ireland, Irish; Iridium. 

irreg. Irregular. 

Is. or Isa. Isaiah. 

I.S. Inside Sentinel; Irish Society. 

I si. Island. 

I.S.M. (Lat. Iesus Salvator Mundi). 
Jesus the Saviour of the world. 

//. or Ital. Italy, Italic, Italian. 

I.T. Inner Temple; Indian Terri- 
tory. 

Itin. Itinerary. 

J 

J. Judge or justice. 

J. A. Judge advocate. 

J.A.G. Judge advocate general. 

Jam. Jamaica. 

Jan. January. 

Jap. Japanese. 

Jav. Javanese. 

J.C. Jesus Christ; Justice Clerk; 
Julius Caesar. — (Lat. Jurisconsultus). Ju- 
risconsult. 

J. CD. (L. Juris Civilis Doctor). Doc- 
tor of Civil Law. 

J.D. (L. Jurum Doctor). Doctor of 
Laws. 

Jer. Jeremiah. 



J.G.W. Junior Grand Warden. 

J.H.S. (Lat. Jesus Hominum Salva- 
tor). Jesus Saviour of Mankind. (See I. 
H. S.j 

Jos. Joseph. 

Josh. Joshua. 

Jour. Journeyman ; Journal 

J.P. Justice of the Peace. 

J.R. (L. Jacobus Rex), King James. 

Jr. Junior. 

J.U.D, or J.V.D. (L. Juris Utriusque 
Doctor). Doctor of both Laws (that is, 
civil and canon). Note: U and V were 
formerly regarded as the same letter. 

Jud. Judith. 

Judg. Judges. 

Judge Adv. Judge Advocate. 

Jul. July; Julius. — Julep (Med,) 

Jul. Per, Julian Period. 

Jun. or Junr. Junior. 

Juris. Jurisprudence, 

Jus. P. Justice of the Peace. 

Just. Justice. 

J. If. Junior Warden. 

K 

K. King, Kings; Knight. — (Kalium). 
Potassium. 

K.A. Knight of St. Andrew. 

Kal. Kalends. 

K.A.N. Knight of St. Alexander. 

Kan., Kas. Kansas. 

K.B. Knight of the Bath (British) ; 
King's Bench. 

K.B.A. Knight of St. Bento d'Avis 
(Portuguese). 

K.B.E. Knight of the Black Eagle. 

K.C. Knight of the Crescent (Turk- 
ish) ; King's Counsel. 

K.C.B. Knight Commander of the Bath. 

K.C.G.H. Knight Commander of the 
Guelphs of Hanover. 

K.C.M.G. Knight Commander of St. 
Michael and St. George. 

K.C.S. Knight of the Order of Charles 
III. of Spain. 

K.C. S.I. Knight Commander of the 
Star of India. 

K.E. Knight of the Elephant, Den- 
mark. 

K.F. Knight of Ferdinand (Spanish). 

K.F.M. Knight of St. Ferdinand and 
Merit (Sicilian). 

K.G. Knight of the Garter. 

K.G.C.B. Knight Grand Cross of the 
Bath. 

K.G.F. Knight of the Golden Fleece, 
Spain or Austria. 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



71 



K.G.H. Knight of the Guelphs of 
Hanover. 

K.G.V. Knight of Gustavus Vasa, 
Sweden. 
kilog. Kilogram. 
kilom. Kilometer. 

kingd. Kingdom. 

K.J. Knight of St. Joachim. 

km. Kilometer. 

K.K. (Ger. Kaiserlich Koniglich). Im- 
perial and Royal. 

kl. Kiloliter. 

K.L. or K.L.A. Knight of Leopold of 
Austria. 

K.L.B. Knight of Leopold of Belgium. 

K.L.H. Knight of the Legion of Honor. 

KM. Knight of Malta. 

Km. Kingdom. 

K.M.H. Knight of Merit of Holstein. 

K.M.J. Knight of Maximilian Joseph 
(Bavarian). 

K.M.T. Knight of Maria Theresa 
(Austrian). 

K.N.S. Knight of the Northern Star, 
Sweden. 

Knt. Knight. 

K.P. Knight of St. Patrick (Irish) ; 
Knight of Pythias. 

K.R.C. Knight of the Red Cross. 

K.R.E. Knight of the Red Eagle 
(Prussian). 

K.S. Knight of the Sword, Sweden. 

K.S.A. Knight of St. Anne, Russia. 

K.S.E. Knight of St. Esprit (French). 

K.S.F. Knight of St. Ferdinand, Spain. 

K.S.FM. Knight of St. Ferdinand and 
Merit (Neapolitan). 

K.S.H. Knight of St. Hubert (Bavar- 
ian). 

K.S J. Knight of St. Januarius (Nea- 
politan). 

K.S.L. Knight of the Sun and Lion, 
Persia. 

K.S.M.&S.G. Knight of St. Michael 
and St. George (Ionian Islands). 

K.S.P. Knight of St. Stanislaus of Po- 
land. 

K.S.S. Knight of the Sword of Sweden ; 
Knight of the Southern Star (Brazilian). 

K.S.W. Knight of St. Wladimir, Rus- 
sia. 

Kt. Knight. 

K.r. Knight Templar; Knight of the 
Thistle (Scottish). 

k.t.l. (Gr. kai ta loipa). And the rest; 
et cetera. 

K.T.S. Knight of the Tower and 
Sword (Portuguese). 



K.W. Knight of William, Netherlands. 

K.W.E. Knight of the White Eagle 
(Polish). 

Ky. Kentucky. 

L, (Roman notation). Fifty. 

L.,l., or £. (L. libra). Pound or 
pounds (sterling). 

/. Liter. 

L. Lady; Latin; Law; Left; Lord; 
Low; Lithium (sometimes Li); London. 
— (Lat. Liber) Book; Lake; Lane; Lati- 
tude; League, Leagues; Line, Lines; 
Link, Links. 

L., Lb., (Lat. Libra). A pound in 
weight. 

La. Louisiana; Lanthanum. 

L.A. Law Agent; Literate in Arts. 

L.A.H. Licentiate Apothecaries' Hall 
(Ireland). 

Lam. Lamentations. 

lang. Language. 

Lapp. Lappish. 

L.A.S. Licentiate of the Apothecaries' 
Society (London). 

Lat. Latin. 

lat. Latitude. 

lb. Pound or pounds (weight). 

L.C. Lord Chamberlain ; Lord Chan- 
cellor. 

I.e. Lower-case (in printing) ; small 
letter. 

I.e. (L. loco citato). In the place quoted. 

L.C.B. Lord Chief Baron. 

L.C.J. Lord Chief Tustice. 

L.C.M. Least Common Multiple. 

L.C.P. Licentiate of the College of Pre- 
ceptors. 

L.D. Light Dragoons. 

L.D. Low Dutch. 

Ld. Lord. 

Ld. or Ldp. Lordship. 

Ldp. Lordship. 

L.D.S. Licentiate of Dental Surgery. 

lea. League. 

Leg. (It. Legato). Smoothly. 

Lev. Leviticus. 
Lex. Lexicon. 

Lexicog. Lexicography. 

L.F.P.S.G.. Licentiate "of the Faculty of 

Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. 

L.G. Life Guards. 

L.Ger. Low German. 

L.Gr. Low (or late) Greek. 

L.H.C. Lord High. Chancellor. 

L.H.D. (L. Litterarum Humanarum 
Doctor). Doctor of Humanities. 



72 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



L. H. T). (L. Litterarum Humanarum 
Doctor). Doctor of (the literature of) 
Humanities. 

L.L Long Island; Light Infantry. 

Li. Lithium. 

Lib. (L. liber). Book, 

Lib. Librarian. 

Lic.Med. Licentiate in Medicine. 

Lieut. Lieutenant. 

Lieut.-Col. Lieutenant-colonel. 

Lieut.-Gen. Lieutenant-general. 

Lieut.-Gov. Lieutenant-governor. 

Linn. Linnaeus or Linnasan. 

liq. Liquor or liquid. 

lit. Literature, literary, or literally. 

Lit. or Litt. D. (L. Litterarum Doctor). 
Doctor of Letters or Literature. 

Lith. Lithuanian. 

li<v. Livre. 

L.L. or L.Lat. Low Latin. 

LL.B. (L. Legum Baccalaureus). Bach- 
elor of Laws. 

Note.— The double letter _ (LL.) is 
used, according to the ancient Roman 
practice, to show that the word is plural. 
So also LL.D., MSS., &c. 

LL.D. (L. Legum Doctor). Doctor of 
Laws. See LL.B. 

L.L.I. Lord-lieutenant of Ireland. 

LL.M. (L. Legum Magister). Master 
of Laws. See LL.B. 

L.M. Long meter. 

he. cit. (L. loco citato). In the place 
cited or quoted. 

Log. Logarithm. 

Lon. or Lond. London. 

Ion. or long. Longitude. 

log. (L. loquitur). Speaks. 

L.P. Lord Provost. 

L.R.C.P. Licentiate Royal College of 

Physicians. 

L.R.C.S. Licentiate Royal College of 
Surgeons. 

L.S. Linnaean Society. 

L.S. (L. Locus Sigili). Place of the 
seal (on a document). 

L.S.A. See L.A.S. 

L.S.B. London School Board. 

L.S.D. £.s.d. (L. Librae, Solidi, De- 
narii). Pounds, shillings, pence. 

Lt. Lieutenant. 

Lt.lnf. Light Infantry. 

Lv. Livres. 

M 

M. Marquis; Monday; Middle; Mon- 
sieur; Morning. — (Lat. Mille) Thou- 



sand. — (Lat. Meridies) Meridian, or 
Noon. 

m. Married; Meter. 

M. Masculine; Moon; Month, Months; 
Minute, Minutes; Mill, Mills; Mile, 
Miles; Muster; Member; Medicine. — 
(Lat. Manipulus) A handful. — (Lat. 
Misce) Mix. — (Lat. Mistura) Mixture. — 
(Lat. Mensura) Measure; By measure. 

M.A. Military Academy; Master of 
Arts. See A.M. 

Mac. or Mace. Maccabees. 

mach. Machinery. 

Mad. or Madm. Madam. 

Mag. Magazine. 

Ma). Major. 

Maj.-Gen. Major-general. 

Mai. Malachi. 

Mai. Malay or Malayan. 

Man. Manege ; Manual. 

manuf. Manufactures or manufactur- 
ing. 

Mar. March. 

Mar. Maritime or Marine. 

March. Marchioness. 

Marg. Trans. Marginal Translation. 

Marq. Marquis. 

mas. or masc. Masculine. 

Mass. Massachusetts. 

M.Ast.S. Member of the Astronomical 
Society. 

math. Mathematics, mathematical, or 
mathematician. 

Matt. Matthew. 

M.B. (L. Medicinae Baccalaureus). 
Bachelor of Medicine. 

M.B. (L. Musicae Baccalaureus). 
Bachelor of Music. 

M.C. Member of Congress; Master of 
Ceremonies; Master Commandant. 

M.C.P. Member of the College of Pre- 
ceptors. 

M.D. (L. Medicinae Doctor). Doctor 
of Medicine. 

Md. Maryland. 

Mdlle. Mademoiselle. 

Mdse. Merchandise. 

M.E. Methodist Episcopal; Military, 
Mining or Mechanical Engineer; Most 
Excellent. 

Me. Maine. 

Meas. Measure. 

mech. Mechanics or mechanical. 

Med. Medicine or medical. 

Mem. Memorandum or memoranda. 

mer. Meridian. 

Merc. Mercury. 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



73 



M.E.S. Methodist Episcopal South. 

Messrs. Messieurs, Gentlemen, or Sirs. 

met. Metaphysics. 

metal. Metallurgy. 

metaph. Metaphysics. 

meteor. Meteorology, or meteorological. 

Meth. Methodist. 

melon. Metonymy. 

Mex. Mexico or Mexican. 

m.f. (It. mezzoforte). Moderately 
loud (in music). 

Mfg. Manufacturing, 

M.F.H. Master of Foxhounds. 

M.ft. (Lat. Mistura fiat). Let a mix- 
ture be made. 

M.-G. or M.-Goth. Moeso-Gothic. 

M.G. Major-general. 

Mg. Magnesium. 

M.H.G. Middle High German. 

M.Hon. Most Honorable. 

M.H.R. Member of the House of Rep- 
resentatives. 

M.H.S. Massachusetts Historical So- 
ciety; Member of the Historical Society. 

Mic. Micah. 

M.I.C.E. Member of the Institution 
of Civil Engineers. 

Mich. Michigan. 

Mid. Midshipman. 

Mid. Lat. Latin cf the Middle Ages. 

mil. or milit. Military. 

M.I.M.E. Member of the Institute of 
Mining Engineers. 

min. Minerology or minerological. 

min. Minute or minutes. 

Minn. Minnesota. 

Min.Plen. Minister Plenipotentiary. 

Miss. Mississippi. 

ml. Milliliter. 

M.L.G. Middle Low German. 

Mile. Medamoiselle or Miss. 

MM. Majesties, Messieurs, Gentlemen. 

MM. (Lat.) Magistri; Martyres; Mat- 
rimonium ; Meritissimus. 

mm. Millimeter. 
• mm 2 . Square millimeter. 

Mme. Madame or Mrs. 

M.M.S. Moravian Missionary Society. 

Mn. Manganese. 

M.N.A.S. Member of the National 
Academy of Sciences. 

M.N.S. Member of the Numismatical 
Society. 

Mo. Missouri. 

mo., mos. Month, months. 

Mo. Molybdenum. 

41 



mod. Modern. 

mod. (It. moderato). Moderately (in 
music). 

Mods. Moderations, a certain exami- 
nation at Oxford University. 

Moham. Mohammedan. 

Mon. Monday. 

Mons. Monsieur. 

Mont. Montana. 

M.P. Member of Parliament; Mem- 
ber of Police; Municipal Police. 

M.P.C. Member of Parliament of Can- 
ada. 

M.P.S. Member of the Pharmaceutical 
Society. 

M.P.S. Member of the Philological So- 
ciety. 

Mr. Master (pron. Mister). 

M.R. Master of the Rolls. 

M.R.A.S. Member of the Royal Asi- 
atic Society; Member of the Royal Acad- 
emy of Science. 

M.R.C.C. Member of the Royal College 
of Chemistry. 

M.R.C.P. Member of the Royal College 
of Physicians. 

M.R.C.S. Member of the Royal Col- 
lege of Surgeons. 

M.R.C.V.S. Member of the Royal Col- 
lege of Veterinary Surgeons. 

M.R.G.S. Member of the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society. 

M.R.I. Member of the Royal Institu- 
tion. 

M.R.I.A. Member of the Royal Irish 
Academy. 

Mrs. Mistress (pron. missis). 

M.R.S.L. Member of the Royal Society 
of Literature. 

M.S. Master in Surgery; Sacred to the 
memory. 

MS. Manuscript. 

MSS. Manuscripts. 

Mt. Mount or mountain. 

Mus. Museum. 

Mus. Music or musical. 

Mus.B. (L. Musicse Baccalaureus). 
Bachelor of Music. 

Mus.D. or Mus.Doc. (L. Muskae Doc- 
tor). Doctor of Music. 

M.W.G.M. Most Worthy Grand Mas- 
ter. 

myg. Myriagram. 

myl. Myrialiter. 

mym. Myriameter. 

Myth. Mythology or mythological. 



74 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



N. 

N. Noon. 

N. Norse. 

N. North; Northern (postal district, 
London). 

n. Noun. 

N. Number. 

n. Neuter. 

N. Nitrogen. 

N.A. North America or North Ameri- 
can. 

Na. (L. natrium). Sodium. 

Nah. Nahum. 

Nap. Napoleon. 

Nat. National. 

nat.hist. Natural history. 

nat.ord. Natural order. 

nat.phil. Natural philosophy. 

naut. Nautical. 

nav. Navy or naval. 

navig. Navigation. 

N.B. New Brunswick. 

N.B. North Britain (Scotland). 

N.B. (L. Nota Bene). Note well or 
take notice. 

Nb. Niobium. 

N.C. North Carolina. 

N.C. New Church. 

N.D. or n.d. No date. 

N.Dak. North Dakota. 

N.E. New England. 

N.E. North-east; North-eastern (pos- 
tal district, London). 

Neb. Nebraska. 

neg. Negative or negatively. 

Nek. Nehemiah. 

nem.con. (L. nemine contradicente). 
No one contradicting, or unanimously. 

nem.dis. (L. nemine dissentiente). No 
one dissenting, or unanimously. 

Neth. Netherlands. 

neut. Neuter. 

New M. New Mexico. 

N.F. Newfoundland. 

N.F. New French. 

N.Gr. New Greek. 

N.H. New Hampshire. 

N.H.G. New High German. 

Ni. Nickel. 

NJ. New Jersey. 

n.l. (L. non liquet). It is not clear. 

N.L. or N.Lat. North latitude. 

N.L. New Latin. 

N.M. New Mexico. 

N.N.E. North-north-east. 

N.N.W. North-north-west. 

No. (L. numero). Number. 

nom. Nominative. 



Non-com. Noncommissioned. 

Non.Con. Non-content; dissentient 
(House of Lords). 

Nonobst. (L. non obstante). Notwith- 
standing. 

Nonpros. (L. non prosequitur). He 
does not prosecute. 

Nonseq. (L. non sequitur). It does not 
follow. 

Nor. or Norm. Norman. 

Nor.Fr. or Norm.Fr. Norman-French. 

Nornv. Norway or Norwegian. 

Nos. Numbers. 

Nott. or Notts. Nottinghamshire. 

Nov. November. 

N.P. Notary Public. 

N.P. New Providence. 

N.P.D. North Polar Distance. 

N.R. North River. 

N.S. New Style. 

N.S. Nova Scotia. 

N.S.J.C. (L. Noster Salvator Jesu9 
Christus). Our Saviour Jesus Christ. 

N.S.1V. New South Wales. 

N.T. New Testament. 

Num. or Numb. Numbers. 

numis. Numismatics. 

N.V. New Version. 

N.V.M. Nativity of the Virgin Mary. 

N.W.T. North-west Territory. 

N.Y. New York. 

N.Y.H.S. New York Historical Society. 

N.Z. or N.Zeal. New Zealand. 



Oo Ohio; Old; Ox>gen. 
ob. (L. obiit). Died. 
Obad. Obadiah. 
obdt. Obedient. 
ob). Objective. 
obs. Obsolete. 
Obs. Observatory. 
obsoles. Obsolescent. 
obt. Obedient. 
Oct. October. 
O.F. Old French. 
O.F. Odd Fellows. 
O.Fris. Old Frisian. 
O.H.Ger. Old High German. 
O.H.M.S. On Her (or His) Majesty's 
Service. 

O.Ir. Old Irish. 

O.It. Old Italian. 

O.K. All correct (Humorous). 

Okla. Oklahoma. 

Old Test. Old Testament. 

O.L.G. Old Low German. 

Olym. Olympiad. 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



75 



0.M. Old measurement. 

Ont. Ontario. 

Op. (L. opus). Work (especially a 
musical composition). 

O.P. Order of Preachers. 

o.p. Out of print. 

opt. Optics or optical. 

opt. Optative. 

ord. ordinance or ordinary. 

Ore. or Oreg. Oregon. 

orig. Original or originally. 

ornith. Ornithology. 

O.S. Old Style (calendar prior to 175*)- 
Old Saxon; Ordinary Seaman. 

Os. Osmium. 

O.S.B. Order of St. Benedict. 

O.S.F. Order of St. Francis. 

O.SI. Old Slavic. 

O.T. Old Testament. 

O.U.A. Order of United Americans. 

Oxf. Oxford. 

Oxon. (L. Oxonia, Oxoniensis). Ox- 
ford; of Oxford. 

Oz. Ounce; Ounces. (Note. The z in 
this contraction, and in viz., represents 
an old symbol indicating a terminal con- 
traction). 

P 

P. Page; Part; Participle; Past; Pole; 
Phosphorus; Pint; Penny; Pipe. — (Lat. 
Pondere) by weight. — (Lat. Pugillus) A 
pugil. — (Lat. Pater) Father. 

P. President 

Pa. Pennsylvania. 

p.a. Participle adjective. 

paint. Painting. 

pal. or paleon. Paleontology or paleon- 
tological. 

paleobot. Paleobotany. 

par. Paragraph. 

pari. Parliament or parliamentary. 

part. Participle. 

pass. Passive. 

Pat. Patrick. 

paihol. Pathology or pathological. 

Payt. Payment. 

P.B. (L. Philosophias Baccalaureus). 
Bachelor of Philosophy, 

Pb. (L. Plumbum). Lead. 

P.O. Privy Council (Councilor) ; Po- 
lice Constable; Principal Conductor — 
(Lat. Patres Conscripti). Conscript 
Fathers. 

P.C.S. Principal Clerk of Session. 

pd. Paid. 

Ph.D. (L. Philosophies Doctor). Doc- 
tor of Philosophy. 



P.D. Printer's Devil. 

Pe a Pelopium. 

P.E. Protestant Episcopal. 

P.E.I. Prince Edward Island. 

Pen. Peninsula. 

Penn. Pennsylvania. 

Pent. Pentecost 

Per, or Pers. Persian or Persia. 

per an. (L. per annum). By the year; 
yearly. 

Per cent or per ct. (L. per centum). 
By the hundred. 

perf. Perfect. 

perh. Perhaps. 

peri. Perigee. 

pers. Person. 

persp. Perspective. 

Pert. Pertaining. 

Peruv. Peruvian. 

Pet. Peter. 

pf. Perfect (tense). 

Pg. Portuguese. 

P.G.M. Past Grand Master. 

Phar. or Pharm. Pharmacy, Pharma- 
copoeia. 

Ph.B. Same as P.B. 

Ph.D. (L. Philosophise Doctor). Doc- 
tor of Philosophy. 

Phil. Philippians. 

Phil. Philosophy, philosophical, or phi- 
losopher. 

Phil or Phila. Philadelphia. 

Philem. Philemon. 

Philol. Philology. 

Philom. (Gr. Philomathes). Lover of 
Learning. 

Philomath. (Gr. Philomathmatikus). 
Lover of Mathematics. 

Phil. Trans. Philosophical Transactions. 

phon. or phonet. Phonetics. 

photog. Photography, photographic, or 
photographer. 

photom. Photometry. 

phren. Phrenology or phrenological. 

P.H.S. Pennsylvania Historical Society. 

phys. Physics. 

phys.-physiol. Physiology or physio- 
logical. 

P.I. Philippine Islands 

pinx. or pxt. (L. Pinxit). He (or she) 
painted it; accompanying the artist'i 
name (or initials) on a painting. 

PJ. Police Justice. 

pk. Peck. 

pkgs. Packages. 

P.L. Poet Laureate. 

PL Place. 



76 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



PI. Plate. 

pi. Plural. 

P.L.B. Poor Law Board. 

P.L.C. Poor Law Commissioners. 

plff. Plaintiff. 

Plin. Pliny. 

plu. Plural. 

/>/w/>. Pluperfect. 

^/ttr. Plural. 

P.M. Peculiar Meter. 

P.M. Postmaster; Past Master; Past 
Midshipman. — '(Latin Post Meridian), 
Afternoon. 

pm. Premium. 

P.M.G. Postmaster-general. 

p.n. Promissory note. 

P.O. Postal Order. 

P.O. Post Office; Province of Ontario. 

P.&O.Co. Peninsular and Oriental 
Steam Navigation Company. 

P.O.D. Post-Office Department; Pay on. 
Delivery. 

Poet. Poetry or poetical. 

Pol. Polish. 

pollt. econ. Political Economy. 

P.O.O. Post-office Order. 

Pop. Population or popularly. 

Port. Portugal or Portuguese. 

poss. Possessive. 

pp. Pages. 

pp. Past Participle. 

pp. Pianissimo. 

P.P. Parish priest. — (Lat. Pater Pa- 
triae). Father of his Country. 

P.P.C. (Fr. pour prendre conge). To 
take leave. 

Pph. Pamphlet. 

p.pr. Participle present. 

P.Q. Previous question ; Province of 
Quebec. 

Pr. Priest; Prince; Provencal. 

Pr. Preposition ; Pronoun ; Price ; Pres- 
ent. 

P.R. Porto Rico. 

P.R. (L. Populus Romanus). The Ro- 
man people. 

P.R.A. President of the Royal Acad- 
emy. 

P.R.C. (L. Post Roman Conditam). 
After the building of Rome. 

Preb. Prebend. 

prec. Preceding. 

pref. Prefix; Preface. 

prep. Preposition. 

Pres. President. 

pres. Present. 

pret. Preterit. 

JVi/tt, Primary. 



prin. Principally. 

print. Printing. 

priv. Privative. 

P.R.N. (Lat. Pro re nata). According 
to the occasion. 

prob. Problem. 

Prof. Professor. 

pron. Pronoun. 

pron. Pronounced or pronunciation. 

pron. Pronominal adjective. 

prop. Proposition. 

pros. Prosody. 

Prot. Protestant. 

pro tern. (L. pro tempore). For the 
time being. 

Prov. Proverbs. 

Prov. Provincial or provincially. 

Prov. Provost. 

prox. (L. proximo). Next or of the 
next month. 

P.R.S. President of the Royal Society 
m P.R.S.A. President of the Royal Scot- 
tish Academy. 

Prus. Prussia or Prussian. 

Ps. or Psa. Psalm or Psalms. 

P.S. Permanent Secretary; Principal 
Sojourner; Privy Seal. — (Lat. Post scrip- 
turn). Postscript. 

pseud. Pseudonym. 

psychol. Psychology. 

Pt. Platinum. 

P.T. Post Town. 

P.T. Pupil Teacher. 

P.T.O. Please turn over. 

Pub. Public; Published, Publisher, Pub 
lishing. 

Pub. Doc. Public Documents. 

pul<v. (L. pulvis). Powder. 

Pun. . Puncheon. 

P.-V. Post-village. 

P.W.P. Past Worthy Patriarch. 

Pivt. Pennyweight. 

Pxt. (Lat. pinxit). He (she) painted 
it. 

pyro. or pyrotech. Pyrotechnics. 

pyro-elec. Pyroelectricity. 



Q. Question; Quintus. 

Q. (Lat. Quadrans). A farthing. 
(Lat. Quasi.) As if, almost. 

Q. or Qu. Query; Question; Queen; 
Quintus ; Quintius. 

Q. or Qld. Queensland. 

Q.B. Queen's Bench. 

Q.C. Queen's Council (or Counsel) ; 
Queen's College. 

Q.d. (Lat Quasi dicat). As if he 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



77 






should say; (quasi dictum) as if said; 
(quasi dixisset) as if he had said. 

Q.e. or q.e. (Lat. Quod est). Which is. 

Q.E.D. (Lat. quod erat demonstran- 
dum). Which was to be demonstrated. 

Q.E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum). 
Which was to be done. 

Q.E.I. (L. quod erat inveniendum). 
Which was to be found out. 

q.l. (L. quantum libet). As much as 
you please. 

Ql. Quintal. 

Qm. (L. Quomodo). By what means. 

Q.-M. Quartermaster. 

Q.-M.-G. Quartermaster-general. 

q.p. or q.pl. (L. quantum placet). 
As much as you please. 

Qr. Quarter; Quire. — (Lat. Quadrans). 
A farthing. 

Qrs. Quarters, Quires. (Lat. Quad- 
rantes). Farthings. 

Q.s. Quarter section. (Lat. Quantum 
sufficit). A sufficient quantity. 

Q.S. Quarter Sessions. 

Qt. Quart; Quantity. 

Qts. Quarts. 

Qu. or Qy. (Lat. Quaere). Query. 

Qu. Queen. Query or question. 

quar. or quart. Quarterly. 

Que. Quebec. 

Ques. or Quest. Question. 

Q.v. (Lat. Quod vide). Which see. — 
(Lat. Quantum vis). As much as you 
will. 

Qy. Query. 

R 

R. Railway; Rare; Rhodium; Reau- 
mur.— (Lat. Rex). King.— (Lat. Regina). 
Queen.— (Lat. Recipe). Take. 

R. or r. Rood, roods; Rod, rods; Rises; 
River; Read; Right; Rector; Resides; 
Retired ; Robert. 

R.A. Royal Academy (or Academi- 
cian) ; Royal Artillery; Rear Admiral; 
Right Ascension; Royal Arch; Royal Ar- 
canum. 

Rabb. Rabbinical. 

R.A.C. Royal Arch Chapter. 

Rad. (Lat. Radix). Root; Radical. 

R.A.M. Royal Academy of Music. 

R.A.S. Royal Asiatic Society. 

R.A.S. Royal Astronomical Society. 

R.A.S. Royal Agricultural Society. 

Rb. Rubidium. 

Re. (Latin Rescriptum). A rescript or 
copy. 

R.C. Roman Catholic. 



R.C. Reformed Church. 

R.C.A. Reformed Church of America. 

R.C.Ch. Roman Catholic Church. 

R.C.P. Royal College of Physicians. 

R.C.S. Royal College of Surgeons. 

R.D. Royal Dragoons; Rural Dean. 

R.E. Royal Engineers; Royal Exchange. 

Reaum. R6aumur. 

Rec. Sec. Recording Secretary. 

reed. Received. 

recpt. Receipt. 

Rect. Rector ; Receipt. 

redup. Reduplication. 

Ref. Reformed. Reformer, Reforma- 
tion; Reference. 

Ref.Ch. Reformed Church. 

refl. Reflexive, Reflexively. 

Ref. Pres. Reformed Presbyterian. 

Reg. or Regt. Regiment. 

Reg. Prof. Regius Professor. 

Reg. or Regr. Register, Registrar; Reg- 
ular. 

Regt. Regiment. 

Rel. Religion, Religious; Relative. 

rel. pron. Relative pronoun. 

Rem. Remark or Remarks. 

Rep. Representative; Republic; Re- 
port, Reporter. 

Repub. Republic, Republican. 

retd. Returned. 

Rev. Revelation; Revolution; Review; 
Revenue; Revise. 

Revd. Reverend. 

Revs. Reverends. 

Rev. Ver. Revised Version (of the 
Bible). 

R.F. (Lat. Rex Francorum). King of 
the French. 

R.G.G. Royal Grenadier Guard. 

R.G.S. Royal Geographical Society. 

Rh. Rhodium. 

R.H. Royal Highness. 

R.H.A. Royal Hibernian Academy; 
Royal Horse Artillery. 

Rhet. Rhetoric, Rhetorical. 

R.H.G. Royal Horse Guards. 

R.H.S. Royal Horticultural Society; 
Royal Humane Society. 

R.l. Rhode Island. 

R.I. A. Royal Irish Academy. 

R.I.B.A. Royal Institute of British Ar- 
chitects. 

Rich, or Richd. Richard. 

R.I.H.S. Rhode Island Historical So^ 

ciet y- v w 

R.l.P. (L. requiescat in pace). May 
he (or she) rest in peace! 



'78 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



Riv. River. 

R.L.I.B. Richmond Light Infantry 
Blues — one of the oldest military organi- 
zations in the Union. 

R.M. Royal Marines; Royal Mail; 
Resident Magistrate. 

rm. Reams. 

R.M.A. Royal Military (Marine) Asy- 
lum; Royal Marine Artillery. 

R.M.L.I. Royal Marine Light Infantry. 

R.M.S. Royal Mail Ship. 

R.N. Royal Navy. 

R.N.O. (Swedish Riddare of Nord- 
stjerne). Knight of the Order of the Polar 
Star. 

R.N.R. Royal Naval Reserve. 

ro. Rood. 

Ro. (Lat. Recto). Right-hand page. 

R.O. Receiving Office. 

Robt. Robert. 

Rom. Roman or Romans. 

Rom. Cath. Roman Catholic. 

R.P. Regius Professor. 

R.P.D. Royal Purple Degree. 

Rpt. Report. 

R.R. Railroad; Right Reverend. 

R.S. Recording Secretary; Right side; 
Revised Statutes. 

Rs. Rupees. Rx. Tens of rupees. 

R.S. Royal Society. 

R.S.A. Royal Society of Antiquaries; 
Royal Scottish Academy. 

R.S.D, Royal Society of Dublin. 

R.S.E. Royal Society of Edinburgh. 

R.S.L. Royal Society of London. 

R.S.N.A. Royal Society of Northern 
Antiquities. 

R.S.O. Railway Station Office. 

R.S.P.C.A. Royal Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Animals. 

R.S.P.C.C. Royal Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Children. 

R.S.S. (L. Regis Societatis Socius). 
Member of the Royal Society. 

R.S.V.P. (Fr. Repondez s'il vous plait). 
Answer, if you please. 

Rt. Right. 

Rt. Hon. Right Honorable. 

Rt. Rev. Right Reverend. 

R.T.S. Religious Tract Society. 

Rt. Wpful.' Right Worshipful. 

Ru. Ruthenium; Runic. 

Russ. Russia or Russian. 

R.V. Rifle Volunteers. 

R. V. See Rev. Ver. 

R.W. Right Worshipful or Right Wor- 
thy. 



R.W.D.GM. Right Worshipful Dep- 
uty Grand Master. 

R.W.GM. Right Worshipful Grand 
Master. 

R.W.G.R. Right Worthy Grand Rep- 
resentative. 

R.W.G.S. Right Worthy Grand Sec- 
retary. 

R.W.G.T. Right Worthy Grand Treas- 
urer; Right Worthy Grand Templar. 

R.W.G.W. Right Worshipful Grand 
Warden. 

R.W.J.G.W. Right Worshipful Junior 
Grand Warden. 

R.W.O (Swedish, Riddare of Wasa 
Orden). Knight of the Order of Wasa. 

R.1V.S. Royal Society of Painters in 
Water Colors. 

R.W.S.G.W. Right Worshipful Senior 
Grand Warden. 

Rx. See Rs. 

Ry. Railway. 



S. Sign; South; Southern; Saint; Sul- 
phur; Sunday; Signor; Saturday; Saxon; 
Scribe; Sextus. (Lat. Semis). Half, 

S. or Sab. Sabbath. 

S. Second; Shilling; Sun; Sets: See; 
Solo; Stem; Section; Series; Singular; 
Son ; Succeeded. 

S,A. South Africa, South America, or 
South Australia. 

S.A. (L. secundum artem). According 
to art. 

Sa. Saturday. 

Sab. Sabbath. 

S.A.I. (Fr. son altesse imperiale). 
His (or Her) Imperial Highness. 

S.Am. South America. 

Sam. Samuel; Samaritan. 

Sans., Sansc, or Sansk. Sanscrit. 

S.A.S. (L. Societatis Antiquariorum So- 
cius) Member of the Society of Antiqua- 
ries. 

Sat. Saturday. 

S.Aust. South Australia. 

Sax. Saxon or Saxony. 

Sax. Chron. Saxon Chronicle. 

S.B. South Britain (England and 
Wales). 

sb. (L. stibium). Antimony. 

S.C. South Carolina. 

S.C. (L. Senatus Consultum). A decree 
of the Senate. 

sc. (L. scilicet). To wit; namey; be- 
ing understood. 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



79 



sc. (L. sculpsit). He (or she) engraved 
it. 

sc. Scene (in a drama). 

Sc. Scandium. 

Scand. Scandinavian. 

Scan. Mag. (L. scandalum magnatum). 
Defamatory expressions, to the injury of 
persons of dignity. 

S. caps, or Sm. caps. Small capitals 
(in printing). 

Sc.B. (L. Scientist Baccalaureus). Bach- 
elor of Science. 

Sc.D. (Scientiae Doctor). Doctor of 
Science. 

sch. Schooner. 

Sch. (Lat. Scholium). A note. 

set. Science. 

Sci. fa. (Lat. Scire facias). Make 
known (legal). 

scil. (L. scilicet). To wit; namely; be- 
ing understood. 

S.C.L. Student in Civil Law. 

Sclav. Sclavonic. 

S.C.M. (Lat. Sacra Cassarea Majes- 
tas) Imperial Majesty. 

Scot. Scotland, Scotch, or Scottish. 

scr. Scruple or scruples. 

Script. Scripture or scriptural. 

sculp, or sculpt. (L. sculpsit). He (or 
she) engraved it. 

Sculp, or Sculpt. Sculpture. 

S.D. Senior Deacon. 

S.Dak. South Dakota. 

S.D.F. Social Democratic Federation. 

S.D. U.K. Society for the Diffusion "of 
Useful Knowledge. 

S.E. South-east; south-eastern. 

Se. Selenium. 

Sec. or Secy. Secretary. 

sec. Second. 

sec. or sect. Section. 

sec. Secant. 

Sec. Leg. Secretary of Legation. 

Sec.Leg. (Lat. Secundum Legem). Ac- 
cording to Law. 

Sec. Reg. (Lat. Secundum Regulum). 
According to Rule. 

Sem. (Lat. Semble). It seems. 

Sen. Senate, Senator; Senior. 

Sep. September; Septuagint. 

seq. (L. sequentes or sequentia). The 
following or the next. 

ser. Series. 

Serb. Serbian. 

Serg. or Ser). Sergeant, or Serjeant. 

Serv. Servian. 
731 



serv. or servt. Servant. 

sess. Session. 

S.G. Solicitor-general. 

s.g. Specific gravity. 

Sk. or s. Shilling. 

Shah. Shakespere. 

S.H.S. (L. Societatis Historic Socius). 
Member of the Historical Society. 

s.h.v. (L. sub hac voce). Under this 
word (or heading). 

Si. Silicon. 

S. Isl. Sandwich Islands. 

sing. Singular. 

S.J. Society of Je,sus (the Jesuits). 

S.J.C. Supreme Judicial Court. 

Skr. Sanskrit. 

sld. Sailed. 

s.l.p (L. sine legitima prole). Without 
lawful issue. 

iS\L. Solicitor at Law. 

S.Lat. or S.L. South Latitude. 

Slav. Slavonic, Slavonian, Slavic. 

SM. State Militia; Short Meter; Sons 
of Malta. 

Sm. Samarium. , 

S.M.E. (Lat. Sancta Mater Ecclesia). 
Holy Mother Church. 

S.M.I. (Fr. Sa Majeste Imperiale). 
His (or Her) Imperial Majesty. 

S.M.Lond.Soc. (L. Societatis Medicas 
Londinienisi Socius). Fellow of the Lon- 
don Medical Society. 

S.M.M. (L. Sancta Mater Maria). 
Holy Mother Mary. 

s.m.p. (L. sine mascula prole. With- 
out male issue. 

S.N. (Lat. Secundum Naturam). Ac- 
cording to Nature. 

Sn. (Lat. Stannum). Tin. 

S.O. Seller's Option; Suboffice. 

Soc. or Socy. Society. 

Soc. Isl. Society Islands. 

Sol. Solomon ; Solution. 

Sol-Gen. Solicitor-General. 

s.p. (L. sine prole). Without issue. 

S. of T. Sons of Temperance. 

Sp. Spain, Spanish; Spirit. 

S.P.A.S. (Lat. Societatis Philosophisae 
Americanas Socius). Member of the 
American Philosophical Society. 

S.P.C.A. Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals. 

S.P.C.C. Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Children. 

S.P.C.K. Society for the Promotion of 
Christian Knowledge. 

Specif. Specifically. 



80 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



S. P. G. Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel. 

Sp.gr. Specific Gravity 

S.P.M. Short Particular Meter. 

S.P.Q.R. (L. Senatus Populusque Ro- 
raanus). Senate and People of Rome. 

s.p.s. (L. sine prole superstite). With- 
out issue surviving. 

spt. Seaport. 

sq. Square. Hence, sq. ft., square foot 
or feet; sq. in., square inch or inches; 
sq. m., square mile or miles; sq. yds., 
square yards. 

Sr. Sir, or Senior; Strontium. 

S.R.I. (L. Sacrum Romanum Impe- 
rium). Holy Roman Empire. 

S.R.S. (L. Societatis Regiae Socius). 
Fellow of the Royal Society. 

s.s. Steamship. 

S.S.C. Solicitor before the Supreme 
Courts. 

S.S.D. (L. Sanctissimus Dominus). 
Most Holy Lord (Papal title). 

S.S.E. South-south-east. 

S.S.JV. South-south-west. 

S.T.D. (L. Sacrae Theologiae Doctor). 
Doctor of Divinity. 

ster. or stg. Sterling. 

S.T.P. (L. Sacrae Theologiae Profes- 
sor). Professor of Divinity. 

Su. Sunday. 

sub}. Subjunctive. 

sujf. Suffix. 

Su.-Goth. Suio-Gothic (Swedish). 

Sun. or Sund. Sunday. 

Sup. Superior; Supplement. 

Sup. C. Superior Court. 

Super. Superior; Superfine. 

Superl. Superlative. 

Supp. Supplement. 

Supt. Superintendent. 

Surg. Surgeon or surgery. 

Surg.-Gen. Surgeon-General. 

Surv.-Gen. Surveyor-General. 

S.V. (L. Sanctitas Vestra). Your Holi- 
ness (Papal title). 

S.V. (L. Sancta Virgo). Holy Virgin, nometrical. 

s.v. (L. sub voce). Under the word or Trin. Trinity 
title. 

Sw. Sweden or Swedish. 

S.W. South-west; South-western; Se- 
nior Warden. 

Snmtz. Switzerland. 

syn. Synonym or synonymous. 

synop. Synopsis. 

Syr. Syria or Syriac. 

syr. Syrup. 






Ta. Tantalum. 

tan. Tangent. 

tart. Tartaric. 

Tas. Tasmania. 

Tb. Terbium. 

T.C.D. Trinity College, Dublin. 

Tee. Tierce. 

T.E. Topographical Engineers. 

Te. Tellurium. 

Tech. Technical, technically. 

technol. Technology. 

teleg. Telegraphy. 

temp. (L. tempore). In the time of. 

Ten. or Tenn. Tennessee. 

Ter. Territory. 

term. Termination. 

Test. Testament. 

Teut. Teutonic. 

Tex. Texas. 

Text. Rec. (L. textus receptus). Re- 
ceived text. 

Th. Thursday; Thomas; Thorium. 

Theol. Theology, Theological. 

Theop. Theophilus. 

theor. Theorem. 

Thess. Thessalonians. 

Tho. or Thos. Thomas. 

Thu., Thur., or Thurs. Thursday. 

T.H.W.M. Trinity high water mark. 

Ti. Titanium. 

tier. Tierce. 

Tit. Titus; Title. 

Tl. Thallium. 

T.O. Turn over. 

Tob. Tobit. 

Tom. Tome or volume. 

tonn. Tonnage. 

topog. Topography or topographical. 

tp. Township. 

Tr. Translation, Translator; Trans- 
pose; Treasurer; Trustee; Terbium. 

Trans. Transactions ; Translated, 
Translation, Translator; Transylvania... 

Trav. Travels. 

trig, or trigon. Trigonometry or trigo- 



T.T.L. To take leave. 

Tu., Thulium. 

Tu. or Tues. Tuesday. _ 

Turk. Turkey or Turkish. 

typ., typo., or typog. # Typography, ty- 
pographer, or typographical. 

U. Uranium. 

U.C. (L. Urbis Conditae). From the 
building of the city (Rome). 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



81 






U.C. Upper Canada. 

U.E.I.C. United East India Company. 

U.G.R.R. Underground Railroad (An 
old political term for the expatriation of 
slaves.) 

U.J.D. (Lat. Utriusque Juris Doctor) 
Doctor of both Laws (i.e., the Canon and 
the Civil Law). 

U.K. United Kingdom. 

U.K.A. Ulster King-at-Arms. 

ult. (L. ultimo). Last, or of the last 
month. 

urn. Unmarried. 

Unit. Unitarian. 

Univ. University, Universally. 

up. Upper. 

U.P.C. United Presbyterian Church. 

U.S. United States. 

■u.s. (L. ut supra). As above. 

U.S.A. United States of America, or 
United States Army. 

U.S.L. United States Legation. 

U.S.M. United States Mail; United 
States Marines. 

U.S.M.A. United States Military Aca- 
demy. 

U.S.N. United States Navy. 

U.S.N.A. United States Naval Acad- 
emy. 

U.S.R. Usher of the Scarlet Rod. 

U.S.S. (United States Senate; United 
States ship (or steamer). 

U.S.S.Ct. United States Supreme Court. 

Usu. Usual or usually. 

U.S.V. United States Volunteers. 

u.s.vt,. (G. und so weiter). And so 
forth. 

Ut Utah. 

ut sup. (L. ut supra). As above. 

Ux. (Lat. Uxor). Wife. 



V. Vanadium; Victoria; Viscount. 

V. (Lat. Venerabilis; Venerandus). 
Venerable. 

V. Verb; Verse; Village; Vocative; 
Volume; Violin. — (Lat. Vide) See. 

V. (L. versus). Against, in opposition 
to. 

v. a. Verb active. 

V.A. Royal Order of Victoria and 
Albert. 

Va. Virginia. 

V.A. Vice Admiral; Vicar Apostie. 

Far. Variety. 

ver. lect. (L. varia lectio). Different 
reading. 



Vat. Vatican. 

v. aux. Verb auxiliary. 

vb. Verb. 

vb.n. Verbal noun. 

V.C. Vice Chancellor; Vice Chairman; 
Victoria Cross. 

V.D. Volunteer Officers' Decoration. 

<v.d. Various dates. 

v. def. Verb defective. 

v. dep. Verb deponent. 

V.D.L. Van Dieman's Land. 

V.D.M. (L. Verbi Dei Minister). 
Minister of the Word of God. 

Ven. Venerable. 

ver. Verse or verses. 

Veter. Veterinary. 

V.G. Vicar General ; Vice Grand. 

v.g. (L. verbi gratia). For example. 

v.i. Verb intransitive. 

Vic. Victoria. 

Vice-Pres. Vice-president. 

Vid. (Lat. Vide) See. 

vil. Village. 

v. imp. Verb impersonal. 

v. irreg. Verb irregular. 

Vis. or Vise. Viscount. 

Vitr. Vitruvius. 

viz. (L. videlicit). Namely; to wit. 
See note under Oz. 

v.n. Verb neuter. 

Vo. (L. Verso) Left-hand page. 

voc. Vocative. 

vol. Volume. 

vols. Volumes. 

V.P. Vice-president. 

V.R. (L. Victoria Regina). Queen Vic- 
toria. 

v.r. Verb reflexive. 

V. Rev. Very Reverend. 

V.R.I. (L. Victoria Regina Impera- 
trix). Victoria Queen Empress. 

V.R.P. (Lat. Vestra Reverendissima 
Paternitas). Your Very Reverend Pater- 
nity. 

Vs. (L. versus). Against, contending 
against. 

V.S. Veterinary surgeon. 

v.t. Verb transitive. 

Vt. Vermont. 

Vul. or Vulg. Vulgate. 

vulg. Vulgar or vulgarly. 

vv ; 11. (L. variae lectiones). Various 
readings. 

W 

W. West; Western; William; War- 
den. — (Wolframium) Tungsten, Wed- 
nesday; Welsh; Week. 



82 



Abbreviations and Contractions 



W.A. West Africa; West Australia. 

Wall. Wallachian. 

Walt. Walter. 

Wash. Washington. 
W.C.A. Women's Christian Associa- 
tion. 

W.C.T.U. Women's Christian Temper- 
ance Union. 

Wed. Wednesday. 

Westm. Westminister 

iv.f. Wrong font (in printing). 

W.G.C. Worthy Grand Chaplain; 
Worthy Grand Conductor. 

W.G.G. Worthy Grand Guardian; 
Worthy Grand Guide. 

W.G.H. Worthy Grand Herald. 

W.G.M. Worthy Grand Marshal. 

W.G.S. Worthy Grand Sentinel. 

Whf. Wharf. 

W.I. West India, West Indies. 

Winton. (L. Wintoniensis). Of Win- 
chester. 

Wis., Wise. Wisconsin. 

ivk. Week. 

W. Ion. West longitude. 

Wm. William. 

W.M. Worshipful Master. 

W.M.S. Wesleyan Missionary Society. 

W.N.W. West-north-west. 

Wp. Worship. 

W.P. Worthy Patriarch. 

Wpful. Worshipful. 

W.R. William (Latin Rex) King. 

W.S. Writer to the Signet. 

W.S.W. West-south-west. 

<wt. Weight. 

W. Fa. West Virginia. 

Wyo. Wyoming. 

X— Y— Z 

X. Christ. (This abbreviation is the 
Greek ch, the initial letter of Christos — 
Christ.) 



Xm. or Xmas. Christmas. 

Xn. Christian. 

Xnty. Christianity. 

Xper. or Xr. Christopher. 

Xt. Christ. 

Xtian. Christian. 

Y. or Yr. Year. 

Y. Yttrium. 

Y. The_ or Thee. (Note. The Y in 
this and similar instances is a substitute 
for or representative of the Anglo-Saxon 
P ("th). 

Yb. Ytterbium. 

Y.B. or Yr. B. Yearbook. 

Yd. Yard— yds. Yards. 

Ym. or ym. Them. 

Y.M.C.A. Young Men's Christian As- 
sociation. 

Y.M.C.U. Young Men's Christian 
Union. 

Yn, or yn. Then. 

Y.P.S.C.E. Young People's Society of 
Christian Endeavor 

Yr. Younger. 

Yr. or yr. Their. 

Ys, or ys. This. 

Yt, or yt. That. 

Y. W.C.A. Young Women's Christian 
Association. 

Zach. Zachary. 

Zech. Zechariah. 

Zeph. Zephaniah. 

Z.G. Zoological Gardens. 

Zir. Zirconium. 

Zn. Zinc. 

zoochem. Zoochemistry 01 zoochemi- 
cal. 

zoogeog. Zoogeography or zoogeo- 
graphy. 

Zoo). Zoology or Zoological. 

Zr. Zirconium. 

Z.S. Zoological Society. 



HINTS ON SPELLING 



Our system of spelling is so irregular 
that no positive rules can be laid down 
for it. The knowledge of the derivation 
of a word is often help towards the spell- 
ing of it; but this is not always the 
case. The best way to spell well is to 
read and thus become familiar with 
words. Thus misspelled words will be 
detected by their strange look. 

Change of Letters, — The following 
principle will explain many of the varia- 
tions in the spelling of words: 

Rule. — A letter is often changed or 
doubled in passing from one form of a 
ivord to another, in order to preserve 
the original sound. 

I. — y. For example, -y final preceded 
by a consonant, as in '''happy," is 
changed into i upon the addition of -er, 
-est, -al, -ed, -ous, or of any other affix 
(except -big) beginning with a vowel. 
Otherwise the sound of the word might 
be altered, e.g. "happ-y^r," "gidd-yest." 
Hence — 

Defy, defz'-ance; easy, easz'-est; 
remedy, remedz'-al, remedz'-ed; merry, 
merrz-er; country, countrz-es. 

In many of these words the original 
termination was -ie, which indeed was 
the regular English equivalent of the 
French -e: 

Citie ; nobilitie ; felicitie ; clergie. 

From a very early period y and i 
were interchanged (for example in the 
Present Participle which ended in -inde 
or -ynde) so that in the Utopia (151 6 
A.D.) we have "writynge," "myghte," 
"thynge," "fyne." Hence y began to su- 
persede i in these terminations, so that 
in the Utopia, we find on the same page 
"felicitye" and "felicitie." By degrees, the 
e after y, being found unnecessary, was 
dropped. It might have been expected 
that the same curtailment would have 
been attempted in the Plural ; and ac- 
cordingly in the Utopia we find "quali- 
tyes." But, owing perhaps to the danger 
of mispronunciation, "qualit-yes" — the 
innovation — -did not succeed in supplant- 
ing the old Plural "qualit-ies." 



This rule is also extended to -y before 
other affixes, viz. -ment, -ly, -full — 

Necessan-ly ; greedz-ness ; beautz'-ful. 

XL— y. When (1) the affix is -ing, 
cr (2) -y is already preceded by a vowel, 
or (3) -y terminates a monosyllable — 
in all these cases -y remains generally 
unchanged: — 

(1) Pity-z'ng (not "pitz'zng") ; (2) en- 
joy-ment, valleys; (3) dry-ness. 

The reasons are in (1) the desire to 
avoid ii; in (2) and (3) because the 
sound is not altered by the retention of -y. 

Exceptions. — Nevertheless, out of con- 
formity to other words — 

"Dry makes "drz-er," "dn-est;" "try," 
"trz'-al," "trz-er;" "day," "daz-lv;" "pay," 
"paz-d;" "fly," "flz-es;" "lay," "laz-d;" 
"lay (Past Tense of "lie"), "laz-n;" 
"say," "saz-d;" "gay," "gaz'-ly," "gai- 
ety." 

N.B. Pit^-ous, plente-ous, from "pity," 
"plenty." 

III. — When a word ends in -ie, the 
juxtaposition of iei in the Active Parti- 
ciple is avoided by changing -ie into -y: 

Dz'e, dy-ing; lie, ly-ing, but Iz'-ar. 

Omission of Letters. — Rule, -e final is 
(IV.) dropped before an affix beginning 
with a <vo<v:el; but (V.) retained before 
an affix beginning ivith a consonant. 

IV. — Instances of Rule IV are: — 

Grieve, Giiev-ance; iame, fam-ous; 
sens<?, sens-ible; judg£, ]udg-ing; please, 
pleas-zzr^; remove, remov-able; blam^, 
blam-zVzo-; sphere spher-ical. 

Exceptions to IF". — (a) C and g, 
though soft {e.g., in "service," "out- 
rage") must necessarily become hard if 
followed by an affix beginning with a, 
0, or u. To prevent (1) this and (2) 
other changes of sound, final -e is some- 
times retained: — 

(1) Service, service-able; outrage, 
outrag^-oz/j. 

(2) Unsaleable. 

Exceptions to IV. — (b) When -e is 
preceded by -i, -0, -e, -y, it is often re- 
tained before -ing, -able. This is in 
order to preserve the sound of the word, 
which might otherwise be changed:— 



83 



84 Hints on Spelling 

Shoe-i?ig (not "shoaig") ; agree-able Lonely, employ, gaudy, daisy 8 decay, 

(not "agr^ble"). steady, accompany, enjoy, effigy, silly, oc- 

The ~e is also retained in the Active cupy, busy, giddy, jelly, colloquy, chim- 

Participles "dye-ing," or "singe-ing," ney, ready, journey, shabby, annoy, 

"swinge-ing," in order to distinguish prophesy, felony, try, lovely, efficacy, 

them from "dy-ing," "sing-ing," and convey, lofty, supply, dismay, defy, gay, 

"swing-ing." vary, penury, stately, day, accompany, 

Exceptions to V '.: — pity, marry, plenty, continue. 

Abridg-ment, acknowledg-ment, argu- IV. and V. Add as many as possible 

ment, aw-ful, du-ly, judg-ment, tru-ly, of the affixes -able, -ing, -ly, -ment, -ous, 

whol-ly. -er, -y, to the following words: — 

Rule VI.— A monosyllable ending in Love, peace, move, blame, marriage, 

-11 (i) when followed by an affix begin- whole, sole, decree, ease, feeble, advan- 

ning with a consonant, or (2) when it- tage, true, spice, village, due, charge, 

self used as an affix, generally drops trouble, trace, pledge, judge, guarantee, 

one -1 : — manage, abridge, disagree, excuse. 

^/-most, ^/-though, aZ-ready, al-hext, VII. Add -ing, -ence, -er, -ous (where 

^/-mighty, also, altogether, «/-ways, bel- possible), to — 

fry, ful-i\\\ t wel-fare, el-bow, ful-\y, drol- Control, bargain, recall, peril, benefit, 

ly. admit, ballot, danger, infer, pencil, debit, 

The -/ appears to be dropped because, acquit, abhor, glutton, begin, poison, suf- 

when combined with another syllable, fer, traitor, gambol, extol, rebel, travel, 

the syllable ending in -// required to be compel, level, worship, cancel, model, 

pronounced more rapidly. But in many sever, equip, allot, riot, murder, befit, 

words the two syllables have not coa- ruin, sin. 
lesced so completely as to drop the -/. 

He T n T Ce r n t a 1 a a REASONS FOR APPARENT IRREGU- 
Under-j*// (and several words end- 

ing in -ness), tall-ness, small-ness, ill- LARITIES. 

ness shrill-ness droll-ness, fare-well, un- j mgh -ieve.-It is sometimes diffi- 

well, he-fell down-fall cat-call. cuk tQ dedd in §uch WOfds a§ « fe _ 

Doubling Letters.— Rule VII cd „ « beli » &c whether the e or { 

If the termination of a word is a con* ghould come fi but the difficulty wil] 

sonant preceded by a vowel (e.g. -n ), vani§h . £ k h borne in mind that (ex . 

then on receiving an affix beginning after c) . comeg firgt ._ 

with a vowel (e.g. -ing"), the final ,»',,,. 

consonant in the word is doubled (e.g. (0 . B * he / e ». "Pneve, retrieve, 

"-itting"), provided that the word is a S neve > mischief, mischievous. 

monosyllable (e.g. "sit"), or a polysyl- (2) Deceive, deceit, conceive, receive, 

table accented on the last syllable (e.g £ receipt, 

"remit"). The reason for the exceptional spel- 

This is in order to preserve the sound, ling of -ceive is that this termination 

If the consonant were not doubled, "hop- represents the Latin cap-, ^ French cey-\ 

ping" would be confused with "hop- whereas ie is the non-Latin termination, 

ing":— II. -eed % -ede. — A few compounds 

(1) Hop, homing; thin, xuxn-ner; f rora the Latin ced- were introduced 

fat, fa/-fest. early and received the English spelling: 

Accent on the last. Succeed, proceed, exceed. 

ForgeMing, remising, infer-ring, re- These words are very common in 

fer-ring, occur-ring, acquiring. Shakspere's works. Other compounds 

Accent not on the last. were not introduced till afterwards, 

BrackeMng, debi/-ing, cover-ing, of- w h en it was no longer the custom to 

fer-ing, sever-ing, credi/-ing. Anglicize the spelling of foreign words. 

Exercises. Hence the Latin or French spelling is 

I. and II. Add as many as possible retained in — 

of the affixes -al, -ed, -er, -s, -ly, -ness* Accede, concede, precede, recede. 

'ous, -s, to the following words: — The English spelling also accounts for 



Hints on Spelling 85 

the double e in "agreeable" (Fr. agre- Indefinable. inextinguishable, redeem- 

able), "degree" (Fr. degre). able, perishable, attributable, disposable. 

III. -or, -our, -er. — These termina- VI. Latin (i) -{a)ni, (2) -ent rep- 
tions are from different sources: -or is resent the Latin terminations for the Ac- 
Latin; -our is Latin through French; -er tive Present Participles from (1) Verbs 
is English. Hence — - whose roots ended with -a, (2) other 

Latin: (1) Actor, collector, demon- Verbs:— 

strator. (1) "Litiga-nt," "disputa-nt," "recal- 

French: (2) Colour, honour, odour, citra-nt." 
These spellings are retained in English (2) "Immine-nt," "reg-ent r " "trans- 
usage, but have become "color, honor, ient." 
odor," in America. VII. Latin-French -ant. — The French 

English: (3) Painter, player. have but one termination, -ant, to repre- 

Note that, wherever a Noun is formed sent the two Latin terminations. Hence, 
according to English and not according sometimes, similar words are spelt differ- 
to Latin rules, then, though the Verb be ently: where direct from Latin, -ent; 
of Latin or French-Latin origin,, the ter- where through French, -ant. 
mination is generally -er; e.g., "defend- (1) Transcends, 
er," "extinguish-er" (the Latin Nouns (2) Defendant, descends, 
would be defens-or, extinct-or) ; "vict- Hence the Latin dependens has, cu- 
or," but "vanquish-er." riously enough, given rise to two Eng« 

IV. Latin; -(a)ble, -ible. — Strictly lish words, with different terminations: 
speaking, -ble, and not -able is the Latin (1) "depends," Adjective, direct from 
termination, a being part of the Root. Latin, and with Latin spelling; (2) "de- 
Thus the Latin word was penetra- } and pendant" Noun, through French, and 
the termination -ble. In the same way, with French spelling. Similarly, "as- 
in a few cases, but not many, i is part cendant" (though used by Pope as an Ad- 
of the Root, and -ble is the termina- jsctive) is now only used as a Noun. 
tion:— VIII. (1) -ise, (2) -ize. — The modern 

(1) Penetra-ble, indisputa-ble, delec- tendency is to drop ise in favor of -ize 
ta-ble, indispensa-ble, inconsola-ble, in- which strictly belongs to Greek roots only, 
domita-ble, insupera-ble, demonstra-ble. (1) Equalize, recognise, but this is 

(2) Audi-ble, ed-ible, incorrupt-ible, now the English usage only, 
indigest-ible, indestruct-ible, reprehens- (2) Baptize, emphasize. 

ible, incomprehens-ible, incompress-ible. IX. (1) -se, (2) -ce. — Distinguish 

V. English: -able. — This termination between (1) the termination of the Verb 
is used with English Verbs, e.g. "lov- in -se, and (2) the termination of the 
able," and also with many Latin Verbs Noun in -ce ; — 

(even where the Root does not end in (1) Advije, licence, practire, device, 

-a), provided that the Verb is so common prise. (Verbs.) 

as to be regarded as English: — (2) Advice, licence, practice, device, 

Latin words with English termination: price. (Nouns.) 



HINTS ON HOW TO PUNCTUATE 



Stops, or marks of the division of 

sentences. 
i. Full Stop (.) 

2. Colon ( :) 

3. Semi-colon . . ( ; ) 

4. Comma (,) 

5. Note of Interrogation ( ?) 

6. Note of Exclamation (!) 

7. The "dash" or "break" (— ) 

8. Marks of Parenthesis ( ) 

9. Inverted commas, or, Marks of 

Quotation (" ") 

Use of Stops. — The meaning of a sen- 
tence often depends on the pauses after 
certain words. These pauses are repre- 
sented by marks, sometimes called (from 
their effect) Stops, and sometimes (from 
their appearance) Points. The Latin for 
"point" is punctum, and accordingly the 
arrangement of points in a sentence is 
called Punctuation: — 

"John," said Thomas, "would come if 
he could." 

Omit the points in the foregoing sen- 
tence, and it becomes ambiguous. 

The Comma. — The Comma (meaning 
"that which is cut off") marks the small- 
est "cutting off" or division of a sentence. 

I. Rule. — When a word is separated 
from its grammatical adjunct by any in- 
tervening phrase, the phrase should be 
preceded and followed by a Comma; — 

Verb separated from Subject: 

"The traveler, after alighting from his 
horse, entered the inn." 

"His conduct, according to his own ac- 
count, is inexcusable." 

"The Governor, wearied by the 
woman's importunity, granted her re- 
quest." 

Verb separated from Object: 

"He endeavored, in every possible way, 
to undermine his rival." 

Verb separated from Conjunction: 

"When, after hearing your explana- 
tion, J promised to forgive you, / be' 
lieved, in accordance with your assur- 
ance, that this was your first offense." 

(The Conjunction "that," not being 



capable of much stress, nor allowing 
much pause after it, often dispenses with 
the comma; as "Remember that in almost 
all business it is best to make haste 
slowly.") 

Verb separated from Adverb: 
"Now, thought he, he had succeeded." 
"He frustrated all the efforts his friends 
were making for him, by his silly vanity." 

II. Hence the Comma is often used 
before and after an Adverbial Clause, 
including a Subordinate Sentence, 
whether the Sentence be (i) introduced 
by a Conjunction, or (2) implied in a 
Participle: 

(1) "I replied, as soon as I had re- 
covered my presence of mind, that I 
could not consent." 

(2) "I replied, on recovering my 
presence of mind, that I could not con- 
sent." 

A Comma will therefore necessarily be 
inserted between two Conjunctions: — 

"It was said that, when the Capitol 
was built, a human head was discovered 
amid the foundations." 

"It cannot be denied that, if this state- 
ment is true, your brother has acted most 
culpably." 

When a Subordinate Clause or Adver- 
bial Phrase comes at the beginning of 
the sentence, the Comma is inserted after 
it, if the Clause or Phrase precedes the 
Subject of the Principal Verb. 

(1) "When I recovered my presence 
of mind, I replied," 

(2) "On recovering my presence of 
mind, I replied," 

(3) "Having recovered my presence 
of mind, I replied," 

(4) "To be brief, there are but three 
courses open to us." 

(5) "The colonel having fallen, the 
major took the command." 

III. The Comma is often used be- 
tween co-ordinate sentences connected 
by Conjunctions: — 

"He went back to his home, and 1 
went forward on my journey," 



Hints on How to Punctuate 



87 



IV. When a number of co-ordinate 
words have the same grammatical ad- 
junct, all but the last are followed by a 
Comma : — 

(i) "John, Thomas, and Henry 
came." 

(2) "I saw John, Thomas, ' and 
Henry." 

(3) "He was dutiful, kind, and 
brave." 

(4) "He is acting wisely, justly, and 
mercifully." 

(5) "She loved, honored, and obeyed 
her husband." 

But, if words are in pairs, then each 
pair (even the last) is followed by a 
Comma: — 

(6) "To carp and to criticize, to 
slander and to rebuke, to warn and to 
discouragej are very different actions." 

(The reason is that in this case "and" 
is not inserted before the last pair. Hence 
the termination is somewhat abrupt; and, 
after an enumeration of the pairs, the 
reader requires a pause, as though to 
insert "these": " — (these) are very dif- 
ferent actions.") 

But sometimes where "and" is repeated 
between a number of Co-ordinate Nouns, 
the writer may regard them (1) as a 
mere list of names, all of one kind, re- 
quiring rapid enumeration, and therefore 
may omit the comma, or (2) as express- 
ing different notions, and may therefore 
insert commas. Compare — 

(7) "Havoc and spoil and ruin are 
my gain." 

(8) "Where all is cliff, and copse, 
and sky." 

No doubt the omission of the comma 
here is more easy before the Verb, when 
the reader is hurrying on to the Verb, 
than after the Verb, where pauses are 
more natural. 

V. A Noun used Advocatively or Ap- 
pellatively must necessarily have no 
grammatical adjuncts, and should there- 
fore (unless uttered very passionately) 
be marked off by Commas: — 

"Your conduct, Thomas, surprises me." 

VI. In all the above Examples the 
principle is the same, that the Comma 
denotes separation from the grammatical 
adjunct. But sometimes the Comma de- 
notes the omission of the grammatical 
adjunct: — 



"To carp is easy; to criticize, difficult." 

VII. When a Subject is a lengthy 
Phrase, it is often separated from the 
Verb by a Comma, especially when the 
Subject-Phrase contains some Noun that 
might at a hasty glance be supposed to 
be the Subject of the Verb. The object 
of the Comma is to indicate that not the 
word immediately preceding the Verb, 
but the whole of the preceding phrase is 
the Subject of the Verb: — 

(1) To resent injuries inflicted on the 
weak and helpless, is the duty of all." 

(2) That he made a very great mis- 
take, is clear." 

VIII. A Comma is sometimes em- 
ployed when a statement or speech is 
introduced as the Object of a Verb, to 
mark a pause before the statement. But 
this is scarcely necessary or justifiable, 
except where the statement is in Apposi- 
tion to a previous Noun: — 

(1) "Who does not know the well- 
known proverb, that seeing is believ- 
ing?" 

(2) "Some people seem scarcely 
aware of this principle, that all men are 
better contented to make progress in 
small matters than to remain at a stand 
in great." 

Where the Noun in Apposition inter- 
venes between the Verb and its Object, 
the Comma is justifiable on the principle 
stated above; where there is no inter- 
vening Noun, the Comma is unjustifi- 
able. 

IX. It has been seen that, when the 
same Object follows several Verbs, the 
Comma is not inserted after the last 
Verb; but, when the same Object follows 
several Prepositions, the Comma is in- 
serted after the last Preposition: 

(1) "I am desirous of, and earnestly 
hoping for, an amicable settlement." 

(2) I am sent by, and acting as the 
representative of, a large number of my 
fellow-citizens." 

The reason is that a Verb, being a 
more emphatic word than a Preposition, 
allows a greater stress to be laid upon it, 
and a longer pause after it. The Prepo- 
sition, not allowing this, requires the 
aid of a Comma to denote the necessary 
pause. The purpose of the pause is to 
summarize, as it were, what has pre- 
ceded, and to indicate that the Object is 



Hints on How to Punctuate 



the Object not of the la9t Preposition 
alone, but of all the Prepositions. 

Omission of the Comma. — I. When 
(i) an Adverb follows its Verb, or when 
(2) a subordinate sentence follows its 
principal Verb, there is not so much need 
of a pause or division, and consequently 
the Comma may be dispensed with. 
Compare — 

(1) "Very gradually, his health and 
strength returned." 

"His health and strength returned very 
gradually." 

(2) "As soon as he caught sight of 
me, he ran away." 

"He ran away as soon as he caught 
sight of me." 

II. When the Subject-phrase is short, 
and the omission of the Comma produces 
no ambiguity, it is omitted: — 

(1) "What you say is very sensible." 

(2) "To be ignorant is to be weak." 

III. Caution. — The Comma ought not 
to be inserted (1) before "that" intro- 
ducing an Object-phrase, nor (2) before 
"that" introducing a Subject after "Pre- 
paratory it." Avoid the following: — 

(1) "The ambassador replied, that 
no interference was needed." 

(2) "It was the common belief, that 
the house was haunted by the ghost of a 
murdered woman." 

The Colon and Semicolon. — The Colon 
(meaning "limb" or » "member") is used 
after a "member" of a sentence; that is, 
after a portion that has a complete sense 
by itself. The Colon is therefore used 
to show some close relation between two 
or more sentences by combining them in 
one. The relation indicated may be 
consequence, cause, antithesis, similarity, 
&c.:-~ 

"How the door was opened no one 
knew: on the evening of the robbery it 
had been locked as usual." 

The Semi-colon ("half member") is 
used between co-ordinate statements 
where a shorter pause is desired than 
that marked by the Colon. Generally, 
where there are more than two co-ordi- 
nate statements in a graphic description, 
the Semi-colon would be preferred to 
the colon: — 

"After a terrific struggle, the infantry 
were forced back into the gates; the 



combined fleet and army opened fire upon 
the city; and preparations were made 
for an immediate assault." 

If the Co-ordinate Conjunction is in- 
serted, the Semi-colon is generally pre- 
ferred to the Colon: — 

"Trial by jury is popularly attributed 
to Alfred the Great; but this is only an 
instance of the common tendency to asso- 
ciate popular institutions with popular 
names." 

The Full-Stop requires no comment 

The Note of Interrogation is used, not 
only after questions asked for informa- 
tion, but also after "questions of appeal," 
where no answer is expected: — 
"What can be toilsome in these pleasant 
walks ?" — Paradise Lost. 

"O Grave! where is thy victory? 

O Death! where is thy sting?" — Pope. 

The Note of Exclamation is used (1) 
after Vocatives; (2) after words or sen- 
tences uttered with sudden emotion; (3) 
very rarely after semi-interrogatory ex- 
clamations: — 

(1) "Go, wondrous creature! mount 

where science guides; 
Go, measure earth, weigh air, 
and state the tides." 

(2) "But hark! he strikes the golden 

lyre; 
And see! the tortur'd ghosts re- 
spire, 
See, shady forms advance!" 

(3) "What sounds were heard, 

What scenes appear'd, 

O'er all the dreary coasts!" 
The Dash is used (1) to mark a very 
abrupt break in the sentence, often in- 
troducing some quite unexpected word; 
(2) in a long sentence, to mark a return 
to the thread of the principal sentence: 

(1) "Conceal, disdain — do atf things 

but forget." 

"O come! oh teach me nature to 
subdue, 

Renounce my love, my life, my- 
self — and you" 

(2) "The strong-headed, manly, sharp- 
tempered, secular carpenter, with his en- 
ergetic satisfaction in work, his impa- 
tience of dreamers, and his early pas- 
sion for Hetty's earthly loveliness" (then 
follows a long description of the princi- 



Capital Letters — Grammatical Terms 89 

pai characters in 'Adam Bede') " — these, I mean) assured me that you were no 

with the slighter, but equally true out- longer in England." 

lines with which the picture is rilled up, This kind of insertion is called a Pa- 
form one of the truest and most typical renthesis, i.e. a "side-insertion'* {para, 
groups of English life I have ever seen aside; enthesis, insertion), 
delineated." — Hutton. Such expressions as "said he," "re- 

Brackets are used to mark the inser- plied I," &c, are generally marked off, 

tion of a Phrase or Sentence that is al- not by brackets, but by commas, 

lowed to interrupt another sentence: — Marks of Quotation require no com- 

"Yesterday, Thomas (you know whom ment 



HOW TO USE CAPITAL LETTERS 

There is no surer mark of an edu- The various names or appellations of 

cated person than the proper use of capi- the Deity should begin with a capital 

tal letters. To omit them when they letter: as, God, Jehovah, the Almighty, 

should be used is a serious blunder, and the Supreme Being, the Lord, Provi- 

to make too profuse a display of them dence, the Messiah, the Holy Spirit, etc. 

is to disfigure your writing, and pro- All proper names, such as the names 

claim yourself ignorant of one of the of persons, places, streets, mountains, 

first principles of correct writing. lakes, rivers 5 ships, etc., and the adjectives 

The rules governing the use of these derived from them, should begin with 

letters are few, simple, and easily remem- a capital letter, 

bered. They may be stated as follows: The first word of a quotatIon after a 

The first word of every book, chapter, colon> or when h [$ {n a direct forra> 

letter, note, or any other piece of writ- shouM begin with a capkal letter# 
ing should begin with a capital letter. 

The names of the months and the The first word of an example, every 

days of the week should always begin substantive and principal word in the 

VZ -4. i i ^~ titles °* books, and the first word in every 

with a capital letter. .. . , ' , . , , . . . / 

The first word after a period should ine ™ P oetr y> sh ™ ld he Z™ ™th a capi- 

begin with a capital letter. tal letter ' 

The first word after every interroga- The pronoun I, and the interjection O, 
tion, or exclamation, should begin with are always in capitals. 
a capital letter; unless a number of in- Any words, when remarkably emphati- 
terrogative or exclamatory sentences oc- C al, or when they are the principal sub- 
cur together, and are not totally inde- j ec t of the composition, may begin with 
pendent. capitals. 



AN ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF 
GRAMMATICAL TERMS 

Ablative (Case) [L. ah, "from;" straction, i.e. of something considered by 

latus, "carried"]. The name for a Latin itself, apart from (drawn away from) 

case denoting, among other things, alio- the circumstances in which it exists. 

tion, or carrying away from. Accent [L. ad, "to;" cantus, "song"]. 

Absolute (Construction) [L. ab, Perhaps originally a sing-song, or modu- 

"from;" solut-, "loosed"]. A construction lation of the voice, added to a syllable, 

in which a Noun, Participle, &c, is used Now used of stress laid on a syllable, 

apart, i.e. loosed from, its ordinary Accidence [L. accident, befall ] 

Grammatical adjuncts. That part of grammar which treats of 

Abstract '(Noun) [L. abs, "from;" the changes that befall words. # 

tract-, "drawn"]. The name of an ab- Accusative (Case), The Latin name 

42 * 



90 



Grammatical Terms 



for the Direct Objective Inflexion. Pos- 
sibly the Romans regarded the object 
as being in front of the agent, like an 
accused person confronted with the pros- 
ecutor. 

Active (Voice). The form of a Verb 
that usually denotes acting or doing. 

Adjective [L. ad, "to;" jact, "cast or 
put"]. A word put to a Noun. 

Apheresis [Gr. ap, "from;" hairesis, 
"taking"]. Taking a letter or syllable 
from the beginning of a word. 

Adjunct [L. ad, "to;" junct, "joined"]. 
A word grammatically joined to an- 
other word. 

Adverb [L. ad, "to;" verb, "word" 
or "Verb"]. A word generally joined to a 
Verb. 

Adversative [L. adversus, "opposite"]. 
An epithet applied to Conjunctions that 
(like "but") express opposition. 

Affix [L. ad, "to;" fix, "fixed"]. A 
syllable or letter added or fixed to a 
word. 

Agreement. The change made in the 
inflections of words so that they may 
suit or agree with one another in a sen- 
tence. 

Alexandrine. A rhyming verse of 
twelve Iambic syllables, said to be so 
called from its being used in an old 
French Poem on Alexander the Great. 

Alphabet [Gr. alpha, beta; "a," "b"]. 
The list of letters, so called from the 
names of the first two letters in Greek. 

Anacolouthon [Gr. a-, "not;" acolou- 
thon, "following"]. A break in the 
Grammatical sequence, or following. 

Analysis [Gr. ana, "back;" lusts, 
"loosing"]. Unloosing anything (e.g. a 
Sentence) back into its constituent parts. 
Hence an analytical period in a lan- 
guage. 

Anomaly. A Greek-formed word mean- 
ing "unevenness," "irregularity." 

Antecedent [L. ante, "before;" cedent 
"going"], (a) That part of a sentence 
which expresses a condition. It is so 
called because the condition must go be- 
fore its consequence. See consequent. 
(i). (b) Also used for the Noun that 
goes before a Relative Pronoun. 

Anti-Climax. The opposite of a cli- 
max. A sentence in which the meaning 
sinks in importance, instead of rising at 
the close. 

Antithesis [Gr. anti, "against;" thesis, 



"placing"]. The placing of word against 
word, by way of contrast. 

Apodosis [Gr. apodosis, "a paying 
back"]. A Greek name for the "Conse- 
quent." The condition was regarded by 
the Greeks as demanding its consequence, 
as a sort of debt to be paid in return for 
fulfilment of the condition. 

Apostrophe [Gr. apo, "from;" strophe, 
"turning"]. A showing that a let- 
ter has fallen out of ( ? been turned away 
from 1 ) a word. 

Appellative [L. appella, "call to"]. An- 
other name for the Vocative or calling 
use of a noun. 

Apposition [L. ad, "near;" posit, 
"placed"]. The placing of one noun or 
pronoun near another, for the purpose of 
explanation. 

Archaism [Gr. archaios, "ancient"]. 
An ancient word or expression. 

Article [L. articulus, "a little joint or 
limb"]. A name (a) correctly given by 
the Greeks to their "article" because it 
served as a joint uniting several words 
together; (b) then loosely used by the 
Latins (as was natural seeing they had 
no "article") of any short word whether 
Verb, Conjunction, or Pronoun; (c) in- 
troduced into English, and used to denote 
"the" and "a." 

Aspirate [L. ad, "to;" spira-, 
"breathe"]. The strongly breathed let- 
ter, h. 

Asyndeton [Gr. a, "not;" syndeton, 
"bound together"]. The omission of Con- 
junctions, so that sentences are not bound 
together. 

Attribute. A quality attributed to a 
person or thing. 

Auxiliary (Verbs) [L. auxilia-, "to 
help"]. Verbs that are used as helpers 
or companions to other Verbs. 

Bathos [Gr. bathos, ^ "depth"]. A lu- 
dicrous fall to a depth, i.e. a descent from 
the elevated to the mean in writing or 
speech. 

Cardinal (Numbers) ^ [L. car din-, 
"hinge"]. That on which any thing 

1 In Rhetoric, the apostrophe was the 
turning aivay from one's audience to ad- 
dress some absent person. Possibly there- 
fore the apostrophe may have been so 
called because it was intended to turn 
one's attention from the present word to 
the absent letter. 



Grammatical Terms 



91 



hinges or turns: hence, "important," 
"principal." A name given to those more 
important Forms of Numeral Adjectives 
from which the Ordinal forms are de- 
rived. 

Case [L. casus, "falling"]. The Latin 
translation of the Greek term for the 
uses of a Noun. The Greeks regarded the 
subjective form as "erect" and the other 
forms as more or less falling away from 
it. Hence the terms "oblique," "decline," 
&c. 

Clause [L. claus-, "shut"]. A num- 
ber of words shut up within limits. In 
this book the word is used of a sentence 
preceded by a Conjunction, the sentence 
and Conjunction together being called 
a Clause. 

Climax [Gr. climax, "ladder"]. The 
arrangement of a sentence like a ladder 
so that the meaning rises in force to the 
last. 

Cognate (Object) [L. Co-, "together;" 
nat-, "born"]. The name given to an 
object that denotes something akin to 
{born together with) the action denoted 
by the Verb. 

Colon [Gr. colon, "limb"]. The stop 
marking off a limb or member of a sen- 
tence. 

Comma [Gr. comma, a "section"]. 
The stop marking off a section of a sen- 
tence. 

Common (Noun) A name that is 
common to a class and not peculiar or 
proper to an individual. 

Comparative (Degree). The form of 
an Adjective denoting that a quality ex- 
ists in a greater decree in some one 
thing than in some other with which it 
is compared. 

Complementary [L. comple-, "fill up"]. 
That which completes or fills up. 

Complete (State). A name given to 
an action (whether Past, Present, or Fu- 
ture) that was, is, or will be complete. 

Complex (Sentence). [L. con-, "to- 
gether:" plic-, "fold"]. A sentence that 
is folded together, or involved. Hence a 
sentence containing one or more Subor- 
dinate sentences. 

Compound (Sentence) [L. con or com, 
"together;" pon-, "place"]. A sentence 
made up of a number of Co-ordinate 
sentences placed together. 

Concord. The name given to syn- 
tactical agreement between words, e.g. 
between Verb and Subject. 



Conjugation [con, "together;" jugatio, 
"joining"]. A number of Verbs joined 
together in one class. 

Conjunction [L. con, "together;" 
junct-, "joined"]. A word that joins two 
sentences together. 

Consequent. The name given to that 
part of a sentence which expresses the 
consequence of the fulfilment of a con- 
dition. See Antecedent. 

Consonant [L. con, "together;" so- 
nant, "sounding"]. Letters (such as p) 
that can only be sounded together with 
a vowel. 

Continuous (State). The name given 
to an action (whether Past, Present or 
Future) that is, was, or will be continu- 
ing or incomplete. 

Copula [L. copula, "bond"]. The word 
"is," so called because it binds or con- 
nects Subject and Predicate in Logic. 

Correlatives. Words that are related 
together or mutually related, e.g. 
"either," "or;" "both," "and;" "when," 
"then." 

Dative [L. dativ, 1 "that which has 
arisen from giving"]. The Latin name 
for the Indirect Objective case used after 
Verbs of giving, Sec. 

Declension. The bending or declension 
of the Oblique (see Oblique below) 
cases from the Subjective form, which 
was regarded as "erect." Hence applied 
to the statement of the cases of a Noun. 

Definite (Article). A name given to 
the Adjective "the" from the fact that 
"the" defines its Noun. See Article. 

Definition [L. de, "from;" finit-, 
"marked out," "bounded"]. That which 
marks out the boundaries of anything 
so as to distinguish it from all other 
things. N.B. Not a mere "description." 

Degree (of comparison) [L. gradus, 
Fr. degre, "step" ]. The forms expressing 
the steps or degrees in which a quality 
can be expressed by an Adjective. 

Dentals [L. dent-, "tooth"]. Conso- 
nants pronounced with the aid of the 
teeth; d, n, t. 

Dependent (Sentence). Sometimes used 
for Subordinate. But generally applied 



^Termination -ivus in Latin, when 
added to Participles, denotes that which 
has arisen from, e.g. "captivus," that 
which has arisen from "capture." 



92 



Grammatical Terms 



to Subordinate sentences that are the Sub- 
jects or Objects of Verbs. 

Dieresis [Gr. diairesis, "separation"]. 
The mark placed over one of two vowels 
to show that each is to be pronounced 
separately, e.g. in "aerial." 

Diphthong [Gr. di, "twice;" 

phthongos, "sound"]. Two vowel 
sounds pronounced as one. 

Direct (Object). The Noun that de- 
notes what is regarded as the direct ob- 
ject of the action of a Verb. 

Ellipsis [Gr. elleipsis, "omission"]. 
The omission of words (said to be "un- 
derstood" i.e. implied) in a Sentence. 

Emphasis [Gr. emphaino, "I make 
clear"]. Stress of the voice laid on par- 
ticular words or syllables in order to 
make the meaning clear. 

Epigram [Gr. epi, "on;" gramma, 
"writing"]. A writing on a monument. 
Hence a short pointed poem or saying. 2 

Epithet [Gr. epithetos, "placed to"]. 
An Adjective placed to a Noun to de- 
scribe some quality of the person or thing 
denoted by the Noun. 

Etymology [Gr. etymon, "true mean- 
ing;" logia, "science"]. The science of 
the true meaning of words, according to 
their derivation. 

Euphony [Gr. eu, "well;" phone, 
"sound"]. That which sounds well. 

Flat (Consonants). B, d, g. 

Foot. The metrical subdivision of a 
verse. A verse being supposed to run, 
its limbs or members might well be 
called feet. 

Frequentative. (Verb). A Verb that 
expresses a frequently repeated action, 
e.g. "pat-t-^r." 

Gender [L. genus, Fr. genre, "breed," 
or "class"]. Forms to denote classifica- 
tion according to sex. There are no In- 
flections for Genders in English. 

Genitive (Case) [L. genitiv-, "gene- 
rating"]. The name for the Latin case 
denoting generation, origination, posses- 



2 The point will generally be at the 
end. Intentional "bathos" sometimes bor- 
ders on "epigram." 

1 The Latin "genitivus" is a mistrans- 
lation of the Greek genike, which meant 
the generic case, i.e. the case that de- 
noted the genus or class. For example, 
"life," "What class of life?" "Man's 
life." 



sion. Sometimes applied to the English 
Possessive Inflection. 1 

Gerund [L. gero, "I carry on"]. Part 
of a Latin Verb denoting the carrying on 
of the action of the Verb. There was 
once a gerundive form in English. 

Grammar [Gr. gramma, a "letter;" 
Fr. grammaire']. The science of letters; 
hence me science of using words cor- 
rectly. 

Gutturals [L. guttur, "throat"]. 
Throat letters, k, and hard g. 

Heterogeneous (Sentence) [Gr. hetero, 
"different;" genos, "kind"]. A Sentence 
combining a number of Sentences of so 
different a kind from each other that they 
ought not to be combined. 

Iambus [Gr. iambos\ In English, 
a foot of two syllables, the first unac- 
cented, the second accented. 

Idiom [Gr. idioma, "peculiarity"]. A 
mode of expression peculiar to a lan- 
guage. 

Imperative (Mood) [L. impera-, 

"command"]. The commanding Mood. 

Impersonal (Verbs). Verbs not used in 
the first or second Person. 

Incomplete (State). The forms of the 
Verb denoting an action in an Incom- 
plete State. 

Indefinite (Article). A name given to 
"an," "a," because the Adjective leaves 
its Noun undefined, or indefinite. See Ar- 
ticle; also Definite. 

Indefinite (State). The forms of the 
Verb denoting an action of which the 
State is not defined. 

Indicative (Mood) [L. indica-, "point 
out"]. The Mood that points out or in- 
dicates an action, &c. as a past, present 
or future existence. 

Indirect (Object). The Noun or Pro- 
noun denoting the person or thing re- 
garded as not directly but only indi- 
rectly influenced by the action of the 
Verb. 

Infinitive (Mood) [L. in, "not," finit- 
"limited"]. A mood not limited by any 
definition of Person or Number. 

Inflection [L. inflecto, "I bend"]. The 
bending of a word from the simple form, 
by means of varying the termination. 
See Oblique. 

Interjection [L. inter-ject-, "thrown be- 
tween"]. An utterance thrown in be- 
tween words, to express emotion. Not 
a Part of Speech. 

Intransitive (Verb). L. in, "not;" 



Grammatical Terms 



93 



transitiv-, "passing across"]. A Verb 
whose action is not supposed to pass 
across to any Object. See Transitive. 

Labials [L. labium, "lip"]. Lip-let- 
ters: f, v, p, b, m, hw (the real sound in 
which) and <w. 

Language [L. lingua, Fr. langue; 
"tongue"], The expression of meaning 
by the tongue. 

Linguals [Latin lingua, "the tongue"]. 
Letters whose sounds are produced by 
the tongue; sh, s, in pleasure. 

Liquids. Letters of a flowing, liquid 
sound, as /, r. 

Metaphor [Gr. meta, "from one to an- 
other;" phora, "carrying"]. The carry- 
ing of a relation from one set of objects 
to another, e.g. of the relation of plough- 
ing from "plough" and "land," to "ship" 
and "sea." 

Meter [Gr. metron, "measure"]. The 
measuring of language out into verses. 

Monosyllable [Gr. mono, "only"]. A 
word of only one syllable. 

Mood [L. mod-, "manner"]. The 
form of a Verb expressing the manner 
of action. 

Mutes [L. mut-, "dumb"] Letters 
that are dumb without the aid of a 
vowel: k, g, t, d, n, P, b, m. 

Nasal [L. nas-, "nose"]. Consonants 
sounded through the nose; n, m. 

Nominative (Case) [L. nomina-, "to 
name"]. An old Latin term for the 
Subject, used because the Subject was re- 
garded as a person or thing named. 

Noun [L. nomen, Fr. nom, "name"]. 
The name of anything. 

Object. The word, or group of words, 
denoting that which is regarded as the 
object or mark aimed at by the action of 
a Verb or the motion of the Preposition. 1 

Oblique (Case) A name given to all 
Cases but the Subjective. By the Greeks 
the Subjective form of a Noun was re- 
garded as erect, and all the other forms 
as fallings or oblique deviations from 
the Subjective. 

Ordinal (Adjective) [L. or din-, "or- 
der"]. An Adjective that answers to the 
question "in what order." 

Orthography [Gr. ortho, "correct;" 



1 This Definition, though in accordance 
with Etymology, is often Grammatically 
inapplicable. 



grapho, "I write"]. The correct writing 
of words, i.e. correct spelling. N.B. Not 
"calligraphy," "pretty writing." 

Parenthesis [Gr. para, "aside;" en- 
thesis, "insertion"]. A word, phrase, or 
sentence, inserted aside, or by the way, 
in a sentence complete without it 

Participle [L. particip-, "participat- 
ing"]. A form of a Verb participating 
of the nature of a Verb, and of the na- 
ture of an Adjective. 

Partitive [L. part-, "part"]. Denot- 
ing partition. 

Passive (Voice) [L. pass-, "suffer- 
ing"]. The form of a Verb in which the 
Subject is supposed to suffer an action. 

Palatals. Letters whose sounds are pro- 
duced by the palate; ch, j. 

Perfect (Tense) [L. perfect-, "com- 
plete"]. The name for the Latin Tense 
that has to represent (owing to the pau- 
city of their Tenses) our Indef. Past and 
Complete Present. 

Period [Gr. peri, "round" ; od-, 
"path"], (i) The full, rounded path of 
a complex sentence, (2) a mark at the 
end of a sentence, 

Person [L. per, "through"; son-, 
"sound;" hence, persona "a mask through 
which an actor sounds;" "an actor's part 
in a play"]. The part played in conver- 
sation, whether (1) speaking; (2) spo- 
ken to; (3) spoken of. 

Personification. Endowing what is im- 
personal with a Personal Character. 

Phrase [Gr. phrasis, a "saying"]. A 
group of words not expressing a state- 
ment, question, or command. 

Pluperfect (Tense) [L. plu-, "more;" 
Perfect-, "complete"]. A more than com- 
plete Tense. A Latin way of expressing 
the Complete Past. 

Plural (Number) [L. plu-, "more"]. 
The form of a Noun that denotes more 
than one. 

Poetry [Gr. poietes, a "maker"]. Lan- 
guage that is artistically made, as distin- 
guished from that which is ordinarily 
written or spoken. 

Polysyllable [Gr. poly, "many"]. A 
word of many syllables. 

Positive. The simple form of an Ad- 
jective ; so called because it expresses a 
quality not comparatively, but positively. 

Possessive (Use) [L. possess-, "pos- 
sessed"]. The name given to the use or 
case of a Noun denoting possession. 



94 



Grammatical Terms 



Potential (Mood) [L. potent-, "pow- 
erful"]. An old name for a supposed 
Mood, which is really either the Mood 
of Purpose, or else simply the Indie, of 
an Auxiliary Verb. So called, because it 
involves the meaning of power or possi- 
bility. 

Predicate [L. prcedicat-, "proclaim," 
"state"]. A word or group of words 
making a statement about a Subject. 

Prefix [L. prce, "before;" fix-, "fixed"]. 
A letter, syllable, or word fixed before 
another word. 

Preposition [L. prce "before;" posit-, 
"placed"]. A Word (not a Verb) placed 
before a Noun or Pronoun as its object. 

Preterite {Tense) [L. Prceterit-, 
"past"]. A pedantical expression for 
the Past Tense." 

Prodosis [Gr. pro,- "before;" dosis, 
"giving"]. Literally, giving before. 
Hence, in a sentence, the Antecedent or 
Condition. See Apodosis. 

Pronoun [L. pro, "for;" L. nomen, 
"noun"]. A word used for a Noun. 

Proper (Noun) [L. propri-, F. propre; 
"peculiar"]. A name that is peculiar or 
proper to the individual, not common to 
a class. See Common. 

Prose [L. prosa, for prorsa, for pro- 
ber sa, i.e. . "turned forward"]. Writing 
that does not turn like verses (See Verse 
below) but runs straight on. Hence, the 
straight forward arrangement of prose. 

Prosody. [L. prosodia, a "song"]. 
Hence, that part of Grammar which 
treats of verse, whether intended to be 
sung or not. 

Punctuation [L. punctum, "point"]. 
Dividing a sentence by means of points 
representing the pauses. 

Quantity. The quantity of time nec- 
essary to pronounce a syllable. 

Redundant [Latin re(d) "back;" un- 
dant-, "flowing"]. Flowing back or over, 
i.e. superfluous. This word is often lazily 
used to appear to get rid of a difficulty. 
But few words are, strictly speaking, re- 
dundant; they serve some purpose, al- 
though the purpose may not be easy to 
detect. 

Reflexive (Verb) [L. reflect-, "bend 
back"]. A Verb in which the action is 
as it were bent back on the Subject, so 
that the Subject and Object denote the 
same person or thing. 

Relative (Pronoun) [L. re, "back;" 



lat-, "carried"]. A name given to who, 
which, &c. when they do not carry one 
forward (as they do when used Inter- 
rogatively), but carry one back to the 
Antecedent. 

Retained (Object). The name given 
to one of the Objects of a Transitive 
Verb when retained as the Object of the 
same Verb in the Passive. 

Rhyme [A.S. rim, "number"]. Iden- 
tity of sound (from the vowel to the 
end) between two syllables at the end of 
two lines. 1 The Anglo-Saxon Poetry was 
not based on rhyme but on alliteration. 

Rythm [Gr. rhythmos, "flowing mo- 
tion"]. The flowing regular motion of 
verse and of periodic prose. 

Root. That form from which another 
word springs, as a tree springs from its 
root 

Semicolon [L. semi, "half;" Gr. colon, 
"limb"]. Half of the colon, i.e. of the 
stop that marks off* a separate limb or 
member of a sentence. 

"Sensuous" [L. sensu-, "sense"]. Ap- 
pealing to the senses. Milton says that 
Poetry should be "simple, sensuous and 
passionate." 

Sentence [L. Sententia, a "meaning"]. 
A group of words of a meaning so far 
complete as to express a statement, ques- 
tion, command. 

Sharp (consonants) : k, p, t, so called 
from their sharp sound. 

Sibilant [L. sibila-, "hiss"]. Hissing 
letters: s, z, sh. 

Simile. A sentence expressing the simi- 
larity of relations, e.g. between "plough" 
and "land," "ship" and "sea." 

Solecism [Gr. soloikismos ; "speaking 
like the men of Soloi"]. Inaccuracy of 
expression. 

Spirants [L. spira-, "breathe"]. Let- 
ters in the pronunciation of whose sounds 
the breath is not wholly stopped, as it is 
in the pronunciation of "mutes." 

Stanza [It. stanza, a "stop"]. A divi- 
sion of a poem containing every varia- 
tion of measure in the poem, and gene- 
rally furnishing a stopping place at its 
termination. 

Strong (Verbs). Verbs that make their 
Past Tenses and Past Participles, not 
by adding -ed, -t, but by vowel changes. 

1 Syllables altogether identical do not 
rhyme. 



Grammatical Rules and Definitions 



95 



Style [L. stilus, "an instrument for writ- 
ing"]. A manner of expressing thought in 
language. 

Subject [L. subject-, "placed under"]. 
That which is placed under one's 
thoughts, as the material or topic for 
speech. Hence, the Subject of a Verb 
is said to be that about which the Verb 
makes a statement. 

Subjunctive (Mood) [L. subjunct-, 
"subjoined"]. A Mood expressing a 
purpose, condition, &c, subjoined to some 
statement, question, or answer. 

Subordinate (sentence) [L. sub, "be- 
neath;" ordin-, "rank"]. A sentence that 
ranks beneath another sentence. 

Substantive (Noun) [L substantia, 
"substance"]. A useless name given to 
Nouns denoting things said to have sub- 
stantial existence. 

Suffix [L. sub, "beneath," fix-, "fixed"]. 
A letter or letters added or fixed to the 
end of a word. 

Superlative (degree) [L. . super, 
"above;" lat-, "carried"]. An Adjecti- 
val form denoting the expression of a 
quality in a degree carried above other 
degrees. 

Supplement [L. sub, "up;" pie-, "fill"]. 
That which fills up, or supplies what is 
wanting in a Verb. * 

Syllable [Gr. syn, "together," lab-, 
"take"] A group of letters taken to- 
gether so as to form one sound. 

Syncope [Gr. syn, "altogether" or 
"quite;" cope, "cutting"]. A considerable 
curtailment or cutting of a word, by 



omitting letters in the middle, e.g. ne'er 
for never. 

Syntax [Gr. syn, "together;" taxis, 
"arranging"]. The arrangement of 
words together in a sentence. 

Synthesis [Gr. syn, "together;" thesis, 
"placing"]. Placing together parts so 
as to form a whole. The opposite of 
analysis. Hence a synthetical period in 
language. 

Tense [L. tempus, Fr. temps, "time"]. 
The form of a Verb indicating the time 
of an action. 

Transitive [L. trans, "across;" it-, 
"going']. A Verb that has an Object, 
so called because the action of the Verb 
is regarded as passing or going across 
to the Object. 

Trochee [Gr. trochos, "a running"]. 
In English, a foot of two syllables con- 
sisting of an accented, followed by an 
unaccented syllable. So called from its 
brisk, or running nature. 

Verb [L. verb-, "word"]. The chief 
vjord in a sentence. 

Verse [L. vert, "turn"]. A line of 
poetry at the end of which one turns to 
a new line. 

Vocative [L. voca-, "call']. The use 
or case of a Noun when the person ov 
thing is called to. 

Vowels [L. vocali, "having voice"]. 
The letters that have a voice or are 
sounded (not as the "consonants" but) 
by themselves: a, e, i, o, u. 

Weak (Verbs). Verbs that form their 
Past Tenses and Past participles by 
adding d or t, and not by changed 
Vowel. 



GRAMMATICAL RULES AND 
DEFINITIONS 



i, A Noun is a name of any kind. 
2 A Pronoun is a word used for a 
Noun. 

3. An Adjective is a word that can be 
put before a Noun either to distinguish 
it, or to point out its number or amount. 

4. A Verb is a word that can make a 
statement. 

5. An Adverb is a word that answers 
to the question "how?" "when?" 
"where?" or "how far is this true?" 

6. A Preposition is a word that can be 
74 T 



placed before a Noun or a Pronoun, so 
that the Preposition and Noun or Pro- 
noun together are equivalent to an Ad- 
jective or Adverb. 

7. l A Sentence is a collection of words 



1 A Sentence preceded by a Conjunc- 
tion ceases to state, command, or ques* 
tion; it therefore becomes a Phrase, e.g. 
"When I saw John." Such a Phrase may 
conveniently be called a Clause. 



96 



Grammatical Rules and Definitions 



expressing a statement, question, or com- 
mand. 

8. Any other collection of words, 
having a meaning, is called a Phrase, or 
Clause. 

9. A Conjunction is a word that joins 
two sentences together. 

10. A Relative Pronoun is a Conjunc- 
tive Pronoun used so as to refer to a pre- 
ceding Noun or Pronoun called the An- 
tecedent. 



i. The Subject of a Verb making a 
statement is the word or words answer- 
ing to the question "who?" or "what?" 
before the Verb. 

2. The Object of a Verb or Preposition 
is the word or words answering to the 
question "whom?" or "what?" after the 
Verb or Preposition. 

3. When the Relative is followed by a 
Conjunction introducing a new Sentence, 
leave out this sentence in parsing the 
Relative. 

4. The Antecedent must sometimes be 
supplied from the sentence. 

5. The relative is sometimes omitted. 

6. Some Pronouns are used Interroga- 
tively, Conjunctively, and Relatively. 

7. The Uses or Cases of a Noun are 
four, viz: Subject, Object, 1 Possessive, 
and Vocative. 

8. The Plural of a Noun is formed 
by adding -s to the Singular. 

9. The Possessive Use or Case, in the 
Singular and Plural, is formed by adding 
'j to the Singular or Plural form. 

10. An Adjective has three Degrees^ of 
Comparison, viz. Positive, Comparative, 
and Superlative. 

11. To form the Comparative and Su- 
perlative, add -er, -est to Positives of 
one Syllable. "More" and "most" are 
used in other cases. 

12. A Verb that can have an Object 
is called Transitive; a Verb that cannot, 
is called Intransitive. 

13. The Passive Voice of a Transitive 
Verb is the form assumed by the Verb 
when its Object is made the Subject. 

14. The Active Voice of a Transitive 
Verb is the form that can be used with 
an Object. 



1 If the Indirect Object is called a 
separate use, there will be five Uses of 
a Noun. 



15. A Participle can be distinguished 
by the fact that it can be, in part, re- 
placed by a Conjunctive word. 

16. Each Voice has four Moods; In- 
finitive, Indicative, Imperative, and Sub- 
junctive. 

17. The Infinitive Mood speaks of an 
action without defining the doer. 

18. The Indicative Mood definitely 
points out an action. 

19. The Imperative Mood commands 
an action. 

20. The Subjunctive Mood expresses 
condition, purpose, wish, etc. 

21. Verbs have three Tenses; Past, 
Present, and Future. 

22. Each Tense has four "States" of 
Action: the Indefinite, the Complete, the 
Incomplete, and the Complete Post-Con- 
tinuous. 

23. A Verb agrees with its Subject in 
Person and Number. 

24. "May," "can," "must," "will," 
"shall," "let," &c. are called Auxiliary 
Verbs. 

25. "To" is omitted in the Infinitive 
after the Auxiliary Verbs, and after "see," 
"hear," "feel." 

26. An Infinitive may be used (1) as 
a Noun; (2) as an Adverb; (3) as an 
Adjective. 

27. The Indirect Object of a Verb is 
the word or phrase answering to the 
question "For, or, to, whom?" "For, or, 
to, what?" when used after the Verb 
and the Direct Object. 

28. When an active Verb taking two 
Objects is changed nnto the Passive 
Voice, one Object becomes the Subject 
of the Passive Verb, but the other is 
retained as Object. 

29. Some Verbs, generally Intransitive, 
can take an Object of a nature akin or 
cognate to the Verb, called the Cognate 
Object. 

30. The Object is sometimes used Ad- 
verbially to denote extension, price, point 
of time. 

31. The Subject, generally with a Par- 
ticiple, is sometimes used Adverbially. 

32. A Noun or Pronoun, not Subject 
or Object of a Verb, but so connected 
with another Noun or Pronoun that we 
can understand between them the words 
"I mean," "that is to say," &c, is said 
to be in Apposition to the latter. 

33. Nouns and Pronouns are used Sub- 



Grammatical Rules and Definitions 97 

jectively when in Apposition to Subjects, Stating, Questioning, or Commanding 

and Objectively when in Apposition to Verb. 

Objects. 42. When several Simple Sentences are 

34. (1) The Intransitive Verbs, as connected by "and," "but," "so," "then," 
"looks," "seems," "appears," &c, and (2) &c, so that each sentence is, as it were, 
the Transitive Verbs "make," "create," independent, and of the same rank as 
"appoint," "deem," "esteem," being used the rest, each is called a co-ordinate 
to express identity and, as it were, to Sentence? 

place one Noun or Pronoun in apposition 43. A Compound Sentence is a Sen- 

with another may be called Verbs of fence made up of Co-ordinate Sentences. 

Identity, or Appositioned Verbs. 44. When a number of Sentences are 

35. Verbs of Identity, when Intransi- connected by Conjunctions that are not 
tive and Passive, take a Subjective Sup- Co-ordinate, the Sentence that is not in- 
plement; when Transitive, take an Ob- troduced by a Conjunction is called the 
jective Supplement. Principal Sentence. 

36. "It" and "there" are sometimes ir- 45. Sentences connected with a Prin- 
regularly used to prepare the way for cipal Sentence by Conjunctions that are 
the Subject or Object. not Co-ordinate are called Sub-ordinate. 

37. In a Conditional Sentence, (1) the 46. A Complex Sentence is the whole 
Clause expressing the condition is called Sentence formed by the combination of 
the Antecedent; (2) the Clause express- the Principal and Subordinate Sentences, 
ing the consequence of the fulfilment of 47. When a word passes from one 
the condition is called the Consequent. form to another, a letter is often changed 

38. Auxiliary Verbs (when not follow- or doubled in order to preserve the origi- 
ing "if" or any other Conjunction ex- nal sound. 

pressing Condition) are used Indica- 48- Final -e is dropped before an affix 

tively, whenever they can be altered into beginning with a vowel, but retained be- 

the Indicative of other Verbs. fore an affix beginning with a conso- 

39. Whenever language is irregular, nant 

there is some cause for the irregularity. 49- A monosyllable ending in -11, when 

40. The three principal causes of ir- followed by an affix beginning with a 
regularity are I. Desire of brevity; II. consonant, or when itself used as an affix, 
Confusion of two constructions; III. De- sometimes drops one -/. 

sire to avoid harshness of sound or of 50. If the termination of a word is a 

construction. consonant preceded by a vowel, then, on 

41. A Simple Sentence is a sentence receiving an affix beginning with a 
that has only one Subject and only one vowel, the final consonant in the word 
is doubled, provided that the word is a 

monosyllable, or accented on the last syl- 
^he mark of a Subordinate Sentence lable. 
is that when preceded by its Conjunction, 51. When a word is separated from 
it cannot generallv stand as a Sentence its grammatical adjunct by any inter- 
by itself. A Co-ordinate Sentence can vening Phrase, the Phrase should be pre- 
thus stand by itself. ceded and followed by a comma. 



HOW TO USE PREPOSITIONS 



about, around, round. About, around 
and round are often used interchange- 
ably, as they frequently coincide in 
meaning. 

A lace collar about her neck, around 
her neck. 

He looked about him, around him. 

about, concerning, respecting, touch- 
ing. These are frequently used inter- 
changeably. 

A question about, concerning, respect- 
ing, touching, landed interests. 

above, over, upon, beyond. Above has 
reference to a higher position in space. 

Over relates to an extension along the 
superior surface of another object. 

Upon relates to the contact of a body 
with the superior surface of another. 

Beyond refers to the greater distance 
of a body. 

Above does not carry the idea of con- 
tact with a body below it; over may or 
may not carry the idea. 

Figuratively, above conveys the idea 
of superiority; as, "The prince is above 
the peasant"; bver, the idea of authority; 
as, "The church has over her, bishops." 
—South. 

Upon, the idea of immediate influence ; 
as, "The effect of oratory upon an au- 
dience'; beyond, the idea of extent; as, 
"The power of Providence 'beyond the 
stretch of human thought' " — Thomson. 

Above and over are sometimes used 
interchangeably; as, "The sky above us 
or over us." "Above ten thousand men 
were in the army." "He was seen of 
above five hundred brethren at once." — 
i Cor. xi. 6. 

More than, upwards of, are also used 
by good writers. 

across, over, frequently coincide in 
meaning. To go over a bridge or 
across a bridge ; over a stream, or across 
a stream. A bridge across, or over the 
river. 

Over carries the idea of something 
more than length merely. "To ride over 
a field" does not carry the same meaning 
as, "to ride across" it. 



across, through. "He went across the 
room" means he went from side to side. 
"He went through the room" means he 
went from outside to outside. 

after, for, are often used interchange- 
ably, especially after words expressing 
desire, striving, search, etc. 

To thirst after truth or for truth, to 
search after, or for knowledge, hunt aft- 
er, or for riches, strive after, or for 
fame, eager for, or after position. 

against, from, are often interchange- 
able ; as "Shelter from the blast or 
against the blast." Thus we may say, 
"Defend us against or from, protect us 
against, or from, secure us against, or 
from, our enemies." 

amid or amidst, among or amongst. 
These prepositions differ to some extent 
from each other. 

Amid (a poetical form) and amidst 
denote in the midst or the middle of, or 
surrounded by; as, "A tree amidst the 
garden." "A task performed amid many 
interruptions." Among or amongst, as 
the etymology implies, denotes an inter- 
mixture or a mingling. It implies a col 
lection of objects with which something 
is intermixed or mingled; as, "He was 
among his friends." "Pamphlets were 
found among the books." We may say 
among the schoolmen ; among the phil- 
osophers, among the Americans, among 
the Orientals, among the ideas ad- 
vanced, among the arguments used. In 
none of these cases could amid or amidst 
be used. So we may say amidst tempta- 
tions, amidst sufferings, amidst difficul- 
ties, amidst the waves. Among or 
amongst, could not be used in these 
cases. When the idea of quantity is 
conveyed, or can be considered, amidst 
is generally used. Hence, we can say, 
"Apples gleaming rosy-red amidst the 
leaves." If the idea of number is con- 
veyed we should use amongst. 

Milton says of the seraph Abdiel: 

"Faithful found 
Among the faithless, faithful only he." 



98 






How to Use Prepositions 



99 



because he had been one of the number of 
the rebellious host before they had fal- 
len, and was yet intermingled with them. 
But when he determined to leave them, 
Milton discriminatingly adds — 

"From amidst them forth he passed." 

around, round, are used interchange- 
ably. 

To stand around, or round. To throw 
his, eyes around, or round. To travel 
around. To send invitations round. To 
rally round the flag. To join hands 
round the tree. Round is perhaps more 
frequently used than around. All round 
means in every direction; over the whole 
place. 

at, by. While these two words both 
indicate nearness, at is more specific 
than by, giving the idea of a customary, 
or particular nearness. 

"He stood at the entrance" would 
mean more than "He stood by it," — the 
one indicating the closest proximity in 
front, the other in the neighborhood of 
it, or near to it. 

"They . sit at the table" differs from 
"They sit by the table." The first means 
they face the table, the second does not. 

at, in. At is less definite than in. 
At church may mean in, or near the 
church. Hence at does not make a refer- 
ence to the interior prominent. It is 
proper to use at before the names of 
small towns, villages, foreign cities far 
remote, and houses ; as, He lived at Fish- 
kill, lectured at Winnebago, died at 
Pekin. 

In should be used before the names 
of the great geographical, or political di- 
visions of the globe, countries, and large 
cities; as, He teaches in Paris, She sings 
in New York. At should be used before 
the number of a street, and in (not on) 
before the name of the street; as, The 
officer was found at the Court House in 
Clark street. 

At or in may often be used inter- 
changeably; as, He was crowned in, or 
at Paris. Both at Belfast and in Dublin 
riots occurred. 

At is used after the verb touch; as, 
The vessel touched at Queenstown. At 
or in may be used after the verb arrive; 
as, They arrived at, or in Liverpool. At 
or in may be used after the verb to be; 
as, He has been at Boston — in Baltimore. 

beside, besides. These words are in- 



terchangeable in the meanings of "over 
and above," "distinct from," although be- 
sides is more frequently used in this 
sense ; as, "There were learned men be- 
sides these." Beside means, "By, or at 
the side of," "on one side of" ; as, "He 
sat beside me." Also, "aside from," 
"apart from," or "out of;" as, "Paul, thou 
are beside thyself." 

Besides specially means, "moreover," 1 
"in addition to"; as, "There were other 
nations besides these." 

but, besides, except, save, without. 
These words are almost all used in nearly 
the same sense. Excepting is the same 
as except, but not so often used. Save is 
generally used in poetry. He could do 
nothing but for me, is the same as he 
could do nothing without me. 

by, beside, near, on. By and beside are 
sometimes interchangeable. He sat by me, 
or beside me. These terms indicate a lit- 
tle more closeness of proximity than the 
word near. 

By and on are often interchangeable; 
as, by land and by water, or on land or 
on water they engage in the fight. 

by, with, through. Whenever a con- 
scious agent is mentioned, and the instru- 
ment employed to accomplish his purpose, 
by must be used to denote the agent, and 
with, in general, the instrument; as, "he 
was slain by his enemy with the sword." 

Thus, by denotes in general the essen- 
tial or immediate agent, and with, carry- 
ing the idea of companionship, the means 
or instrument employed by the agent. 

He was struck by the sun. The sun 
struck him with its rays. The tree was 
shaken by the wind. The wind shook the 
tree with its strong hand. 

The city was destroyed by fire. Here 
fire was the essential agent. 

He destroyed the city with fire. Here 
fire is the auxiliary means or instrument. 

By attention and prompt action he won 
his case, these being the essential agents 
of success. 

He won his case through attention and 
prompt action, these being the important 
auxiliaries. 

for, during, through. These words are 
frequently used interchangeably. He re- 
mained there for twenty-five years, or 
during a quarter of a century. 

They had a happy married life for, or 
during fifty years. 



100 



How to Use Prepositions 



The war was protracted through four 
years. 

for, notwithstanding, concerning. For 
and notwithstanding are sometimes inter- 
changeable. 

He will go to destruction for all we can 
do to restrain him. 

This may be the book for anything we 
may know. 

He will go notwithstanding our plead- 
ings. 

For and concerning are often used in- 
terchangeably. 

For the particulars of the case we refer 
you to the attorney. 

from, against. These two words are 
sometimes interchangeable. 

A shelter from, or against the stormy 
blast. 

We may say, defend us from or against, 
protect us from or against, secure us from, 
or against, our enemies, etc. 

from, away from. From, with a verb 
of motion, means away from. Its correl- 
ative and opposite is to, or towards. 

He went from Philadelphia to, or to- 
wards Newark. 

from, out of. These words are inter- 
changeable as denoting origin, being, 
emanation and the like. 

Truth shall spring out of the earth. — 
Ps. Ixxxx. II. 

Out of, is the opposite of in and into. 
After a verb of motion it has the meaning 
ot forth from. He went out of the house. 
He was driven from, or out of the coun- 
try. He leaped from or out of the car- 
riage. 

from, of. From is sometimes inter- 
changeable with of, not as often as for- 
merly. 

We may say, "To be rid of these ques- 
tionable characters." "I'll rid you from 
further fear concerning them." 

He arose of the dead. — Old English. 

Hence, we may say, "Demand of, or 
from; received of, or from; clear of, or 
from; learn of or from; secure of, or 
from. Cleanse us of our sins, or from 
our sins." 

from, by and of. Are interchangeable 
in such cases as, "He judged from the 
evidence." "He determined to proceed 
from the information he had gained." 

"They determined their action by the 
Report." "They judged of the matter 
carefully." 



from, of. These words often are inter- 
changeable. 

Off is merely another form of of. In 
the old authors there is no distinction be- 
tween the words. 

"Smiteth of my hed," is equivalent to 
"smite off my head." — Chaucer. 

Thou art mon of strange land. — Robert 
of Gloucester. 

Hence, we may say, "He fell from 
the horse, or off the horse." 

in, at, on. When these words denote 
time we may say, "At the hour of 12, on 
the 24th of September, in the year 1881. 

"The old, old story was told again at 
five o'clock in the morning." 

"At nine o'clock on the morning of May 
4 th." _ 

in, into. Whenever a verb of motion is 
employed, or when entrance or insertion 
is denoted, into should be used and not in. 

He went into the hall. She rode into 
the park. They took a ride with their 
friends in Central Park. 

Many innovations were introduced into 
the College. 

They looked into the book. 

He infused life into the Review. 

When a change is made from one form 
or state into another, into is used. 

Water is convertible into vapor. He 
was led by evidence into a belief of the 
truth. The manuscripts were put into 
shape. 

In is often used for into whrn the noun 
is omitted to which it properly belongs; 
as, These are in, those are out, i.e. in of- 
fice, or out of office. Come in, i.e. come 
into the house. The ship has come in, 
i.e. come into port. 

We may say cut, tear, break in, into, 
or to pieces. Separated, or divided into 
several parts. He fell deeply in love; 
into a melancholy condition ; into a de- 
cline. He was put into a hard place, or 
in a sad perplexity. Their conduct came 
in question. They examine^ into his con- 
duct. 

Into indicates motion, change, entrance, 
in a more marked degree than in. 

in, on. We say he went on the steam- 
boat, he got on the steam car, horse car, 
etc., when these simply indicate points of 
temporary destination. But we say he 
went in the steamboat when a passage is 
taken ; he rode in the cars. 

We also say, "He read the first line 



How to Use Prepositions 



101 



in the page" (preferable to on the page). 
He paid seventy cents in the dollar, or 
on the dollar; four shillings in, or on 
the pound. English usage is in the 
pound; as, "Six shillings in the pound." 

in, within. In a few cases these words 
are interchangeable. Within, however, is 
more emphatic than in. 

We may say within the range of his 
influence, or in the range, etc.; within 
his power, or in his power; within ten 
minutes, or in ten minutes. 

In my Father's house are many man- 
sions. — John xiv. 2. 

In cases like the following, however, 
within does not mean the same as in, 
and is less emphatic. It was within his 
grasp. It was in his grasp. In the first 
instance it may simply mean it was in the 
limits, or compass of his grasp; in the 
other instance it would mean that it was 
actually in his grasp. 

Within means "in the inner or interior 
part;" "inside of;" "within the limits of;" 
and is opposite to without. Within these 
doors ; within this roof ; within this house ; 
within himself ; within one's income ; with- 
in ten miles. We may say, "Is Mrs. 
Potter within, or in?" 

of. See from and to. 

on, upon. Are interchangeable words. 
Sometimes on account of elegance or eu- 
phony, upon is the more preferable word. 
Generally, however, on is now used in 
place of upon. We may say, Play on, or 
upon the harp, the piano, the violin, the 
drum, etc. On would be chosen as a rule. 

On is omitted before the words "to 
day;" "to morrow;" "yesterday;" "last 
evening;" "this moring." 

We should say, "On the 8th of June." 

on. See in. 

previous to, previously to. These may 
be regarded as prepositional phrases and 
are used quite generally in the sense of 
before, both in order and time. 

We may say, previous to the announce- 
ment; previous to the publication; pre- 
viously to the year 1882; previously to 
the American war; previous to this event. 

through, throughout. Throughout is a 
little more emphatic than through, in re- 
gard to space. Throughout the years; 
throughout the generations; throughout 
the United States, England, etc. 

The difference in force in these two 



words is scarcely perceptible, as through 
life; throughout the years, etc. 

till, until. Are used interchangeably. 
Wait until, or till the time shall come. 
Till now, or until now. Till, or until six 
o'clock; till then, or until then. 

to s at. To primarily denotes approach 
and arrival, movement or direction to- 
wards a place or thing. 

At primarily means contiguity, nearness, 
or presence, in reference to locality. 

He went to Chicago. He is at (not to) 
the Palmer House. They were at the 
concert. He set himself to the task. He 
is going to his trade. 

We may say, "They have been to Lon- 
don." "He has been to supper." "They 
have been to church." These forms are 
permissible on account of the idea of mo- 
tion. 

At indicates the relation of action or 
employment, of state or condition. He 
was set at work. He worked at the car- 
penter's bench, at wood carving, at print- 
ing. 

They were at war, at peace, at supper. 
They have been at a great deal of trouble. 

to, of. To and of frequently denote the 
same meaning. 

He was nephew to the President, or a 
nephew of the President. 

He is a friend of, or to the Senator. 

He was a successor to the Governor, or 
the successor of the Governor. 

toward, towards. Are interchangeable. 
Towards is the later form, due to add- 
ing the adverbial suffix -es (originally the 
mark of a genitive case) to the shorter, 
toward. 

We may use both forms, but towards 
is more frequently employed. 

under, below, beneath, underneath. Un- 
der denotes a lower position with respect 
to being covered, overtopped, or overhung 
by some other body. It is the opposite 
of over, above, upon or on. 

Below and beneath refer to a lower 
position. They are interchangeable when 
they are used with reference to a lower 
place, or to something directly over, or on ; 
as, "Beneath, or below this stone he lies." 
Under is sometimes interchangeable with 
them. "Nobody under the sun, below the 
moon, or beneath the stars." It is under 
the table, or beneath the table. 

Beneath is a stronger term than below. 
We say of a thing that is simply lower 



102 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



than our position, "It is below us." When 
very far below, "It is beneath us." 

When figurative language is employed 
to express contemptuously something very 
low, we should use beneath, and not be- 
low. 

He is beneath (not below) our notice. 
It is beneath the character of a gentle- 
man, beneath the dignity of the audience, 
the occasion, the subject, contempt. 



Under one's signature may be used 
instead of over one's signature, for the 
paper is under the hand when signed, as 
it is when sealed. 

Under the breath. Very softly, with a 
low voice. 

Underneath, as its etymology implies 
under and lower, is a somewhat stronger 
term than under. 



A DICTIONARY OF HOMONYMS OR 
2000 WORDS OF SIMILAR PRONUN- 
CIATION BUT DIFFERENT 
MEANING 



Almost every person has at some time 
been puzzled as to the exact spelling of 
such words as the following: — The Mayor 
owned a fast trotting mare. The Colonel 
ate the kernel. The guest guessed the 
riddle. During the king's reign, the rain 
wet his horse's rein. Beer brought him to 
his bier. Can you pare a pear with a pair 
of scissors? I should advise you to fol- 
low his advice, and lessen the boy's les- 
son. The doctor's patients were out of 
patience at not being allowed to call aloud 
to the assistants for assistance. A bottle 
of scent can not be sent by mail for one 
cent. A number of beech trees grew near 
the beach. He was confident that his con- 
fidant would counsel the council to des- 
patch the currier as their courier, to as- 
certain if dependence was to be placed 
on their dependents, and to devise some 
device to elicit information as to their 
illicit proceedings. His untimely decease 
was owing to a most virulent disease. If 
you climb the mountain, you will reach 
a colder clime. He was unable to heal 
the wound in his heel. I missed my way 
in the mist. 

Some of the following words, when cor- 
rectly uttered, are not of similar sound; 
but many persons frequently mispronounce 
them, and for their benefit they are placed 
here to make the list as complete as pos- 
sible. Brevity of definition is necessary, 
on account of the limited snace. When 
the space is not sufficient to give a full 
definition a suitable sentence is placed at 



side, to readily establish the meaning of 
the word. 

A 

Ab- 
ba (Abba), father. Abbe, an abbot. Ab- 
bey, a convent, 
le (able), strong, skilful. Abel, a name. 

Ac- 
cidence, rudiments. Accidents, unexpect- 
ed events, 
clamation, applause. Acclimation, use to 

climate, 
hing (aching), continued pain. Akin, 

related. 
ts (acts), deeds. Ax or Axe, a tool. 

Ad- 
ds (adds), increases. Adze or Adz( a 

tool, 
herence, constancy. Adherents, followers, 
vice, counsel. Advise, to give counsel. 

Ah- 
a (aha), pleasant surprise. Ah, surprise. 
Awe, fear. 

Ai- 
1 (ail), pain, trouble. Ale, liquor, 
r (air), atmosphere. Ere, before, Heir f 

inheritor. Are, from the verb to be. 
sle (aisle), passage. Isle, island. I'll, I 

will. 
t (ait) an island. Ate, devoured. Eight, 

a number. 

Ak- 
in (akin), related. Aching, continued 

pain. 

Ah 
e (ale), liquor. Ail, pain, trouble 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



103 



1 (all), every one. Awl, a tool, 
legation, affirmation. Alligation, uniting, 
ley, a passage. Ally, a friend. 

ms (alms), charity. Arms, limbs, weap- 
ons, 
oud (aloud), with noise. Allowed} per- 
mitted, 
tar, for worship. Alter, to change. 

Am- 
end, to make better. Amende, retraction. 

An- 
ker, a measure. Anchor, of a vessel. 
n (Ann or Anne), a name. An, one. 
nalist, historian. Analyst, analyzer, 
nalize, to record. Analyze, to separate. 
t (ant), insect. Aunt, relative, 
te, before. Anti, opposed. 
Ar- 

2 (arc), part of a circle. Ark, chest, boat, 
ches, parts of a circle. Archers, bowmen. 
e (are), see Air. 

raign, to accuse. Arrange, to put in order, 
rant, bad. Errand, message. Errant, 

wandering, 
rear, unpaid. Arriere, rear guard, 
tist, professor of art. Artiste, female ar- 
tist. 
As- 
cent, act of rising. Assent, consent, 
perate, make rough. Aspirate, give sound 
of "h." 

peration, making rough. Aspiration, am- 
bition. 

sistance, help, aid. Assistants, helpers. 
At- 

e (ate), devoured. Ait, an island. Eight, 
a number. 

e (A'te), a goddess. Eighty, a number. 

tendance, waiting on. Attendants, those 
who attend. 
Au- 
ght (aught), anything. Ought, should. 

gur, to predict. Auger, a tool. 

ne (aune), a cloth measure. On, not off. 

nt (relative). Ant, insect. 

ricle, external ear. Oracle, counsel. 
Aw- 

e (awe), fear. See Ah or Aha. 

ed (awed), dreaded. Odd, uneven. 

1 (awl), a tool. All, everyone. 

Ax- 
e (axe or ax), a tool. Acts, deeds, 
es, tools. Axis, turning line. 

Ay- 

e (aye), yes. Kve, organ of sight. I, 
myself. - 



B 



Ba- 



con, pork. Baken, baked. 

d (bad), wicked. Bade, past tense of 
bid. 

il (bail), security. Bale, a bundle, 

it (bait), food to allure. Bate, to lessen. 

ize (baize), cloth. Bays, water, garland, 
horses. 

Id (bald), hairless. Bawled, cried aloud. 

11 (ball), round body, dance. Bawl, cry 
aloud. 

Had (ballad), song. Ballett, dance. Bal- 
lot, ticket. 

1m (balm), plant, balsam. Barm, yeast. 

nded (banded), united. Bandied, tossed 
to and fro. 

ns (bans), marriage notice. Bands, com- 
panies. 

re (bare), naked. Bear, animal, to carry. 

rd (bard), a poet. Barred, fastened with 
a bar. 

rk (bark), cry of dog, rind of tree. Bar- 
que, vessel. 

ron (Baron), nobleman. Barren, unfruit- 
ful. 

roness, baron's wife. Barrenness, sterility. 

se (base), mean. Base or Bass, in music. 

sk (bask), to lie in warmth. Basque, part 
of a lady's dress. 

tten, a board, to fatten. Baton, a staff, 
a rod. Batting, cotton in sheets. 

ulks, or Balks, relating to horses. Box, 
case, tree. 

ulking, relating to horses. Booking, cloth. 

y (bay), water, color, tree. Bey, governor. 

Be- 
ach (beach), sea shore. Beech, a tree. 

ar (bear), an animal, to carry. Bare, 
naked. 

at (beat), to strike. Beet, vegetable. 

au (beau), man of dress. Bow, in archery. 

e (bee), insect. Be, to exist. 

en (been), of the verb to be. Bin, for 
grain. 

er (beer), malt liquor. Bier, carriage for 
the dead. 

hoof, advantage. Behoove, to be fit. 

rry (berry), fruit. Bury, to inter. 

rth (berth), sleeping place. Birth, being 
born. 

tter (better), superior. Bettor, one who 
bets. 

y (bey), governor. Bay, sea, color, tree. 

Bi- 
er (bier), carriage for the dead. Beer, 
malt liquor. 



104 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 
Bite, with the Bu- 



rope. 



ght (bight), of a 
teeth. 

lied (billed), furnished with a bill. Build, 
to erect. 

n (bin), for grain. Been, of the verb to be. 

node, telescope. Binnacle, compass box. 

rth (birth), coming into life. Berth, sleep- 
ing place. 
Bl- 
ew (blew), did blow. Blue, a color. 

oat (bloat), to swell. Blote, to dry by- 
smoke. 
Bo- 
il (boa), neck wear, a serpent. See Bow. 

ar (boar), swine. Bore, to make a hole. 
See Boor. 

ard (board), timber. Bored, pierced, 
worried. 

eking, cloth. Balking, relating to horses. 

dice, waistcoat. Bodies, material sub- 
stances. 

Id (bold), courageous. Bowled, rolled 
balls. 

11 (boll), a pod, a ball. Bowl, basin. See 
Bole. 

le (bole), earth, trunk of tree. See Boll. 

or (boor), or Boar, a clownish person. 
See Boar. 

rder, outer edge. Boarder, lodger. 

rn (born), come into life. Bourn, a limit, 
stream. Borne, carried. 

rough, a town. Burrow, hole for rabbits. 

w(bow), in archery. Beau, a man of dress. 
See Boa. 

w (bow), to salute, part of ship. Bough 
of tree. 

y (boy), male child. Buoy, floating signal. 

Br- 
aid (braid), to plait. Brayed, did bray. 

ake to a wheel, a thicket. Break, opening, 
to part. 

ay (bray), harsh sound. Brae, broken 
ground. 

each, a gap, a break. Breech, part of a 
gun. 

ead (bread), food. Bred, brought up. 

ewed, fermented. Brood, offspring. 

ews, to make malt liquor. Bruise, to crush. 

idal, belonging to a wedding. Bridle, a 
curb. 

iton, native of Briton. Britain, England 
and Scotland. 

oach, to utter. Brooch, a jewel. 

ows, edges. Browse, to feed. 

uin, a bear. Brewing, preparing malt li- 
quors. 

uit, noise, report. Brute, a beast. 






ild, to erect. Billed, furnished with a bill. 

n (bun), small cake or bread. Bonne, a 
nurse. 

oy, floating signal. Boy, male child. 

rrow, hole for rabbit. Borough, a town. 

ry (bury), to cover with earth. Berry, 
a fruit. 

t (but), except, yet. Butt, cask, to push 
with head. 

y (buy), see Bye. 
By- 

e, bye the bye. By, at, near. Buy, to pur- 
chase. 

C 
Ca- 

b (cab), a carriage. Kab, a Hebrew meas- 
ure. 

ble, rope. Cabal, party of men. 

ddy, a box. Cadi, a Turkish judge. 

in (Cain), man's name. Cane, walking 
stick. 

Ik (calk), to stop leaks. Cauk or Cawk, 
mineral. Cock, male bird. Cork, bark 
of a tree. 

11 (call), to name. Caul, a membrane. 

lendar, almanac. Calender, to polish. 

Her, see Choler. 

loric, heat. Choleric, angry. 

mera, optical machine. Chimera, idle 
fancy. 

mpaign, time of army in field. See Cham- 
paign. 

n (can), could, tin vessel. Khan or Kan, 
a ruler. 

nnon, large gun. Canon, a law, a rule. 

nyon, or Canon, a gorge, a gully. See Can- 
non. 

nvas, cloth. Canvass, to solicit, to exam- 
ine. 

ndid, fair, open. Candied, turned to sugar. 

pital, upper part, principal. Capitol, edi- 
fice. 

rat, weight. Caret, mark. Carrot, vege- 
table. 

rol, song of joy. Carroll, a name. 

sh, money. Cache, hole for hiding goods. 

sk, wooden vessel. Casque, a helmet. 

st, to throw, to mold. Caste, rank. 

stile, a town. Cast-steel, a metal. 

stor, a beaver. Caster, frame for bottles, 
roller. 

tarrh, a disease. Guitar, musical instru- 
ment. 

udal, tail. Caudle, drink. Coddle, fondle, 
parboil. 

uf, fish box. Cough, effort of lungs. 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



105 



ught, did catch. Cot, small bed. 

use, that which produces. Caws, cries of 
crows. 

valier, horseman. Caviller, a captious per- 
son. 
Ce- 
ase (cease), to leave off. See Seas. 

de, to give up. Seed, germ of plants. 

il (ceil), to cover upper surface. See Seal. 

iling, of a room. Sealing, fastening. 

lery, a plant. Salary, wages. 

11 (cell), small room. Sell, to part for 
price. 

liar, a room under house. Seller, one who 
sells. 

nsor, critic. Censure, blame. Censer, ves- 
sel. 

nsus, numbering. Senses, faculties. 

nt, coin. Sent, caused to go. Scent, odor. 
Cense, tax. 

ntaury, a plant. Century, a hundred years. 

rate, a salve. Serrate, shaped like a saw. 

re, to cover with wax. Seer, a prophet. 
Sear, dry. 

ssion, yielding. Session, a sitting. 

taceous, whale species. Setaceous, bristly. 
Ck- 

cigrin, ill humor. Shagreen, fish skin. 

Ch- 
ance, accident. Chants, melodies. 

ampaign, open country. Champagne, a 
wine. 

apter, a division. Chapiter, top of a pillar, 

aste, pure. Chased, pursued, carved. 

ews, masticates. Choose, to select. 

imera, idle fancy, Camera, optical instru- 
ment. 

oir (choir), singers. Quire of paper. 

oler, anger. Collar, neck wear. Color, hue. 
Caller, visitor. Collier, coal digger. 

oleric, angry. Caloric, heat. 

olera, disease. Colliery, coal mine. 

ord, musical sound. Cord, string. 

ronical, of long duration. Chronicle, his- 
tory. 

uff, a clown. Chough, a sea bird. 
Ci- 

licious, made of hair. Silicious, flinty. 

ngle, a girth. Single, alone, only one. 

on or Scion, a sprout. Sion or Zion, moun- 
tain. 

rcle. round figure. Sercle, a twig. 

t (cit), a citizen. Sit, to rest. 

te (cite), summons. Site, situation. Sight, 
view. 
Cl- 
ause, part of a sentence. Claws, talons. 
43. 



imb, to ascend. Clime, climate. 

ose, to shut, to end. Clothes, garments. 

Co- 
aled, supplied with coal. Cold, frigid, not 
hot. 

als, fuel. Colds, sickness. 

al, fuel. Cole, cabbage. 

arse, rough. Course, route, Corse or 
Corpse, dead body. 

at, garment. Cote, sheep fold. 

ck, male bird. See Calk. 

ddle, to fondle. See Caudal. 

diing, apples. Coddling, parboiling. 

ffer, money chest. Cougher, one who 
coughs. 

ffin, box for dead. Coughing, effort of 
lungs. 

in (coin), money. Quoin, wedge. 

lation, straining. Collation, a repast. 

lonel, officer. Kernel, seed in a nut. 

lor, tint. Culler, a chooser. See Choler. 

liar, neck wear. Choler. 

mity, politeness. Committee, managers. 

mplacent, civil. Complaisant, seeking to 
please. 

mplacence, satisfaction. Complaisance, 
condescension. 

mpliment, flattery. Complement, the full 
number. 

ncert, entertainment. Consort, companion. 

ncur, to agree. Conquer, to overcome. 

nfidant, one trusted with secrets. Confi- 
dent, having full belief. 

nsonance, concord. Consonants, letters 
which are not vowels. 

nsequence, that which follows. Conse- 
quents, deductions. 

nsession, a sitting together. Concession, 
a yielding. 

oily, without heat, calmly. Coolie, E. In- 
dian laborer. 

om (coom), soot. Coomb, a measure. 

ppice, woods. Copies, imitations. 

quet, to deceive in love. Coquette, a vain 
girl. 

rai, from the ocean. Corol, a corolla. 

rd, string. Chord, musical sound. 

red, taken from center. See Cord. 

re, inner parts. Corps, soldiers. 

rrespondence, interchange of letters. Cor- 
respondents, those who correspond. 

t (cot), small bed. Caught, did catch. 

ugh, effort of lungs. Cauf, fish box. 

uncil, assembly. Counsel, advice. 

urier, messenger. Currier, preparer of 
leather. 

usin, relative. Cozen, to cheat. 



106 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



ward, one without courage. Cowherd, one 
who tends cows. Cowered, frightened. 
Cr- 
ane, a bird, machine, pipe. Crayon, pencil. 

eak, harsh noise. Creek, stream. Crick, 
cramp. 

ewel, yarn. Cruel, savage. 

ews, seamen. Cruise, voyage. Cruse, a 
cruet. 

itic, judge. Critique, criticism. 
Cu- 

e (cue), hint, rod, tail. Queue, China- 
man's hair. 

Her, selecter. Color, a tint. See Choler. 

rrant, fruit. Current, flowing stream. 

rrier, preparer of leather. Courier, mes- 
senger. 
Cy- 

gnet, a swan. Signet, a seal. 

mbal, musical instrument. Symbol, sign. 

press, a tree. Cyprus, thin black stuff, an 
island. 



Da- 
rn (dam), wall for stream. Damn, to 
doom or curse. 

mmed, confined by banks. Damned, 
doomed. 

nee, to move with music. Daunts, dis- 
courages. 

ne, native of Denmark. Deign, conde- 
scend. 

y (day), time. Dey, a governor. 

ys, plural of day. Daze, to dazzle. Dace, 
fish. 
De- 
ar (dear), beloved, costly. Deer, an ani- 
mal. 

cease, death. Disease, sickness. 

formity, defect. Difformity, variety of 
form. 

ign (deign), to condescend. Dane, native 
of Denmark. 

mean, to behave. Demesne, land. 

nts (dents), marks. Dense, close, com- 
pact. 

pendents, subordinates. Dependence, re- 
liance. 

pository, place of deposit. Depositary, a 
trustee. 

pravation, corruption. Deprivation, loss. 

scent, downward. Dissent, disagreement. 
Decent, becoming, suitable. 

scendent, falling. Descendant, offspring. 

scension, descent. Dissension, strife. 

vice, design. Devise, to contrive. 



viser, contriver. Divisor, a term used in 
arithmetic. 

w (dew), moisture. Do, to perform. Due, 
owed. 
Dl- 

e(die), to expire, a stamp. Dye, to color. 

es (dies), expires. Dice, small cubes. 

re (dire), dreadful. Dyer, one who dyes. 

scous, broad and flat. Discus, quoit. Dis- 
cuss, to argue. 

screet, prudent. Discrete, sep ate. 

sease, sickness. Decease, death. 
Do- 

e (doe), female deer. Dough, unbaked 
bread. 

es (does), female deer. Doze, to slumber. 

ne (done), performed. Dun, a color. 

st (dost), from verb to do. Dust, pow- 
dered earth. 
Dr- 
achm (drachm), weight. Dram, small 
quantity. 

aft, bill. Draught, a drink, a potion. 

Du- 
al, two. Duel, combat. 

e (due), owed. Dew, moisture. Do, to per" 
form. 

n (dun), color, ask for debt. Done, fin- 
ished. 

st (dust) powdered earth. See Dost. 
Dy- 

e (dye), to color. Die, to expire, a stamp. 

er, one who dyes. Dire, dreadful. 

eing, staining. Dying, expiring. 



Ea- 
rn, to gain by labor. Urn, a vase. 

fi- 
ght, a number. See Ate. 
ghty (eighty), a number. A'te, a goddess, 
ther (either), one of two. Ether, volatile 
fluid. 
El- 
icit, to draw out. Illicit, unlawful, 
ision, division. Elysian, delightful, 
ude, to escape from. Illude, to deceive. 

.Em- 
ersion, rising out. Immersion, going be- 
neath, 
pyreal, pure. Imperial, relating to an 
Emperor. 
Er- 
e (ere), before. See Air. 
rand, message. Errant, wandering. Ar- 
rant, bad. 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



107 



uption, bursting. Irruption, sudden inva- 
sion. 

Et- 
her, volatile fluid. Either, one of two. 

E<w- 
e. female sheep. Hue, tint. Yew, tree. 

You, pronoun, 
es, sheep. Hues, colors. Yews, trees. Use, 

to employ, 
er, vessel for water. Your, belonging to 

you. 

Ex- 
ercise, work. Exorcise, to abjure. 

Ey- 
e (eye), organ of sight. I, myself. Aye, 

yes. 

F 

Fa- 
int, languid. Feint, pretense, 
in, pleased. Fane, temple. Feign, pretend, 
ir, beautiful, just. Fare, price, food, 
rther, further. Father, male parent. See 

Fother. 
t (fat), animal grease. Vat, a cistern. 
ted (fated), decreed by fate. See Fetid, 
wn, young deer. Faun, woodland deity, 
ults, defects. False^ untrue. 

Fe- 
at, deed. Feet, plural of foot. Fete, feast, 
ign, pretend. Fain, pleased. Fane, temple, 
int, pretense. Faint, languid. 
Hoe, rim of wheel. Fellow, companion, 
rrule, metallic band. Ferule, wooden pal- 

. let " . 
tid, stinking. Feted^ honored. See Fated. 

ud, quarrel. Feod, tenure. 

Fi- 
llip, jerk of finger. Philip, man's name. 
Iter, to strain. Philter, love charm, 
nd, to discover. Fined, punished. 
r, tree. Fur, animal hair, 
ssure, a crack. Fisher, fisherman. 
zz, hissing noise. Phiz, the face. 

Fl- 
ea, insect. Flee, to run away, 
ew, did fly. Flue, chimney. 
our, ground grain. Flower, a blossom. 

Fo- 
r (for), because of. Fore, preceding. 

Four, 4. 
rt, fortified place. Forte, peculiar talent. 
rth, forward. Fourth, 4th. 
rmally, ceremoniously. Formerly, in time 

past, 
ther, fodder. See Farther. 
ul, unclean. Fowl, a bird. 

Fr- 



ays, quarrels. Phrase, part of a sentence, 
anc, French coin. Frank, a name, gener- 
ous, 
eeze, to congeal with cold. Frieze t cloth. 
Frees, sets at libertv. 
Fu- 
r, hair on animals. Fir, a tree. 
rs, skins of beasts. Furze, a shrub, 
ngus, spongy excrescence. Fungous, grow- 
ing as fungus. 

G 
Ga- 
ble, end of house. Gabel, a tax. 
it (gait), manner of walking. Gate, a 

door, 
ge (gage) j a pledge, a fruit. Gauge, a 

measure. 
la (gala) a show. Gayly, in a gay man- 
ner. 
11 (gall), bile. Gaul, a Frenchman, 
mble, to wager. Gambol, to skip, 
ntlet, punishment. Gauntlet, a glove. 

Ge- 
nius, talent. Genus, a kind, 
ntle, mild. Gentile, one not Jewish, 
sture, posture. Jester, merry fellow. 

Gi- 
ld, to overflow with gold. Guild, a corpo- 
ration. 
It (gilt), gold on surface. Guilt, crime. 

Gl- 
are, splendor. Glair, white of an egg. 
aciers, fields of ice. Glaziers, those who 
set glass. 
Gn- 
eiss (gneiss), rock similar to granite, 

Nice, fine, 
u (gnu), animal. New, not old. Knew, 
understood. 
Go- 
al (goal) mark. Gaol, prison, 
er (goer), one who goes. Gore, blood 5 

to pierce, 
urd (gourd), a plant. Gored, pierced. 

Gr- 
andeur, magnificence. Grander, greater, 
ate (grate), iron frame. Great, large, 
ater, a rough instrument. Greater, larger, 
eece (Greece), country in Europe. Grease, 

fat. 
isly (grisly), frightful. Grizzly, an ani- 
mal, gray. Gristly, cartilaginous, 
oan, (groan), deep sigh. Grown, in- 
creased, 
ocer, merchant. Grosser, coarser. 

Gu- 
ana (guana), lizard. Guano, manner. 



108 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



essed, conjectured. Guest, visitor. 

ilt, crime. Gilt, gold on surface. 

ise (guise), appearance. Guys, ropes. 

itar, musical instrument. Catarrh, disease. 

H 
Ha- 
il (hail), ice, to salute. Hale, healthy, 
ir (hair), of the head. Hare, a rabbit. 
If, one of two equal parts. Halve, to part 

equally. 
11 (hall), large room, a passage. Haul, 

to pull. 
How, to make holy. Halo, circle around 

sun. 
rt (hart) an animal. Heart, seat of life, 
y (hay), dried grass. Hey, an expression. 

He- 
al, (heal), to cure. Heel, part of foot, 
ard (heard), did hear. Herd, a drove 
ar (hear), to hearken. Here, in this place, 
ir (heir), inheritor. See Air. 
w (hew), to cut down. See Hue. 
y (hey) an expression. Hay, dried grass. 

Hi- 
de, skin, to conceal. Hied, hastened. 
e (hie), to hasten. High, lofty, tall, 
gher, more lofty. Hire, to employ, 
m (him), that man. Hymn, sacred song. 

Ho- 
a (hoa), exclamation. Ho, cry, stop. Hoe, 

tool, 
ard (hoard), to lay up. Horde, tribe, 
arse, rough voice. Horse, animal, 
es, tools. Hose, stocking, tubing. 
le, cavity. Whole, all, entire, 
ly (holy), pure, sacred. Wholly com- 
pletely, 
me (home), dwelling. Holm, evergreen 

oak. 
norary, conferring honor. See Onerary. 
op (hoop), circular binding. Whoop, 

shout, cry. 
ur (hour), sixty minutes. Our, belong- 
ing to us. 
Hu- 
e (hue), color. Ewe, sheep. You, your- 
self. Hew, to cut down. Hugh, man's 
name. 
Hy- 
mn (hvmn), sacred song. Him, that man. 
I 
Id- 
ol, image. Idle, unemployed. Idyl, poem. 

II- 
1 (I'll), I will. Isle, island. Aisle, passage. 
licit, unlawful. Elicit, to draw out. 



lude, to deceive. Elude, to escape from. 
Im- 

mersion, going beneath. Emersion, rising 
out. 

postor, pretender. Imposture, fraud. 

perial, relating to an emperor. Empyreal, 
pure. 

In- 
cidents, events. Incidence, a falling on. 

cite, to urge. Insight, discernment. 

cision, cut into. Insition, grafting. 

diet, to accuse. Indite, to dictate. 

dieted, accused. Indited, composed. 

dieter, one who indicts. Inditer, composer. 

discreet, imprudent. Indiscrete, not sepa- 
rated. 

genious, inventive. Ingenuous, open, art- 
less. 

nocence, purity. Innocents, harmless things. 

n (inn), tavern. In, within. 

stants, moments. Instance, example. 

tense, extreme. Intents, designs. 

tention, purpose. Intension, straining. 

vade, to infringe. Inveighed, censured. 
Ir- 

ruption, invasion. Eruption, bursting forth. 

Is- 
le (isle), island. I'll, I will. Aisle, pas- 
sage. 

J 

Ja- 
va., preserves. Jamb, side of door. 

Je- 
wry, land of Judea. Jury, a set of men. 
ster, a merry fellow. Gesture, motion. 

Jo- 
inter, plane. Jointure, wife's estate. 

Ju- 
st, upright. Joust, mock fight. 



K 



Ke- 



rnel, seed in nut. Colonel, officer, 
y (key), for a lock. Quay, wharf. 

Ki- . 
11 (kill), slay, murder. Kiln, furnace. 

Kh- 
an, or kan, a ruler. Can, to be able, tin 

vessel. 

Kn- 
ag, knot in wood. Nag, a small horse, 
ap, protuberance, noise. Nap, short sleep, 
ave, rogue. Naive, artless. Nave, center, 

hub. 
awed, nibbled. Nod, to move the head, 
ead, work dough. Need, want. Kneed, 

having knees. 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



109 



eel, rest on knee. Neal, to temper. 

ew, understood. Gnu, animal. New, not 

old. 
it, unite, weave, frown. Nit, insect's egg. 
ight, title of honor. Night, darkness, 
ow, understand. No, not so. 
ows, understands. Nose, organ of smell, 
ot, tie. Not, word of refusal. 
L 

La- 
ck (lack), to want. Lac, gum. 
cks, wants, needs. Lax, loose, slack. 
de, to load. Laid, placed, produced eggs, 
nch, to dart, let fly. Launch, of a ship, 
ne, a road. Lain, rested, 
tin, language. Latten, brass. 

Le- 
a (lea), meadow. Lee, sheltered place, 
ach (leach), to filtrate. Leech, a worm, 
ad (lead), metal. Led, guided, 
af (leaf), part of a plant. Lief, willingly. 

Leave, permission, to go away, 
ak (leak), a hole. Leek, a plant. 
an (lean), not fat, to rest, to slant. Lien, 

mortgage, 
ased, rented. Least, smallest, 
gislator, lawgiver. Legislature, assembly, 
nds (lends), loans. Lens, optical glass 

(convex, concave), 
sson, task. Lessen, to diminish, 
vee (evee), bank, visit. Levy, to collect. 

Li- 
ar, falsifier. Lyre, musical instrument. 

Lier, one who lies down. 
e (lie), falsehood. Lye, liquid, 
ef (lief), willingly. See Leaf, 
en (lien), legal claim. Lean, not fat, to 

rest, to slant, 
ghtning, electricity. Lightening, unloading, 
mb (limb), branch. Limn, to draw, 
neament, features. Liniment, ointment, 
nks, connecting rings. Lynx, an animal, 
quor, a fluid. Liqueur, a cordial. 

Lo- 
an (loan), to lend. Lone, solitary, 
ath, unwilling. Loathe, to feel nausea, 
ck, hair, fastening. Loch or Lough, lake, 
mp, fish. Lump t a shapeless mass, 
re, learning. Lower, bring low. 
se, to miss anything. Loose, unbound. 
w (low), not high, mean. Lo, look, see. 

Lu- 
mp, (lump), a shapeless mass. Lomp, a 

fish, 
sern, a lynx. Lucerne, clover. 

e (lye), liquid. Lie, falsehood. 



nx (lynx), animal. Links, connecting 

rings, 
re, musical instrument. Liar, falsifier. 
M 

Ma- 
de, created. Maid, unmarried woman, 
il, armor, post bag. Male, masculine, 
in, principal. Mane, hair. Maine, a state, 
ize, corn. Maze, labyrinth. Mace, spice. 
11, hammer, walk. Maul, to beat, 
nner, method. Manor, landed estate, 
ntel, chimney piece. Mantle, a cloak, 
re, a female horse. Mayor, city officer, 
rk, visible line. Marque, a license, 
rshal, officer. Martial, warlike, 
rten, an animal. Martin, a bird. 

Me- 
ad, drink. Meed, reward. Mede, native 

of Media, 
an, low. Mien, aspect. Mesne, middle. • 
ddle, interfere. Medal,, a token, 
ddler, one who meddles. Medlar, a tree, 
ssage, communication. Messuage, house 

and land, 
ter, measurer. Metre or Meter in poetry, 
ttle, spirit, courage. Metal, mineral. 
w or Mue, to melt. Mew, fowl, inclosure. 
ws, cat cries. Muse, deep thought, 
wl, to cry. Mule, an animal. 

Mi- 
en (mien), look, aspect. Mean, low. 

Mesne, middle, 
llenary, of a thousand. Millinery, bon- 
nets, etc. 
nee, to cut. Mints, coining places, 
nds, faculties, obeys. Mines, underground 

works, 
ner, worker in mines. Minor, one under 

age. 
ssal, book. Missel, bird. Missile, weap- 
on thrown. 
te (mite), insect, small. Might, power, 
ty, having mites. Mighty, powerful. 

Mo- 
an (moan), lament. Mown, cut down, 
at (moat), ditch. Mote, small particle, 
de (mode), manner. Mowed, cut down, 
dal, formal. Model, a pattern. 
re, greater quantity. Mower, grass cutter, 
rn, early in the day. Mourn, to grieve, 
rning, before noon. Mourning, grief. 

Mu- 
cous, slimy. Mucus, a fluid. 
e or Mew, to molt. Mew, fowl, inclosure. 
le, an animal. Mewl, to cry. 
scat, grape. Musk-cat, animal- Musket» 

guru 



110 Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 






se, deep thought. Mews, cat cries. Oe- 

stard, plant. Mustered, assembled. r (o'er), over. Oar, paddle. Ore, min- 
eral. 
N On- 

™ a - — (on), not off. Aune, a cloth measure. 

g (nag), small horse. Knag, knot in e (one), single, unit. Won, gained. 

wood, erary (onerary), fit for burdens. See 
p (nap), short sleep. Knap, protuberance, Honorary. 

noise. Or- 

val, nautical. Navel, center of abdomen, acle, counsel. Auricle, external ear. 

ve, center hub. Naive, artless. Knave, der, method. Ordure, dung, filth. 

rogue, dinance, a law. Ordnance, cannon, etc. 

y (nay), no. Neigh, whinny of a horse. e (ore), mineral. O'er, over. Oar, pad- 

Ne- die. 

al (neal), to temper. Kneel, to re3t on Ot- 

knee. tar, oil of roses. Otter, an animal, 
ar (near), not distant. Ne'er, never. o ti- 
ed (need), necessity, want. See Knead. g ht, should. Aught, anything, 
igh (neigh), whinny of a horse. Nay, no. r (our), belonging to us. Hour, sixty 
ither, not either. Nether, lower. minutes. 
w, not old. Gnu, animal. Knew, under- Ow- 

stood. e (owe), to be indebted. See Oh! 

ws (news), fresh accounts. Noose, slip ed, under obligation. Ode, poem. 

knot. p 

Ni- Pa- 
ce (nice), fine. Gneiss, rock similar to ced, moved slowly. Paste, flour and water 

granite. mixed, 

ck (nick), a notch. Niche, hollow space, eked, bound in a bundle. Pact, contract, 

ght (night), darkness. Knight, title of il (pail), bucket. Pale, whitish. 

honor. in (pain), agony. Pane, a square of 
t (nit), insect's egg. Knit, to unite, to glass. 

form. ir, a couple, two. Pare, to peel. Pear, a 

No- fruit, 

d (nod), to move the head. Gnawed, lace, princely home. Pallas, heathen deity. 

nibbled. late, organ of taste. Palette, artists' 

— (no), not so. Know, to understand. board. Pallet, a bed. 

ne (none), no one. Nun, female devotee. 11, covering for the dead. Paul, man's 
ose (noose), slip knot. News, fresh ac- name. 

counts. nel, part of a door, jury. Pannel, saddle, 

se (nose), organ of smell. Knows, under- pa, father. Pawpaw, a fruit. 

stands. ssable, tolerable. Passible, with feeling, 

t (not), word of refusal. Knot, a tie. stor, clergman. Pasture, meadow. 

Nu- tience, calmness. Patients, sick persons. 

n (nun), female devotee. None, no one. w, foot of a beast. Pa, papa. 

O ws, beasts' feet. Pause, stop. 

Oa- Pe- 

r (oar), rowing blade. O'er, over. Ore, ace, quiet. Peace, a part. Peas, vegetable. 

mineral. ak, the top. Pique, grudge. Peek, to peep. 

Od- al, loud sound. Peel, to pare. 

e (ode), poem. Owed, under obligation. aling, sounding loudly. Peeling, rinds. 

d (odd), uneven. Awed, dreaded. ar, a fruit. Pair, a couple, two. Pare, to 

Of- peel. 

— (of), belonging to. Off, denoting sepa- arl, a precious substance. Purl, to mur- 
ration. mur. 

Oh- dal, for the feet. Peddle, to sell. 

— (Oh), denoting pain. O! surprise, er (peer), nobleman. Pier, column, 
Owe, to be indebted. wharf. 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



111 



ncil, writing instrument. Pensile, sus- 
pended. 

ndant, flag. Pendent, hanging. 

rsonal, individual. Personnel, staff. 
Ph- 

ial, or vial, bottle. Viol, violin. • Vile, 
wicked. 

ilip, man's name. Fillip, jerk of the fin- 
gers. 

ilter, love charm. Filter, to strain. 

iz, the face. Phizz, hissing noise. 

rase, expression. See Frays. 

Pi- 
ece, a part. Peace, quiet. Peas, vegetable. 

er, a column, wharf. Peer, nobleman. 

liar, column. Pillow, head rest. 

stil, part of a flower. Pistol, firearm. 

Pl- 
ace, situation. Plaice, a fish. 

ain, clear, simple. Plane, flat surface, tool. 

aintive, sorrowful. Plaintiff, accuser. 

eas, arguments. Please, to delight. 

um, a fruit. Plumb, perpendicular, leaden 
weight. 
Po- 
le, stick, native of Poland. Poll, the head. 

ol, water. Poule or Pool, stakes played 
for. 

pulace, the people. Populous, full of peo- 
ple. 

re, opening. Pour, cause to flow. Poor, 
not rich, 

ring, looking intently. Pouring, raining, 
flowing. 

rt, harbor. Porte, Turkish court. 

rtion, part. Potion, draught of medicine. 

Pr- 
actice, habit. Practise, to exercise. 

aise, commendation. Prays, entreats, peti- 
tions. Preys, feeds by violence, plunders. 

ay, to supplicate. Prey, plunder. 

esence, being present. Presents, gifts. 

ide, self-esteem. Pried, moved by a lever. 

ies, looks into. Prize, reward. Price, 
value. 

ints, impressions. Prince, King's son. 

incess, King's daughter. Princes, King's 
sons. 

incipal, chief. Principle, an element. 

ior, previous. Prier, close inquirer. 

ofit, gain. Prophet, a foreteller. 

Pu- 
rl, to flow gently. Pearl, precious stone. 

Q 
Qu- 

arts, measure. Quartz, rock crystal. 
ay. wharf. Kev, lock fastener. 
' 75 T 



een, King's wife. Quean, worthless 
woman. 

eue, Chinaman's hair. Cue, hint, rod. 

ire, package of paper. Choir, church sing- 
ers. 

oin, a wedge. Coin, money. 



R 



Ra- 



bbet, a joint. Rabbit, small animal. 

dical, of first principles. Radicle, a root. 

dish, a vegetable. Reddish, somewhat red. 

in, water. Reign, rule. Rein, bridle. 

ise, to lift. Rays, sunbeams. Raze, to de- 
molish. 

ised, lifted. Razed, demolished. 

iser, one who raises. Razor, shaving blade. 

ncor, hate. Ranker, coarser. 

p (rap), to strike. Wrap, to fold. 

pping, striking. Wrapping, a cover. 

pped, struck with quick blows. Wrapped, 
inclosed. 
Re- 

ad, to peruse. Reed, a plant. 

al, true. Reel, winding machine, to stag- 
ger. 

ck, to heed. Wreck, destruction, 

d, color. Read, perused. 

ddish, somewhat red. Radish, vegetable. 

ek (reek), to emit vapor. Wreak, to in- 
flict. 

ign, rule. Rein, bridle. Rain, water. 

lie, memento. Relict, a widow. 

seat, to seat. again. Receipt, acknowledg- 
ment. 

sidence, place of abode. Residents, citi- 
zens. 

sign, to give up. Re-sign, to sign again. 

st, quiet. Wrest, to twist. 

tch, to vomit. Wretch, miserable person. 

Rh- 
eum, thin, watery matter. Room, space. 

odes, name of an island. Roads, highways. 

umb, vertical circle. Rum, liquor. 

yme, harmonical sound. Rime, hoar frost. 

Ri- 
ce, food. Rise, to ascend. 

fie, gun. Rival, a competitor. 

gger, rope fixer. Rigor, severity. 

ght, correct. Rite, ceremony. See Write. 

me, hoar frost. Rhyme, harmonical sound. 

ng, circle, sound. Wring, to twist. 

Ro- 
ads, highways. Rhodes, name of an is- 
land. 

ad, way. Rode, did ride. Rowed, did 
row* 



112 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



an, color. Rown, impelled by oars. Rhone, 

river, 
ar, loud cry. Rower, one who rows. 
e (roe), deer. Row, to impel with oars, a 

line. 
es, eggs, deer. Rows, uses oars. Rose, a 

flower, 
me, city in Italy. Roam, to wander, 
od (rood), a measure. Rude, rough, 
t (rot), to decay. Wrought, worked, 
te, memory of words. Wrote, did write, 
ugh, not smooth. Ruff, plaited collar, 
use, stir up, provoke. Rows, disturbances. 
ut (rout), rabble, disperse. Route, road. 

Ru- 
de, rough. Rood, measure, 
ff, collar. Rough, not smooth, 
ng, sounded, a step. Wrung, twisted. 
m, liquor. Rhumb, vertical circle. 

Ry- 
e (rye), grain. Wry, crooked. 



Sa- 
il (sail), canvas of a ship. Sale, traffic, 
iler, vessel. Sailor, seaman, 
lary, wages, payment. Celery, a plant, 
ne, sound in mind. Seine, fish net, a 

river, 
tire, ridicule. Satyr, a sylvan god. 
ver, one who saves. Savor, taste, scent. 

-Sc- 
ene, a view. Seen, viewed, 
ent, odor. Sent, caused to go. Cent, a 

coin, 
ion, or Cion, sprout. Sion or Zion, a 

mountain, 
ull, oar, boat. Skull, bone of the head, 
ulptor, a carver. Sculpture, carved work. 

Se- 
a (sea), ocean. See, to perceive. 
al (seal), stamp, animal. Seel, to lean, 

to close eyes. Ceil, to cover the upper 

surface, 
alingj fastening. Ceiling, top of room, 
am, a juncture. Seem, to appear, 
amed, joined together. Seemed, appeared. 
as, water. Sees, looks. Seize, take hold 

of. See Cease, 
cts, religious bodies. Sex, male or female. 
ed (seed), germ of a plant. Cede, to give 

up. 
en (seen), viewed. Scene, a view. 
er (seer), a prophet. Sear, to burn. Cere, 

wax. 
ine (seine), a net, a river. Sane, sound 

m mind. 



11 (sell), to part with for price. Cell, 
small room. 

Her, one who sells. Cellar, room. 

nior, elder. Seignoir, a title. 

nse, feeing. Scents, odors. Cents, coins. 

nses, faculties. Census, numbering. 

nt, caused to go. Scent, odor. Cent, coin. 

rrate, shaped like a saw. Cerate, salve. 

rf, a slave. Surf of the sea. 

rge, a cloth. Surge, a billow. 

ssion, a sitting. Cession, a yielding. 

t (set), to place. Sit, to repose on a seat. 

taceous, bristly. Cetaceous, whale species. 

w (sew), to stitch. Sow, to plant. So, in 
this manner. 

wer, one who uses a needle. See Sower. 

wer, a drain. Suer, one who entreats. 

x (sex), male or female. Sects, denomina- 
tions. 
Sh- 
agreen, fish skin. Chagrin, ill humor. 

ear, to clip. Sheer, to deviate, pure. 
Shire, county. 

eath, the case of anything. Sheathe, to 
inclose. 

oe (shoe), covering for foot. Shoo, be- 
gone. 

oer, fastener of shoes. Sure, certain. 

one, did shine. Shown, exhibited. 

oot, to let fly, to kill. Chute, a fall. 

.Si- 
de (side), edge, margin. Sighed, did 
sigh. 

ghs (sighs), deep breathings. Size, bulk. 

gher, one who sighs. Sire, father. 

gn (sign), token, mark. Sine, geometrical 
term. 

gnet, a seal. Cygnet, a swan. 

ght, view. Site, situation. Cite, to sum- 
mon. 

licious, flinty. Cilicious, made of hair. 

lly (silly), foolish. Scilly, name of islands. 

ngle, alone. Cingle, a girth. 

nk (sink), to fall, a drain. Cinque, five. 

t (sit), to rest. Cit, a citizen. See Set. 

Sk- 
ull, a bone of the head. Scull, oar, boat. 

Sl- 
ay, to kill. Sley, weaver's reed. Sleigh, 
vehicle. 

eeve, cover for arm. Sleave, untwisted 
silk. 

ew, killed. Slue, to turn about. Slough, 
bog. 

ight, neglect, small. Sleight, artful trick. 

oe, fruit, animal. Slow, not swift. 
So- 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



113 



ar, to rise high. Sore, painful. See Sower. 
ared, ascended. Sword, a weapon. 
le r part of foot, only. Soul, spirit of man. 
Id, did sell. Soled, furnished with soles. 

Souled, instinct with soul or feeling, 
me, a part. Sum, the whole, 
-n (son), a male child. Sun, luminous orb. 
ot (soot), condensed smoke. Suit, set of 

things. Suet, hard fat. Suite, train of 

followers, 
oth, truth, reality. Soothe, to allay, 
rrel, color. Sorel, a buck in third year, 
w (sow), to scatter seed,, See Sew. 
wer, one who sows. Soar, to fly aloft See 

Sewer, 

St- 
aid, sober, remained. Stayed, supported, 
air, steps. Stare, to gaze, 
ake, a post, a wager. Steak, meat, 
ationary, motionless. Stationery, paper, 

etc. 
eel, metal. Steal, to thieve. 

St- 
icks, pieces of wood. Styx, a fabulous 

river, 
ile, stairway. Style, manner, 
raight, not crooked. Strait, narrow pass. 

Su- 
ccor, aid. Sucker, a shoot of a plant, a 

fish, 
er, one who entreats. Sewer, a drain, 
ite, train of followers. See Soot. 
m (sum), the whole. Some, a part. 
n (sun), fountain of light. Son, a male 

child, 
rcle, a twig. Circle, a round figure. 
re, certain. Shoer, fastener of shoes, 
rf, dashing waves. Serf, a slave, 
rge, a billow. Serge, cloth, 
tier, trader. Subtler, more cunning, 
ttle, net weight. Subtle, cunning. 

Sw- 
ap, a blow. Swop, to barter. 

Sy- 
mbol, representative. Cymbal, instrument 



Ta- 
ck (tack), changing course of ship. Tact, 

skill, 
cks, small nails. Tax, a tribute. 
lc (talc), mineral. Talk, to converse. 
le (tale), story. Tail, the hinder part, 
lents, abilities. Talons, claws. 
per, a wax candle. Tapir, an animal. 
re, a weed, al^^ance. ^ear. to pull to 

pieces,, 



rrier, a delayer. Terrier, a dog. 
ught, instructed. Taut, tight. 

Te- 
al, a water fowl. Teil, a tree, 
am, two or more horses. Teem, to be full, 
ar, moisture from eyes. Tierj a rank, a 

row. 
ar, to pull to pieces. Tare, weed, allow- 
ance, 
as, different kinds of tea. Tease, to tor- 
ment, 
nor, course. Tenure, act of holding, 
nse, rigid, form of a verb. Tents, canvas 

houses. 

Th- 
e, adjective. Thee, thyself, 
eir, belonging to them. There, in that 

place, 
rew, did throw. Through, from end to 

end. 
row, to hurl. Throe, extreme pain, 
rown, hurled. Throne, seat of a king. 
y (thy), pronoun. Thigh, leg just below 

hip. 
yme, a plant. Time, duration. 

Ti- 
de, stream, current. Tied, fastened, 
er, rank, a row. Tear, moisture from eyes, 
erce, a cask. Terse, neat, elegant, 
mber, wood. Timbre, crest, quality. 
me, duration. Thyme, a plant, 
ny, little, small. Tinny, like tin. 
re, of a wheel, weary. Tyre, city. Tier, 

one who ties. 

To- 
ad, reptile. Toed, having toes. Towed, 

drawn, 
e, part of foot. Tow, hemp, to drag. 
Id, related. Tolled, rang. Toled, al- 
lured, 
le, to allure. Toll, a tax. 
n, a weight. Tun, a large cask. 
o (too), denoting excess. To, toward. 

Two, couple. 

Tr- 
ack, path. Tract, short treatise, 
acked, followed. Tract, region, 
avail, fo labor with pain. Travel, to 

journey, 
ay, shallow vessel. Trey, three of cards, 
eatise, discourse. Treaties, agreement. 

Tu- 
n, a large cask. Ton, a weight. 

Tw- 
o, a couple. To, toward. Too. denoting 

excess. 



114 



Homonyms or Words of Similar Pronunciation 



U 
Urn, a vase. Earn, to gain by labor. 
Use, to employ. Yews ? trees* Ewes, 

sheep. 

V 

Va- 
le, valley. Vail, a fee. Veil, to cover, 
ne weathercock. Vein, blood vessel. Vain, 

proud. 

Ve- 
il, a covering for face. Veil, to cover. 

Vail, a fee. 
in, blood vessel. Vane, weathercock. 

Vain, proud, 
nal, mercenary. Venial, pardonable, 
nus, planet. Venous, relating to the veins. 
racity, truthfulness. Voracity, greediness. 

Vi- 
al or Phial, a bottle. Viol, violin. Vile, 

wicked, 
ce, sin, instead of. Vise, a press, 
olate, to transgress. Violet, a flower, 
rtu, love of fine arts. Virtue, moral good- 
ness. 

W 

Wa- 
de, to ford. Weighed, balanced. 
il, to moan. Wale, a mark. Whale, a 

sea animal, 
ist, part of the body. Waste, destruction. 
it, to stay for. Weight, heaviness. 
ive, to relinquish. Wave, a billow. 
11, a fence. Wawl, cat cry. 
ne, to decrease. Wain, a wagon, 
nt, desire. Wont, custom, habit. 

/Fa- 
re, merchandise. See Wear, 
rt, hard excrescence. Wort, beer. 
x, bees' wax, etc. Whacks, heavy blows, 
y, road, manner. Whey, of milk. Weigh, 

to balance. 

We- 
ak, not strong. Week, seven days, 
al, happiness. Wheal, a pustule. See 

Wheel, 
ar, to impair by use. Ware, merchandise. 

Where, in which place. Were, from 

verb To Be. 
asel, an animal. Weazel, thin, weazen. 
en (ween), to think. Wean, to alienate, 
igh, to balance. Way, road. Whey of 

milk, 
ighed, balanced. Wade, to ford, 
ight, heaviness. Wait, to stay for. 
n, a tumor. When, at what time. 
re s from verb To Be. Whir, turn around 

with noise. 



rt, from verb To Be. See Wart. 

t (wet), moisture. Whet, to sharpen. 

ther, a ram. Weather, state of air. See 

Whether. 

Wh- 
acks, heavy blows. Wax, bees'-wax, etc. 
ale, sea animal. Wail, to moan. Wale, 

a mark, 
at, that which. Wot, to know, 
eel, circular body. Wheal, a pustule. See 

Weal, 
en, at what time. Wen, a tumor, 
ere, in which place. See Were and Wear. 
et, to sharpen. Wet, moisture, 
ether, which of two. See Wether, 
ey, thin part of milk. See Way. 
ich, "which one." Witch, a sorceress, 
ig, name of a party. Wig, false hair, 
ile, time. Wile, deceit, fraud, 
ine, plaintive noise. Wine, juice of 

grapes, 
ir, to turn around with noise. See Were. 
ist, a game of cards. Wist, thought, knew, 
ite, color of snow. Wight, a being. Wite, 

blame, 
it, small part. Wit, quickness of fancy. 
ither, to which place. Wither, to fade, 
ole, all, entire. Hole, a cavity, 
oily, completely. Holy, sacred, pure, 
oop, shout. Hoop, circular binding. 

Wi- 
g, false hair. Whig, name of a party, 
ght, a person. Wite, blame. White! 

color of snow, 
le, deceit, fraud. While, time, 
ne, juice of grapes. Whine, plaintive 

noise, 
st, thought, knew. Whist, a game of 

cards. 
t (wit), quickness of fancy. Whit, small 

part, 
tch, a sorceress. Which t "which one." 
ther, to fade. Whither, to which place, 

Wo- 
n (won), gained. One, single, unit, 
nt, custom, habit. Want, desire. 

Wo- 
od (wood), substance of trees. Would, 

was willing, 
rt, beer, herb. Wart, hard excrescence, 
t (wot), to know. What, that which. 

Wr- 
ap, to fold. Rap, to strike, 
apped, covered. Rapped, struck with 

quick blows, 
apping, a cover. Rapping, striking, 
eak. to inflict. Reek, to emit vapor. 



Familiar Allusions 



115 



eath, anything circled. Wreathe, to en- 
circle, 

est, to twist. Rest, quiet. 

etch, miserable person. Retch, to vomit. 

ing, to twist. Ring, a circle, a sound. 

ite, to form letters. Wright, workman. 
See Right. 

ote, did write. Rote, a memory of words. 

ought, worked. Rot, to decay. 

ung, twisted. Rung, sounded. 



y ( wr y)> crooked. Rye, a grain. 

Y 
Yew, a tree. You, person spoken to. Ewe, 

a sheep. Hue, a color. Hugh, name. 
Yews, trees. Use, to employ. Ewes, sheep. 
Yolk, yellow of egg. Yoke, collar for 

oxen. 
Your, belonging to you. Ewer, a vessel 

for water. 



DICTIONARY OF FAMILIAR 
ALLUSIONS 



Who has not when writing, desired to 
make use of some allusion which could not 
be remembered? Below will be found a 
useful glossary of frequently used allu- 
sions : 

Abraham's Bosom. The rest of the 
blessed dead. 

Academy, The French. A French 
scientific body limited to forty members. 

Adam's Apple. A part of the throat 
where, if is said, a piece of the forbidden 
fruit lodged. 

Aladdin's Window, To Finish. Trying 
to complete another's work. Aladdin's 
palace was perfect except one window left 
for the Sultan to finish, but his treasure 
failed him. 

Albion. England, so called from the 
chalky white cliffs. 

Aldine Press. Founded by Aldus Man- 
utius at Venice in 1496. Editions of the 
classics issued from this press were called 
the Aldine editions. This term is now ap- 
plied to some elegant editions of English 
works. 

Alexandrian Library. Was founded by 
Ptolemy Philadelphia. It contained 700,- 
000 volumes, and was burnt 47 B. C. 

Alexandrine Age. 323-640, when Alex- 
andria was the seat of the highest culture. 

Almighty Dollar. A phrase first used 
by Irving in his Creole Village, and 
which has become quite common. 

Alto-Relievo. Figures in marble or 
castings projecting one-half or more from 
the tablet. 

Angling, The Father of. Izaak Wal- 
ton. 

Apollo Belvedere. One of the most 
beautiful and perfect representations of 



the human form is the statue of Apollo 
in the Belvedere Gallery of the Vatican 
Palace at Rome. 

Appian Way. The road from Rome to 
Capua. The oldest Roman road. 

Apples of Sodom. Beautiful fruit, but 
full of ashes. Applied figuratively to the 
disappointment of sin. 

Apple, Golden. Prize for beauty dis- 
puted before Paris, between Juno, Pallas 
and Venus ; awarded by him to Venus. 

Arabesque. Decoration in Moorish 
style. 

Arcadian. A shepherd; a Greek graz- 
ing country named Arcadia has furnished 
this word to the poets. 

Argo. The ship in which Jason and 
his fifty-four companions sailed when go- 
ing to Colches for the Golden Fleece. <■ 

Argus-eyed. Crafty, watchful. Argus 
had a hundred eyes; the jealous Juno put 
him on detective duty over lo. 

Armada, The Spanish. A fleet of 130 
ships gathered by Philip of Spain for the 
invasion of England in 1500. 

Augustan Age. As the most flourish- 
ing period of the Roman literature was 
during the time of Augustus, that name 
is given to any age wherein literature is 
pre-eminent. 

Barnburners. A name given some 
years ago to radical Democrats, a lead- 
ing man amongst whom was John Van 
Buren. 

Babylonish Captivity. The seventy 
years' captivity of the Jews at Babylon, 
608-538 B. C. 

Baconian Philosophy. The inductive 
philosophy of Lord Bacon. 

Barmecide's Feast. A mockery, a de- 



116 



Familiar Allusions 



lusion and a sham. Barmecide asked a 
starving beggar to dinner, and seated 
him at a table of empty dishes. 

Bastile. French prison and fortress. 
People were incarcerated here by lettre 
de cachet, without notice or trial. De- 
stroyed by a mob, July 14th, 1789, 

Beauty and the. Beast. A fairy tale. 
Beauty lives with the Beast to save her 
father's life. By her .love she disenchants 
the Beast, who proves to be a great 
Prince. 

Bee, The Busy. An example of com- 
munal industry. 

Bedlam. A mad-house. 

Begging the Question. Assuming as 
true what you are to prove. 

Bell the Cat. In a convention of mice 
it was proposed to hang a bell on the cat^s 
neck, to give warning of her coming. No 
one would serve on the committee. 

Billingsgate. Coarse language. Such 
as is .used at the fish market of Billings- 
gate in London ; a fishwife's tongue being 
said to be remarkably expressive. 

Black Friday. Gold panic Sept. 26th, 
1869. Immense fortunes lost and won 
same day. Investigation could never dis- 
cover the true inwardness of it. 

Black Hole of Calcutta. Dark prison 
cell wherein Surajah Dowlah shut up 146 
British prisoners; only 23 lived till morn- 
ing. 

Black Republicans. The Republican 
party of U. S., so called when opposing 
the extension of slavery. 

Blarney Stone. Its supposed virtue 
when kissed is to impart a smooth and 
oily tongue. Profusion of compliments 
is called Blarney. This stone is in Blar- 
ney Castle, near Cork, Ireland. 

Bourgeoisie. A class of people of 
France, mostly composed of traders and 
manufacturers. 

Bow Bells. A set of bells in the 
Church of St. Mary-le-Bow, London. One 
"born within sound of Bow Bells" is a 
Cockney. 

Boycott. To refuse to have anything 
to do with a person. To let him severely 
alone. A trying ordeal passed through by 
Captain Boycott in Ireland in 1881. No 
one would sell to him, buy from him, 
work for him or speak to him. 

Bridge of Sighs. In Venice. Connects 
Doge's Palace and State Prison. Over 
this bridge the condemned passed when 



on their way to be executed. 

Brother Jonathan. America; an Amer- 
ican. Some doubt as to its origin, but it 
is said to come from Gov. Jonathan 
Trumbull, of Connecticut, in speaking of 
whom Washington would say, "We must 
consult Brother Jonathan." 

Calumet. An Indian pipe. In old 
times a treaty of peace with the red man 
would be ratified by smoking the calumet. 

Cavalier Servente. The escort of a 
married woman. 

Charter Oak. A tree in Hartford, 
Conn., in which the Colonial Charter was 
secreted in 1688. It was blown down in 
1856. 

Chiltern Hundreds, To Accept the. A 
member of the English Parliament cannot 
resign, and cannot hold office during 
membership. If he wishes to leave, he 
can vacate his seat by accepting the nomi- 
nal office of Steward of the Chiltern Hun- 
dreds, which is a tract in Buckingham- 
shire and Oxfordshire, England. 

Colossus of Rhodes. A brass statue, 
one of the wonders of the world, which 
stood astride the entrance to the port of 
Rhodes. 

Columbia. Poetical name of the United 
States. 

Column of Vendome. A stone pillar in 
Paris erected by Napoleon, commemorat- 
ing the successes of the French armies. It 
was thrown down by the Communists in 
1871. 

Confederate States. The eleven States 
which seceded in 1861, Alabama, Arkan- 
sas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Missis- 
sippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
Tennessee, Texas and Virginia. 

Congressional Library. At Washing- 
ton; it is the largest in the United States. 

Consols. English public securities. 

Copperheads. Northern sympathizers 
with the South in the Civil War. 

Crocodile Tears. Counterfeit sorrow. 
A fable says the crocodile weeps as it 
eats its victim. 

Curfew Bell. At 8 o'clock the ringing 
of the Curfew Bell in old times in Eng- 
land, all lights were extinguished, the 
fires raked up and covered, and the peo- 
ple of the Kingdom retired to bed. 

Damocles' Sword. Damocles, having 
commented upon the happiness which the 
tyrant Dionysius must enjoy, was invited 
by him to a feast where, whilst discussing 



Familiar Allusions 



117 



the good things, he looked up and discov- 
ered a sword hanging by a single hair 
immediately over his head. 

Darwinian Theory. An explanation of 
the origin of species in animals, that they 
come from one or a few original forms, 
the present differences resulting from de- 
veloping and natural selection. 

Dixie, The Land of. The Southern 
States. 

Doe, John. The fictitious plaintiff in 
ejectment suits, the defendant being Rich- 
ard Roe. 

Doomsday Book. Compiled by order of 
Wiliam the Conqueror. It contained a 
survey and an estimate of value of all the 
lands in England.^ 

Donnybrook Fair. A once celebrated 
annual fair near Dublin. 

Dying Gladiator. An ancient statue in 
the Capitol of Rome. 

El Dorado. A fabulous region in South 
America, surpassing all other countries 
in the production of gems and precious 
metals. A name for any wealthy coun- 
try. 

Elephant, Seeing the. Seeing the 
world. 

Elgin Marbles. A collection of Greek 
sculptures made by Lord Elgin. Now 
in the British Museum. 

Escurial, The. A royal residence built 
by Philip II.; it is the largest structure in 
Spain, and one of the most splendid 
buildings in Europe. It is 22 miles from 
Madrid and contains a palace, a church, 
a monastery, free schools and a mauso- 
leum. 

Eternal City, The. Rome. 

Eureka. (I have found it.) Exclama- 
tion of Archimedes when he discovered 
the method of proving that the sum of 
the squares of the sides of a right-angled 
triangle equaled the square of the hy- 
pothenuse. 

Evangelists, Symbols of the. Matthew 
has a scroll before him and holds a pen ; 
Mark sits writing, with a winged lion 
by his side; Luke has a pen and a scroll, 
near him is an ox; John is a young man 
behind whom is an eagle. 

Expounder of the Constitution, The. 
Daniel Webster. 

Fabian Policy. Delaying, dilatory. 
From Quintus Fabius Maximus, the Ro- 
man General who successfully opposed 
Hannibal, the Carthaginian, by avoid- 



ing a battle and continually harassing 
him. 

Faneuil Hall. In Boston, built 1742; 
called the "cradle of Liberty," for there 
the Revolutionary patriots were wont to 
assemble. 

Field of the Cloth of Gold. Plain in 
France where Francis I. and Henry VIII. 
met on a mutual visit. It is historical on 
account of the gorgeous display, both par- 
ties being most extravagant in their outfit. 

Funk, Peter. A mock auction ; a per- 
son employed to act as an apparent pur- 
chaser and bid up articles for sale. 

George St., and the Dragon. St. 
George, the patron saint of England, is 
said to have slain in Libya a hideous 
dragon whose daily food was a virgin. 

Gerrymander The geographical ap- 
portionment of districts to give preponder- 
ance to one political party. Started in 
Massachusetts, and named from its Gov- 
ernor, Elbridge Gerry. 

Ghetto. The quarter in Rome to which 
the Jews were formerly restricted. 

Gobelins. A tapestry and carpet man- 
ufactory at Paris, founded by Gobelin, a 
dyer, about 370 years ago. 

Golconda. The neighborhood of some 
rich diamond mines in India. 

Gold Fever. 1849; peopled California. 

Golden Age. A period of innocence 
and prosperity, nearly always refers to 
some past a^e. 

Golden Gate. The entrance to the har- 
bor of San Francisco. 

Golden Horn. The estuary of the Bos- 
phorus, upon whose banks Constantinople 
is built. 

Gordian Knot, A difficulty, an obstacle. 
Gordius, King of Phrygia, consecrated to 
Jupiter a wagon, the beam and yoke qf 
which were tied together by such an in- 
tricate knot that no one could unravel it. 
An oracle having foretold that he who 
could untie this knot would be master 
of Asia, Alexander cut it asunder with 
his sword. 

Gotham, The Wise Men of. Noted for 
their folly. Gotham was an English vil- 
lage. 

Great Eastern. One of the largest ves- 
sels ever launched. She was built to 
carry 1,000 passengers and 5,000 tons of 
cargo. Her chief work was the laying of 
ocean telegraph cables. 



118 



Familiar Allusions 



Great Pyramid, The. Is at Gheezeh, 
Egypt. It is 484 feet high. 

Gretna Green. A Scotch village famous 
for runaway matches. 

Gyges' Ring. A ring which made the 
wearer invisible. Gyges, having found a 
man's corpse in a brazen horse that he 
discovered in a cave, took a ring from the 
finger of the dead that rendered him in- 
visible. By using this ring he entered 
unseen the chamber of the King of Lydia 
and murdered him. He became King. 

Habeas Corpus Act, The. Was passed 
in the time of Charles II. and provides 
that the body of any person restrained 
of his liberty must on proper application 
be brought before a Judge and the rea- 
son of his confinement stated. 

Halcyon Days. A period of happiness; 
days of peace and tranquility. The hal- 
cyon, as the kingfisher was anciently 
called, was said to lay her eggs on rocks 
near the sea during the calm weather 
about the winter solstice. 

Hare, Mad as a March. The hare is 
wilder than usual in March. 

Harpies. Three ravenous and filthy 
monsters, each having a woman's face 
and the body of a vulture. Their names 
were Aello, Ocypete and Celeno. Juno 
sent them to plunder the table of Phineus. 

Hara-Kiri (Happy despatch). Japanese 
official suicide. 

Hegira. The date of Mohammed's 
flight from Mecca, July 16th, 622. The 
epoch from which the Mohammedans 
compute their time. 

Hob son's Choice. Take what is offered 
or go without. Tobias Hobson, an English 
stable-keeper, made whatever customer 
came to hire a horse take the one nearest 
the door. 

Holy Land, The. Palestine. 

Honi soit qui mal y pense (Shame to 
him who evil thinks). Motto of the high- 
est order of knighthood in Great Britain, 
that of the Garter, instituted by Edward 
III. At a ball, a garter of the Countess 
of Salisbury, having fallen off, was 
picked up by the King, who expressed 
himself in the above phrase and fas- 
tened it around his own knee. This in- 
cident led to the formation of the order. 

Honors of War. Allowing a surren- 
dered enemy to keep his arms. 

Hotel de Ville. The city hal! in French 
ind Belgian dties. 



Hundred Days, The. From March 20 t 
181 5, when Napoleon escaped from Elba, 
to June 22, 181 5, when he abdicated. 

Iconoclast (Image-breaker). A radical 
reformer. 

Iliad. A Greek epic poem by Homer, 
relating the story of the siege of Troy 
by the Greeks. 

Iron Mask, The Man in the. A mys- 
terious French state prisoner. 

Jack Ketch. The Hangman. The name 
of an Englishman. 

Jack Robinson. Before you can say 
Jack Robinson; at once. Jack Robinson 
was noted for the shortness of his visits; 
the servant had scarcely time to repeat 
his name before he would leave. 

Jacobins. A revolutionary club, 1789, 
in Paris, held its meetings in what had 
been the Jacobin Monastery. They were 
violent and extreme in the measures they 
proposed. Their name spread to all simi- 
lar organizations and to individuals act- 
ing with them throughout France. 

Jericho, Gone to. Disappeared; ruined. 

Jingo, Jingoism. Expression applied in 
England to those who wanted the Eng- 
lish Government to assume an aggressive 
foreign policy, 1874-1880. 

John Chinaman. The Chinese in 
America. 

Johnny Cakes. Made of cornmeal and 
baked in the ashes. 

Juggernaut. A Hindoo god who has ? 
famous temple in India. There is an inr 
mense car in the service of this god, 
which, when moved about the country, 
caused the greatest excitement. The car 
resembles a large building and its weight 
is very heavy. It is dragged along by 
the multitude, and their fanaticism is so 
great that crowds of devotees cast them- 
selves under the wheels and were crushed 
to death, a fate which they believed in' 
sures paradise. 

Julian Era, The. A method of reckon- 
ing time from 46 B. C, when Caesar re- 
formed the calendar. 

ICansas, Bleeding. So called by Horace 
Greeley during the Free Soil controversy. 

Kensington Gardens. *A London park 
near which Queen Victoria was born. 

Kilkenny Cats, The. Disputing people; 
from the old verse: 
There once were two cats in Kilkenny. 
Who each thought there was one cat too 

many. 



Familiar Allusions 



119 



So they howled and they fit, and they 

scratched and they bit, 
Till instead of two cats, there warn't 

any. 

King can do no Wrong. The. Meaning 
that the Ministers and not the King are 
responsible for mistakes of government. 

Knickerbocker. A member of any old 
Dutch family in New York. Derived 
from Irving's immortal history. 

Know-Nothings. A political party in 
the United States, whose cardinal prin- 
ciple was opposition to foreign office-hol- 
ders. 

Koh-i-Noor. A Golconda diamond, one 
of the largest in the world, now one of 
the crown diamonds of England. Value, 
$625,000. 

Koran, The. The Mohammedan Bible. 

Kremlin, The. The royal Russian resi- 
dence in Moscow. 

Labyrinth, The. A celebrated structure 
built by Minos, King of Crete, which con- 
sisted of a maze out of which no one who 
entered could find the way back. 

Land of Nod, The. Sleep ; dreamland. 

Land of Promise, The. Canaan, the 
goal of the Jewish wanderings in the wil- 
derness. 

Laocoon, The. A celebrated statue in 
the Vatican representing Laocoon 
strangled by serpents. 

Laughing Philosopher, The. Democri- 
tus of Abdera, who believed that life was 
only to be laughed at. 

Leaning Tower, The. A celebrated 
structure at Pisa, Italy, which leans thir- 
teen feet out of the perpendicular; 178 
feet high. 

Lion and Unicorn. The supporters of 
the British royal arms. 

Lion's Share. The bigger portion in a 
division. So called from one of iEsop's 
fables. 

Lloyds. The originators of marine insu- 
rance. 

Lombard Street. The financial street of 
London. 

Lynch Law. Mob law. The name 
comes from a Virginia farmer who in- 
stituted the first vigilance committee in 
America. 

Mab, Queen. The queen of the fairies. 
So called from an Irish fairy princess 
named Medh, who flourished in the night 
time. 

Macadamize. To pave with broken 



stones. So called from the inventor, Sir 
John MacAdam. 

Magna Charta. The charter making 
the corner-stone of English liberty, ex- 
torted from King John Lack-Land. 

Mahomet's Coffin. The body of Ma- 
homet is said to hang in mid-air over 
Medina. 

Maid of Orleans. Joan of Arc. 

Maiden Queen, The. Elizabeth of Eng- 
land. 

Maine Law. A prohibitory law first 
adopted in Maine. 

Malthusian Doctrine, The. The theory 
that the population of the world is grow- 
ing faster than the food supply. 

Mammoth Cave. A cave near the Green 
River, Kentucky, the largest cave in the 
world. 

Man in the Moon. According to the 
legend the man who first broke the Sab- 
bath. 

Mare's Nest. A matter which seems of 
importance but turns out to be nothing. 

Marriage a la Mode. The title of six 
satirical pictures by Hogarth. 

Marseillaise. The French national air, 
composed by Rouget de Lisle. 

Martinet. A strict disciplinarian. So 
called from a French officer of the seven- 
teenth century. 

Mason and Dixon's Line. The north 
boundary of the Slave States, dividing 
Virginia .and Maryland from Pennsyl- 
vania. 

Mausoleum. The tomb of Mausolus, 
built by Queen Artemisia, one of the seven 
wonders of the world. 

Middle Ages, The. The period between 
the destruction of the Roman Empire and 
the revival of learning in Italy — 476 to 
1500. 

Miserere. The fifty-first Psalm. 

Mississippi Bubble, The. A hollow fi- 
nancial scheme. 

Missouri Compromise, The. A measure 
that prohibited slavery north of 36 deg. 
30 min. north latitude. 

Molly Maguires. A secret society in 
the United States. Many crimes were at- 
tributed to it, especially in Pennsylvania. 

Monroe Doctrine. The United States 
is not to meddle in European affairs, nor 
to allow European Governments to med- 
dle in the affairs of the American Conti- 
nent. 

Morey Letter, The. A forged letter at- 



120 



Familiar Allusions 



tributed to Gen. Garfield's anti-Chinese 
sentiments, 1880. 

Morganatic Marriage. A marriage be- 
tween a man of high rank and a woman 
of a lower one. She does not take her hus- 
band's title. 

Mother of Presidents. Virginia; having 
produced seven Presidents of the United 
States. 

Mother Goose. She lived near Boston, 
and was a nursery rhymer. She sang 
rhymes to her grandson Thomas Fleet, 
who printed them in 1819. 

Namby-Pamby. Childish. A term used 
for poor literary productions. 

Nation of Shop-Keepers. The name 
given to the English by Napoleon. 

Nine Worthies, The. Joshua, David, 
Judas Maccabaeus, Hector, Alexander, Ju- 
lius Caesar, Arthur, Charlemagne, and 
Godfrey of Bouillon. 

Notre Dame. The Cathedral of Paris. 

Odyssey. A narrative poem of the ad- 
ventures of Ulysses on his voyage from 
Troy to Ithaca — Homer. 

Ogres. Giants who feed on human 
flesh. 

Old Dominion, The. Virginia. 

Old Guard, The. A favorite regiment 
of Napoleon Bonaparte. In the Chicago 
Convention, 1880, the friends of Gen. 
Grant received this name. 

Old Hickory. Gen. Andrew Jackson. 

Old Probs (Old Probabilities). The U. 
S. Signal Service. 

Orangeman. A protestant Irishman. 
Member of an organization which cher- 
ishes the memory of William, Prince of 
Orange. 

Palladium. Is something that affords 
defense, protection and safety. A statue 
of Pallas was the palladium of Troy. 

Pantheon. A circular building in Rome 
erected in the time of Augustus. It is 
now a church, the Rotunda. 

Parthenon* A Temple of Minerva in 
Athens. 

Peninsular War. The war between 
England and France in Spain and Portu- 
gal, 1808-1812, 

Philosopher's Stone, The. A substance 
supposed to have the property of turning 
anything else into gold. 

Plymouth Rock. The rock at Plymouth, 
Mass., where the Pilgrims landed in 1620. 

Poet's Corner. A corner in Westmin- 
ster Abbey where poets are buried. 



Poor Richard. Benjamin Franklin. 

Phcenix. A mythical bird, without a 
mate, renews itself every five hundred 
years by being consumed in a fire of 
spices, whence it rises from the ashes and 
starts for a new flight. 

Pied Piper of Hamelin, The. Not being 
paid for having drawn, by the sound of 
his pipe, the rats and mice out of Hame- 
lin into the river, he piped the children of 
the town into Koppelberg hill, where 130 
of them died. 

Pyramids. A number of remarkable 
old structures in Egypt. 

Quartier Latin. A district of Paris in- 
habited principally by students. 

Rebellion, The Great. The war be- 
tween Charles I. of England, and Par- 
liament. 

Red Letter Day. A fortunate day. In 
old calendars a red letter was used to 
mark the saints' days. 

Red Tape. Official routine. 

Reign of Terror. The time during the 
French Revolution between the overthrow 
of the Girondists, May 31, 1793, and the 
fall of Robespierre, July 27, 1794. 

Rialto, The. A Bridge over the Grand 
Canal, Venice. 

Roost, To Rule the. To take the lead- 
ing part. 

Roland for an Oliver, A. Tit for tat. 
Roland and Oliver, two peers of Charle- 
magne. So many romances were related 
of these knights that, whenever one told 
an improbable story to match one that 
had been told before, it was called giving 
a Roland for an Oliver. 

Round Robin. A petition or remon- 
strance signed by the names in a circle, 
so as to conceal who signed it first. 

Round Table, The. King Arthur's 
knights sat at a round table so that any 
distinction of rank was avoided. 

Roundheads. The Puritans, who wore 
short hair. 

Rubicon, To Pass the. To take an irre- 
trievable step. When Caesar crossed the 
Rubicon he became the enemy of the Re- 
public, 

Rye House Plot. A conspiracy in 1683 
to assassinate Charles II. and the Duke 
of York. Rye House was the name of the 
conspirators' place of meeting. 

Sabbath Day's Journey. About one mile. 

Sack, To Get the. To be discharged. 
The Sultan, when he wanted to be rid of 



Familiar Allusions 



121 



one of his harem, had her put into a 
sack and thrown into the Bosphorus. 

Sadducees. A sect of the ancient Jews 
who denied the resurrection of the dead 
and the expectation of a future state. 

Saint James, The Court of, The Eng- 
lish court, so called from the Palace of 
St. James in London, formerly a royal 
residence. 

Saint Mark's. Cathedral of Venice, 
Italy. 

Saint Paul's. The cathedral of London ; 
designed by Sir Christopher Wren. 

Saint Peter's. At Rome ; is the most 
splendid church building in the world. 

Saint Sophia. A mosque in Constanti- 
nople, Turkey. 

Saint Stephen's. A Gothic cathedral in 
Vienna, Austria. 

Salt River. Oblivion. Gone up Salt 
River is generally taken to mean political 
defeat. 

Sanhedrim. The Jewish court of 
seventy elders. 

Sans Souci. Palace of Frederick the 
Great, at Potsdam, near Berlin. 

Santa Croce. A church in Florence, 
Italy, the burial-place of Michael Angelo, 
Galileo, Machiavelli and others. 

Saturnalia. A festival in honor of Sa- 
turn, observed annually by the Romans 
by giving way to the wildest disorders. 
Unrestrained license for all classes, even 
to the slaves, ruled the city for three days, 
December 17, 18 and 19. 

Scotland Yard. The headquarters of 
the London police. 

Scratch, Old. The devil. 

Scylla (Avoiding Scylla he fell into 
Charybdis). In trying to avoid one dan- 
ger he fell into another. Scylla and Cha- 
rybdis were the two dangers in the Straits 
of Messina, Italy. 

September Massacres. The massacre of 
the French Royalist prisoners in Paris, 
September 2, 3 and 4, 1792. About 8,000 
were killed. 

Septuagint. A Greek version of the 
Old Testament prepared by seventy doc- 
tors. 

Seven-hilled City, The. Rome. 

Seven Wonders of the World. The pyr- 
amids of Egypt; the Temple of Diana 
at Ephesus; the hanging gardens of 
Babylon; the Colossus at Rhodes; the 
Mausoleum at Halicarnassus; the statue 
of^Zeus by Phidias at Olympus; and the 



Pharos (or light-house) of Alexandria 
in Egypt. 

Seven-Years' War. The war of Fred- 
erick the Great against France, Austria 
and Russia, 1756 to 1763. 

Spanish Main. The southeastern part 
of the Gulf of Mexico. 

Sphinx. An emblem of silence and 
mystery. A monument near Cairo, Egypt; 
half woman, half lion. 

Stabat Mater. A Latin hymn on the 
Crucifixion. 

Six Hundred, Charge of the. At the 
battle of Balaklava, October 25, 1854, by 
mistaken order, the British light cavalry, 
670 strong, made a most gallant charge 
on the Russians. 

Shibboleth. A countersign. The pass- 
word of a secret society. When the Eph- 
raimites had been routed by Jephthah, 
they were detected by not being able to 
pronounce properly the word Shibboleth. 

Sinews of War, The. Money. 

Star Chamber. A court of criminal ju- 
risdiction in England having extensive 
powers. It extended from the time of 
Henry VIII. until that of Charles I. 

"Stonewall" Jackson. Gen. Thomas J, 
Jackson, Confederate general. 

South Sea Bubble, The. A company 
formed in 1710 in England to pay the 
national debt and to have in return a 
monopoly of the South Sea trade. This 
company lasted about ten years, and its 
failure was the ruin of thousands. 

Tabooed. Prohibited. A Polynesian 
word meaning consecrated; used for what 
is out of date or in bad taste. 

Tammany Hall. A section of the Demo- 
cratic party in New York city, named 
from their place of meeting. 

Tammany Ring. Or the "Tweed ring," 
or "the Ring." A set of New York offi- 
cials which absorbed large sums of the 
city money. Exposed in 1871. 

Tapis, On the. On the carpet; pro- 
posed for discussion. From the tapis or 
cloth on a council table. 

Termagant. A shrew. Termagant was, 
according to the Crusadexs, the wife of 
Mahomet. 

Tertium Quid. A third somebody not to 
be named. 

Theleme, Abbey of. A creation of Ra- 
belais in his Gargantua. Its motto was, 
"Do as you please." 

Thirty Years' War, The. Between the 



122 



Familiar Allusions 



Catholics and Protestants in Germany, 
1618-1648. 

Thread?ieedle Street, The Old Lady of. 
The Bank of England. 

Tick, On. On credit. 

Tit for Tat. An equivalent; this for 
that 

Tower, The. The citadel of London. 

Transfiguration, The. One of Raphael's 
most famous pictures, now in the Vatican. 

Trinity Church. An Episcopal church 
on Broadway at the head of Wall street, 
New York. The richest church in Amer- 
ica. 

Trumpet, To Sound One's 0<wn. To 
boast. The entrance of knights into a 
list was announced by the heralds with 
a flourish of trumpets. 

Tulip Mania. A European cra„e of 
the seventeenth century centering in Hol- 
land. Everybody was buying tulip bulbs, 
which ran up to enormous prices. Many 
fortunes were sunk in their acquisition. 

Tune the Old Cow Died of. Words 
instead of alms. Old song: A man hav- 
ing nothing with which to feed his cow, 
sings to her of the grass which is to grow. 
The expression is also used for a worn- 
out, tiresome tune. 

Underground Railroad, The. Organi- 
zation of the different means used for the 
escape of runaway slaves, about the mid- 
dle of the nineteenth century. 

Under the Rose (Sub rosa). Confiden- 
tially. 

Unlicked Cub. An ill-bred boy. The 
bear cub was believed to be licked into 
shape by its dam. 

Unwashed, The Great. The mob. 

Up the Spout. Or more elegantly "gone 
where the woodbine twineth," or "at my 
uncle's/' means in pawn. 

Upper Ten. The aristocracy; fashion- 
able society. 

Utilitarians. Those who believe that 
the fitness of anything to promote happi- 
ness is the right standard of morality. 

Utopia. An ideal commonwealth. The 
imaginary island, scene of Sir Thomas 
Moore's romance of Utopia. 

Veni, Vidi, Vici. (I came, I saw, I 
conquered.) Phrase used by Julius Caesar, 
announcing his victory at Zela. 

Verbum Sap. A word to the wise. 

Vespers, The Sicilian. The massacre 
of the French in Sicily, March 30, 1282. 
The sounding of the vesper bell was the 
signal. 



Via Dolorosa. The sorrowful way of 
our Lord from the Mount of Olives to 
Golgotha. 

Virgin Queen. Queen Elizabeth of Eng- 
land. 

Wall of China, The. A wall 1,200 
miles long and 20 feet high, built as 
a protection against the Tartars. 

Wandering Jew, The. A legendary 
personage condemned to wander over the 
world until the day of judgment. 

War of 1812. Between Great Britain 
and the United States, 1812-1815. 

Wassail. (What Hail!) A bowl of 
spiced ale used on New Year's day is the 
Wassail bowl. 

Ways and. Means. An important com- 
mittee of the House of Representatives ; 
is charged with the duty of devising 
ways and means for the supply of the 
Government's expenses. 

Wedding. The first anniversary of a 
wedding is the paper wedding, the gifts 
being paper articles; the fifth, wooden; 
the tenth, tin; the fifteenth, glass; twenty- 
fifth, silver; fiftieth, golden; seventy-fifth, 
diamond; 

Westminster Abbey. A church in Lon- 
don where many of the illustrious dead 
of England are buried. 

Whistle. (To pay dearly for the 
whistle). Cost greater than benefit. 

White Feather, To Show the. A dis- 
play of cowardice. 

White House. The Presidential man- 
sion at Washington. 

Xanthos. The prophetic house of 
Achilles. 

Xantippe. The scolding wife of Soc- 
rates. 

Yahoo. A ruffian. The Yahoos in Gul- 
liver's Travels are brutes shaped like 
men. 

Yankee. A name given to all Ameri- 
cans. In America the name is only used 
for natives of New England. 

Young Chevalier. Charles Edward 
Stuart, the second pretender to the throne 
of Great Britain (1720-88). 

Yule. Christmas. 

Yule-log. A large log of wood burnt 
on the hearth at Christmas. 

Zend-Avesta, The. Persian Scriptures 
written in the Zend language. 

Zollverein. An association between 
German States for the maintenance of 
uniform tariff rates. 



A DICTIONARY OF IMPORTANT 
TECHNICAL TERMS IN MUSIC 



By Marcus L. Quinn 

A 

A. i. The alphabetical name given, 
in the United States and England, to the 
sixth tone of the diatonic major scale of 
C ; in France and Italy called La. 

2. Upon string instruments, the name of 
the string which, with the open tone, gives 
the sixth of the natural scale. In tuning, 
this string is usually first brought to the 
requisite pitch and from it the others are 
then regulated; it is the first (smallest) 
string of the violoncello, the second of 
the violin, etc. 

Abandon. Fr. Without restraint; with 
self-abandon ; with ease. 

A battnta. It. As beaten; strictly in 
time. 

Abbadare. It. Take care; pay atten- 
tion. 

Abbandonatamente. It. Vehemently, 
violently. 

Abbassamento di voce. It. Diminish- 
ing or lowering of the voice. 

Abbellire. It. To embellish with orna- 
ments. 

Abendlied. Ger. Evening song, or 
hymn. 

A bene placito. It. At pleasure. The 
time may be retarded or ornaments intro- 
duced. 

Abgestossen. Ger. Detached, struck off, 
staccato. 

Abrupt modulation. A sudden modula- 
tion into keys not closely related to the 
original key. 

A cappela. It. In the church or chapel 
style. 

A cappriccio. It. In a capricious style ; 
according to the taste of the performer. 

Acataleciic. Gr. A verse having the 
complete number of syllables without 
superfluity or deficiency. 

Accelerando. It. Accelerating the time; 
gradually increasing the velocity of the 
movement. 

Acceleratamente. It. Speedily. 



, Mus. Doc, Ph. D. 

Accent. A stress or emphasis upon a 
certain note or passage to mark its posi- 
tion in the bar, or its relative importance 
in regard to the composition. 

Accentuation. The act of accenting; 
the giving to the several notes of a piece 
their proper emphasis or expression; the 
art of placing accents. 

Acciaccare. It. A broken and unex- 
pected way of striking a chord. 

Acciaccatura. It. A species of arpeg- 
gio; an accessory note placed before the 
principal note, the accent being on the 
principal note. 

Accidentals. Occasional sharps, flats, 
or naturals placed before notes in the 
course of a piece, 

Accidental chromatics. Chromatics in- 
cidentally employed. 

Accidental harmonies. The relatives of 
the key. 

Accolade. Fr. The brace which con- 
nects two, three or more staves together. 

Accompagnamento ad libitum. It. An 
accompaniment that may be either played 
or dispensed with. 

Accompagnamento obligdto. It. An ac- 
companiment that must be played, being 
indispensable to the proper effect. 

Accompaniment, A part added to a 
solo or other principal part, to enhance 
and enrich its effect. 

Accorciare. It. To contract, to abridge. 

Adagio. It. A very slow degree of 
movement, although not the slowest; re- 
quiring much taste and expression. 

Adagio assdi. It. Very slow and with 
much expression. 

Adagio cantdbile e sostenuto. It. Slow, 
in a singing style and sustained. 

Adagio con gravita. It. Slow, with 
gravity and majesty. 

Adagio molto. It. Very slow and ex- 
pressive. 

Adagio non troppo. It. Not too slow. 

Adagio patetico. It. Slowly and pa- 
thetically. 



123 



124 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



Adagio pesdnte. It. Slowly and heavily. 

Adagio poi allegro It. Slow, then 
quick. 

Adagio quasi una Fantasia. It. An 
adagio similar to a fantasia. 

Ad libitum. Lat. At will, at pleasure; 
changing the time of a particular pas- 
sage at the discretion of the performer. 

JEolian Harp. An instrument invented 
by Kircher about the middle of the seven- 
teenth century. The tones are produced 
bv the strings being so arranged that the 
air causes vibration among them when it 
passes through. 

Agitato. It. Agitated, hurried, restless. 

Agnus Dei. Lat. Lamb of God, one 
of the principal movements in a mass. 

Air a boire. Fr. A drinking song. 

Air detache. Fr. A single air or melody 
extracted from an opera or larger work. 

Al fine. It. To the end. 

Al fine, e poi la coda. After playing 
to where the Fine is marked go on to 
the Coda. 

A livre ouvert. Fr. At the opening of 
the book. To play a piece at first sight. 

Alia camera. It. In the style of cham- 
ber music. 

Allegretto. It. Rather light and cheer- 
ful but not as quick as Allegro. 

Allegro. Fr. and It. Quick, lively; a 
rapid, vivacious movement, the opposite 
to the pathetic, but it is frequently modi- 
fied by the addition of other words that 
change its expression ; as 

Allegro agitato. It. Quick, with anx- 
iety and agitation. 

Allegro appassionato. It. Passionately 
joyful. 

Allegro assdi. It. Very quick. 

Allegro krilliante. It. Requiring a bril- 
laint style of execution. 

Allegro comodo. It. With a conven- 
ient degree of quickness. 

Allegro con brio. It. Quick, with bril- 
liancy. 

Allegro con fuoco. It. Quick, with fire 
and animation. 

Allegro con moto. It. Quick, with more 
than the usual degree of movement. 

Allegro di molto. It. Exceedingly quick 
and animated. 

Allegro furioso. It. Quick, with fury 
and impetuosity. 

Allegro ma grazioso. It. Quick, but 
gracefully. 



Allegro ma non troppo. It. Quick and 
lively, but not too fast. 

Allegro moderato. It. Moderately quick. 

Allegro molto. It. Very quick and ani- 
mated. 

Allegro vivace. It. With vivacity, very 
rapidly. 

Allentdndo. It. Decreasing the time 
until the close. 

A I rigor e di tempo. It. In very rigor- 
ous and strict time. 

"Al Segno. It. To the sign ; meaning 
that the performer must return to the 
sign S in a previous part of the piece 
and play from that place to the word 
Fine, or a mark over a double bar. 

Alto. It. High. In vocal music the 
highest male voice, sometimes called the 
counter tenor. In mixed chorus it is the 
part next below the soprano sung by low 
female voices. 

Amati. A name applied to violins made 
by the brothers Amati, in Italy, in the 
middle of the seventeenth century. They 
are smaller than the ordinary violin, and 
distinguished for their peculiar sweetness 
of tone. 

A more, con. It. With tenderness and 
affection. 

Anabasis. Gr. A succession of ascend- 
ing tones. 

Anakrusis. The up stroke in conduct- 
ing, or beating time. 

Andante. It. A movement in moderate 
time but flowing steadily, easily, grace- 
fully. This term is often modified both 
as to time and style by the addition of 
other words ; as, 

Andante con moto. It. Moving easily, 
with motion or agitation ; rather lively. 

Andante largo. It. Slow, distinct and 
exact. 

Andante maestoso. It. Moving rather 
slowly and in majestic style. 

Andante quasi allegretto. It. An an- 
dante nearly as rapid as allegretto. 

Andantino. It. A little slower than 
andante. 

Anddre a tempo. It. To play or sing 
in time. 

Apertus. Lat. Open ; as, open diapa- 
son, open canon, etc. 

A poco a poco. It. By little and little. 

Appoggiaiura. It. Leaning note, grace 
note, note of embellishment. 

A prima vista. It. At first sight. 



Important Technical Terms In Music 



125 



Aria buffa. It. A comic or humorous 
air. 

Aria cantdbile. It An air in a grace- 
ful melodious style. 

Aria di bravura* It. A florid air in 
bold, marked style and permitting great 
freedom of execution. 

Aria parldnte. It. An air in the de- 
clamatory style ; a recitative a tempo. 

A rigore del tempo. It. In strict time. 

Arpa. It. The harp. 

Arpeggio. Playing the notes of a chord 
quickly one after another in the harp 
style. 

Arrangement. The selection and adap- 
tation of a composition or parts of a com- 
position to instruments for which it was 
not originally designed, or for some other 
use for which it was not at first written. 

Assez. Fr. Enough, sufficiently. 

A tempo rubdto. It Irregular time, de- 
viation in time so as to give more ex- 
pression, but so that the time of each bar 
is not altered on the whole. 

A tre mani. It. For three hands. 

A tre voci. It. For three voices. 

Attacca subito. It. Attack or commence 
the next movement immediately, 

Ausdruck. Ger. Expression. 

Authentic cadence. The old name 'for 
a perfect cadence ; the harmony of the 
dominant followed by that of the tonic, 
or the progression of the dominant to the 
tonic. 

Authentic keys. Among the ancient 
Greeks, those keys whose tones extended 
from thle tonic to the fifth and octave 
above. 

A volonte. Fr. At will, at pleasure. 
B 

B. The seventh note of the modern 
scale of C. It is called in France and 
Italy Si, and by the Germans H. The 
Germans use the letter B to indicate B 
fiat. 

Bagatelle. Fr. A trifle, a toy, a short 
easy piece of music. 

Ballad. A short simple song of natural 
construction, usually in the narrative or 
descriptive form. It formerly had a wider 
signification and was applied to music 
set to romance or historical poem, and 
also to a light kind of music used both in 
singing and dancing. The word ballad 
means, now, any unvaried, simple song, 
each verse being sung to the same melody. 

Ballet Fr. Balletto. It A theatrical 



representation of some story or fable, by 
means of dances or metrical action, ac- 
companied with music. In England the 
second or concluding piece of the even- 
ing's entertainment is generally a ballet. 
In the sixteenth century the term ballet, 
ballad, or ballette was applied to a light 
kind of music which was both sung and 
danced. 

Bari-basso. A deep baritone voice. 

Bariton. Fr. Baritone It. Baritone. A 
male voice intermediate in respect to pitch 
between the bass and tenor, the compass 
usually extending from B flat to F. 

Bass alberti. A bass formed by taking 
the notes of chords in arpeggios. 

Basso buffo. It. The principal bass 
singer in the comic opera. 

Basso cantante. It. The vocal bass 
part; also, the principal bass singer in 
an opera. 

Bene placito. It. At will, at pleasure, 
at liberty to retard the time and orna- 
ment the passage. 

Bene marcato. It. Well marked, in a 
distinct and strongly accented manner. 

Bis. Lat. Twice; indicating that the 
passage marked is to be repeated. 

Boree. Fr. A dance introduced from 
Biscay. 

Brace. A character curved or straight 
used to connect together the different 
staves. 

Brava. It. fem. An exclamation of ap- 
proval often used in theaters ; excellent, 
very good, etc. 

Bravura. It. Spirit, skill, requiring 
great dexterity and skill in execution. 

Breve. It. Short; formerly the Breve 
was the shortest note. The notes then 
used were the Large, the Long and the 
Breve. The Breve is now the longest note; 
it is equal to two semi-breves or whole 
notes. 2. A double note. 

Breve alia. It. A term to indicate a 
quick species of common time ; formerly 
employed in church music. 

Brillante. It. Bright, sparkling. 

Brio. It. Vigor, animation, spirit. 

Broken chords. Chords whose notes are 
not taken simultaneously, but in a broken 
and interrupted manner. 

Buffo, opera. It. A comic opera, a bur- 
letta. 

C 

C. The first note of the modern scale, 
called by the French ui, and by the Ital- 



126 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



ians Do. The major scale of C is called 
the natural scale, because it has no flats 
and sharps. 

Cabaletta. It. A simple melody of a 
pleasing and attractive character; an ope- 
ratic air like the rondo in form; a cava- 
letta. 

Cadence. A close in melody or har- 
mony, dividing it into numbers or pe- 
riods, or bringing it to a final termina- 
tion. 2. An ornamental passage. 

Cadence, authentic. A perfect or final 
cadence; the harmony of the dominant 
followed by that of the tonic or the pro- 
gression of the dominant to the tonic. 

Cadence complete. A full cadence; 
when the final sound of a verse in a 
chant is on the keynote. 

Cadence, deceptive. When the domi- 
nant chord resolves into another harmony 
instead of the tonic. 

Cadence, false. An imperfect or inter- 
rupted cadence. 

Cadence, imperfect. When the domi- 
nant harmony is preceded by the common 
chord of the tonic. 

Cadence, interrupted. Similar to the 
perfect cadence, except that in place of the 
final tonic harmony some other chord is 
introduced. 

Cadence marks. Short lines placed per- 
pendicularly to indicate the cadence notes 
in chanting. 

Cadence perlee. Fr. A brilliant ca- 
dence. 

Cadence plagal. When tonic harmony 
is preceded by subdominant. 

Cadence, suspended. Where the ca- 
dence passes through several modulations 
from the dominant to the tonic chord. 

Cadenz. Ger. Cadenza. It. A cadence; 
an ornamental passage introduced near 
the close of a song or solo either by the 
composer or extemporaneously by the per- 
former. 

Cadenza fioritd. It. An ornate, florid 
cadence with graces and embellishments. 

Camera musica. It. Chamber music. 

Canon. In ancient music, a rule or 
method for determining the intervals of 
notes. 2. In modern music, a kind of 
perpetual fugue, in which the different 
parts, beginning one after another, repeat 
incessantly the same air. 

Cantabile. It. That can be sung; in 
a melodious, singing and graceful style, 
full of expression. 



Cantabile ad libitum. It In singing 
style, at pleasure. 

Cantabile con molto portamento. It. 
In singing style, with a great deal of 
portamento; in a melodious style, with 
embellishments at pleasure, but few and 
well chosen. 

Cantante ariose. It. A species of mel- 
ody which, by its frequent changes of 
measure and conversational style, first 
served to mark the distinction between 
air and recitative. 

Cantare a aria. It. To sing without 
confining one's self strictly to the music 
as written. 

Cantatrice. It. A female singer. 

Cantilena. It. The melody, air or prin- 
cipal part in any composition ; generally 
the highest vocal part. 

Canto. It. Song, air, melody, the high- 
est vocal part in choral music. 2. A part 
or division of a poem. 

Canto fermo. It. A chant or melody. 
2. Choral singing n unison on a plain 
melody. 3. Any sutject consisting of a 
few long plain notes, given as a theme 
for counterpoint. 

Canto figurato. It. A figured melody. 

Canto fioritto. It. A song in which 
many ornaments are introduced. 

Canto Gregoriano. It. The Gregorian 
Chant. 

Canto primo. It. The first treble or 
soprano^ 

Canzonet. A short song in one, two or 
three parts. 

Capo. It. The head or beginning; the 
top. 

Capo d' opera. It. The masterpiece 
of a composer. 

Capo d' orchestra. It. The leader of 
the orchestra. 

Cappella. It. A chapel or church. 2. 
A band of musicians that sing or play 
in a church. 

Capriccio. It. A fanciful and irregu- 
lar species of composition; a species ot 
fantasia; in a capricious and free style. 

Castanets. Snappers used to accompany 
dancing; an instrument of music formed 
of small concave shells of ivory, or hard 
wood, shaped like spoons. Castanets are 
used by dancers in Spain and other 
southern countries to mark the rhythm of 
the bolero, cachucha, etc. 

Catalectic verses. Verses that want 
either feet or syllables. 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



127 



Cavatinea. It. Cavatine. Fr. An air 
of one strain only, of dramatic style some- 
times preceded by a recitative. 

'Cello. It. An abbreviation of 'violon- 
cello. 

Chacona. Spa. Chaconne. Fr. A cha- 
cone, a graceful, slow Spanish movement, 
in 3-4 time, and composed upon a ground 
bass. It is always in the major key and 
the first and third beats of each bar are 
strongly accented. 

Chanson. Fr. A song. 

Chant. A simple melody, generally har- 
monized in four parts, to which lyrical 
portions of the Scriptures are set, part 
of the words being recited ad libitum, and 
part sung in strict time. 2. To recite 
musically, to sing. 

Chant, Ambrosian. The chant intro- 
duced by St. Ambrose into the church at 
Milan, in the fourth century. 

Chanteuse. Fr. A female vocalist. 

Chant, plain. A single chant, seldom 
extending beyond the limits of an octave, 
or through more than one verse. 

Chef-d'orchestre. Fr. The leader of 
an orchestra. 

Chinese musical scale. A scale consist- 
ing of five notes without semitones, the 
music being written on five lines in per- 
pendicular columns, and the elevation and 
depression of tones indicated by distinc- 
tive names. 

Choragus. Lat. The leader of the 
ancient dramatic chorus. 

Chord, fundamental. A chord consist- 
ing of the fundamental tone with its 
third and fifth and its inversions. 

Chord, inverted. A chord whose low- 
est tone is not the fundamental but the 
third, fifth or seventh from the lowest 
or bass note. 

Chords, diminished. Chords with less 
than perfect intervals. 

Clavichord. A small keyed instrument 
like the spinet, and the forerunner of the 
pianoforte. The tone of the clavichord 
was agreeable and impressive but not 
strong. 

Clavier. Fr. Clavier. Ger. The keys 
or key-board of a pianoforte, organ, etc. 
Also, an old name for the clavichord. 

Clef, mezzo soprano. The C clef when 
placed on the second line of the staff. 

Clef, soprano. The C clef placed on the 
first line. 

Clef, tenor. See Mean clef, Th«> C 



clef when on the fourth line of the staff. 

Clef, treble. The G clef; soprano clef. 

Coda. It. The end ; a few bars added 
to the end of a piece of music to make 
a more effective termination. 

Coda brillanie. It. A brilliant termina- 
tion. 

Codetta. It. A short coda or passage 
added to a piece, or serving to connect one 
movement with another. 

Colla destra. It. With the right hand. 

Colla sinistra. It. With the left hand. 

Comma. It. The smallest of all the 
sensible intervals of tone, and used in 
treating or analyzing musical sounds. As 
an illustration, the difference between D 
sharp and E flat as played upon the vio- 
lin by the best performers. A tone is 
divided into nine almost imperceptible 
intervals, called commas, five of which 
constitute the major semitone, and four 
the minor semitone. 

Common chord. A chord consisting of 
a bass note with its third and fifth, to 
which its octave is usually added. 

Compensating piano. An English piano 
with heavy strings by means of which 
full power is obtained from a small or 
cottage piano. 

Composition, free. That which deviates 
somewhat from the rules of composition. 

Composition, strict. A composition that 
adheres rigidly to the rules of art. 

Con calore. It. With warmth, with fire. 

Con carita. It. With tenderness. 

Con celerita. It. With celerity, with 
rapidity. 

Concerto. It. A composition for a solo 
instrument with orchestral accompani- 
ments. 2. A concert; harmony. 

Concerto a solo. A concerto written for 
the purpose of displaying the powers of 
a particular instrument, without accom- 
paniment. 

Concerto doppio. It. A concerto for 
two or more instruments. 

Concords, perfect. The perfect fourth, 
fifth and eighth. 

Con dolore. It. Mournfully, with grief 
and pathos. 

Conductor. The master or chief of an 
orchestra, who directs the time and per- 
formance of every piece with his baton. 

Confretta. It. Hurriedly, with an in- 
crease of time. 

Con moto. It. With motion; not drag- 
ging 



128 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



Consecutive octaves. Two parts mov- 
ing in unison or octaves with each other. 

Consecutives hidden. Such as occur in 
passing, by similar motion, from an im- 
perfect to a perfect concord, or from one 
perfect concord to another of a different 
kind. 

Conservatoire. Fr. A school or academy 
of music, in which every branch of musi- 
cal art is taught. 

Contrab assist. A double bass player. 

Contralto. It. The deepest species of 
female voice. 

Contrary motion. Motion in an oppo- 
site direction to some other part; one ris- 
ing as the other falls. 

Contre-temps. Fr. Syncopation, driv- 
ing notes, notes tied and accented con- 
trary to the natural rhythmic flow of the 
measure. 

Con Vigore. It. With vigor, spright- 
liness, strength. 

Cor Anglaise. Fr. English horn ; the 
tenor hautboy, also a reed stop in an or- 
gan. 

Corchea. Sp. A crotchet. 

Cornet stop. An organ stop, consisting 
of five pipes to each note. 

Corps de ballet. Fr. A general name 
for the performers in a ballet. 

Counterpoint. Point against point. The 
art of adding one or more parts to a 
given theme or subject. Before the inven- 
tion of notes, the various sounds were ex- 
pressed by points. 

Counterpoint, double. A counterpart 
that admits of an inversion of the parts. 

Counterpoint, fugued. Counterpoint 
consisting of four, five, six, or seven 
parts; the only counterpoint in use before 
the eighteenth century. 

Counterpoint, quadruple. Counterpoint 
in four parts. 

Counterpoint, single. Where only two 
parts are inverted. 

Counterpoint, triple. A counterpoint in 
three parts, all of which are inverted. 

Courante. Fr. Running; an old dance 
in triple time. 

Cres. al forte, or al ff. Increasing as 
loud as possible. 

Cres. al fortissimo. Increasing to very 
loud. 

Crescendo. It. A word denoting an in- 
creasing power of tone. 

Crescendo e diminuendo. Tt. Increase 
sod then diminish the tone, 



Crescendo poco a poco. It. Increasing 
the tone little and little. 

Cy[>her system. An old system of mu- 
sical notation in which the notes were 
represented by numerals. 

D 

D. The second note in tne diatonic 
scale of C; the syllable re is applied to 
this note. 

Da capo. It. From the beginning; an 
expression placed at the end of a move- 
ment to indicate that the performer must 
return to the first strain. 

Da capo al fine. It. Return to the be- 
ginning and conclude with the word Fine. 

Dal segno. It. From the sign, :S:. A 
mark directing a repetition from the sign. 

Damper pedal. That pedal in a piano- 
forte which raises the dampers from the 
strings and allows them to vibrate freely. 
Its use is indicated by the abbreviation 
ped. 

Decrescendo. It. Gradually diminish- 
ing in power of tone. 

Descant. A composition containing sev- 
eral parts; harmony, extemporaneous or 
otherwise, sung or played to a given 
melody or theme. 

Design. The general sketch or idea and 
arrangement of a musical composition. 

Diapason. Eng. The whole octave. 2 
Among musical instrument makers, a rule 
or scale by which they adjust the pipes 
of organs, the holes of flutes, etc., in order 
to give the proper proportion for express- 
ing the tones and semitones. 3. Certain 
important stops and registers in the organ. 

Diatonic scale, maior. Where the semi- 
tones fall between the third and fourth 
and seventh and eighth both in ascending 
and descending. 

Di grado. It. By decrees; step by step; 
in opposition to di salto. 

Diminished chords. Chords that are 
composed of diminished intervals. 

Di molto. It. Very much; an expres- 
sion which serves to augment the meaning 
of the word to which it is applied. 

Di salto. It. By leaps or by ships; in 
opposition to di grddo. 

Discantus. Lat. Descant; singing in 
parts ; a piece of music in parts. 

Distich. A couplet; a couple of verses 
or poetic lines making complete sense. 

Divertissement. Fr. A series of airs 
and dances resembling a short ballet, in- 
troduced betweeo the acta or at the con- 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



129 



elusion of an opera ; also, a composition 
in a light and pleasing style. 

Dolce. It. Sweetly, softly, delicately. 

Dolce e cantabile. It. Sweet, soft, in 
singing style. 

Dolce ma maredto. It. Soft and deli- 
cate but marked and accented. 

Do lore. It. Grief, sorrow. 

Dot. A mark, which when placed after 
a note increases its duration one-half. 
When the dot is placed over a note it sig- 
nifies that the note is to be played stac- 
cato. 

Dur. Ger. Major, in speaking of keys 
and modes; as C dur, C major. 

Dynamics. This term in music has ref- 
erence to expression and the different de- 
grees of power to be applied to notes. 



E, called in France and Italy mi; the 
third note of the modern scale of Guido 
d'Arezzo. 

Eingang. Ger. Introduction, preface, 
prelude. 

Einleitung. Ger. Introduction, prelude. 

Elegante. It. Elegant, graceful. 

Embouchure. Fr. The mouthpiece of 
a flute, hautboy, or other wind instrument; 
that part to which the lips are applied 
to produce the sound. It also refers to the 
position which the mouth must assume in 
playing the instrument. 

Enharmonic diesis. Lat. The difference 
between the greater and lesser semitone ; 
the least sensible interval in music. 

Episode. An incidental narrative or di- 
gression; a portion of a composition not 
founded upon the principal subject or 
theme. 

Eroieo. Gr. Heroic. 

Espressivo. It. Expressive, to be played 
or sung with expression. 

Extension pedal. The loud pedal of a 
pianoforte. 

F 

F. The name of the fourth note in the 
natural diatonic scale of C. 

False intonation. Incorrect intonation ; 
where the voice does not express the in- 
tended or correct intervals. 

False relation. When a note which has 
occurred in one chord is found chromati- 
cally altered in the following chord, but 
in a different part. 

Fanfare. Fn A short, lively, loud and 



warlike piece of music, composed for 
trumpets and kettle drums. Also short, 
lively pieces performed on hunting horns 
in the chase. 

Fantasia. It. Fancy, imagination, ca- 
price; a species of music in which the 
composer yields to his imagination and 
gives free scope to his ideas, without re- 
gard to those restrictions by which other 
productions are regulated. 

Figured bass. A bass with figures 
placed over or under the notes to indi- 
cate the harmony; see Thorough bass. 

Figured harmony. Where one or more 
of the parts of a composition move during 
the continuance of a chord, through cer- 
tain notes which do not form any of the 
constituent parts of that chord. 

Fingering, American. The use of the 
sign ( X ) to indicate the thumb in piano- 
forte playing, in distinction from the Ger- 
man or foreign fingering, in which the 
thumb is called the first finger. 

Fioco. It. Hoarse, faint, feeble. 

Fioretta. It. Little graces or ornaments, 
in vocal music. 

Fioritiire. It. Literally, little flowers; 
graces and embellishments in singing. 

First inversion. A term applied to a 
chord when the bass takes the third. 

Fluted. A term applied to the upper 
notes of a soprano voice, when they are of 
a thin and flute-like tone. 

Forte. It. Loud, strong. 

Fortiss. An abbreviation of Fortissimo. 
Fortisssimo quanto possibile. It. As loud 
as possible. 

Forza. It. Force, strength, power. 

Forzdto. It. Forced; laying a stress 
upon one note or chord. 

Four-part song. A song arranged for 
four parts. 

Frei. Ger. Free, unrestrained as to 
style. 

Frivolo. It. Frivolous, trifling, trashy. 

Fugue. A term derived from the Latin 
word fuga, a flight. It is a composition 
in the strict style, in which a subject is 
proposed by one part and answered by 
other parts, according to certain rules. 
There are three distinct kinds of fugues, 
the simple, double, and counter. 

Full orchestra. An orchestra in which 
all the string, wind and brass instruments 
are employed. 

Full score. A complete score of all the 



130 



important Technical Terms in Music 



parts of a composition, vocal or instru- 
mental, or both combined, written on 
separate staves placed under each other. 
Furioso. It. Furious, vehement, mad. 



G. The nominal of the fifth note in the 
natural diatonic scale of C, to which is 
applied the syllable sol; it is also one 
of the names of the highest or treble clef. 

Gamut. The scale of notes belonging 
to any key; the lines and spaces on which 
the notes are placed. 

Gavotte. Fr. A dance consisting of 
two light, lively strains in common time. 

Generator. The principal sound or 
sounds by which others are produced: the 
fundamental note of the common chord. 

Glissade. Fr. Gliding; the act of pass- 
ing the fingers in a smooth, unbroken 
manner over the keys or strings. 

Grand sonata. An extended sonata, 
consisting generally of four movements. 

Gregorian chant. A style of choral 
music, according to the eight celebrated 
church modes introduced by Pope Greg- 
ory in the sixth century. 

H 

H. This letter is used by the Germans 
for B natural^ which note is called by the 
French and Italians, si. 

Harmo'itics. An epithet applied to those 
concomitant, accessory sounds accompany- 
ing a principali and apparently simple 
tone. Harmonics are also artificially pro- 
duced from the harp, violin, etc., by light- 
ly touching the strings at certain points. 

Harmonium. An instrument played 
upon by means of keys, like a pianoforte, 
and furnished with bellows, the tones be- 
ing produced by the vibration of metallic 
reeds. 

Harmony. The agreement or conson- 
ance of two or more united sounds. The 
art of combining sounds into chords and 
treating those chords according to certain 
rules. 

Harpsichord. An instrument much used 
before the invention of the pianoforte. In 
shape it resembled the grand pianoforte 
and had sometimes two rows of keys, 
but it was very inferior to that instrument 
in capacity for power and expression; the 
various shades of loud or soft could only 
be obtained by changing from one set of 
kevs to the other, or by movinor certam 



stops as in the organ. The compass wj 
about four octaves. 

Hautboy. A portable wind instrument 
of the reed kind, with a double reed, con- 
sisting of a tube gradually widening from 
the top toward the lower end, and fur- 
nished with keys and circular holes for 
modulating its sounds: the tone is pene- 
trating and slightly nasal, and peculiarly 
adapted to express soft and plaintive pass- 
ages. The name is also given to an 8 feet 
organ reed stop, the tone of which resem- 
bles that of the hautboy. 

Head tones. Tones produced by the 
upper register of the voice. 

Helicon. Eng. The name of an ancient 
instrument said to be invented by Ptolemy, 
for demonstrating, or measuring conson- 
ances. 

Heptachord. A scale or system of seven 
sounds. In ancient poetry verses sung 
or played on seven chords or different 
notes; a lyre or cithera having seven 
strings. 

Heptaphonos. Gr. The name given to 
each of the ten musical notes used dur- 
ing the middle ages. 

Hexachord. - Ger. A scale or system of 
six sounds; an interval of a sixth; a lyre 
having six strings. 

High bass. A voice between bass and 
tenor ; a baritone. 

High soprano. The first soprano. 

High tenor. Counter tenor voice; the 
highest male voice. 

Horizontal strokes. Used in connection 
with the figured bass, they usually show 
the continuation of the same harmony, the 
bass note being unchanged, but they are 
sometimes used to abbreviate the expres- 
sion of figures, in which case, if the bass 
part moves, the harmony must necessarily 
be changed. 

Horn, French. An orchestral instrument 
of brass or silver, consisting of a long 
tube twisted into several circular folds t 
and gradually increasing in diameter 
from the mouth-piece to the end. Also 
an 8 feet organ stop of- a smooth full tone. 

Hypo critic music. Among the ancient 
Greeks all music intended for the stage 
or theater; in modern times, all music 
adapted to pantomimic representation. 

I 

Ictus. Gr. A stroke of the foot, mark- 
ing the point of emphasis in mnsie. 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



131 



II dbppio movimenio. It. Double move- 
ment; that is, as fast again. 

Imitation. A species of fugue, in which 
the parts imitate each other, though not in 
the same intervals, or according to the 
strict laws of a fugue or canon. 

Impresario, It, A term applied by the 
Italians to the manager or conductor of 
operas or concerts. 

Improvvissatore. It. Persons gifted 
with the power of singing or reciting 
verses extemporaneously. 

Inconsoldto. It. In a mournful style. 

In disparte. It. A term used in operatic 
music, signifying that the part is to be 
addressed to some one aside ? or not taking 
part in the performance. 

infinite canon. An epithet given to 
those canons which are so constructed that 
the end leads to the beginning, and the 
performance may be indefinitely repeated ; 
also called circular or endless canon. 

Instruments, keyed. All instruments 
the sounds of which are produced by the 
pressure of the fingers upon the keys. 

Instruments, percussive. Instruments 
whose sounds are produced by being 
struck. 

Instruments, pneumatic. Instruments, 
the tones of which are produced by the 
action of the wind. 

Instruments, reed. Instruments whose 
tones are produced by the action of air 
upon reeds of metal or wood. 

Instruments, stringed. Instruments 

whose tones are produced by striking or 
drawing strings or the friction of a bow. 

Instruments, tensile. A general name 
for all instruments dependent upon the 
tension of strings for their tone. 

Instruments, tubular. Instruments con- 
sisting of one or more tubes of wood or 
metal. 

Instruments, wind. Instruments the 
sounds of which are produced by the 
breath or the wind of bellows. 

Intermezzo. It. An interlude ; inter- 
mediate, placed between two others; de- 
tached pieces introduced between the acts 
of an opera. 

Interval. The distance, or difference of 
pitch between tones. 

Interval, augmented. An interval which 
is a semitone, or half-step, greater than a 
major or perfect interval. 
Interval, diminshed. An interval less 



than a perfect interval by a half-step or 
semitone. 

Intonation. A word referring to the 
proper emission of the voice so as to pro- 
duce any required note in exact tune ; the 
act of modulating the voice. 

Introduction. That movement in a com- 
position, the design of which is to prepare 
the ear for the movements which are to 
follow. 

Invention. Fr. An old name for a 
species of prelude or short fantasia. 

Inversion. A change of position with 
respect to intervals and chords ; the lower 
notes being placed above, and the uppei 
notes below. 

K 

Kammer-Musik. Ger. Chamber music; 
music for private performance. 

Kappell-meisier. Gr. Chapel master; 
musical director. 

Kettle-drum. A brass drum, of a cup- 
like shape, over which the parchment head 
is stretched; used in pairs, one of which 
is tuned to the key-note, the other to the 
fifth of the key. 

Key. The lever by which the sounds 
of a pianoforte, organ or harmonium are 
produced. Also, an arrangement by 
which certain holes are opened and closed 
in flutes, hautboys and other wind instru- 
ments. A key also means a scale or 
series of notes progressing diatonically, in 
a certain order of tones and semitones, the 
first note of the scale being called the 
Key-note. 

Kunstwerk der zukunft. Ger. Art 
work of the future. A term given by 
Richard Wagner to his peculiar theory of 
the music of the future; musical composi- 
tion. 

L 

L. Left hand. Notes to be played with 
the left hand or foot, are somtimes writ- 
ten with an L over them. 

La destra. It. The right hand. 

Lar ghetto. It. A word specifying a 
time not quite so slow as that denoted by 
largo, of which word it is the diminutive. 

Largo. It. A slow and solemn degree 
of movement. 

Largo di molio. It. Very slow. 

Largo ma non troppo. It. Slow, but not 
too much so. 

Laut Ger. (lout.) Loud; also, sound. 

Ledger lines. The short extra, or addi- 
tional lines drawn above or below the 



132 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



staff, for the reception of such notes as 
are too high or too low to be placed on or 
within the staff. 

Legatissimo. It. Exceedingly smooth 
and connected. 

Legato. It. In a close, smooth grace- 
ful manner; the opposite to staccato. It 
is often indicated by a sign called a tie. 

Legato assai. It. Very close and con- 
nected. 

Leggermente. It. A light and - easy 
movement. 

Libretto. It. The text of an opera or 
other extended piece of music. 

Lied. Ger. A song, a ballad, a lay. 

Lied ohne ivorte. Ger. A song without 
words. 

Loco. It. Place; a word used in opposi- 
tion to %<va-alta, signifying that the notes 
over which it is placed are not to be 
played an octave higher, but just as they 
are written. 

Lodi. It. A name formerly given to 
certain sacred songs. 

Long appoggiatura. An appoggiatura 
consisting of a single note forming a part 
of the melody. It borrows half the length 
of the next note and is accented. 

Lo stretto. It. A general term applied 
co that part of a composition designed to 
be delivered in a quicker time than the 
rest. 

Lugubre. It. Lugubrious, sad, mourn- 
ful. 

Liinga pdusa. It. A long pause or rest. 

Lustig. Ger. Merrily, cheerfully, gaily. 

M 

M. This letter is. used as an abbrevia- 
tion of Mezzo, also of various other 
words, as Metronome, Mano, Main, and 
also in connection with other letters; as, 
M. F. for Mezzo Foite; M. P., Mezzo 
Piano; M. V., Mezzo Voce, etc. 

Madrigal. An elaborate vocal composi- 
tion, in three, four, five or six parts, with- 
out accompaniment, in the strict or ancient 
style, with imitation and fugue; the parts 
or melodies moving in that conversational 
manner peculiar to the music of the six- 
teenth and seventeenth centuries. The 
madrigal is generally sung in chorus. 

Maestoso. It. Majestic, stately, digni- 
fied. 

Maestra. It. An artiste, female per- 
former. 

Maestro. It. Master, composer, an ex- 
perienced, skilful artist. 



Maestro di camera. It. Leader or con- 
ductor of chamber music. 

Maestro di canto. It. A singing master. 

Maestro do cappella. It. Chapel master, 
composer; director of the musical per- 
formances in a church or chapel. 

Main. Fr. The hand. 

Main droite. Fr. Right hand. 

Main gauche. The left hand. 

Maniere d'attaque. Fr. Touch, manner 
or style of playing the pianoforte. 

Mano. It. The hand. 

Mdno sinistra. It. The left hand. 

Marcdndo. It. Marked, accented, well 
pronounced. 

Marcdto il pollice. It. Mark or ac- 
cent strongly the note played by the 
thumb. 

Mdssig geschivind. Ger. Moderately 
playful. 

Mazurka. Ger. A lively Polish dance 
of a sentimental character, in 3-8 or 3-4 
time, of a peculiar rhythmic construction, 
quicker than the Polonaise or Polacca. 

M. D. The initials of Main Droit, the 
right hand. 

Measure. That division of time by 
which the air and movement of music are 
regulated ; the space between two bar 
lines on the staff. 

Mediant. Lat. The third note of the 
scale ; the middle note between the tonic 
and the dominant. 

Melody. A succession of simple sounds 
so arranged as to produce a pleasing effect 
upon the ear; distinguished from harmony 
by not necessarily including a combination 
of parts. 

Meno. It. Less. 

Mess a di 'voce. It. The gradual swell- 
ing and diminishing of the voice. 

Metronome. Gr. A machine invented 
by John Maelzel, for measuring the time 
or duration of notes by means of a gradu- 
ated scale and pendulum, which may be 
shortened or lengthened at pleasure. 

Mezza voce. It. Half the power of the 
voice; with moderate strength of tone. 

Mezzo forte. It. Moderately loud. 

Mezzo piano. It. Rather soft. 

Mezzo soprano. It. A female voice o£ 
lower pitch than the soprano, or treble, 
but higher than the contralto. The gen- 
eral compass is from A under the lines to 
A above them. 

Minuet. An ancient slow and stately 
dance in two strains, in triple 3-4 time, 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



133 



and supposed to be of French origin; a 
movement of a quicker time formerly used 
as the conclusion of overtures, sonatas, etc. 

Mit. Ger. With, by. 

Mit begleitung. Ger. With an accom- 
paniment. 

Mit beivegung. Ger. Synonymous with 
con moto. 

Moll. Ger. Minor. 

Molossus. Gr. In Greek and Latin 
verse, a foot of three long syllables. 

Molto. It. Much, very much, extreme- 
ly, a great deal. 

Molto staccato con grazia. It. In stac- 
cato style and with grace. 

Mordente. It. Transient shake or beat; 
an embellishment formed by two or more 
notes, preceding the principal note. 

Motive. The characteristic and pre- 
dominant passage of an air; the theme 
or subject of a composition. 

Movement. The name given to any 
portion of a composition comprehended 
under the same measure or time; a com- 
position consists of as many movements 
as there are positive changes in time. 

Mus. Doc. An abbreviation of Doctor 
of Music. 

Musik stunde. Ger. A music lesson. 

N 

Nach und nach. Ger. By little and 
little, by degrees. 

Naturalmente. It. Naturally. 

Non troppo presto. It. Not too quick. 

Nota di piacere. It. An optional grace 
note, an ad libitum embellishment. 

Nota sostenuta. It. A sustained note. 

Nuances. Fr. pi. Lights and shades 
of expression, variety of intonation. 

O 

Obligdto. It. pi. Indispensable, neces- 
sary; a part, or parts which cannot be 
omitted, being indispensably necessary to 
a proper performance. 

Octave. An interval of eight diatonic 
sounds, or degrees; also the name of an 
organ stop. 

Octave, large. The third octave, indi- 
cated in the German tablature by capital 
letters. 

Opera buffe. It. Comic opera. 

Operetta. It. A short opera, sometimes 
interspersed with dialogue. 

Oratorio. A species of musical drama 
consisting of airs, recitatives, trios, 
choruses, etc. It is founded upon some 



Scriptural narrative, and performed with- 
out the aid of scenery and action. 

Organ point. A long pedal note, or 
stationary bass, upon which is formed a 
series of chords, or harmonic progressions. 

Organ stop. A collection of pipes of 
like tone and quality, passing through the 
whole or a greater part of the compass 
of an organ ; a register. 

Orotund. A mode of intonation direct- 
ly from the larynx, which has a fullness, 
clearness, smoothness, and ringing quality 
which form the highest perfection of the 
human voice. 

Ottdva bdssa. It. The octave below, 
marked thus: 8va bassa. 



Paraphrase. An explanation of some 
text or passage in a more clear and ample 
manner than is expressed in the words of 
the author. 

Pedal. An appliance for the foot, under 
a pianoforte, by the use of which the 
dampers are raised from the strings, thus 
allowing them their full vibration. 

Percussional. A general name for all 
instruments that are struck, as a gong, 
drum, bell, tabor, etc. 

Periode. Fr. A complete and perfect 
musical sentence, containing several 
phrases and bringing the ear to a perfect 
conclusion or state of rest. 

Petits morceaux. Fr. Short pieces. 

Philharmonic. Gr. Music-loving. 

Phrase. A short musical sentence; a 
musical thought or idea. 

Piano. It. Soft, gentle. 

Piano assai. It. As soft as possible. 

Pianoforte. A stringed and keyed in- 
strument of German origin, so called from 
its equal command both of softness and 
strength. It was invented about 1746 by 
Christopher Gottlieb Schroter, and is a 
great improvement upon the spinet and 
harpsichord, which instruments it has en- 
tirely superseded ; improvements are con- 
stantly being made in it and it is the most 
agreeable and popular instrument now in 
use. 

Pianoforte action. The mechanism of a 
pianoforte. 

Pianoforte, grand. A pianoforte in 
which most of the octaves have for each 
note three strings tuned in unison and 
struck at once by the same hammer. 

Pianoforte, melographic. A piano con- 



134 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



nected with a clock movement, by which 
the improvisation of a composer was re- 
corded. 

Pianoforte, overstrung. An arrange- 
ment by which the strings of at least two 
of the lowest octaves are raised, running 
in respect to the other strings diagonally 
above them. 

Pianoforte score. A score in which 
every part has been so arranged that it 
may be played on a pianoforte. 

Pipes of Pan. A wind instrument 
consisting of a range of pipes bound to- 
gether, side by side, and gradually les- 
sening with respect to each other 'in 
length and diameter; Pandean pipes. 

Pitch, concert. The pitch generally 
adopted for some one given note and by 
which every other note is governed. 

Piu allegro. It. A little quicker, more 
lively. 

Piu che lento. It. Slower than lento. 

Piu forte. It. Louder. 

Piu lento. It. More slowly. 

Piu mosso, Piu moto. It. More motion, 
quicker. 

Piu piano. It. Softer. 

Piu piu. It. Somewhat mere. 

Piu presto. It. Quicker, more rapidly. 

Pizzicdndo. It. Pinched; meaning that 
the strings of the violin, violoncello, etc., 
are not to be played with the bow, but 
pinched, or snapped with the fingers, pro- 
ducting a staccato effect. 

Plaque. Fr. Struck at once, without 
any arpeggio, or embellishment. 

Plectrum. Lat. A quill, or piece of 
ivory or hard wood used to twitch the 
strings of the mandolin?, lyre, etc. 

Poco. It. Little. 

Poco adagio. It. A little slower. 

Poco allegro. It. A little faster. 

Poco animdto. It. A little more ani- 
mated. 

Poco a poco. It. By degrees, little by 
little. 

Poco a poco . crescendo. It. Gradually 
louder and louder. 

Poco a poco diminuendo. It. Gradually 
diminishing. 

Poco a poco, piu di fuoco. It. With 
gradually increasing fire and animation. 

Poco a poco, piu lento. It. Gradually 
slower and slower. 

Poco a poco, piu moto. It. Gradually 
increasing the time. 

Poco a poco, rallentando. It. Gradually 
diminishing. 



Poco presto. It. Rather quick. 

Poi a poi. It. By degrees. 

Poldcca. It. A Polish national dance 
in 3-4 time; a dance tune in which an 
emphasis is placed on the first unaccented 
part of the measure* 

Polka. A lively Bohemian or Polish 
dance in 2-4 time, the first three quavers 
in each bar being accented, and the fourth 
quaver unaccented. 

Polka redowa. A dance tune in triple 
time, played faster than the polka ma- 
zurka, and having its accent on the first 
part of the measure. 

Polonaise. A movement of three 
crotchets in a measure, the rhythmical 
pause coming on the last crotchet of the 
bar. 

Portamento. It. A term applied by the 
Italians to the manner or habit of sustain- 
ing and conducting the voice. A singer 
who is easy, and yet firm and steady in 
the execution of passages and phrases, is 
said to have a good portamento. It is 
also used to connect two notes separated 
by an interval, by gliding the voice from 
one to the other, and by this means antici- 
pating the latter in regard to intonation. 

Portdndo la voce. It. Carrying the 
voice, holding it firmly on the notes. 

Pot-pourri. A medley; a capriccio, or 
fantasia in which favorite airs and frag- 
ments of musical pieces are strung to- 
gether and contrasted. 

Preciso. It. Precise, exact, exactly. 

Prelude. A short introductory composi- 
tion, or extempore performance, to prepare 
the ear for the succeeding movements. 

Preparation. That disposition of the 
harmony by which discords are lawfully 
introduced. A discord is said to be pre- 
pared, when the discordant note is heard 
in the preceding chord and in the same 
part as a consonance. 

Presto. It. Quickly, rapidly. 

Presto assdi. It. Very quick, with the 
utmost rapidity. 

Prima donna. It. Principal female 
singer in a serious opera. 

Prima donna assoluta. It. First female 
singer in an operatic establishment; the 
only one who can claim that title. 

Profane music. A term formerly ap- 
plied to all music not adapted to church 
service; secular music. 

Progression. A succession of triads or 
perfect chords, which are not confined 
to the tonic. 



Important Technical Terms in Music 



135 



Psalmody. The practice or art of sing- 
ing psalms; a style or collection of music 
designed for church service. 

R 

R, or R H, indicates the right hand in 
pianoforte paying. 

Racleur. Fr. A poor player. 

Ralleniamento. It. The time gradually 
slower and the sound gradually softer. 

Rhapsody. Eng, A capriccio, a frag- 
mentary piece, a wild, unconnected com- 
position. 

Recitative. A species of musical decla- 
mation in which the performer rejects the 
rigorous rules of time and endeavors to 
imitate the inflectionSj accent and empha- 
sis of natural speech. 

Recitativo instromentdto. It. Accom- 
panied recitative. 

Recitativo parldnte. It. Unaccompa- 
nied recitative; also, when accompanied 
only by the violoncello and double bass, 
or the pianoforte or organ. 

Recorder. An old wind instrument 
somewhat resembling a flute, but of small- 
er bore and shriller tone. 

Reprise d'un opera. Fr. -The reproduc- 
tion or revival of an opera. 

Requiem. Lat. A mass, or musical ser- 
vice for the dead. 

Rhythm. Eng. The division of musical 
ideas or sentences into regular metrical 
portions; musical accent and cadence as 
applied to melody. 

Ricercdto. It. Sought after; this term 
is applied to every kind of composition 
wherein researches of musical design are 
employed. It is suitable to certain figures 
replete with contrapuntal artifices, also to 
madrigals, and the term was formerly ap- 
plied to solfeggi, and also to instrumental 
exercises, when of considerable difficulty. 

Ripieni. It. pi. The tutti, or full parts 
which fill up and augment the effect of 
the full chorus of voices and instruments. 
[n a large orchestra all the violins, violas, 
&nd basses, except the principals, are 
sometimes called Ripieni. 

Ripoita. It. Repeat. 

Risoluto. It. Resolved, resolute, bold. 

Jiitdrdo. It. Retardation, gradual de- 
lay; in harmony, prolonging some note 
of a previous chord into the succeeding 
one. 

RitmOr It. Rhythm, cadence, measure. 

Ritourndle. Fr. The burden of a song; 
also, a short symphony or an introduction 



to an air; and the symphony which fol- 
lows an air: it is also applied to tutti 
parts, introductory to, and between, or 
after, the solo passages in a concerto. 

Romance, Fr. Formerly the name given 
to the long lyric tales sung by the min- 
strels; now a term applied to an irregu- 
lar, though delicate refined composition. 

Rondeau, Fr. A composition, vocal or 
instrumental, generally consisting of three 
strains, the first of which terminates in 
a cadence on the tonic and is repeated 
several times during the movement. 

Root. The fundamental note of any 
chord. 

Rostral. Ger. A music pen. 

Roulade. Fr. A florid vocal passage; 
a division, or rapid series of notes, using 
only one syllable. 

S 

Sdlto. It. A leap, or skip, from one 
note to a distant one ; also, a dance. 

Sans frappe. Fr. Without striking; 
play the notes without striking them hard 
or forcibly. 

Sans pedales. Fr. Without the pedals. 

Sarabande. Ger. A dance said to be 
originally derived from the Saracens, and 
danced with castanets; it is in slow 3-4 or 
3-2 time, and 'characterized by the second 
note of the measure being lengthened 
which gives gravity and majesty to the 
movement. 

Saxophones. A new family of brass 
wind-instruments invented by M. Sax. 
The body of these instruments is of a 
parabolic cone of brass, provided with a 
set of keys ; their tones are soft and pene- 
trating in the higher part and full and 
rich in the low 7 er part of their compass. 
The Saxophones are six in number, the 
high, the soprano, the alto, the tenor, the 
baritone and the bass; they are played 
with a single reed and a clarinet mouth- 
piece. 

Scale. From the Latin word scala. The 
denomination first given to the arrange- 
ment made by Guido, of the six syllables, 
ut, re, mi, fa, sol, la; also called the 
gamut. A series of lines and spaces on 
which notes are placed; the regular 
gradations of sound limited to an octave, 
or extended to the compass of any voice 
or instrument; compass. 

Scale of nature. The scale from which 
our modern scales arise. It is a gradual 
succession of fixed sounds, which nature 



136 Important Technical Terms in Music 

produces from a string when divided into and was much used by the priests of Iris 

equal parts. Theorists have made three and Osiris in sacrifice. It consisted of a 

grand divisions, viz., the diatonic, the rod of iron, bent into an oval or oblong 

chromatic, and the enharmonic. shape, or square at two corners and 

Scenario. It. Actor's guide book, a curved at the others, and furnished with 

programme ; scenes, decorations. a number of movable rings, so that, 

Scherzo. It. Play, sport, a jest; a when shaken, or struck with another rod 

piece of a lively, sportive character, and of iron, it emitted the sound desired, 

marked, animated rhythm; also one of the Slur. A curved line over two or more 

movements in a symphony. notes, to show that they must be played 

Schisma. Ger. A very minute differ- smoothly, 

ence between the sound of intervals. In Solfeggio. It. Exercises for the voice 

ancient music, a small interval equal to according to the rules of solmization. 

the half of a comma, or the eighteenth Solmizdre. It. The practice of the 

part of a tone. ( : , scales, applying to the different tones 

Schnell. Ger. Quickly, rapidly; their respective syllables, do, re, mi, fa, 

etivas beivegter schnell, a little quicker. " sol, la, si; to this kind of vocal exercise 

Schottisch. Ger. A modern dance, the practice of Solfeggio is added, 

rather slow, in 2-4 time. Sonata. It. An instrumental composi- 

Score, full. A complete score of all the tion, usually of three or four distinct 

parts of a composition, either vocal or movements, each with a unity of its own, 

instrumental, or both. yet all related so as to form a perfect 

Scoring. The forming of a score, by whole. It commonly begins with an al- 

collecting and properly arranging the de- legro, sometimes preceded by a slow in- 

tached parts of a composition. troduction. Then come the andante, 

Sdegndnte. It. Angry, passionate. adagio, or largo; then the minuet and 

Sdruccioldndo. It. Sliding, slipping, trio, or scherzo; and lastly the finale in 

Sdruecioldre. It. To slide the hand, by quick time, 

turning the finger nails toward the keys Sotto 'voce. It. Softly, in a low voice, 

of the pianoforte, and drawing the hand in an undertone, 

lightly, and rapidly, up or down. Stop. A register or row of pipes, in an 

Sec. Fr. Dry, unornamented, coldly; organ; on the violin, etc., it means the 

the note, or chord, to be struck plainly pressure of the finger upon the string, 

without ornament or arpeggio. Suspension. A theoretical expression 

Section. A complete, but not an inde- applied to the retaining in any chord 

pendent musical idea ; a part of a musical some note or notes of the preceding chord, 

period, composed of one or more phrases. Symphony. Eng. A grand composi- 

Septet. Eng. A composition for seven tion of several movements, for a full or- 

voices or instruments. chestra. The symphony, in its present 

Serendta. It. Night music; an evening form, was introduced by Haydn, and gen- 
concert in the open air and under the erally consists of an adagio, allegro, an- 
window of the person to be entertained. dan te, minuetto (or scherzo) ^ trio and 
Also, a musical composition on an amor- finale. The term is also applied to the 
ous subject; also, any light, pleasing in- introductory and concluding instrumental 
strumental composition comprising sev- P arts of a son g, or omer vocal composi- 
eral movements. tion. 

Sforzdio. It. Forced, one particular Syncopation. Eng. An unequal divi- 

chord, or note, is to be played with force s \ on . of the time or notes; irregular accent; 

and emphasis. binding the last note of one bar to the 

Signature. Eng. Name given to the first note of the next; accented notes oc- 

sharps or fiats placed at the beginning curring on the unaccented part of a bar. 

of a piece, and at the commencement of T 

each staff, to indicate the key in which Tarantella. It. A swift, delirious sort 

it is writtten. of Italian dance in 6-8 time. The form 

Sistrum. Lat. An instrument of per- has been adopted by many of the modern 

cussion of very great antiquity, supposed composers, as Liszt, Chopin, etc. 

to have been invented by the Egyptians, Temperament. The accommodation or 



Important Technical Terms in Music 137 

adjustment of the imperfect sounds of the chorus; in a solo or concerto it means, 

scale, by transferring a part of the defects that the full orchestra is to come in. 

to the more perfect onesj in order to Tympani. It. pi. Kettledrums. 

remedy, in some degree, the false inter- T j 

vals of the organ, pianoforte, and similar rT , ... _ A . , 

instruments, whose sounds are fixed; that . Une sutte de * ieces ' Fr « A sene9 of 

equalization of the intervals, in tuning, es s° n s. 

which brings their whole system as near , U "*l ?uch a combination of parts as 

as possible to that of the diatonic scale. to constitute a whole or a kind of sym- 

Temperament, equal That equaliza- mt ^ °* st ^!f a * d character 

tion or tempering of the twelve sounds Un t oco ntenuto ' lt ' Gradually slow- 

included in an octave, which renders all er ' rTjl . , . T r™ 

the scales equally in tune; the imperfec- Ut A qu \ an l la * lS ' Lat The commencing 

tion being divided equally amongst the ™ d ! of the hymn to St. John the Bap- 

w j 10 j e ' tist, from which Guido is said to have 

Tempered. Having a perfect adjust- *«*«!*« syllables ut re, mi, fa, sol, la, 

ment of sounds; tuned. for his system of solmization. It was 

Tempo. It. Time; the degree of move- com P°sed about the year 770. 

ment; a tempo, in time. y 

Tempo di mdrcia. It. In the time of . . 

a march. Variations. Repetitions of a theme or 

Tempo di valse. It. In waltz time. subject in new an4 varied aspects, the 

Tempo rubdto. It. Robbed or stolen form or outline of the composition being 

time; irregular time; meaning a slight preserved while the different passages are 

deviation to give more expression, by ornamented and amplified, 

retarding one note, and quickening an- Vaudeville. Fr. A country ballad or 

other, but so that the time of each bar song, a roundelay; also, a simple form of 

is not altered in the whole. operetta; a comedy, or short drama, in- 

Tom-tom. A sort of drum used by the terspersed with songs, 

natives in the East Indies. Veldta. It.. Veiled; a voice sounding 

Tone-art. A name given by the Ger- as if it were covered with a veil. 

mans to musical art. Velocemente. Swiftly, quickly, in a 

Ton-farbe. Ger. Character of tone. rapid time. 

Tonic sol fa. A system of writing and Viola. ^ A tenor violin; an instrument 

teaching music, in which the letters of similar in tone and formation to the vio- 

the alphabet, and other signs, are used, lin, but larger in size and having a com- 

instead of the usual notation on the staff, pass a fifth lower. 

In this system do is always applied to the Viol, bass. The violoncello; a stringed 

tonic. instrument in the form of a violin, but 

Touch. Style of striking or pressing the much larger, having four strings, and 

keys of an organ, pianoforte, or similar performed on with a bow. 

instrument; the resistance made to the Viol, double-bass. The largest and 

fingers by the keys of any instrument, as, deepest-toned of stringed instruments, 

when the keys are put down with diffi- Violin. A well known stringed instru- 

culty, an instrument is said to have a ment having four strings, and played 

hard or heavy touch; when there is little with a bow. It is the most perfect musi- 

resistance the touch is said to be soft or cal instrument known, of brilliant tone 

light. and capable of every variety of expres- 

Transition. Eng. Passing suddenly sion. When, or by what nation, this 

out of one key into another, without important instrument was first invented 

preparation for, or hinting at another is not at present known definitely, 

key; or without making use of chords Virginal. A small keyed instrument, 

common to both keys. , much used about the time of Queen Eliza- 

Treble. The upper part, the highest beth, and placed upon a table when 

voice, the soprano, that which generally played upon. It is supposed to have been 

contains the melody. the origin of the spinet as the latter was 

Tutti. It. All, the entire band or of the harpsichord. 



138 Christian Names — Their Origin and Meaning 

Virtuoso. It. A skilful performer upon similar to a metronome, but simpler in its 

some instrument. construction, invented by Weber. It con- 

Voluntary. An introductory perform- sists of a piece of twine, about five feet 

ance upon the organ, either extemporane- in length, on which are fifty-five inch 

ous or otherwise; also, a species of toe- spaces, and a small weight at the lower 

cdta, generally in two or three movements, end, the degree of motion being deter- 

calculated to display the capabilities of mined by the length of string swinging 

the instrument, and the skill of the per- with the weight. 

former. Wenig. Ger. Little; ein ivenig stark, 

W a little strong, rather loud. 

Waltz. The name of a modern dance Wieder-holung. Ger. Repeating, repe- 

originally used in Suabia. The measure tition. 

of its music is triple, usually in 3-4 or Wrest pins. Movable pins in a piano, 

3-8 time, and performed moderately slow, about which one end of the string is 

or at the quickest in allegretto. wound, and by turning which the instru- 

Weber chronometer. An instrument ment is tuned. 



A DICTIONARY OF CHRISTIAN NAMES 

WITH THEIR ORIGIN AND 

MEANING 

Aaron (Heb.), lofty, mountaineer. — Ar. Ailie, a Scotch dim. of Alison, also of 

Harun, Haroun. Alice, or of Helen. 

Abel (Heb.), breath, vanity. Alaric (Teut), noble ruler. 

Abiathar (Heb.), father of excellence Albert (Teut.), nobly bright. — Dims, 

or plenty. Bert, Bertie.— L. Albertus, Fr. Albert, Sp. 

Abigail (Heb.), father of exultation. — and It. Alberto, Ger. Adalbert, Albert, 

Dims. Abby, Nabby. Albrecht.—Fem. Alberta. 

Abihu (Heb.), father [is] he [God]. Alethea (Gr.) } truth. 

Abijah, Abia (Heb.), the Lord is Alexander (Gr.), a helper of men. — 

a father. Dims. Aleck, Alick, Eck, Ecky, Sanders-, 

Abner (Heb.), father of Ner, or light, Sandy, Saivnie. — Fr. Alexandre, It. A les- 

or the father [is] a lamp. sandro. — Fern. Alexandra, Alexandrina. 

Abraham, Abram (Heb.), father of a Alfred (Teut.), elf in counsel — i.e. 

multitude, high father. — Dims. Abe, A by. good counselor. — Dim. A If. — L. Alfredus, 

Absalom (Heb.), father of peace. Aluredus, Fr. Alfred, It. and Sp. Alfredo. 

Ada. See Edith. Algernon (O. Fr.), with moustaches — 

Adelbert (Teut.), nobly bright. prob. from the usual title, "William als 

Adam (Heb.), man, earth, red earth.— Gernons," applied for this cause to Wil- 

Scotch dims. Edie, Yiddy. Ham de Albini, the second husband of 

Adeline, also Adaline, Adela, Adelaide, Henry I.'s widow, Alix of Louvaine.— 

Adelia, Adelina (Teut), of noble birth Dim. Algy. 

a princess.— Dim. Addy. Alice, Alicia (Teut), noble cheer— 

Adolphus (Teut), noble wolf. — Fr. closely related to Adeline above. — Dims. 

Adolphe. It Adolfo or Udolfo, Ger. Ally or Allie, Elsie. 

Adolf. Alison, a Scotch form of Aloyse, Eloise, 

Adrian. See Hadrian. Helbise, from Hlodwicia, a name of Teut. 

JEneas, Eneas (Gr.), commended.— >Fr. origin meaning holy fame.— Dim. Elsie. 

Enee. Allan, Alan, a name first found in early 

Agatha (Gr.), good, kind. Breton history, referred by Miss Yonge to 

Agnes (Gr.), pure, sacred, chaste.— Hilarius ("cheerful"), confused with 

Dims. Aggie, Aggy. ^Elianus; more prob. Celt, meaning har- 

Aileen, Eileen, an Irish form of Helen mony. 

(q.v.), thus meaning light Alpheus (Heb.), exchange. 



Christian Names— Their Origin and Meaning 139 

Amabel (L.), lovable — whence Mabel. Gussie, Gustus. — Fr. Auguste, Ger. Au- 

Amaziah (Heb.), the Lord is strong. gust. — Fem. Augusta. 

Ambrose (Gr.), immortal, divine. — L. Aurelius (L.), golden. — Fem. Aurelia. 
Ambrosius, Fr. Ambroise, It. Ambrogio, Asaph (Heb.), a collector, [God] gath- 

Sp. Ambrosio. creth. 

Amelia (Teut.), toiling, energetic. — Fr. Baldwin (Teut.), prince-friend. — L. 

Amelie, It. Amelia, Amalia. Balduinus, Fr. Baudouin, It. Baldovino, 

Amos (Heb.), strong, one who bears a Balduino, Ger. Balduin. 
burden. Baptist (Gr.), a baptizer. — Fr. Baptiste s 

Amy (L.), beloved. — L. Amata, Fr. Batiste, It. Battista, Ger. Baptist. 
Aimee, It. Amata. Barbara (Gr.), foreign. — 'Dims. Bab, 

Andrew (Gr.), manly. — Dim. Andy. — Babbie. 
L. Andreas, Fr. Andre, It. Andrea, Sp. Bardolph (Teut), bright wolf or dis- 

Andres. tinguished helper. — Fr. Bardolphe, It. 

Angelica (Gr.), angelic, lovely. Bardolfo. 

Angelina (Gr.), angel. Barnabas, Barnaby (Heb.), son of ex- 

Angus (Celt.), excellent virtue. hort?,tion. 

Ann, Anna, Anne (Heb.), grace — the Bartholomew (Heb.), son of one's own 
same as Hannah. — Dims. Annie, Nancy, brother (i.e. friend). — Dims. Bart, Bat. 
Nanny, Nina, Nan, Annette. — L. Bartholomaus, Fr. Bartolomee, Bar- 
Annabel, Annabella, Annaple, made up thelmi, It. Bartolomeo, Ger. Bartholomdus, 
of Anna (Heb.), grace, as above, and Barthel. 

Bella (L.), fair; or probably the early Baruch (Heb.), blessed [by God]. 
Celtic name Aine, meaning joy, praise, Basil ( Gr -), kingly.— L. Basilius, Fr. 

Auglicized. It may be however, a vari- Basile, It. and Sp. Basiho. 
ant of Arabella, earlier Arnhilda (Teut.), Bathsheba (Heb.), prob. daughter of 

eagle heroine. tne seven, or of an oath. 

Anselm (Teut.), divine helmet.— Fr. Beatrice, Beatrix (L.), making happy. 
Anselme, It. and Sp. Anselmo. Benedict (L.), blessed.— Dim. Bennet. 

Anihony, Antony (L.), worthy of L - Benedictus, Fr. Benoit, It. Benedetto, 

praise.— Dim. Tony.— L. Antonius, Fr. Bettino, Sp. Benedicto, Benito. Ger. Bene- 

Antoine, It. and Sp. Antonio, Ger. Anto- diet.— fern. Benedicta. 
nius, Anton.— Fem. Antonia. Benjamin (Heb.), son of the right hand 

Antoinette, the French form of Antonia, ( i<e - of S ood fortune).— Dims. Ben, 

Antonina, the fem. of Anthony.— Dim. Benny.— It. Beniamino. 
Net, Netty. Bernard (Teut), bold as a bear. — Dim. 

Arabella (L.), a fair altar, or an Ara- Barney.— L. Bernardus, Fr. Bernard, Ber- 

bian woman— perh. Teut., meaning eagle nardin, It. Bernardo, Bernardino, Sp. Ber- 

heroine.— Dims, Bella, Bel, Belle. See An- nardo, Bernal, Ger. Bernhard, Bar end, 

nabel above. Berend. 

Archibald (Teut), very bold, or holy Be / th % <Teut.) f b T ! ight r? im » *?*** 

prince-Dims! Archy, Baldie.-L Archl 5 ^-~ Fr - f'rthe, It and Sp. Berta 

baldus, Fr. Archambault, It. Arcibaldo. R Be / l % m P" fc) S b "8 ht „ ™ven.-Dim. 

Arnold (Teut), strong as an eagle. IV, Bertrand > lt ' Bertrando > S P- 

Arthur (Celt), high, noble.— L. Ar- Beltran. 
thurus, Fr. Artur, Artus, It. Arturo. iT'u ft \^ l^ Ehs i beth J q ' y ^ 

Asa (Heb.), [the Lord is] a healer. j*!Z nche i 1 ^' whlte '~ Fr - Blanche > 

Athanasius (Gr.), immortal.-Fr. ^.Btanca, Sp. Blanco. 
„.,, T „ x . Boniface (L.), a benefactor. — L. Bom- 

Athanase It. Atanasi. facius It Bonifacio, Bonifazio, Sp. Bo»i- 

Athelstan (Teut), noble stone. ^ a ' 

i*ii*r*j> (Teut), elf-ruler, ruler of Br J fl „ (Celt.), strong.— It. Briano. 
spirits> . Bridget (Celt), strength.— Dim. Bi^y. 

Augustin, Augustine, Austin (L.), be- Fr. Brigitte, It. and Sp. Brigida, Ger. Be- 
longing to Augustus. — L. Augustinus, Fr. gz'tta. 
Augustin, It Agostino, Ger. Augustin. Cadzvallader (W.), arranger of battle. 

Augustus (L.), exalted.— Dims. Gmj, CWar (L.), hairy, or blue-eyed, or born 



140 



Christian Narnes-^Their Origin and Meaning 



under the Cesarean operation. — Fr. Ce- 
sar, It. Cesare, Ger. Casar. 

Cain (Heb.), artificer, smith. 

Caleb (Heb.), a dog. 

Calvin (L.), bald. — L. Calvinus, Fr. 
Calvin, Cauvin, Sp. Calvo. 

Camilla (L.), an attendant at a sacri- 
fice. — Fr. Camille. 

Caroline, a French form of the fern, of 
Carolus, the Latin of Charles, — Dims. 
Carrie, Caddie. 

Casimir ^ (Slav.), show forth peace.— 
Dim. Cassie. 

Cassandra (Gr.), she who inflames with 
love. 

Catherine, also Catherina, Catharine, 
Katharine, Katherine (Gr.), pure. — Dims. 
Casy, Kate, Kathleen, Katie, Cathie, 
Kathie, Katrine, Kit, Kitty. — Fr. Cather- 
ine, It. Caterina, Sp. Catalina, Ger. Kath- 
arine. 

Cecil (L.), blind. 

Cecilia, Cecily, fem. of Cecil. — Dims. 
Sisely, Sis, Cis, Cissy. — Fr. Cecile, It. Ce- 
cilia. 

Charles (Teut.), strong, manly. — Dims. 
Charley, Charlie. — L. Carolus, Fr. Charles, 
It. Caro, Sp. Carlos, Ger. Carl, Karl.— 
Fem. Caroline, Charlotte. 

Christian (L.), belonging to Christ. — 
Dims. Christie, Christy. — L. Christianus, 
Fr. Chrestien, Chretien, It. and Sp. Cris- 
tiano. — Fem. Christiana, Christina. 

Christina, fem. of Christian. — Dims. 
Chrissie, Teenie, Tina, Xina. 

Christopher (Gr.), bearing Christ. — 
Dims. K ester, Kit, Chris. — L. Christopho- 
rus, Fr. Christophe, It. Cristoforo, Sp. 
Cristoval, Ger. Christoph. 

Cicely, a form of Cecilia (q.v.). 

Clara (L.), bright. — Dim. Clare. — Fr. 
Claire, It. Chiara, Sp. Clara. 

Clarence (L.), illustrious. 

Claribel (L.), brightly fair. 

Clarice, Clarissa, derivatives from 
Clara. 

Claud, Claudius (L.), lame. 

Claudia, fem t of Claudius. 

Clement (L.), mild, merciful. — L. 
Clemens, It. and Sp. Clemente, Fr. Cle- 
ment, Ger. Clemens. — Fem. and dim. 
form are Clementina, Clementine. 

Conrad (Teut.), bold in counsel, reso- 
lute. — L. Conradus, Fr. Conrade, It. Con- 
rado, Corrado, Ger. Konrad. 

Constance, a fem. form of Constant.-— 



Dim. Connie. — L. Constantia, Fr. Con- 
stance, It. Costanza. 

Constant (L.), firm, faithful. — L. Con- 
stans, Constantius, It. Costante, Costanza, 
Sp. Constancio, Ger. Constanz. 

Constantine (L.), firm. — L. Constant^ 
nus, It. Costantino, Sp. Constantino, Ger. 
Constantin. 

Cora, Corinne (Gr.), maiden.— -Fr. Co- 
rinne. 

Cordelia (L.), warm-hearted. — Fr. Cor- 
delie. 

Cornelius, prob. related to L. cornu, a 
horn. — Fr. Cornelius (fem. Cornelie), It. 
and Sp. Cornelio. — Fem. Cornelia. 

Crispin, Crispian, Crispus (L.), curly- 
haired.— L. Crispinus, Crispianus, Fr. 
Crispin, Crepin, It. Crispino, Crispo, Ger. 
Crispus. 

Cuthbert (A.S.), well-known splendor. 

Cynthia (Gr.), of or from Mount Cyn- 
thus. 

Cyprian (Gr.), of Cyprus. — L. Cypri- 
anus. 

Cyril (Gr.), lordly.— L. Cyrillus, Fr. 
Cyrille, Sp. Cirilo, Ger. Cyrill. 

Cyrus (Pers.), the sun. 

Daniel (Heb.), God is judge. — Dims. 
Dan, Danny. 

Darius (Pers.), preserves. 

David (Heb.), beloved. — Dims. Davy, 
Dave. — Fr. David, It. Davide, Davidde. 
Ger. David. — Fem. Davida, Vida. 

Deborah (Heb.), a bee. 

Delia (Gr.), of Delos. 

Demetrius (Gr.), belonging to Demeter 
or Ceres. — Fr. Demetrius, It. Demetrio. 

Denis, Dennis, Denys, a French form of 
Dionysius. 

Derrick, a corruption of Theodoric. 
. Diana (L.), goddess. — Dims. Di. Die. 

Dinah (Heb.), judged. 

Dionysius (Gr.), belonging to Diony- 
sos or Bacchus. — Fr. Denys, Denis, It. Di- 
onigio, Dionigi, Dionisio, Ger. Dionysius, 
Dionys. 

Dominic (L.), Sunday child.— -L. Do- 
minicus, Fr. Dominique, It. Dominico, Sp. 
Domingo. 

Donald (Celt.), proud chief. 

Dora, a dim. of Dorothea. 

Dorcas (Gr.), a gazelle. 

Dorothea, Dorothy (Gr.), the gift of 
God.— Dims. Dol. Dolly.— Fr. Dorothee, 
Dorette, It. and Sp. Dorotea. 

Dougal (Celt.), black straneer* 

Drusilla (L.), strong. 



Christian Names— Their Origin and Meaning 141 

Duncan (Cet.), brown chief Ernest (Ger.), earnest. — Fr. Ernest, It. 

Ebenezer (Heb.), the stone of help. and Sp. Ernesto, Ger. Ernst. — Fem. Er- 

Edgar (A.S.), rich spear. — L. Edgarus, nestine. 

It Edgaro. Ernestine, fem. and dim. of Ernest. 

Edith (A.S.), rich gift.— L. Editha, It. Esau (Heb.), hairy. 

Edila. Esther (Pers.), a star, good fortune. — 

Edmund (A.S.), rich protection. — Dims. Dim. Essie. — Fr. Esther, It. Ester, Esterre, 

Ed, Ned. — L. Edmundus, Fr. Edmond, It. Sp. Ester, Ger. Esther. 

Edmondo, Sp. Edmundo. Ethel (A.S.), noble. 

Edna (Heb.), pleasure. Ethelinda (Teut.), noble snake. 

Edward (A.S.), rich guard.- — Dims. Eudora (Gr.), good gift. — Fr. Eudore. 

Ed. Eddy, Ned, Neddy, Ted, Teddy. — Eugene (Gr.), well born, noble. — L. 

L. Edvardus, Fr. Edouard, It. Eduardo, Eugenius, Fr. Eugene, It. Eugenio, Sp. 

Edoardo, Sp. Eduardo, Ger. Eduard. Eugenio, Ger. Eugenius, Eugen. — Fem. 

Edwin (A.S.), rich friend. — Dims. Ed, Eugenia. 

Eddy. — L. Edvinus, It. Eduino. Eugenia, fem. of Eugene. — Dim. Genie. 

Effie, a dim. of Euphemia (q.v.). — Fr. Eugenie, It. and Sp. Eugenia. 

Egbert (A.S.), terribly bright.— L. Eg- Eulalia (Gr.), fair speech.— Fr. Eula- 

bertus, It. Egberto, Ger. Eckbert, Egbert, lie, It. Eulalia. 

Eldred (A.S.), terrible. Eunice (Gr.), happy victory. 

Eleanor, Elinor (Gr.), light— the same Euphemia (Gr.), of good report. — 

as Helen. — Dims. Ella, Ellen, Nell, Dims. Effie, Euphie, Phemie, Phamie. — 

Nellie, Nora. — It. Eleonora, Ger. Eleonore, Fr. Euphemie, It. . and Sp. Eufemia. 

Fr. Alienor. Eusebius (Gr.) t pious. — Fr. Eusebe, It. 

Eleazer (Heb.), God is a help. and Sp. Eusebio. 

Eli (Heb.), going up, or my God. Eustace (Gr.), healthy, firm. — L. Eu- 

Eliab (Heb.) j God is his father. stachius, Eustathius, Fr. Eustache, Eu- 

Elias, the same as Elijah. stathe, It. Eustazio, Eustachio, Ger. Eu- 

Elihu (Heb.), God the Lord. stathius. 

Elijah (Heb.), God is the Lord. — L. Eva, Eve (Heb.), life. — Dims. Evelina, 

Elija, Fr. Elie, It. Elia, Ger. Elias, Elia. Eveline, Evelyn. — Fr. Eve, It. and Sp. 

Elisabeth, Elizabeth, Eliza. (Heb.), God Eva, Ger. Eva. 

of the oath. — Dims. Bess, Bessie, Bessy, Evan (W.), young warrior. 

Beth, Betsey, Betty, Elsie, Liz, Lizzie, Lisa, Evangeline (Gr.), bringing glad news. 

Liza. — Fr. Elisabeth, Elise, It. Elisabetta, Everard (Teut.), strong as a wild boar. 

Elisa, Ger. Elisabeth, Elise. — Fr. Evraud, It. Everardo, Eberardo, 

E lis ha (Heb.), God of salvation. — L. Ger. Eberhard, Ebert. 

Eliseus, Fr. Elisee, It. and Sp. Eliseo. Ezekiel (Heb.), God will strengthen. — 

Ella, Ellen, dims, of Eleanor. Dim. Zeke. — Fr. Ezechiel. 

Elspeth (Heb.), God of the oath — a Ezra (Heb.), help. — L. Ezra, Ezdras, 

Scotch form of Elisabeth. — Dims. Elspie, Fr. Esdras. 

Elsie. Faith (L.), faith. 

Emetine, Emmeline, Emily (Teut), in- Faustina, Faustine (L.), fortunate. — 

dustrious, energetic. — Fr. Emilie, It and Fr. Faustine, It. Faustina. 

Sp. Emilia, Ger. Emilie. Felicia (L.), happiness. — Fr. F elide, Fe- 

Emma, the same as Emeline. — Dims, licite, It. Felicia, Sp. Felicidad. 

Emm, Emmie. — Fr. Emma, It. Emma, Sp. Felix (L.), happy. — Fr. Felix, It. Fe- 

Ema. lice, Sp. Felix, Port. Feliz, Ger. Felix,— 

Emmanuel, lmmanuel (Gr. from Heb.), Fem. Felicia. 

God with us. — Fr. Emmanuel, It. Em- Ferdinand (Teut.), brave. — Fr. Fer- 

manuele, Sp. Manuel, Ger. Emanuel. dinand, Ferrand, It. Ferdinando, Ferran- 

Enoch (Heb.), consecrated. do, Sp. Hernando, Fernando, Ger. Ferdi- 

Ephraim (Heb.), fruitful. nand. 

Erasmus (Gr.), lovely, deserving love. Festus (L.), joyful. 

— Fr. Erasme, It. and Sp. Erasmo. Fidelia (L.), Faithful. 

Erastus (Gr.), lovely. — Fr. Eraste. Flora (L.), flowers. — Fr. Flore, It. 

Eric (A.S.), rich, powerful. — L. Ericus. Flora. 



142 Christian Names — Their Origin and Meaning 

Florence (L.), blooming. — Dims. Flo, Griselda (Teut.), stone heroine. — Dim. 

Flossie, Floy. — L. Florentia. Grissel. 

Frances, fem. of Francis. — Dim Fanny. Gustavus (Teut.), Goth's staff. — Fr. 

— L. Francisca, Fr. Francois, Francisque, Gustave, It. and Sp. Gustavo, Ger. Gus- 

It. Francesca, Sp. Francisca, Ger. Fran- tav. 

ziske. Guy (Fr.), a leader, or Celt, meaning 

Francis (Fr.) free — dim. Frank. — L. sense. — L. Guido, Fr. Guy, It. and Sp. 

Franciscus, Fr. Francois, It. Francesco, Guido. 

Franco, Sp. Francisco, Ger. Franciscus, Hadrian, Adrian (L.), of Adria, a town 

Franz. — Fem. Frances — dim. Fanny. in Picenum, whence also Adriatic Sea. — 

Frederic, Frederick (Teut), peace ruler. L. Hadrianus. 

— Dims. Fred, Freddy. — L. Fredericus, Fr. Hannah (Heb.), grace, the same as 

Frederic, It. Frederigo, Frederico, Sp. Anna (q.v.). 

Federico, Ger. Friedrich, Fritz. — Fem. Hannibal (Punic), grace of Baal.— 

Fred erica. So L., Fr. Hannibal, Annibal, It. Anni- 

Frederica, fem. of Frederic— Dim. bal * S V-f ni , b ? 1 '^ 

Freddie.— Fr. Frederique, It. Frederica, rr Har ° ld r (A.S.), warrior power.— Fr. 

Sp. Federica, Ger. Friederike. Harold, It. A raldo, Aroldo 

Gabriel (Heb.), hero of God.— Dim. Harriet, Harriot, Jem. and dim. forms 

Gabe.—Fr. Gabriel, It Gabriello. oi Harry, Henry.— Dim. Hatty 

^ »• i /tt l \ ^ j • Helen, Helena (Gr.), light. — Dims. 

Gamaliel (Heb.), God is a recompen- ^ Nellie ._ L . Helena, Fr.HeVene, It. 

ser * a . -, ., Elena, Sp. Helena, Elena, Ger. Helene. 

Geoffrey, the same as Godfrey. Henrietta, a French dim. form of Henry. 

George (Gr.), a husbandman— dims. Dims. Etta, Hetty, Nettie.— Fr. Henriette, 

Georgie, Geordie.—L. Georgius, Fr. it. Enrighetta, Sp. Enriqueta, Ger. i7<?«ri- 

Georges, It. Georgios, Sp. /or£<?, Ger. ^/£. 

G* or,§\— Fem. Georgiana, Georgina.— Henry (Teut.), home ruler.— Dims. 

Dim. Georgie. Harry, Hal, Hen, Henny.—L. Henricus, 

Gerald, Gerard (Teut), spear-power. Enricus, Fr. Henri, It. Enrico, Sp. En- 
la. Geraldus, Gerardus, Fr. Gerard, Ge- rique, t Ger. Heinrich, Dut Hendrik. — Fem. 
raud, Giraud, Girauld, It. Gerardo, Gi- Flenrietta, Harriet, 
raldo, Ger. Gerhard.— Fem. Geraldine. Herbert (A.S.), glory of the army.— 

German, Germaine (L.), German. — L. L. Herbertus, Fr; Herbert, It. Erberto, Sp. 

Germanus, Fr. Germain, It. Germano. Heberto, Ger. Herbert. 

Gertrude (Teut), spear-maid.— Dims. _ Hercules (Gr.), lordly fame.— So L., 

G*rftV, Trudy.— Fr. Gertrude, It. G*r- Ft. Hercule, L^ Ercole. # 

aW*, Geltruda, Sp. Gertrudes, Ger. G*r- «/r»«» (Teut), a warrior.— L. ^r- 

*r«w</ Gertrud mmius, It. Ermanno, Ger. Hermann. 

Gideon (Heb.), a hewer down. {*"'«£ ?7/?7 \ th l sa T me /? £"*«". 

-0-J7 . /t> .\ u • u^ i j t^'-~ Hezekiah (Heb.), the Lord is strength. 

GMft(J™}-)> bright pledge.-Dim _ Fr Ezhh > as> Czechia, Sp. Ezequias, 

Gil. — L. Gilbertus, Fr. Guilbert, Gilbert, q^ niskia 
It. and Sp. Gilberto, Ger. Gilbert, Gisel- H \ lary ( £ }j chee rful.-L. Hilarius, Fr. 

C£-i /^ \ -^ ^ • i -j Hilaire, It. 7/arz'o, Sp. Hilario, Ger. Hi- 

G*/« (Gr.), with the aegis, or a kid.— larius— Fem Hilaria 

L. iEgWmf, Fr. GW/«, £*i«fc, It. Egidio, ^.^ ( T eu t.) f battle maid. 

Ger. ££i</mm. HjVfl|W (He b.), noble. 

Godfrey (Teut), God's peace.— L. Homer (Gr.), a pledge.— L. Homerus, 

Godefridus, Galfridus, Fr. Godefroi, Fr. Homere, It. Om*ro, Ger. Homerus. 

Geoffroi, It. Godofredo, Geoffredo, Giotto, Honora, Honoria (L.), honorable.— 

Sp. Godofredo, Gofredo, Ger. Gottfried. Dims. Norah, Nora. 

Godwin (A.S.), divine friend. //o/>* (Eng.), hope. 

Gr«r<? (L.), grace. Horace, Horatio (L.)— L. Horatius, Fr. 

Gregory (Gr.), watchman. — L. Grego- Horace, It. Orazio, Sp. Horacio, Ger. Ho- 

ri«j„ Fr. Gregoire, It. and Sp, Gregorio, ratius, Horazo. — Fem. Horatia. 

Ger. Gregorius, Gregor. Hortensia (L.), a gardener. — Fr. Hor- 

Griffith (W.)i ruddy. tow*. It. Ortensia, Ger. Hortensia. 



Christian Names — Their Origin and Meaning 143 

Hosea (Heb.), help, deliverance. Jaqueline, the French form of the fem. 

Hubert (Teut), mind bright. — L. Hu~ of James, 

bertus, Fr. Hubert, It. Uberto, Sp. Hu~ Jared (Heb.), descent. 

berto, Ger. Hubert, Hugibert. Jason (Gr.), a healer. 

Hugh, Hugo (Teut.), mind, soul. — Jasper (Pers.), prob. treasure-ma9ter. 

Dims. Hughie, Hughoc, Huggin. — L. Fr. Gaspard, It. Gasparo, Gasparro, Sp. 

Hugo, Fr. Hugues, It. Ugo, Ugolino, Sp. Gaspar. 

Hugo, Ger. Hugo. J avail (Heb.), clay. 

Huldah (Heb.), a mole, a weasel. Jean, Jeanne, Jeannette, French forms 

Humphry, Humphrey (A.S.), support of Jane or Joan. 

of peace. — Dim. H-.mph. — L. Humphre- Jedediah (Heb.), beloved of the Lord. 

dus or Humfridus, Fr. Onfroi, It. Ono- Jemima (Heb.), a dove. 

fredo, Omfredo, Sp. Hunfredo, Ger. Hum- Jeremiah, Jeremias, Jeremy (Heb.), the 

fried. Lord layeth the foundation. L. Jeremias, 

Ian, the Gaelic form of John. Fr. Jeremie, It. Geremia, Sp. Jeremias, 

Ichabod (Heb.), inglorious, the glory Ger. Jeremias. 

has departed. Jerome (Gr.), holy name. — L. Hierony- 

Ida (Teut.), happy. mus, Fr. Jerome, It. Geronimo, Girolamo, 

Ignatius (Gr.), fiery. — Fr. Ignace, It. Sp. Jeronimo, Jeromo, Ger. Hieronymus. 

Ignazio, Sp. Ignacio and Inigo, Ger. Ig- Jessie, a Scotch form of Janet, hence, 

naz. "grace of the Lord." — Dim. Jess. 

Increase (Eng.), increase (of faith). Joab (Heb.), the Lord is father. 

Inez, the Portuguese form of Agnes. Joan, Joanna, Johanna, fem. forms of 

Ingram (Teut), a raven. John. — L. Johanna, Fr. Jeanne, Jeannette, 

lnigo. See Ignatius. It. Giovanna, Sp. Juana, Ger. Johanna. 

Ira (Heb.), a watcher. Job (Heb.), repentant, or one perse- 

Irene (Gr.), peace. — Fr. Irene, It. cuted. 

Irene. Joel (Heb.), the Lord is God. 

Isaac, Izaac (Heb.), he laugheth.— John (Heb.), the Lord graciously gave, 

Dims. Ik, Ike. — L. Isaacus, Fr. Isaac, It. the gracious gift of God. — Dims, Johnny, 

Isacco, Ger. Isaak. Jack, Jock. — L. Johannes, Joannes, Fr. 

Isabelle, Isabel, Isobel, Isabeau, the same Jean, It. Giovanni, Gian, Gianni, Sp. 

as Elisabeth. — Dims. Isa, Bel, Bella, Tib, Juan, Port. Joco, Ger. Johann, Johannes, 

Tibbie. — Fr. Isibeau, Isabelle, It. Isabella, Hans, Dut. Jan, Russ. Ivan. — Fem. 7o- 

Sp. Isabel, Ger. Isabelle. anna, Joan, Jane. 

Isaiah (Heb.), the Lord is salvation.— Jonas, Jonah (Heb.), a dove. 

L. Isaias. Jonathan (Heb.), the Lord hath given. 

Israel (Heb.), God fighteth. Joseph (Heb.), may he add (children)! 

Ivan, the Russian form of John. he sha11 add— dims. Joe, Joey—L. Jose- 

Jabez (Heb.), sorrow. P hus > Fr - Joseph, It. Giuseppe, Sp. Jose, 

Jacob (Heb.), he taketh hold of the Jose f> Port - . Jos ^ Joze > G f r ' Joseph.— 

heel, or followeth after, a supplanter.— F em. Josephine— dims. Jo, Jozy, Pheny— 

Dim. Jake.— L. Jacobus, Fr. Jacob, It. Gia- Fr - Josephine, It. Gutseppina, Sp. Josefina. 

cobbe, Sp. Jacobo, Ger. Jakob. Port - Josephina, Ger. Josephine. 

James, the same as Jacob.-Dims. J^Z^V' T^l^t ^^ 

Jeames, Jem, Jim, Jemmy, Jimmy.-L. Ja- f im ' Josh '- L ' Josua > Fr ' Josui > Ger « 

C c\arnl X \i aC lnrnL ^1^ "^ '"»" ( Heb '>> the L ° rd heaIeth ' 

Giacomo, Sp. Jacobo, Diego, Jago, Jaime, . (L , *-,:'• 

Port. Jayme, Diogo, Ger. ^.-Fem. ^ fA^T^ed. 

Jamesma, Jaguelme Judhh \ Reh ^ ^ raised ._ Dim . 7ttiv ._ 

7^, the fem. of John (q.v.).—Dim9. Fr. Judith, It. Giuditta, Ger. Jk^VA. 

Janet, Jean, Jeanie, Jeanme. Julian (L), sprung from Julius.— Dim. 

Janet, a dim of /a«^ (q«v.), hence /«/<?. — Fem. Juliana. — L. Julianus, Fr. Ju- 

"grace of the Lord." — Dims. Jen, Jennie, lien, It. Giuliano, Sp. Julian, Port. Juliao, 

Jenny. Ger. Julianus, Julian. 

Japheth (Heb.), he extendeth widely. Julius (Gr.), downy-bearded — dim. Jule 

J77I 



144 Christian Names — Their Origin and Meaning 

— Fr. Jules, It. Giulio, Sp. Julio, Ger. Lilian, Lilly, Lily (L.), a lily. 

Julius, — Fern. Julia, Juliet. — Fr. Julie, It. Lionel (L.), young lion. — It. Lionello. 

Giuliai Sp. Julia, Ger. Julie. Llewellyn (W.), lightning. 

Justin (L.), just. — L. Justinius, Fr. Jus- Lois (G.), good. 
tin, It. Giustino, Sp. Justino, Ger. Justin. Lorenzo, the Italian form of Lawrence. 
— Fern. Justina — Fr. Justine, It. Giustina, Lorinda, a variant of Laurinda. 
Sp. Justina, Ger. Justine. Louis, the French form of Lewis. 

Justus (L.), just. — Fr. J«j/<?, It. Giusto, Louisa, Louise, fern, of Lowij. — Dims. 

Sp. 7tfj/0, Ger. Justus, Just. Lou, Louie. — Fr. Louise, Lisette, Heloise., 

Kaie, dim. of Catherine. It. Luisa, Elo'isa, Sp. Luisa, Port. Luiza, 

Katharine, Katherine, the same as Ger. Luise, Ludovica. 
Catherine. Lucas. See Luke. 

Kenelm (A.S.), defender of his kin- Lucia, the Italian form of Lucy; — 

dred. Luanda (L.), the same as Lucy. 

Kenneth (Celt), comely, or a leader. Lucian (L.), pertaining to Lucius. — L. 

Keturah (Heb.), incense. Lucianus, Fr. Lucien, It. Luciano. 

Kezia (Heb.), cassia. Lucifer (L.), light-bringer. 

Laban (Heb.), white. Lucius (L.), born at daybreak. — Fr. 

Lambert (Teut.), country's brightness. Luce, It. Lucio, Sp. Lucio. — Ferns. Lucia, 

— Fr. Lambert, Lanbert, It. Lamberto, Lucy. 
Ger. Lambert, Landbert. Lucretia, Lucrece (L.), gain, or light. — 

Lancelot, Launcelot (Fr.), servant, or L. Lucretia, Fr. Lucrece, It. Lucrezia. 
a little lance. — Fr. Lancelot, It. Land- Lucy, fern, of Lucius. — Fr. Lucie, It. 

lotto. Lucia, Sp. Lucia. 

Laura (L.), a laurel — also Laurinda. Ludovic, Lodowic, the same as Lewis 

Fr. Laure, It. Laura. (<l-v.). 

Laurence, Lawrence (L.), crowned with Luke. — L. Lucas, Fr. Luc, It. Luca, Sp. 

laurel. — Dim. Larry. — L. Laurentius, Fr. Lucas, Ger. Lukas. 

Laurent, It. Lorenzo, Sp. Lorenzo, Ger. Luther (Teut.), famous warrior. — L. 

Lorenz. Lutherus, Fr. Lothaire, It. Lotario, Sp. 

Lavinia (L.), of Lotium. Clotario, Ger. Luther. 

Lazarus (Heb.), God helpeth. — Fr. La- Lycurgus (Gr.), wolf-driver. 
2a/Y, It. Lazaro, Sp. Lazaro, Lazarillo, Lydia (Gr.), a native of Lydia. 
Ger. Lazarus. Mabel (L.), lovable, worthy of love, in- 

Leander (Gr.), lion-man. — Fr. Leandre, spiring love — a contraction of Amabel 

It. Leandro. (<l-v.). 

Lebbeus (Heb.), a man of heart or Madeline, the French form of Magda- 

courage. lene (Heb.), belonging to Magdala. — 

Lemuel (Heb.), unto God. Dims. Maud, Maudlin. — Fr. Magdelaine, 

Lena, dim. of Helena or Magdalene. Madeleine, Madelon, It. Maddalena, Sp. 

Leonard (Teut), strong as a lion. — Magdalena, Madelena, Ger. Magdalene, 
L. Leonardus, Fr. Leonard, It Lionardo, Madoc (W.), beneficent. 
Sp. Leonardo, Ger. Leonhard. Malachi (Heb.), messenger of the Lord, 

Leonidas (Gr.), lion-like. or my messenger. 

Leonora, the same as Eleanor. — Ger. Manasseh (Heb.), forgetting, one who 

Lenore. forgets. — L. Manasses. 

Leopold (Teut.), people's prince. — Fr. Marcellus, dim. of Marcus. — Fem. Mar- 
Leopold, It. and Sp. Leopoldo, Ger. Luit- cella. 
fold, Leupold, Leopold. Marcus, Marcius, Mark (L.), a ham- 

Letitia, Lettice (L.), happiness. — mer, or sprung from Mars — L. Marcus, 

Dim. Lettie. — L. Latitia, It. Letizia. Fr. Marc, It. Marco, Sp. Marcos, Ger. 

Levi (Heb.), wreathing or adhesion. Markus. — Fem. Marcia — Fr. Marcie, It. 

Lewis (Teut.), famous warrior. — Dims. Marcia, Marzia. 
Lewie, Louie, Lew. — L. Ludovicus, Fr. Margaret (Gr.), a pearl. — Dims. Mar- 
Louis, It. Ludovico, Luigi, Sp. Clodoveo, gie, Margery, Marjory, Madge, Mag, 
Luis, Port Luiz, Ger. Ludwig.— Fem. Maggie, Meg, Meggy, Peg, Peggy, Meta, 
Louisa t Louise, Gritty.— -Fr. Marguerite, It. Margherita, 



Christian Names — Their Origin and Meaning 145 

Sp. Margarita, Port. Margarida, Ger. Morgan (W.), seaman. 

Margarethe, Gretchen. Moses (Heb.), he that draws out, but 

Maria, the Latin form of Mary. more probably an Egyptian name. — Dims. 

Marianne, a compound of Mary and Mose, Mosey. — So L., Fr. Moise, It. Moise, 

Anne — so Marian, Maryann. — Fr. Mari- Sp. Moises, Ger. Moses. — Fem. Mosina. 

ane, Marianne, It. Marianna, Sp. Mari- Myra (Gr.), she who laments. 

ana, Ger. Marianne. Naaman (Heb.), pleasant. 

Marion, a French form of Mary. — Dim. Nahum (Heb.), consolation, a consoler. 

Mamie. Nancy, a familiar form of Anne, not 

Marmaduke (prob. Celt, last syllable properly of Agnes. — Dims. Nan, Nance, 

L.), sea-leader, or mighty leader. Nina. 

Martha (Heb.), lady. — Dims. Mat, Naomi (Heb.), pleasant. 

Matty, Pat, Patty.— Fr. Mar* he, It. and Napoleon (Gr.), of the new city.— Fr. 

Sp. Marta, Ger. Martha. Napoleon, It. Napoleone. 

Martin (L.), of Mars, warlike. — L. Nathan (Heb.), he hath given; — Na- 

Martinus, Fr. Martin, Mertin, It. and Sp. thanael, Nathaniel, gift of God 

Martino, Port. Martinho, Ger. Martin. Nehemiah (Heb.), the Lord comforteth. 

Mary (Heb.), prob. related to Mara, Neil,^ Neal (Celt.), chief. 

Mar ah, bitter. — Dims. May, Moll, Molly, Nellie, Nelly, a dim. of Ellen, Helen, or 

Mamie, Pol, Polly. — L. Maria, Fr. Marie, Eleanor. 

Marion, It. and Sp. Maria, Pol. Mary a. Nicholas, Nicolas (Gr.), victory of the 

Matilda, Mathilda (Teut.), mighty bat- people. — Dim. Nick. — L. Nicolaus, Fr. 

tie maid. — Dims. Mat, Matty, Maud, Nicolas, Nicole, It. Nicolo, Nicola, Sp. 

Patty, Tilda. — Fr. Mathilde, It. Matilda, Nicolas, Port. Nicolao, Ger. Nikolaus. 

Ger. Matilde. Noah (Heb.), rest. 

Matthew (Heb.), gift of the Lord. — Noel (Fr. — L.), Christmas, born on that 

Dim. Mat. — L. Matthoeus, Fr. Mathieu, It. day. — Fr. Noel, It. Natale, Sp. and Port. 

Matteo, Sp. Mateo, Ger. Matthces. Natal. 

Matthias, the Greek form of Matthew. Nora, Norah, a contraction of Honora, 

Maud, a contraction of Matilda or of Leonora, and Eleanor. 

Magdalene. Norman (Teut), Northman. 

Maurice (L.), Moorish, dark-colored. Obadiah (Heb.), servant or worship- 

— L. Mauritius, Fr. Maurice, It. Maurizio, er of the Lord. — L. Obadias. 

Sp. Mauricio, Ger. Moritz. Obed (Heb.), a worshiper (of the 

Maximilian (L.), the greatest .ZEmili- Lord), 

anus. — L. Maximilianus, Fr. Maximilien, Octavius, Octavus (L.), the eighth 

Port. Maximilias, Ger. Maximilian. born — dims. Tavy, Tave — L. Octavius, 

May, the month of May, or a con- Octavianus. Fr. Octavien, It. Ottaviano, 

traction of Mary. Oitavio. — Fem. Octavia — Fr. Octavie, Oc- 

Melicent, Milicent (L.), sweet singer, tave, It. Ottavia, Sp. Octavia, Ger. Oc- 

or (Teut.) strength. — Sp. Melisenda. tavia. 

Melissa (Gr.), a bee. — Fr. Melisse, Me- Oliver (L.), an olive-tree. — Dims. Nol, 

lite, It. Melissa. Nolly. — L. Oliverus, Fr. Olivier, It. OH- 

Mercy (Eng.), Mercy. viero, Uliviero, Sp. Oliverio, Port. Oli- 

Micah (Heb.), who is like the Lord? veiro, Ger. Oliver. — Fem. Olive, Olivia. 

Michael (Heb.) , who is like God? — Olympia (Gr.), heavenly. — Yt.Olympe, 

Dims. Mike, Micky. — Fr. Michel, It. It. Olimpia, Ger. Olympie. 

Michele, Sp. and Port. Miguel, Ger. Ophelia (Gr.), serpent. — Fr. Ophelie. 

Michael. Orlando, the Italian form of Roland. 

Mildred (Teut.), mild threatened — L. Oscar (Celt.), bounding warrior. — L. 

Mildreda. Oscar us. 

Miles (L.), soldier. Osmond, Osmund (Teut), divine pro- 

t Minnie (Teut), remembrance — some- tection. — Fr. Osmont. 

times for Mina, a contraction of Wilhel- Oswald, Oswold (Teut), divine power. 

mina; sometimes put for Mary. Owen (Celt), lamb, or young warrior. 

Miranda (L.), admirable. Ozias (Heb.), the Lord is strength = 

Miriam (Heb.), the same as Mary, V%%iah. 



146 



Christian Names — Their Origin and Meaning 



Tatience (L.), patience. 

Patrick, Patricius (L.), noble. — Dims. 
Pat, Paddy. — L. Patricius, Fr. Patrice, It. 
Patrizio, Sp. Patricio, Ger. Patrizius. — 
Fem. Patricia. 

Paul, Paulus, Paulinus (L.), little— L. 
Paulus, Fr. Paul, It. Paola, Sp. Pablo, 
Port. Paulo, Ger. P#u/. — Fem. Paula, 
Paulina, Pauline — Fr. Paule, Pauline, It. 
Paola, Paolina, Sp. Paula, Ger. Pauline. 

Penelope (Gr.), weaver. 

Peregrine (L.), a stranger. — L. Pm?- 
grinus^ Fr. Peregrin, It. Pellegrino, Sp. 
Peregrino, Ger. Piligrim. 

Per sis (Gr.), a Persian woman. — Fr. 
Perside, It. Persida, Sp. Perside, Ger. .fVr- 

P*/*r (Gr.), a rock. — Dims. P*te, /Vter- 
fo'/z. — L. Petrus, Fr. Pierre, It. Pietro, Sp. 
and Port. Pedro, Ger. P^rVr, Petrus. 

Phebe. See PAa^<?. 

Philander (Gr.), a lover of men. 

Philemon (Gr.), loving. 

Philip (Gr.), a lover of horses. — Dims. 
Phil, Pip.—L. Philippus, Fr. Philippe, It. 
Filippo, Sp. P*/*>*, Ger. Philipp.— Fem. 
Philippa. 

Philippa, fem. of PA*7«£ above. — Fr. 
Philippine, It. Filippa, Filippina, Sp. 
Felipa, Ger. Philippine. 

Phineas, Phinehas (Heb.), oracle — more 
probably an Egyptian word meaning 
negro. 

Phoebe, Phebe (Gr.), shining.— It. Febe. 

Phillis. See Phyllis. 

Phyllis, Phillis (Gr.), a green bough. 

Pius (L.), pious, dutiful. Fr. Pie, It. 
P*o. 

P/*Vy, Plinius (L.), the meaning doubt- 
ful. 

Polly, a familiar dim. of Mary. 

Pvlycarp (Gr.), much fruit. 

Priscilla (L.), somewhat old. 

Prudence (L.), prudence. — Dims. Pra*, 
Prudy. 

Ptolemy (Gr.), mighty in war. 

Quintin, Quentin (L.), the fifth.— L. 
Quintus, Quintianus. 

Rachel (Heb.), a ewe.— Fr. Rachel, It. 
Rachele, Sp. Raquel, Ger. Rahel. 

Ralph (pron. raf). See Rodolph. 

Randal (Teut), house wolf. 

Raphael (Heb. rephael), God hath 
healed.— Fr. Raphael, It. Raffaello, Raf- 
faele, Ger. Raphael. 

Raymond, Raymund (Teut.), wise pro- 



tection. — Fr. Raymond,, It. Raimondo, Sp. 
Raimundo, Ger. Raimund. 

Rebecca, Rebekah (Heb.), a noose. — 
Dims. 2?£c£, Bex, Becky. — L. Rebecca, Fr. 
Rebecca, Ger. Rebekka. 

Reginald (Teut), powerful judgment. 
— L. Reginaldus, Fr. Regnauld, Renaud, 
Regnault, It. Rinaldo, Sp. Reynaldos, Ger. 
Reinwald, Reinald. 

Reuben (Heb.), behold, a son! 

Reynold^ the same as Reginald. 

Rhoda (Gr.), a rose. 

Richard (Teut.), stern king. — Dims. 
Dick, Dicky, Dicken, Dickon. — L. Ricar- 
dus, Fr. Richard, It. Riccardo, Sp. Ricar- 
do, Ger. Richard 

Robert (Teut.), bright in fame. — Dims. 
Bob, Bobby, Dob, Dobbin, Rob, Robbie, 
Robin. — L. Robertus, Fr. Robert, It. Rob- 
erto, Ruberto, Ruperto, Ger. Robert, Ru- 
pert, Rudbert, Ruprecht. 

Roderick, Roderic (Teut.), famous king, 
or rich in fame. — Fr. Rodrigue, It. Rod- 
rigo, Sp. Rodrigo, Ruy, Ger. Roderick, 
Russ. Rurik. 

Rodolph, Rodolphus (Teut.), wolf of 
fame. — L. Rodolphus, Fr. Rodolphe, 
Raoul, It. Rodolfo, Ridolfo, Sp. Rodolfo, 
Ger. Rudolf. 

Roger (Teut), spear of fame. — Dims. 
Hodge, Hodgkin. — L. Rogerus, Fr. Roger, 
It Ruggiero, Rogero, Sp. Rogerio, Ger. 
Rudiger. 

Roland, Rowland (Teut), fame of the 
land. — L. Rotlandus, Rolandus, Fr. Ro- 
land, It. Orlando, Sp. Roldan, Port. Ro- 
lando, Roldao, Ger. Roland. 

Rosa (L.), a rose; — Rosabel, Rosabella, 
a fair rose; — Rosalia, Rosalie, a little 
rose; — Rosalind, beautiful as a rose. — 
Dim. Rosie. 

Rosamond (Teut), horse-protection, or 
famous protection. — Fr. Rosemonde, It. 
Rosmonda, Sp. Rosamunda. 

Roxana (Pers.), dawn of day. — Dim. 
Roxy. — Fr. Roxane. 

Rudolph, Rudolphus, the same as Ro- 
dolph, Rodolphus above. 

Rufus (L.), red, red-haired. 

Rupert, the same as Robert. — L. Ru- 
pertus. 

Ruth (Heb.), friend. 

Sabina (L.), a Sabine woman. — Fr. Sa- 
bine, Ger. Sabine. 

Sabrina (L.), the river Severn. 

Salome (Heb.), peaceful. — Fr. Salome, 
Ger. Salome. 



Christian Names— Their Origin and Meaning 



147 



Samson, Sampson (Heb.), of the sun, 
solar. — Fr. Samson, Sp. Sanson, Port. 
Sansao. 

Samuel (Heb.), heard of God, name of 
God. — Dims. Sam, Sammy. — Fr. Samuel, 
It. Samuele, Ger. Samuel. 

Sarah, Sara (Heb.), princess, queen. — 
Dim. Sal, Sally.— Ft, Sara, It. and Sp. 
Sara, Ger. Sara. 

Saul (Heb.), asked for. 

Sebastian (Gr.), venerable. — L. Sebas- 
tianus, Fr. Sebastien, It. Sebastiano. — Sp. 
Sebastian, Port. Sebastiao, Ger. Sebastian. 

Selina (Gr.), the moon. 

Sereno, Serenus (L.), peaceful. — Fem. 
Serena. 

Seth (Heb.), set, placed. 

Shadrach, Aramaic name of Hananiah 
(Heb.), the Lord is gracious. 

Sibyl, Sibylla (Gr.), a prophetess. — Fr. 
Sibylle, Ger. Sibylle. 

Sigismund (Teut.), conquering pro- 
tection. — Fr. Sigismond, It. Sigismondo, 
Sp. Sigismundo, Ger. Sigismund, Sig~ 
mund. 

Silas, Silvanus (L.) ? living in a wood. 
— Fr. Silvain, It. Silvano, Silvio, Ger. Sil- 
vanus, Silvan. — Fem. Sylvia. 

Silvester, Sylvester (L.), rustic. — Dims. 
fester, Vest. — Fr. Silvestre, Ger. Silvester. 

Simeon, Simon (Heb.), famous, that 
hears. — Dim. Sim. — Fr. Simeon, It. Si- 
vione, Sp. Simon, Port. Simao, Simeao : 
Ger. Simeon, Simon. 

Sophia (Gr.), wisdom.— Dim. Sophy. — 
Fr. Sophie, It. Sofia, Ger. Sophia. 

Sophronia (Gr.), of sound mind. 

Solomon (Heb.), peaceable. — Dim. Sol. 
Fr. Salomon, It. Salomone, Ger. Salomo. 

Stella (L.), a star.— Fr. Estelle, Sp. 
Estella. 

Stephen (Gr.), a crown. — Dims. Steenie, 
Steve, Stevie. — L. Stephanus, Fr. Etienne, 
It Stefano, Sp. Estevan, Esteban, Port. 
Estevao, Ger. Stephan. 

Stephana, fem. of Stephen.— -Fr. Ste- 
phanie . 

Svjithin (A.S.), strong friend. 

Susan, Susanna, Susannah (Heb.), a 
lily. — Dims. Sue, Suke, Suky, Susie, Susy. 
— Fr. Susanne, It. Susanna, Sp. Susana, 
Ger. Susanne. 

Sylvester, same as Silvester. 

Sylvia, fem. of Silvanus. 

Tabitha (Aramaic), a gazelle. 

Thaddeus (Aramaic), strong. — L. 



Thaddaus, It. Taddeo, Sp. Tadeo, Ger. 
Thadddus. 

Theobald (Teut.), people'9 prince. — 
Fr. Thibaut, It. Teobaldo, Sp. Theude- 
baldo, Ger. Dietbold. 

Theodora, fem. of Theodore. — Dim. 
Dora. — It. Teodora, Ger. Theodora. 

Theodore (Gr.), gift of God.— L. 
Theodorus, Fr. Theodore, It. Teodoro, 
Ger. Theodor, Russ. Feodor. 

Theodoric (Teut.), people's rule. — L. 
Theodoricus. 

Theodosius (Gr.), divinely given. — It. 
Teodosia, Ger. Theodosia. — Fem. Theo- 
dosia. 

Theophilus (Gr.), a lover of God. — 
Fr. Theophile, It. Teofilo, Ger. Theo- 
philus, Gottlieb. 

Theresa (Gr.), carrying ears of corn. 
— Dims. Terry, Trade. — Fr. Therese, It. 
and Sp. Teresa, Ger. Therese, Theresia. 

Thomas (Heb.), a twin. — Dims. Tom, 
Tommy, Tarn, Tammie. — Fr. Thomas, It 
Tomaso, Sp. Tomas, Ger. Thomas. — Fem. 
Thomasa, Thomasina, Thomasine, Tom* 
ina. 

Tib, Tibbie, a. Scotch dim. of Isabella 
(q.v : ). 

Timothy (Gr.), honored of God. — 
Dim. Tim. — L. Timotheus, Fr. Timothee, 
It. Timoteo, Sp. Timoteo, Ger. Timotheus. 

Titus (prob. L. tutus) , safe. — Fr. Tite, 
It and Sp. Tito. 

Tobiah, Tobias (Heb.), the Lord is 
good. — Dim. Toby. — L. Tobias, Fr. Tobie, 
It. Tobia, Sp. Tobias, Ger. Tobias. 

Tristam, Tristram (Celt.), a herald. 

Tryphon (Gr.), dainty. — Fem. Try- 
phena. 

Tryphosa (Gr.), dainty. 

Tybalt, a form of Theobald. 

Ulrica (Teut), noble ruler.— Fr. UU 
rique, It. Ulrica, Ger. Ulrike. 

Ulysses (Gr.), a hater. 

Urania (Gr.), heavenly. — Fr. Uranie. 

Urban (L.), of the town, courteous.— 
L. Urbanus, Fr. Urbain, It. Urbano, Ger. 
Urbanus, Urban. 

Uriah (Heb.), the Lord is light. 

Uriel (Heb.), God is light. 

Ursula (L.), a she-bear. — Fr. Ursule, 
It. Orsola, Sp. Ursola. 

Valentine (L.), strong. — L. Valentinus, 
Fr. Valentin, It. Valentino, Sp. Valentin, 
Ger. Valentin. 

Valeria, fem. of Valerius (L.), healthy. 
— Fr. Valerie, It. Valeria, Ger. Valeric, 



148 Christian Names — Their Origin and Meaning 

Victor (L.), a conqueror. — Fr. Victor > Fr. Guillelmine, Guillemette, It. Gugli- 

Ger. Victor. ema, Sp. Guillelmina, Ger. Wilhelmine. 

Victoria, fern, of Victor. — Fr. Victoire, William (Teut.), helmet of resolution. 

It. Vittoria, Ger. Victoria. —Dims. Will, # Willy, Bill, _ Billy.— I,. 

Vida, a fem. form of David. Guilielmus, Gulielmus, Fr. Guillaume, It 

Vincent (L.), conquering. — L. Vincens, Guglielmo, Sp. Guillermo, Port. Gz/*7- 

Fr. Vincent, It. Vincenzio, Sp. Vincente, herme, Ger. Wilhelm. — Fem. Wilhelmina, 

Port. Vincente, Ger. Vincenz. Winifred, Winfred (Teut.), friend of 

rioAz (L.), a violet. — Fr. Violette, It. peace. — Dim. Winnie. 

Viola, Sp. Violante, Ger. Fio/a, Fio/*. Zabdiel (Heb), God endoweth. 

Virginia (L), virgin. — Fr. Virginie, It. Zaccheus (Heb), pure. 

Virginia, Ger. Virginia. Zachariah, Zechariah (Heb.), the Lord 

Vivian (L.), lively. — Fr. Vivien, Ger. hath remembered. — Dims. ZacA, Zechy. 

Vivian. Zadok (Heb.), just. 

Walter (Teut.), powerful warrior. — Zebadiah, Zebedee (Heb.), the Lord 

Dims. Wat, Watty. — L. Gualterus, Fr. has bestowed. 

Gauthier, Gautier, It. Gualtiero, Sp. Zedekiah (Heb.), the Lord is righteous- 

Gualterio, Ger. Walther. ness. 

Wilfred (A.S.), resolute peace. Zenobia (Gr.), having life from Zeus. 

Wilhelmina, fem. of Wilhelm, the Ger- — Fr. Zenobia. 

man form of William (q.v.). — Dims. WiU Zephaniah (Heb.), the Lord hideth. 

mett, Wilmot, Mina, Minnie, Minella.*— Zoe (Gr,), life. 



POPULATION OF CITIES 
IN THE 

UNITED STATES OF 25,000 AND UPWARD 

CENSUS OF 1910 



Akron, Ohio 

Albany, N. Y ".. 

Allentown, Pa 

Altoona, Pa 

Atlanta, Ga 

Amsterdam, N. T 

Atlantic City, N. J 

Auburn, N. Y 

Augusta, Ga. 

Aurora, 111 

Austin, Tex 

Baltimore, Md 

Battle Creek, Mich 

Bay City, Mich 

Bayonne, N. J 

Berkeley, Cal 

Binghamton, N. Y 

Birmingham, Ala 

Bloomington, 111 

Boston^ Mass 

Bridgeport, Conn 

Brockton, Mass 

Brookline, Mass 

Buffalo, N. Y 

Butte, Mont 

Cambridge, Mass 

Camden, N. J 

Canton, Ohio 

Cedar Rapids, Iowa 

Charleston, S. C 

Charlotte, N. C 

Chattanooga, Tenn 

Chelsea, Mass 

Chester, Pa 

Chicago, 111 2 

Chicopee, Mass 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Cleveland, Ohio 

Clinton, Iowa 

Colorado Springs, Colo 

Columbia, S. C 

Columbus, Ohio 

Council Bluffs, Iowa 

Covington, Ky 

Dallas, Tex 



69,067 

100,253 
51,913 
52,127 

154,839 
31,267 
44,461 
34,668 
37,826 
29,807 
29,860 

558,485 
25,267 
45,166 
55,545 
40,434 
48,443 

132,685 
25,768 

670,585 

102,054 
56,878 
27,692 

423,715 
39,165 

104,839 
94,538 
50,217 
32,811 
58,833 
34,014 
44,604 
32,452 
38,537 

,185,283 
25,401 

364,463 

560,663 
25,577 
29,078 
26,319 

181,548 
29,292 
53,270 
92,104 



Danville, 111 27,871 

Davenport, Iowa 43,028 

Dayton, Ohio 116,577 

Decatur, 111 31,140 

Denver, Colo 213,381 

Des Moines, Iowa 86,368 

Detroit, Mich 465,766 

Dubuque, Iowa 38,494 

Duluth, Minn 78,466 

Easton, Pa 28,523 

East Orange, N. J 34,371 

East St. Louis, 111 58,547 

Elgin, 111 25,976 

Elizabeth, N. J 73,409 

Elmira, N. Y 37,176 

El Paso, Tex 39,279 

Erie, Pa 66,525 

Evansville, Ind 69,647 

Everett, Mass 33,484 

Fall River, Mass 119,295 

Fitchburg, Mass 37,826 

Flint, Mich 38,550 

Ft. Wayne, Ind 63,933 

Ft. Worth, Tex 73,312 

Galveston, Tex 36,981 

Grand Rapids, Mich 112,571 

Green Bay, Wis 25,236 

Hamilton, Ohio 35,279 

Harrisburg, Pa 64,186 

Hartford, Conn 98,915 

Haverhill, Mass 44,115 

Hazleton. Pa 25,452 

Koboken, N. J 70,324 

Holyoke, Mass 57,730 

Houston, Texas 78,800 

Huntington, W. Va 31,161 

Indianapolis, Ind 233,650 

Jackson, Mich 31,433 

Jacksonville, Fla 57,699 

Jamestown, N. Y 31,297 

Jersey City, N. J 267,779 

Johnstown, Pa 55,482 

Joliet, 111 34,670 

Joplin, Mo 32,073 

Kalamazoo, Mich 39,437 



149 



150 



Population of Cities in the United States 



Kansas City, Kan 82,331 

Kansas City, Mo 248,381 

Kingston, N. Y 25,908 

Knoxville, Tenn 36,346 

La Crosse, Wis 30,417 

Lancaster, Pa 47,227 

Lansing, Mich 31,229 

Lawrence, Mass 85,892 

Lewiston, Me 26,247 

Lexington, Ky 35,099 

Lima, Ohio 30,508 

Lincoln, Nebr. 43,973 

Little Rock, Ark 45,941 

Lorain, Ohio 28,833 

Los Angeles, Cal. 319,198 

Louisville, Ky 223,928 

Lowell, Mass 106,294 

Lynchburg, Va 29,494 

Lynn, Mass 89,336 

McKeesport, Pa 42,694 

Macon, Ga 40,665 

Madison, Wis 25,531 

Maiden, Mass 44,404 

Manchester, N. H 70,063 

Memphis, Tenn 131,105 

Meriden, Conn 27,265 

Milwaukee, Wis 373,857 

Minneapolis, Minn 301,408 

Mobile, Ala 51,521 

Montgomery, Ala 38,136 

Mt. Vernon, N. Y 30,919 

Muskogee, Okla 25,278 

Nashville, Tenn 110,364 

Newark, N. J « 347,469 

Newark, Ohio 25,404 

New Bedford, Mass 96,652 

New Britain, Conn 43,916 

Newburgh, N. Y 27,805 

Newcastle, Pa 36,280 

New Haven, Conn 133,605 

New Orleans, La 339,075 

Newport, Ky 30,309 

Newport, R. 1 27,149 

New Rochelle, N. Y 28,867 

Newton, Mass 39,806 

New York, N. Y 4,766,883 

Niagara Falls, N. Y 30,445 

Norfolk, Va 67,452 

Norristown, Pa 27,875 

Oakland, Cal 150,174 

Oklahoma City, Okla 64,205 

Omaha, Nebr 124,096 

Orange, N. J 29,630 

Oshkosh, Wis 33,062 

Pasadena, Cal 30,291 

Passaic. N. J 54,773 

Paterson, N. J 125,600 

Pawtucket, R. 1 51,622 

Peoria, 111 66,950 

Perth Amboy, N. J 32,121 

Philadelphia, Pa 1,549,008 

Pittsburg, Pa 533,905 

Pittsfield, Mass 32,121 

Portland, Me 58,571 

Portland, Ore 173,976 

Portsmouth, Va 33,190 

Poughkeepsie, N. Y _ 27,936 

Providence, R. 1 224,326 



Pueblo, Col 44,395 

Quincy, 111 36,587 

Quincy, Mass 32,642 

Racine, Wis 38,008 

Reading, Pa 96,071 

Richmond, Va 127,628 

Roanoke, Va 34,874 

Rochester, N. Y 218,149 

Rockford, 111 45,401 

Sacramento, Cal 44,696 

Saginaw, Mich 50,510 

St. Joseph, Mo 77,403 

St. Louis, Mo 687,029 

St. Paul, Minn 214,744 

Salem, Mass 43,697 

Salt Lake City, Utah 92,777 

San Antonio, Texas 96,614 

San Diego, Cal 39,578 

San Francisco, Cal 416,912 

San Jose, Cal 28,946 

Savannah, Ga 65,064 

Schenectady, N. Y 72,826 

Scranton, Pa 129,867 

Seattle, Wash 237,194 

Sheboygan, Wis 26,398 

Shenandoah, Pa 25,774 

Shreveport, La 28,015 

Sioux City, Iowa 47,828 

Somerville, Mass 77,236 

South Bend, Ind 53,684 

South Omaha, Nebr 26,259 

Spokane, Wash 104,402 

Springfield, 111 51,678 

Springfield, Mass 88,926 

Springfield, Mo 35,201 

Springfield, Ohio 46,921 

Stamford, Conn 25,138 

Superior, Wis 40,384 

Syracuse, N. Y 137,249 

Tacoma, Wash 82,972 

Tampa, Fla 38,524 

Taunton, Mass 34,259 

Terre Haute, Ind 58,157 

Toledo, Ohio 168,497 

Topeka, Kan 43,684 

Trenton, N. J 96,815 

Troy, N. Y 76,813 

Utica, N. Y 74,419 

Waco, Texas 26,425 

Waltham, Mass 27,834 

Warwick, R. 1 26,629 

Washington, D. C 331,069 

Waterbury, Conn 73,141 

Waterloo, Iowa 26,693 

Watertown, N. Y 26,730 

West Hoboken, N. J 35,403 

Wheeling, W. Va 41,641 

Wichita, Kan 52,450 

Wilkes-Barre, Pa 67,105 

Williamsport, Pa 31,860 

Wilmington, Del 87,411 

Wilmington, N C 25,748 

Woonsocket, R. 1 38,125 

Worcester, Mass 145,986 

Yonkers, N. Y. 79,803 

York, Pa 44,750 

Youngstown, Ohio 79,066 

Zanesville, Ohio 28,026 



Population of the United States 



151 



POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1910 



Alabama 2,138,093 

Arizona 204,354 

Arkansas 1,574,449 

California 2,377,549 

Colorado 799,024 

Connecticut 1,114,756 

Delaware 202,322 

District of Columbia 331,069 

Florida 752,619 

Georgia 2,609,121 

Idaho 325,594 

Illinois , 5,638,591 

Indiana 2,700,876 

Iowa 2,224,771 

Kansas 1,690,949 

Kentucky 2,289,905 

Louisiana 1,656,388 

Maine 742,371 

Maryland 1,295,346 

Massachusetts 3,366,416 

Michigan ,. 2,810,173 

Minnesota 2,075,708 

Mississippi 1,797,114 

Missouri 3,293,335 

Montana 376,053 

Nebraska 1,192,214 

.Nevada 81,875 

-New Hampshire 430,572 

New Jersey 2,537,167 



New Mexico 327, 

New York 9,113, 

North Carolina 2,206, 

North Dakota 577, 

Ohio 4,767, 

Oklahoma 1,657, 

Oregon 672, 

Pennsylvania 7,665, 

Rhode Island 542, 

South Carolina 1,515, 

South Dakota 583, 

Tennessee 2,184, 

Texas 3,896, 

Utah 373 ; 

Vermont 355 

Virginia 2,061 

Washington 1,141 

West Virginia 1,221! 

Wisconsin 2,333 ; 

Wyoming 145 

Continental United States 91,972 

Alaska 64 : 

Hawaii 191 

Porto Rico 1,118, 

Military and naval services 55, 

The United States (inclusive of 
Alaska, Hawaii and Porto 
Rico) 93,402, 



301 
614 
287 
056 
121 
155 
765 
111 
610 
400 
,888 
,789 
,542 
,351 
,956 
,612 
,990 
,119 
,860 
,965 
,267 
,356 
,909 
,012 
,607 



151 



Population, inclusive of Philippines. 101,437,577 



JUN 28 19H 



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